1、引用

1、软引用

/*** 软引用* 软引用是用来描述一些还有用但并非必须的对象。* 对于软引用关联着的对象，在系统将要发生内存溢出异常之前，将会把这些对象列进回收范围进行第二次回收。* 如果这次回收还没有足够的内存，才会抛出内存溢出异常。* -Xmx20M*/
import java.lang.ref.SoftReference;public class T02_SoftReference {public static void main(String[] args) {SoftReference<byte[]> m = new SoftReference<>(new byte[1024*1024*10]);//创建软引用，分配10M//m = null;System.out.println(m.get());//获取System.gc();//垃圾回收try {Thread.sleep(500);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}System.out.println(m.get());//再分配一个数组，heap将装不下，这时候系统会垃圾回收，先回收一次，如果不够，会把软引用干掉byte[] b = new byte[1024*1024*15];System.out.println(m.get());}
}//软引用非常适合缓存使用

2、弱引用

public class M {@Overrideprotected void finalize() throws Throwable {System.out.println("finalize");}
}

上图中，tl对象强引用指向ThreadLocal，map中key弱引用指向ThreadLocal，当tl=null时，强引用消失，此时弱引用也将自动被回收，但是此时key=null，value指向10M这个就永远访问不到，既内存泄露
下图中，18行到20行为解决内存泄露问题的，那就是通过remove()将它消除了

/*** 弱引用遭到gc就会回收**/import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;public class T03_WeakReference {public static void main(String[] args) {WeakReference<M> m = new WeakReference<>(new M());System.out.println(m.get());System.gc();System.out.println(m.get());ThreadLocal<M> tl = new ThreadLocal<>();tl.set(new M());tl.remove();}
}

3、虚引用

/*****     一个对象是否有虚引用的存在，完全不会对其生存时间构成影响，*     也无法通过虚引用来获取一个对象的实例。*     为一个对象设置虚引用关联的唯一目的就是能在这个对象被收集器回收时收到一个系统通知。*     虚引用和弱引用对关联对象的回收都不会产生影响，如果只有虚引用活着弱引用关联着对象，*     那么这个对象就会被回收。它们的不同之处在于弱引用的get方法，虚引用的get方法始终返回null,*     弱引用可以使用ReferenceQueue,虚引用必须配合ReferenceQueue使用。**     jdk中直接内存的回收就用到虚引用，由于jvm自动内存管理的范围是堆内存，*     而直接内存是在堆内存之外（其实是内存映射文件，自行去理解虚拟内存空间的相关概念），*     所以直接内存的分配和回收都是有Unsafe类去操作，java在申请一块直接内存之后，*     会在堆内存分配一个对象保存这个堆外内存的引用，*     这个对象被垃圾收集器管理，一旦这个对象被回收，*     相应的用户线程会收到通知并对直接内存进行清理工作。**     事实上，虚引用有一个很重要的用途就是用来做堆外内存的释放，*     DirectByteBuffer就是通过虚引用来实现堆外内存的释放的。**/
import java.lang.ref.PhantomReference;
import java.lang.ref.Reference;
import java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;public class T04_PhantomReference {private static final List<Object> LIST = new LinkedList<>();private static final ReferenceQueue<M> QUEUE = new ReferenceQueue<>();public static void main(String[] args) {PhantomReference<M> phantomReference = new PhantomReference<>(new M(), QUEUE);new Thread(() -> {while (true) {LIST.add(new byte[1024 * 1024]);try {Thread.sleep(1000);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();Thread.currentThread().interrupt();}System.out.println(phantomReference.get());}}).start();new Thread(() -> {while (true) {Reference<? extends M> poll = QUEUE.poll();if (poll != null) {System.out.println("--- 虚引用对象被jvm回收了 ---- " + poll);}}}).start();try {Thread.sleep(500);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}
}

2、容器

1、发展历史(一定要了解)

但是完全不加锁未免不完善，所以java提供了如下方式，将HashMap变为加锁的

//通过Collections.synchronizedMap(HashMap)方法，将其变为加锁Map集合，其中泛型随意，UUID只是举例。
static Map<UUID, UUID> m = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<UUID, UUID>());

通过阅读源码发现，上面方法将HashMap变为加锁，也是使用Synchronized，只是锁的内容更细，但并不比HashTable效率高多少
所以衍生除了新的容器ConcurrentHashMap

2、为什么推荐使用Queue来做高并发

/*** 有N张火车票，每张票都有一个编号* 同时有10个窗口对外售票* 请写一个模拟程序* * 分析下面的程序可能会产生哪些问题？* 重复销售？超量销售？* * 使用Vector或者Collections.synchronizedXXX* 分析一下，这样能解决问题吗？* * 就算操作A和B都是同步的，但A和B组成的复合操作也未必是同步的，仍然需要自己进行同步* 就像这个程序，判断size和进行remove必须是一整个的原子操作* * @author 马士兵*/
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;public class TicketSeller3 {static List<String> tickets = new LinkedList<>();static {for(int i=0; i<1000; i++) tickets.add("票 编号：" + i);}public static void main(String[] args) {for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {new Thread(()->{while(true) {synchronized(tickets) {if(tickets.size() <= 0) break;try {TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(10);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}System.out.println("销售了--" + tickets.remove(0));}}}).start();}}
}

队列

import java.util.Queue;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;public class TicketSeller4 {static Queue<String> tickets = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<>();static {for(int i=0; i<1000; i++) tickets.add("票 编号：" + i);}public static void main(String[] args) {for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {new Thread(()->{while(true) {String s = tickets.poll();if(s == null) break;else System.out.println("销售了--" + s);}}).start();}}
}

3、多线程常用容器

1、ConcurrentHashMap(无序)和ConcurrentSkipListMap(有序，链表，使用跳表数据结构，让查询更快)

import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentSkipListMap;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;public class T01_ConcurrentMap {public static void main(String[] args) {Map<String, String> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();//Map<String, String> map = new ConcurrentSkipListMap<>(); //高并发并且排序//Map<String, String> map = new Hashtable<>();//Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>(); //Collections.synchronizedXXX//TreeMapRandom r = new Random();Thread[] ths = new Thread[100];CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(ths.length);long start = System.currentTimeMillis();for(int i=0; i<ths.length; i++) {ths[i] = new Thread(()->{for(int j=0; j<10000; j++) map.put("a" + r.nextInt(100000), "a" + r.nextInt(100000));latch.countDown();});}Arrays.asList(ths).forEach(t->t.start());try {latch.await();} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}long end = System.currentTimeMillis();System.out.println(end - start);System.out.println(map.size());}
}

2、CopyOnWriteList（写时复制）和CopyOnWriteSet

/*** 写时复制容器 copy on write* 多线程环境下，写时效率低，读时效率高* 适合写少读多的环境* @author 马士兵*/
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.Vector;
import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;public class T02_CopyOnWriteList {public static void main(String[] args) {List<String> lists = //new ArrayList<>(); //这个会出并发问题！//new Vector();new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();Random r = new Random();Thread[] ths = new Thread[100];for(int i=0; i<ths.length; i++) {Runnable task = new Runnable() {@Overridepublic void run() {for(int i=0; i<1000; i++) lists.add("a" + r.nextInt(10000));}};ths[i] = new Thread(task);}runAndComputeTime(ths);System.out.println(lists.size());}static void runAndComputeTime(Thread[] ths) {long s1 = System.currentTimeMillis();Arrays.asList(ths).forEach(t->t.start());Arrays.asList(ths).forEach(t->{try {t.join();} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}});long s2 = System.currentTimeMillis();System.out.println(s2 - s1);}
}

3、synchronizedList和ConcurrentLinkedQueue

package com.mashibing.juc.c_025;import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Queue;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;public class T04_ConcurrentQueue {public static void main(String[] args) {List<String> strsList = new ArrayList<>();List<String> strsSync = Collections.synchronizedList(strsList);//加锁ListQueue<String> strs = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<>();//Concurrent链表队列，就是读快for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {strs.offer("a" + i);  //add添加，但是不同点是，此方法会返回一个布尔值}System.out.println(strs);System.out.println(strs.size());System.out.println(strs.poll());//取出，取完后将元素去除System.out.println(strs.size());System.out.println(strs.peek());//取出，但是不会将元素从队列删除System.out.println(strs.size());//双端队列Deque}
}

4、LinkedBlockingQueue 链表阻塞队列（无界链表，可以一直装东西，直到内存满（其实，也不是无限，其长度Integer.MaxValue就是上限，毕竟最大就这么大））

import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;public class T05_LinkedBlockingQueue {static BlockingQueue<String> strs = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();static Random r = new Random();public static void main(String[] args) {new Thread(() -> {for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {try {strs.put("a" + i); //如果满了，当前线程就会等待（实现阻塞），等多会有空位，将值插入TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(r.nextInt(1000));} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}, "p1").start();for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {new Thread(() -> {for (;;) {try {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " take -" + strs.take()); //取内容，如果空了，当前线程就会等待（实现阻塞）} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}, "c" + i).start();}}
}

5、ArrayBlockingQueue 有界阻塞队列（因为Array需要指定长度）

import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;public class T06_ArrayBlockingQueue {static BlockingQueue<String> strs = new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(10);static Random r = new Random();public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {strs.put("a" + i);}//strs.put("aaa"); //满了就会等待，程序阻塞//strs.add("aaa");//strs.offer("aaa");strs.offer("aaa", 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);System.out.println(strs);}
}

6、特殊的阻塞队列1：DelayQueue 延时队列（按时间进行调度，就是隔多长时间运行，谁隔的少，谁先）

import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.DelayQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.Delayed;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;public class T07_DelayQueue {static BlockingQueue<MyTask> tasks = new DelayQueue<>();static Random r = new Random();static class MyTask implements Delayed {String name;long runningTime;MyTask(String name, long rt) {this.name = name;this.runningTime = rt;}@Overridepublic int compareTo(Delayed o) {if(this.getDelay(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) < o.getDelay(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS))return -1;else if(this.getDelay(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) > o.getDelay(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) return 1;else return 0;}@Overridepublic long getDelay(TimeUnit unit) {return unit.convert(runningTime - System.currentTimeMillis(), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);}@Overridepublic String toString() {return name + " " + runningTime;}}public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {long now = System.currentTimeMillis();MyTask t1 = new MyTask("t1", now + 1000);MyTask t2 = new MyTask("t2", now + 2000);MyTask t3 = new MyTask("t3", now + 1500);MyTask t4 = new MyTask("t4", now + 2500);MyTask t5 = new MyTask("t5", now + 500);tasks.put(t1);tasks.put(t2);tasks.put(t3);tasks.put(t4);tasks.put(t5);System.out.println(tasks);for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {System.out.println(tasks.take());//获取的是toString方法返回值}}
}

7、特殊的阻塞队列2：PriorityQueque 优先队列（二叉树算法，就是排序）

import java.util.PriorityQueue;public class T07_01_PriorityQueque {public static void main(String[] args) {PriorityQueue<String> q = new PriorityQueue<>();q.add("c");q.add("e");q.add("a");q.add("d");q.add("z");for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {System.out.println(q.poll());}}
}

8、特殊的阻塞队列3：SynchronusQueue 同步队列(线程池用处非常大)

package com.mashibing.juc.c_025;import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.SynchronousQueue;public class T08_SynchronusQueue { //容量为0public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {BlockingQueue<String> strs = new SynchronousQueue<>();new Thread(()->{//这个线程就是消费者，来取值try {System.out.println(strs.take());//和同步队列要值} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}).start();strs.put("aaa"); //阻塞等待消费者消费，就拿着aaa站着，等线程来取//strs.put("bbb");//strs.add("aaa");System.out.println(strs.size());}
}

9、特殊的阻塞队列4：TransferQueue 传递队列

import java.util.concurrent.LinkedTransferQueue;public class T09_TransferQueue {public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {LinkedTransferQueue<String> strs = new LinkedTransferQueue<>();new Thread(() -> {try {System.out.println(strs.take());} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}).start();strs.transfer("aaa");//放东西到队列，同时阻塞等待消费者线程，取走元素//strs.put("aaa");//如果用put就和普通队列一样，放完东西就走了/*new Thread(() -> {try {System.out.println(strs.take());} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();} }).start();*/}
}

3、线程池

1、常用类

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {Callable<String> c = new Callable() {@Overridepublic String call() throws Exception {return "Hello Callable";}};ExecutorService service = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();Future<String> future = service.submit(c); //异步System.out.println(future.get());//阻塞service.shutdown();}

2、FutureTask 可充当任务的结果集

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {FutureTask<Integer> task = new FutureTask<>(()->{TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(500);return 1000;}); //new Callable () { Integer call();}new Thread(task).start();System.out.println(task.get()); //阻塞}

3、CompletableFuture 非常灵活的任务结果集

/*** 假设你能够提供一个服务* 这个服务查询各大电商网站同一类产品的价格并汇总展示* @author 马士兵 http://mashibing.com*/
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;public class T06_01_CompletableFuture {public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {long start, end;/*start = System.currentTimeMillis();priceOfTM();priceOfTB();priceOfJD();end = System.currentTimeMillis();System.out.println("use serial method call! " + (end - start));*/start = System.currentTimeMillis();CompletableFuture<Double> futureTM = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()->priceOfTM());CompletableFuture<Double> futureTB = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()->priceOfTB());CompletableFuture<Double> futureJD = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()->priceOfJD());CompletableFuture.allOf(futureTM, futureTB, futureJD).join();//当所有结果集都获取到，才汇总阻塞CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()->priceOfTM()).thenApply(String::valueOf).thenApply(str-> "price " + str).thenAccept(System.out::println);end = System.currentTimeMillis();System.out.println("use completable future! " + (end - start));try {System.in.read();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}private static double priceOfTM() {delay();return 1.00;}private static double priceOfTB() {delay();return 2.00;}private static double priceOfJD() {delay();return 3.00;}/*private static double priceOfAmazon() {delay();throw new RuntimeException("product not exist!");}*/private static void delay() {int time = new Random().nextInt(500);try {TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(time);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}System.out.printf("After %s sleep!\n", time);}
}

4、TPE型线程池1：ThreadPoolExecutor

/*** 用给定的初始值，创建一个新的线程池* @param corePoolSize 核心线程数量* @param maximumPoolSize 最大线程数量* @param keepAliveTime 当线程数大于核心线程数量时，空闲的线程可生存的时间* @param unit 时间单位* @param workQueue 任务队列，只能包含由execute提交的Runnable任务* @param threadFactory 工厂，用于创建线程给线程池调度的工厂，可以自定义* @param handler 拒绝策略(可以自定义，JDK默认提供4种)，当线程边界和队列容量已经满了，新来线程被阻塞时使用的处理程序*/public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,int maximumPoolSize,long keepAliveTime,TimeUnit unit,BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,ThreadFactory threadFactory,RejectedExecutionHandler handler) 

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.*;public class T05_00_HelloThreadPool {static class Task implements Runnable {private int i;public Task(int i) {this.i = i;}@Overridepublic void run() {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " Task " + i);try {System.in.read();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}@Overridepublic String toString() {return "Task{" +"i=" + i +'}';}}public static void main(String[] args) {ThreadPoolExecutor tpe = new ThreadPoolExecutor(2, 4,60, TimeUnit.SECONDS,new ArrayBlockingQueue<Runnable>(4),Executors.defaultThreadFactory(),new ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy());//创建线程池，核心2个，最大4个，空闲线程存活时间60s，任务队列容量4，使用默认线程工程，创建线程。拒绝策略是JDK提供的for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {tpe.execute(new Task(i));//供提交8次任务}System.out.println(tpe.getQueue());//查看任务队列tpe.execute(new Task(100));//提交新的任务System.out.println(tpe.getQueue());tpe.shutdown();//关闭线程池}
}

5、TPE型线程池2：SingleThreadPool 单例线程池(只有一个线程)

/***创建单例线程池，扔5个任务进去，查看输出结果，看看有几个线程执行任务
*/import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;public class T07_SingleThreadPool {public static void main(String[] args) {ExecutorService service = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {final int j = i;service.execute(()->{System.out.println(j + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName());});}}
}

6、TPE型线程池3：CachedPool 缓存，存储线程池

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;public class T07_SingleThreadPool {public static void main(String[] args) {ExecutorService service = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();//通过Executors获取池子for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {final int j = i;service.execute(()->{//提交任务System.out.println(j + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName());});}service.shutdown();}
}

7、TPE型线程池4：FixedThreadPool 固定线程池

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;public class T09_FixedThreadPool {public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {//并发执行long start = System.currentTimeMillis();getPrime(1, 200000); long end = System.currentTimeMillis();System.out.println(end - start);//输出并发执行耗费时间final int cpuCoreNum = 4;//并行执行ExecutorService service = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(cpuCoreNum);MyTask t1 = new MyTask(1, 80000); //1-5 5-10 10-15 15-20MyTask t2 = new MyTask(80001, 130000);MyTask t3 = new MyTask(130001, 170000);MyTask t4 = new MyTask(170001, 200000);Future<List<Integer>> f1 = service.submit(t1);Future<List<Integer>> f2 = service.submit(t2);Future<List<Integer>> f3 = service.submit(t3);Future<List<Integer>> f4 = service.submit(t4);start = System.currentTimeMillis();f1.get();f2.get();f3.get();f4.get();end = System.currentTimeMillis();System.out.println(end - start);//输出并行耗费时间}static class MyTask implements Callable<List<Integer>> {int startPos, endPos;MyTask(int s, int e) {this.startPos = s;this.endPos = e;}@Overridepublic List<Integer> call() throws Exception {List<Integer> r = getPrime(startPos, endPos);return r;}}static boolean isPrime(int num) {for(int i=2; i<=num/2; i++) {if(num % i == 0) return false;}return true;}static List<Integer> getPrime(int start, int end) {List<Integer> results = new ArrayList<>();for(int i=start; i<=end; i++) {if(isPrime(i)) results.add(i);}return results;}
}

8、TPE型线程池5：ScheduledPool 预定，延时线程池

import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;public class T10_ScheduledPool {public static void main(String[] args) {ScheduledExecutorService service = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(4);service.scheduleAtFixedRate(()->{//提交延时任务try {TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(new Random().nextInt(1000));} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());}, 0, 500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);//指定延时时间和单位，第一个任务延时0毫秒，之后的任务，延时500毫秒}
}

9、手写拒绝策略小例子

import java.util.concurrent.*;public class T14_MyRejectedHandler {public static void main(String[] args) {ExecutorService service = new ThreadPoolExecutor(4, 4,0, TimeUnit.SECONDS, new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(6),Executors.defaultThreadFactory(),new MyHandler());//将手写拒绝策略传入}static class MyHandler implements RejectedExecutionHandler {//1、继承RejectedExecutionHandler@Overridepublic void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor executor) {//2、重写方法//log("r rejected")//伪代码，表示通过log4j.log()报一下日志，拒绝的时间，线程名//save r kafka mysql redis//可以尝试保存队列//try 3 times //可以尝试几次，比如3次，重新去抢队列，3次还不行就丢弃if(executor.getQueue().size() < 10000) {//尝试条件，如果size>10000了,就执行拒绝策略//try put again();//如果小于10000，尝试将其放到队列中}}}
}

10、ForkJoinPool线程池1：ForkJoinPool

下面实例实现，一百万个随机数求和，由两种方法实现，一种ForkJoinPool分任务并行，一种使用单线程做

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool;
import java.util.concurrent.RecursiveAction;
import java.util.concurrent.RecursiveTask;public class T12_ForkJoinPool {//1000000个随机数求和static int[] nums = new int[1000000];//一堆数static final int MAX_NUM = 50000;//分任务时，每个任务的操作量不能多于50000个，否则就继续细分static Random r = new Random();//使用随机数将数组初始化static {for(int i=0; i<nums.length; i++) {nums[i] = r.nextInt(100);}System.out.println("---" + Arrays.stream(nums).sum()); //stream api 单线程就这么做，一个一个加}//分任务，需要继承，可以继承RecursiveAction(不需要返回值，一般用在不需要返回值的场景)或//RecursiveTask(需要返回值，我们用这个，因为我们需要最后获取求和结果)两个更好实现的类，//他俩继承与ForkJoinTaskstatic class AddTaskRet extends RecursiveTask<Long> {private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;int start, end;AddTaskRet(int s, int e) {start = s;end = e;}@Overrideprotected Long compute() {if(end-start <= MAX_NUM) {//如果任务操作数小于规定的最大操作数，就进行运算，long sum = 0L;for(int i=start; i<end; i++) sum += nums[i];return sum;//返回结果} //如果分配的操作数大于规定，就继续细分（简单的重中点分，两半）int middle = start + (end-start)/2;//获取中间值AddTaskRet subTask1 = new AddTaskRet(start, middle);//传入起始值和中间值，表示一个子任务AddTaskRet subTask2 = new AddTaskRet(middle, end);//中间值和结尾值，表示一个子任务subTask1.fork();//分任务subTask2.fork();//分任务return subTask1.join() + subTask2.join();//最后返回结果汇总}}public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {/*ForkJoinPool fjp = new ForkJoinPool();AddTask task = new AddTask(0, nums.length);fjp.execute(task);*/ForkJoinPool fjp = new ForkJoinPool();//创建线程池AddTaskRet task = new AddTaskRet(0, nums.length);//创建任务fjp.execute(task);//传入任务long result = task.join();//返回汇总结果System.out.println(result);//System.in.read();}
}

11、ForkJoinPool线程池2：WorkStealingPool 任务偷取线程池

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;public class T11_WorkStealingPool {public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {ExecutorService service = Executors.newWorkStealingPool();System.out.println(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors());service.execute(new R(1000));service.execute(new R(2000));service.execute(new R(2000));service.execute(new R(2000)); //daemonservice.execute(new R(2000));//由于产生的是精灵线程（守护线程、后台线程），主线程不阻塞的话，看不到输出System.in.read(); }static class R implements Runnable {int time;R(int t) {this.time = t;}@Overridepublic void run() {try {TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(time);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}System.out.println(time  + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName());}}
}

12、流式API：ParallelStreamAPI

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;public class T13_ParallelStreamAPI {public static void main(String[] args) {List<Integer> nums = new ArrayList<>();Random r = new Random();for(int i=0; i<10000; i++) nums.add(1000000 + r.nextInt(1000000));//System.out.println(nums);long start = System.currentTimeMillis();nums.forEach(v->isPrime(v));long end = System.currentTimeMillis();System.out.println(end - start);//使用parallel stream apistart = System.currentTimeMillis();nums.parallelStream().forEach(T13_ParallelStreamAPI::isPrime);//并行流，将任务切分成子任务执行end = System.currentTimeMillis();System.out.println(end - start);}static boolean isPrime(int num) {for(int i=2; i<=num/2; i++) {if(num % i == 0) return false;}return true;}
}

13、总结

4、ThreadPoolExecutor源码解析

1、常用变量的解释

// 1. `ctl`，可以看做一个int类型的数字，高3位表示线程池状态，低29位表示worker数量
private final AtomicInteger ctl = new AtomicInteger(ctlOf(RUNNING, 0));
// 2. `COUNT_BITS`，`Integer.SIZE`为32，所以`COUNT_BITS`为29
private static final int COUNT_BITS = Integer.SIZE - 3;
// 3. `CAPACITY`，线程池允许的最大线程数。1左移29位，然后减1，即为 2^29 - 1
private static final int CAPACITY   = (1 << COUNT_BITS) - 1;// runState is stored in the high-order bits
// 4. 线程池有5种状态，按大小排序如下：RUNNING < SHUTDOWN < STOP < TIDYING < TERMINATED
private static final int RUNNING    = -1 << COUNT_BITS;
private static final int SHUTDOWN   =  0 << COUNT_BITS;
private static final int STOP       =  1 << COUNT_BITS;
private static final int TIDYING    =  2 << COUNT_BITS;
private static final int TERMINATED =  3 << COUNT_BITS;// Packing and unpacking ctl
// 5. `runStateOf()`，获取线程池状态，通过按位与操作，低29位将全部变成0
private static int runStateOf(int c)     { return c & ~CAPACITY; }
// 6. `workerCountOf()`，获取线程池worker数量，通过按位与操作，高3位将全部变成0
private static int workerCountOf(int c)  { return c & CAPACITY; }
// 7. `ctlOf()`，根据线程池状态和线程池worker数量，生成ctl值
private static int ctlOf(int rs, int wc) { return rs | wc; }/** Bit field accessors that don't require unpacking ctl.* These depend on the bit layout and on workerCount being never negative.*/
// 8. `runStateLessThan()`，线程池状态小于xx
private static boolean runStateLessThan(int c, int s) {return c < s;
}
// 9. `runStateAtLeast()`，线程池状态大于等于xx
private static boolean runStateAtLeast(int c, int s) {return c >= s;
}

2、构造方法

public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,int maximumPoolSize,long keepAliveTime,TimeUnit unit,BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,ThreadFactory threadFactory,RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {// 基本类型参数校验if (corePoolSize < 0 ||maximumPoolSize <= 0 ||maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ||keepAliveTime < 0)throw new IllegalArgumentException();// 空指针校验if (workQueue == null || threadFactory == null || handler == null)throw new NullPointerException();this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;this.workQueue = workQueue;// 根据传入参数`unit`和`keepAliveTime`，将存活时间转换为纳秒存到变量`keepAliveTime `中this.keepAliveTime = unit.toNanos(keepAliveTime);this.threadFactory = threadFactory;this.handler = handler;
}

3、提交执行task的过程

public void execute(Runnable command) {if (command == null)throw new NullPointerException();/** Proceed in 3 steps:** 1. If fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, try to* start a new thread with the given command as its first* task.  The call to addWorker atomically checks runState and* workerCount, and so prevents false alarms that would add* threads when it shouldn't, by returning false.** 2. If a task can be successfully queued, then we still need* to double-check whether we should have added a thread* (because existing ones died since last checking) or that* the pool shut down since entry into this method. So we* recheck state and if necessary roll back the enqueuing if* stopped, or start a new thread if there are none.** 3. If we cannot queue task, then we try to add a new* thread.  If it fails, we know we are shut down or saturated* and so reject the task.*/int c = ctl.get();// worker数量比核心线程数小，直接创建worker执行任务if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) {if (addWorker(command, true))return;c = ctl.get();}// worker数量超过核心线程数，任务直接进入队列if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) {int recheck = ctl.get();// 线程池状态不是RUNNING状态，说明执行过shutdown命令，需要对新加入的任务执行reject()操作。// 这儿为什么需要recheck，是因为任务入队列前后，线程池的状态可能会发生变化。if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command))reject(command);// 这儿为什么需要判断0值，主要是在线程池构造方法中，核心线程数允许为0else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0)addWorker(null, false);}// 如果线程池不是运行状态，或者任务进入队列失败，则尝试创建worker执行任务。// 这儿有3点需要注意：// 1. 线程池不是运行状态时，addWorker内部会判断线程池状态// 2. addWorker第2个参数表示是否创建核心线程// 3. addWorker返回false，则说明任务执行失败，需要执行reject操作else if (!addWorker(command, false))reject(command);
}

4、addworker源码解析

private boolean addWorker(Runnable firstTask, boolean core) {retry:// 外层自旋for (;;) {int c = ctl.get();int rs = runStateOf(c);// 这个条件写得比较难懂，我对其进行了调整，和下面的条件等价// (rs > SHUTDOWN) || // (rs == SHUTDOWN && firstTask != null) || // (rs == SHUTDOWN && workQueue.isEmpty())// 1. 线程池状态大于SHUTDOWN时，直接返回false// 2. 线程池状态等于SHUTDOWN，且firstTask不为null，直接返回false// 3. 线程池状态等于SHUTDOWN，且队列为空，直接返回false// Check if queue empty only if necessary.if (rs >= SHUTDOWN &&! (rs == SHUTDOWN &&firstTask == null &&! workQueue.isEmpty()))return false;// 内层自旋for (;;) {int wc = workerCountOf(c);// worker数量超过容量，直接返回falseif (wc >= CAPACITY ||wc >= (core ? corePoolSize : maximumPoolSize))return false;// 使用CAS的方式增加worker数量。// 若增加成功，则直接跳出外层循环进入到第二部分if (compareAndIncrementWorkerCount(c))break retry;c = ctl.get();  // Re-read ctl// 线程池状态发生变化，对外层循环进行自旋if (runStateOf(c) != rs)continue retry;// 其他情况，直接内层循环进行自旋即可// else CAS failed due to workerCount change; retry inner loop} }boolean workerStarted = false;boolean workerAdded = false;Worker w = null;try {w = new Worker(firstTask);final Thread t = w.thread;if (t != null) {final ReentrantLock mainLock = this.mainLock;// worker的添加必须是串行的，因此需要加锁mainLock.lock();try {// Recheck while holding lock.// Back out on ThreadFactory failure or if// shut down before lock acquired.// 这儿需要重新检查线程池状态int rs = runStateOf(ctl.get());if (rs < SHUTDOWN ||(rs == SHUTDOWN && firstTask == null)) {// worker已经调用过了start()方法，则不再创建workerif (t.isAlive()) // precheck that t is startablethrow new IllegalThreadStateException();// worker创建并添加到workers成功workers.add(w);// 更新`largestPoolSize`变量int s = workers.size();if (s > largestPoolSize)largestPoolSize = s;workerAdded = true;}} finally {mainLock.unlock();}// 启动worker线程if (workerAdded) {t.start();workerStarted = true;}}} finally {// worker线程启动失败，说明线程池状态发生了变化（关闭操作被执行），需要进行shutdown相关操作if (! workerStarted)addWorkerFailed(w);}return workerStarted;
}

5、线程池worker任务单元

private final class Workerextends AbstractQueuedSynchronizerimplements Runnable
{/*** This class will never be serialized, but we provide a* serialVersionUID to suppress a javac warning.*/private static final long serialVersionUID = 6138294804551838833L;/** Thread this worker is running in.  Null if factory fails. */final Thread thread;/** Initial task to run.  Possibly null. */Runnable firstTask;/** Per-thread task counter */volatile long completedTasks;/*** Creates with given first task and thread from ThreadFactory.* @param firstTask the first task (null if none)*/Worker(Runnable firstTask) {setState(-1); // inhibit interrupts until runWorkerthis.firstTask = firstTask;// 这儿是Worker的关键所在，使用了线程工厂创建了一个线程。传入的参数为当前workerthis.thread = getThreadFactory().newThread(this);}/** Delegates main run loop to outer runWorker  */public void run() {runWorker(this);}// 省略代码...
}

6、核心线程执行逻辑-runworker

final void runWorker(Worker w) {Thread wt = Thread.currentThread();Runnable task = w.firstTask;w.firstTask = null;// 调用unlock()是为了让外部可以中断w.unlock(); // allow interrupts// 这个变量用于判断是否进入过自旋（while循环）boolean completedAbruptly = true;try {// 这儿是自旋// 1. 如果firstTask不为null，则执行firstTask；// 2. 如果firstTask为null，则调用getTask()从队列获取任务。// 3. 阻塞队列的特性就是：当队列为空时，当前线程会被阻塞等待while (task != null || (task = getTask()) != null) {// 这儿对worker进行加锁，是为了达到下面的目的// 1. 降低锁范围，提升性能// 2. 保证每个worker执行的任务是串行的w.lock();// If pool is stopping, ensure thread is interrupted;// if not, ensure thread is not interrupted.  This// requires a recheck in second case to deal with// shutdownNow race while clearing interrupt// 如果线程池正在停止，则对当前线程进行中断操作if ((runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP) ||(Thread.interrupted() &&runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP))) &&!wt.isInterrupted())wt.interrupt();// 执行任务，且在执行前后通过`beforeExecute()`和`afterExecute()`来扩展其功能。// 这两个方法在当前类里面为空实现。try {beforeExecute(wt, task);Throwable thrown = null;try {task.run();} catch (RuntimeException x) {thrown = x; throw x;} catch (Error x) {thrown = x; throw x;} catch (Throwable x) {thrown = x; throw new Error(x);} finally {afterExecute(task, thrown);}} finally {// 帮助gctask = null;// 已完成任务数加一 w.completedTasks++;w.unlock();}}completedAbruptly = false;} finally {// 自旋操作被退出，说明线程池正在结束processWorkerExit(w, completedAbruptly);}
}