[Nodejs process全局对象详解]的搜索结果

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Parallel Processing：大规模并行处理系统）架构模式 支持OLTP应用，读写性能可扩展 集群级别的ACID特性 多租户安全 也可被用作分布式Key-Value存储 事务处理与数据分析处理混合型数据库 支持丰富的SQL语句类型，比如：关联子查询 支持绝大部分PostgreSQL的SQL语句 分布式多版本并发控制（MVCC：Multi-version Concurrency Control） 支持JSON和XML格式 Postgres-XL缺少的功能 内建的高可用机制 使用外部机制实现高可能，如：Corosync/Pacemaker 有未来功能提升的空间 增加节点/重新分片数据（re-shard）的简便性 数据重分布（redistribution）期间会锁表 可采用预分片（pre-shard）方式解决，在同台物理服务器上建立多个数据节点，每个节点存储一个数据分片。数据重分布时，将一些数据节点迁出即可 某些外键、唯一性约束功能 Postgres-XL架构 [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-M9lFuEIP-1640133702200)(./assets/postgre-xl.jpg)] 基于开源项目Postgres-XC XL增加了MPP，允许数据节点间直接通讯，交换复杂跨节点关联查询相关数据信息，减少协调器负载。 多个协调器（Coordinator） 应用程序的数据库连入点 分析查询语句，生成执行计划 多个数据节点（DataNode） 实际的数据存储 数据自动打散分布到集群中各数据节点 本地执行查询 一个查询在所有相关节点上并行查询 全局事务管理器（GTM：Global Transaction Manager） 提供事务间一致性视图 部署GTM Proxy实例，以提高性能 Postgre-XL主要组件 GTM (Global Transaction Manager) - 全局事务管理器 GTM是Postgres-XL的一个关键组件，用于提供一致的事务管理和元组可见性控制。 GTM Standby GTM的备节点，在pgxc,pgxl中，GTM控制所有的全局事务分配，如果出现问题，就会导致整个集群不可用，为了增加可用性，增加该备用节点。当GTM出现问题时，GTM Standby可以升级为GTM，保证集群正常工作。 GTM-Proxy GTM需要与所有的Coordinators通信，为了降低压力，可以在每个Coordinator机器上部署一个GTM-Proxy。 Coordinator --协调器 协调器是应用程序到数据库的接口。它的作用类似于传统的PostgreSQL后台进程，但是协调器不存储任何实际数据。实际数据由数据节点存储。协调器接收SQL语句，根据需要获取全局事务Id和全局快照，确定涉及哪些数据节点，并要求它们执行(部分)语句。当向数据节点发出语句时，它与GXID和全局快照相关联，以便多版本并发控制(MVCC)属性扩展到集群范围。 Datanode --数据节点 用于实际存储数据。表可以分布在各个数据节点之间，也可以复制到所有数据节点。数据节点没有整个数据库的全局视图，它只负责本地存储的数据。接下来，协调器将检查传入语句，并制定子计划。然后，根据需要将这些数据连同GXID和全局快照一起传输到涉及的每个数据节点。数据节点可以在不同的会话中接收来自各个协调器的请求。但是，由于每个事务都是惟一标识的，并且与一致的(全局)快照相关联，所以每个数据节点都可以在其事务和快照上下文中正确执行。 Postgres-XL继承了PostgreSQL Postgres-XL是PostgreSQL的扩展并继承了其很多特性： 复杂查询 外键 触发器 视图 事务 MVCC(多版本控制) 此外，类似于PostgreSQL，用户可以通过多种方式扩展Postgres-XL，例如添加新的 数据类型 函数 操作 聚合函数 索引类型 过程语言 安装 环境说明 由于资源有限，gtm一台、另外两台身兼数职。 主机名 IP 角色 端口 nodename 数据目录 gtm 192.168.20.132 GTM 6666 gtm /nodes/gtm 协调器 5432 coord1 /nodes/coordinator xl1 192.168.20.133 数据节点 5433 node1 /nodes/pgdata gtm代理 6666 gtmpoxy01 /nodes/gtm_pxy1 协调器 5432 coord2 /nodes/coordinator xl2 192.168.20.134 数据节点 5433 node2 /nodes/pgdata gtm代理 6666 gtmpoxy02 /nodes/gtm_pxy2 要求 GNU make版本 3.8及以上版本 [root@pg ~] make --versionGNU Make 3.82Built for x86_64-redhat-linux-gnuCopyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. 需安装GCC包 需安装tar包 用于解压缩文件 默认需要GNU Readline library 其作用是可以让psql命令行记住执行过的命令，并且可以通过键盘上下键切换命令。但是可以通过--without-readline禁用这个特性，或者可以指定--withlibedit-preferred选项来使用libedit 默认使用zlib压缩库 可通过--without-zlib选项来禁用 配置hosts 所有主机上都配置 [root@xl2 11] cat /etc/hosts127.0.0.1 localhost192.168.20.132 gtm192.168.20.133 xl1192.168.20.134 xl2 关闭防火墙、Selinux 所有主机都执行 关闭防火墙： [root@gtm ~] systemctl stop firewalld.service[root@gtm ~] systemctl disable firewalld.service selinux设置: [root@gtm ~]vim /etc/selinux/config 设置SELINUX=disabled，保存退出。 This file controls the state of SELinux on the system. SELINUX= can take one of these three values: enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced. permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing. disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.SELINUX=disabled SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values: targeted - Targeted processes are protected, minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected. mls - Multi Level Security protection. 安装依赖包 所有主机上都执行 yum install -y flex bison readline-devel zlib-devel openjade docbook-style-dsssl gcc 创建用户 所有主机上都执行 [root@gtm ~] useradd postgres[root@gtm ~] passwd postgres[root@gtm ~] su - postgres[root@gtm ~] mkdir ~/.ssh[root@gtm ~] chmod 700 ~/.ssh 配置SSH免密登录 仅仅在gtm节点配置如下操作： [root@gtm ~] su - postgres[postgres@gtm ~] ssh-keygen -t rsa[postgres@gtm ~] cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys[postgres@gtm ~] chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys 将刚生成的认证文件拷贝到xl1到xl2中，使得gtm节点可以免密码登录xl1~xl2的任意一个节点： [postgres@gtm ~] scp ~/.ssh/authorized_keys postgres@xl1:~/.ssh/[postgres@gtm ~] scp ~/.ssh/authorized_keys postgres@xl2:~/.ssh/ 对所有提示都不要输入，直接enter下一步。直到最后，因为第一次要求输入目标机器的用户密码，输入即可。 下载源码 下载地址：https://www.postgres-xl.org/download/ [root@slave ~] ll postgres-xl-10r1.1.tar.gz-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 28121666 May 30 05:21 postgres-xl-10r1.1.tar.gz 编译、安装Postgres-XL 所有节点都安装，编译需要一点时间，最好同时进行编译。 [root@slave ~] tar xvf postgres-xl-10r1.1.tar.gz[root@slave ~] ./configure --prefix=/home/postgres/pgxl/[root@slave ~] make[root@slave ~] make install[root@slave ~] cd contrib/ --安装必要的工具,在gtm节点上安装即可[root@slave ~] make[root@slave ~] make install 配置环境变量 所有节点都要配置 进入postgres用户，修改其环境变量，开始编辑 [root@gtm ~]su - postgres[postgres@gtm ~]vi .bashrc --不是.bash_profile 在打开的文件末尾，新增如下变量配置： export PGHOME=/home/postgres/pgxlexport LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$PGHOME/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATHexport PATH=$PGHOME/bin:$PATH 按住esc，然后输入:wq!保存退出。输入以下命令对更改重启生效。 [postgres@gtm ~] source .bashrc --不是.bash_profile 输入以下语句，如果输出变量结果，代表生效 [postgres@gtm ~] echo $PGHOME 应该输出/home/postgres/pgxl代表生效 配置集群 生成pgxc_ctl.conf配置文件 [postgres@gtm ~] pgxc_ctl prepare/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.ERROR: File "/home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf" not found or not a regular file. No such file or directoryInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.confFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl 配置pgxc_ctl.conf 新建/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf文件，编辑如下： 对着模板文件一个一个修改，否则会造成初始化过程出现各种神奇问题。 pgxcInstallDir=$PGHOMEpgxlDATA=$PGHOME/data pgxcOwner=postgres---- GTM Master -----------------------------------------gtmName=gtmgtmMasterServer=gtmgtmMasterPort=6666gtmMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtmgtmSlave=y Specify y if you configure GTM Slave. Otherwise, GTM slave will not be configured and all the following variables will be reset.gtmSlaveName=gtmSlavegtmSlaveServer=gtm value none means GTM slave is not available. Give none if you don't configure GTM Slave.gtmSlavePort=20001 Not used if you don't configure GTM slave.gtmSlaveDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtmSlave Not used if you don't configure GTM slave.---- GTM-Proxy Master -------gtmProxyDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtm_proxygtmProxy=y gtmProxyNames=(gtm_pxy1 gtm_pxy2) gtmProxyServers=(xl1 xl2) gtmProxyPorts=(6666 6666) gtmProxyDirs=($gtmProxyDir $gtmProxyDir) ---- Coordinators ---------coordMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/coordcoordNames=(coord1 coord2) coordPorts=(5432 5432) poolerPorts=(6667 6667) coordPgHbaEntries=(0.0.0.0/0)coordMasterServers=(xl1 xl2) coordMasterDirs=($coordMasterDir $coordMasterDir)coordMaxWALsernder=0 没设置备份节点，设置为0coordMaxWALSenders=($coordMaxWALsernder $coordMaxWALsernder) 数量保持和coordMasterServers一致coordSlave=n---- Datanodes ----------datanodeMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/dn_masterprimaryDatanode=xl1 主数据节点datanodeNames=(node1 node2)datanodePorts=(5433 5433) datanodePoolerPorts=(6668 6668) datanodePgHbaEntries=(0.0.0.0/0)datanodeMasterServers=(xl1 xl2)datanodeMasterDirs=($datanodeMasterDir $datanodeMasterDir)datanodeMaxWalSender=4datanodeMaxWALSenders=($datanodeMaxWalSender $datanodeMaxWalSender) 集群初始化，启动，停止 初始化 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all 输出结果： /bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlStopping all the coordinator masters.Stopping coordinator master coord1.Stopping coordinator master coord2.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existpg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2" does not existDone.Stopping all the datanode masters.Stopping datanode master datanode1.Stopping datanode master datanode2.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.Stop GTM masterwaiting for server to shut down.... doneserver stopped[postgres@gtm ~]$ echo $PGHOME/home/postgres/pgxl[postgres@gtm ~]$ ll /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc/nodes/gtm/gtm.^C[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlInitialize GTM masterERROR: target directory (/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/gtm) exists and not empty. Skip GTM initilializationDone.Start GTM masterserver startingInitialize all the coordinator masters.Initialize coordinator master coord1.ERROR: target coordinator master coord1 is running now. Skip initilialization.Initialize coordinator master coord2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting coordinator master.Starting coordinator master coord1ERROR: target coordinator master coord1 is already running now. Skip initialization.Starting coordinator master coord22019-05-30 21:09:25.562 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:09:25.562 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:09:25.563 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:09:25.601 EDT [2149] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:09:22 EDT2019-05-30 21:09:25.605 EDT [2148] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:09:25.612 EDT [2156] LOG: cluster monitor startedDone.Initialize all the datanode masters.Initialize the datanode master datanode1.Initialize the datanode master datanode2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting all the datanode masters.Starting datanode master datanode1.WARNING: datanode master datanode1 is running now. Skipping.Starting datanode master datanode2.2019-05-30 21:09:33.352 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:09:33.352 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:09:33.355 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:09:33.392 EDT [2404] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:09:33.392 EDT [2404] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf stop all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlStopping all the coordinator masters.Stopping coordinator master coord1.Stopping coordinator master coord2.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existDone.Stopping all the datanode masters.Stopping datanode master datanode1.Stopping datanode master datanode2.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.Stop GTM masterwaiting for server to shut down.... doneserver stopped[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlPGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC stop coordinator master coord1Stopping coordinator master coord1.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existDone.PGXC stop datanode master datanode1Stopping datanode master datanode1.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.PGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterNot running: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Not running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC exit[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlInitialize GTM masterERROR: target directory (/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/gtm) exists and not empty. Skip GTM initilializationDone.Start GTM masterserver startingInitialize all the coordinator masters.Initialize coordinator master coord1.Initialize coordinator master coord2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting coordinator master.Starting coordinator master coord1Starting coordinator master coord22019-05-30 21:13:03.998 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:03.998 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.000 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:13:04.038 EDT [25138] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:13:00 EDT2019-05-30 21:13:04.042 EDT [25137] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:13:04.049 EDT [25145] LOG: cluster monitor started2019-05-30 21:13:04.020 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.020 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.021 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:13:04.057 EDT [2731] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:13:00 EDT2019-05-30 21:13:04.061 EDT [2730] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:13:04.062 EDT [2738] LOG: cluster monitor startedDone.Initialize all the datanode masters.Initialize the datanode master datanode1.Initialize the datanode master datanode2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting all the datanode masters.Starting datanode master datanode1.Starting datanode master datanode2.2019-05-30 21:13:12.077 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.077 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:13:12.114 EDT [25392] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:13:12.114 EDT [25392] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".2019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.081 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:13:12.117 EDT [2985] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:13:12.117 EDT [2985] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done. 启动 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf start all 关闭 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf stop all 查看集群状态 [postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl monitor all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlRunning: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Running: datanode master datanode2 配置集群信息 分别在数据节点、协调器节点上分别执行以下命令： 注：本节点只执行修改操作即可(alert node)，其他节点执行创建命令(create node)。因为本节点已经包含本节点的信息。 create node coord1 with (type=coordinator,host=xl1, port=5432);create node coord2 with (type=coordinator,host=xl2, port=5432);alter node coord1 with (type=coordinator,host=xl1, port=5432);alter node coord2 with (type=coordinator,host=xl2, port=5432);create node datanode1 with (type=datanode, host=xl1,port=15432,primary=true,PREFERRED);create node datanode2 with (type=datanode, host=xl2,port=15432);alter node datanode1 with (type=datanode, host=xl1,port=15432,primary=true,PREFERRED);alter node datanode2 with (type=datanode, host=xl2,port=15432);select pgxc_pool_reload(); 分别登陆数据节点、协调器节点验证 postgres= select from pgxc_node;node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 1885696643coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -1197102633datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -905831925datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | f | 888802358(4 rows) 测试 插入数据 在数据节点1，执行相关操作。 通过协调器端口登录PG [postgres@xl1 ~]$ psql -p 5432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= create database lei;CREATE DATABASEpostgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= create table test1(id int,name text);CREATE TABLElei= insert into test1(id,name) select generate_series(1,8),'测试';INSERT 0 8lei= select from test1;id | name----+------1 | 测试2 | 测试5 | 测试6 | 测试8 | 测试3 | 测试4 | 测试7 | 测试(8 rows) 注：默认创建的表为分布式表，也就是每个数据节点值存储表的部分数据。关于表类型具体说明，下面有说明。 通过15432端口登录数据节点，查看数据 有5条数据 [postgres@xl1 ~]$ psql -p 15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= select from test1;id | name----+------1 | 测试2 | 测试5 | 测试6 | 测试8 | 测试(5 rows) 登录到节点2，查看数据 有3条数据 [postgres@xl2 ~]$ psql -p15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= select from test1;id | name----+------3 | 测试4 | 测试7 | 测试(3 rows) 两个节点的数据加起来整个8条，没有问题。 至此Postgre-XL集群搭建完成。 创建数据库、表时可能会出现以下错误： ERROR: Failed to get pooled connections 是因为pg_hba.conf配置不对，所有节点加上host all all 192.168.20.0/0 trust并重启集群即可。 ERROR: No Datanode defined in cluster 首先确认是否创建了数据节点，也就是create node相关的命令。如果创建了则执行select pgxc_pool_reload();使其生效即可。 集群管理与应用 表类型说明 REPLICATION表：各个datanode节点中，表的数据完全相同，也就是说，插入数据时，会分别在每个datanode节点插入相同数据。读数据时，只需要读任意一个datanode节点上的数据。 建表语法： CREATE TABLE repltab (col1 int, col2 int) DISTRIBUTE BY REPLICATION; DISTRIBUTE ：会将插入的数据，按照拆分规则，分配到不同的datanode节点中存储，也就是sharding技术。每个datanode节点只保存了部分数据，通过coordinate节点可以查询完整的数据视图。 CREATE TABLE disttab(col1 int, col2 int, col3 text) DISTRIBUTE BY HASH(col1); 模拟数据插入 任意登录一个coordinate节点进行建表操作 [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl1 -p 5432 -U postgrespostgres= INSERT INTO disttab SELECT generate_series(1,100), generate_series(101, 200), 'foo';INSERT 0 100postgres= INSERT INTO repltab SELECT generate_series(1,100), generate_series(101, 200);INSERT 0 100 查看数据分布结果： DISTRIBUTE表分布结果 postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+-------1148549230 | 42-927910690 | 58(2 rows) REPLICATION表分布结果 postgres= SELECT count() FROM repltab;count -------100(1 row) 查看另一个datanode2中repltab表结果 [postgres@datanode2 pgxl9.5]$ psql -p 15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= SELECT count() FROM repltab;count -------100(1 row) 结论：REPLICATION表中，datanode1,datanode2中表是全部数据，一模一样。而DISTRIBUTE表，数据散落近乎平均分配到了datanode1,datanode2节点中。 新增数据节点与数据重分布 在线新增节点、并重新分布数据。 新增datanode节点 在gtm集群管理节点上执行pgxc_ctl命令 [postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.confFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlPGXC 在服务器xl3上，新增一个master角色的datanode节点，名称是datanode3 端口号暂定5430，pool master暂定6669 ，指定好数据目录位置，从两个节点升级到3个节点，之后要写3个none none应该是datanodeSpecificExtraConfig或者datanodeSpecificExtraPgHba配置PGXC add datanode master datanode3 xl3 15432 6671 /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode3 none none none 等待新增完成后，查询集群节点状态： postgres= select from pgxc_node;node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | f | 888802358datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -905831925datanode3 | D | 15432 | xl3 | f | f | -705831925coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 1885696643coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -1197102633(4 rows) 节点新增完毕 数据重新分布 由于新增节点后无法自动完成数据重新分布，需要手动操作。 DISTRIBUTE表分布在了node1,node2节点上，如下： postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+-------1148549230 | 42-927910690 | 58(2 rows) 新增一个节点后，将sharding表数据重新分配到三个节点上，将repl表复制到新节点 重分布sharding表postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab ADD NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 复制数据到新节点postgres= ALTER TABLE repltab ADD NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 查看新的数据分布： postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+--------700122826 | 36-927910690 | 321148549230 | 32(3 rows) 登录datanode3(新增的时候，放在了xl3服务器上，端口15432)节点查看数据： [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl3 -p 15432 -U postgrespsql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= select count() from repltab;count -------100(1 row) 很明显,通过 ALTER TABLE tt ADD NODE (dn)命令，可以将DISTRIBUTE表数据重新分布到新节点，重分布过程中会中断所有事务。可以将REPLICATION表数据复制到新节点。 从datanode节点中回收数据 postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab DELETE NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= ALTER TABLE repltab DELETE NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 删除数据节点 Postgresql-XL并没有检查将被删除的datanode节点是否有replicated/distributed表的数据，为了数据安全，在删除之前需要检查下被删除节点上的数据，有数据的话，要回收掉分配到其他节点，然后才能安全删除。删除数据节点分为四步骤： 1.查询要删除节点dn3的oid postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id -------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11819 | coord1 | C | 5432 | datanode1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | datanode2 | f | f | -119710263316385 | node1 | D | 5433 | datanode1 | f | t | 114854923016386 | node2 | D | 5433 | datanode2 | f | f | -92791069016397 | dn3 | D | 5430 | datanode1 | f | f | -700122826(5 rows) 2.查询dn3对应的oid中是否有数据 testdb= SELECT FROM pgxc_class WHERE nodeoids::integer[] @> ARRAY[16397];pcrelid | pclocatortype | pcattnum | pchashalgorithm | pchashbuckets | nodeoids ---------+---------------+----------+-----------------+---------------+-------------------16388 | H | 1 | 1 | 4096 | 16397 16385 1638616394 | R | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16397 16385 16386(2 rows) 3.有数据的先回收数据 postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab DELETE NODE (dn3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= ALTER TABLE repltab DELETE NODE (dn3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= SELECT FROM pgxc_class WHERE nodeoids::integer[] @> ARRAY[16397];pcrelid | pclocatortype | pcattnum | pchashalgorithm | pchashbuckets | nodeoids ---------+---------------+----------+-----------------+---------------+----------(0 rows) 4.安全删除dn3 PGXC$ remove datanode master dn3 clean 故障节点FAILOVER 1.查看当前集群状态 [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl1 -p 5432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11739 | coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -119710263316387 | datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -90583192516388 | datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | t | 888802358(4 rows) 2.模拟datanode1节点故障 直接关闭即可 PGXC stop -m immediate datanode master datanode1Stopping datanode master datanode1.Done. 3.测试查询 只要查询涉及到datanode1上的数据，那么该查询就会报错 postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;WARNING: failed to receive file descriptors for connectionsERROR: Failed to get pooled connectionsHINT: This may happen because one or more nodes are currently unreachable, either because of node or network failure.Its also possible that the target node may have hit the connection limit or the pooler is configured with low connections.Please check if all nodes are running fine and also review max_connections and max_pool_size configuration parameterspostgres= SELECT xc_node_id, FROM disttab WHERE col1 = 3;xc_node_id | col1 | col2 | col3------------+------+------+-------905831925 | 3 | 103 | foo(1 row) 测试发现，查询范围如果涉及到故障的node1节点，会报错，而查询的数据范围不在node1上的话，仍然可以查询。 4.手动切换 要想切换，必须要提前配置slave节点。 PGXC$ failover datanode node1 切换完成后，查询集群 postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id -------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11819 | coord1 | C | 5432 | datanode1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | datanode2 | f | f | -119710263316386 | node2 | D | 15432 | datanode2 | f | f | -92791069016385 | node1 | D | 15433 | datanode2 | f | t | 1148549230(4 rows) 发现datanode1节点的ip和端口都已经替换为配置的slave了。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qianglei6077/article/details/94379331。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...clude <process.h>using namespace std;define PRINT_TIMES 10// 考虑到可读性 多写几个handle// define THREAD_NUMS 3// 用于打印字符控制，有点类似循环链表struct sPrintControl{char cPrint;HANDLE hEventThis;HANDLE hEventNext;};// 按照顺序打印字符UINT WINAPI vPrintCharWithSeq(LPVOID p_psPrintControl){sPrintControl l_psPrintControl = static_cast<sPrintControl>(p_psPrintControl);char l_cChar = l_psPrintControl->cPrint;for (int i = 0; i < PRINT_TIMES; i++){// wait for printWaitForSingleObject(l_psPrintControl->hEventThis, INFINITE);cout<<"ThreadId:"<<GetCurrentThreadId()<<' '<<i<<l_cChar<<endl;// signal the next threadSetEvent(l_psPrintControl->hEventNext);}return 0;}int main(){HANDLE l_hThreadA = NULL;HANDLE l_hThreadB = NULL;HANDLE l_hThreadC = NULL;HANDLE l_hThreadAEvent = NULL;HANDLE l_hThreadBEvent = NULL;HANDLE l_hThreadCEvent = NULL;// 自动重置，从ThreadA开始打印l_hThreadAEvent = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, TRUE, NULL);l_hThreadBEvent = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);l_hThreadCEvent = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);sPrintControl l_sPrintControl[3] = { {'A', l_hThreadAEvent, l_hThreadBEvent}, {'B', l_hThreadBEvent, l_hThreadCEvent}, {'C', l_hThreadCEvent, l_hThreadAEvent} };l_hThreadA = (HANDLE)_beginthreadex(NULL, 0, vPrintCharWithSeq, &l_sPrintControl[0], THREAD_PRIORITY_NORMAL, NULL);l_hThreadB = (HANDLE)_beginthreadex(NULL, 0, vPrintCharWithSeq, &l_sPrintControl[1], THREAD_PRIORITY_NORMAL, NULL);l_hThreadC = (HANDLE)_beginthreadex(NULL, 0, vPrintCharWithSeq, &l_sPrintControl[2], THREAD_PRIORITY_NORMAL, NULL);// 等待线程结束WaitForSingleObject(l_hThreadA, INFINITE);WaitForSingleObject(l_hThreadB, INFINITE);WaitForSingleObject(l_hThreadC, INFINITE);// 释放CloseHandle(l_hThreadA);CloseHandle(l_hThreadB);CloseHandle(l_hThreadC);CloseHandle(l_hThreadAEvent);CloseHandle(l_hThreadBEvent);CloseHandle(l_hThreadCEvent);return 0;} Linux： 感谢Jinhao的帮助。用pthread_cond_t解决了。实际上测试用sem_t还快一点。因为用sem_t的方法类似windows下面用Event就不贴代码了。 线程关键代码： void thread(thr_id t){pthread_mutex_lock(t->mutex); //这个lock相当重要sem_post(t->sem);pthread_cond_wait(t->self_cond, t->mutex);pthread_mutex_unlock(t->mutex);//真正开始for(int i = 0; i < 10; ++i){pthread_mutex_lock(t->mutex);std::cout<<t->id<<std::flush;pthread_cond_signal(t->next_cond);if(i < 9) //输出最后一遍的时候,不用再wait而是退出线程pthread_cond_wait(t->self_cond, t->mutex);pthread_mutex_unlock(t->mutex);} } Jinhao：现在C唤醒A的时候,能保证A是wait的状态.因为A在cond_wait的时候,B才能获得锁,当b在cond_wait的时候,C才获得锁.所以当C cond_signal A时, A必然是cond_wait的。 全部代码如下： include <iostream>include <stdlib.h>include <pthread.h>include <stdio.h>include <semaphore.h>using namespace std;struct thr_id{char id;sem_t sem;pthread_mutex_t mutex;pthread_cond_t self_cond;pthread_cond_t next_cond;};void thread(thr_id t){pthread_mutex_lock(t->mutex);sem_post(t->sem);pthread_cond_wait(t->self_cond, t->mutex);pthread_mutex_unlock(t->mutex);for(int i = 0; i < 10000; ++i){pthread_mutex_lock(t->mutex);std::cout<<t->id<<std::flush;pthread_cond_signal(t->next_cond);if(i < 9999)pthread_cond_wait(t->self_cond, t->mutex);pthread_mutex_unlock(t->mutex);} }typedef void (PRINTTHREADFUNC) (void);int main(){pthread_t th_a, th_b, th_c;sem_t sem;sem_init(&sem, 0, 0);pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;pthread_cond_t cond_a = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;pthread_cond_t cond_b = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;pthread_cond_t cond_c = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;thr_id thrids[3] = { {'a', &sem, &mutex, &cond_a, &cond_b},{'b', &sem, &mutex, &cond_b, &cond_c},{'c', &sem, &mutex, &cond_c, &cond_a} };pthread_create(&th_a, NULL, reinterpret_cast<PRINTTHREADFUNC>(thread), &thrids[0]);pthread_create(&th_b, NULL, reinterpret_cast<PRINTTHREADFUNC>(thread), &thrids[1]);pthread_create(&th_c, NULL, reinterpret_cast<PRINTTHREADFUNC>(thread), &thrids[2]);for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i){sem_wait(&sem);}pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);pthread_cond_signal(thrids[0].self_cond);pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);pthread_join(th_a, NULL);pthread_join(th_b, NULL);pthread_join(th_c, NULL);sem_destroy(&sem);pthread_cond_destroy(&cond_a);pthread_cond_destroy(&cond_b);pthread_cond_destroy(&cond_c);return 0;} 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/enjolras/article/details/7456540。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...import subprocess def get_mysql_open_files(): 获取所有MySQL进程ID mysql_pids = [] result = subprocess.run(['pgrep', 'mysqld'], capture_output=True, text=True) for line in result.stdout.splitlines(): mysql_pids.append(int(line)) total_open_files = 0 for pid in mysql_pids: try: proc = psutil.Process(pid) open_files = len(proc.open_files()) print(f"Process {pid} has opened {open_files} files.") total_open_files += open_files except Exception as e: print(f"Error checking process {pid}: {e}") print(f"Total open files by MySQL processes: {total_open_files}") if __name__ == "__main__": get_mysql_open_files() 运行这个脚本后，我发现某些特定的查询会导致文件描述符迅速增加。经过分析，这些问题主要出现在涉及大文件读写的场景中。所以呢，我觉得咱们开发的小伙伴们得好好捯饬捯饬这些查询语句啦！比如说，能不能少建那些没用的临时表啊？再比如，能不能换个更快的存储引擎啥的？反正就是得让这个程序跑得更顺畅些，别老是卡在那里干瞪眼不是？ --- 4. 总结与反思 从问题中学到的东西 回顾这次经历，我深刻体会到，处理数据库问题时，不能仅凭直觉行事，而是要结合实际数据和技术手段，逐步排查问题的根本原因。同时，我也认识到，预防胜于治疗。如果能在日常运维中提前做好监控和预警，就可以避免很多突发状况。 最后，我想分享一点个人感悟：技术之路永无止境，每一次遇到难题都是一次成长的机会。说实话，有时候真的会觉得头大，甚至怀疑自己是不是走错了路。但我觉得啊，这就好比在黑暗里找钥匙，你得不停地摸索、试错才行。只要别轻易放弃，一直在学、一直在练，总有一天你会发现，“！原来它在这儿呢！”就跟我在处理这个MySQL报错的时候似的，最后不光把问题搞定了，还顺带学了不少实用的招儿呢！ 如果你也遇到了类似的情况，不妨试试上面提到的方法，也许能帮到你！

...blic void process(WatchedEvent event) { // 在这里处理接收到的状态变更事件 } }); 上述代码展示了创建ZooKeeper客户端连接的过程，其中Watcher对象用于监听ZooKeeper服务端返回的各种事件。 2. 客户端无法获取集群状态信息的常见原因 2.1 集群连接问题 案例一 如果客户端无法成功连接到ZooKeeper集群，自然无法获取其状态信息。例如，由于网络故障或服务器地址错误，导致连接失败。 java try { ZooKeeper zookeeper = new ZooKeeper("invalid-address:2181", 3000, new Watcher() {...}); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Failed to connect to ZooKeeper cluster due to: " + e.getMessage()); } 2.2 会话超时或中断 案例二 客户端与ZooKeeper集群之间的会话可能出现超时或者被服务器主动断开的情况。此时，客户端需要重新建立连接并重新订阅状态信息。 java zookeeper.register(new Watcher() { @Override public void process(WatchedEvent event) { if (event.getType() == EventType.None && event.getState() == KeeperState.Disconnected) { System.out.println("Detected disconnected from ZooKeeper cluster, trying to reconnect..."); // 重连逻辑... } } }); 2.3 观察者回调未正确处理 案例三 客户端虽然能够连接到ZooKeeper集群，但若观察者回调函数（如上例中的Watcher.process()方法）没有正确实现或触发，也会导致状态信息无法有效传递给客户端。 3. 解决方案与实践建议 针对上述情况，我们可以采取以下策略： - 检查和修复网络连接：确保客户端可以访问到ZooKeeper集群的所有服务器节点。 - 实现健壮的重连逻辑：在会话失效或中断时，自动尝试重新建立连接，并重新注册观察者以订阅集群状态信息。 - 完善观察者回调函数：确保在接收到状态变更事件时，能正确解析并处理这些事件，从而更新客户端对集群状态的认知。 总结来说，解决“ZooKeeper客户端无法获取集群状态信息”的问题，既需要理解ZooKeeper的基本原理，又要求我们在编程实践中遵循良好的设计原则和最佳实践。这样子做，咱们才能让ZooKeeper这个小助手更溜地在咱们的分布式系统里发挥作用，随时给咱们提供又稳又及时的各种服务状态信息。嘿，伙计，碰到这种棘手的技术问题时，咱们得拿出十二分的耐心和细致劲儿。就像解谜一样，需要不断地捣鼓、优化，一步步地撩开问题的神秘面纱。最终，咱会找到那个一举两得的解决方案，既能搞定问题，又能让整个系统更皮实、更健壮。

...', args = process.argv.slice(2), filename = 'image', index = 0; //show help if (args.length === 0 || args[0].match('--help')) { console.log('--help\n \t-src 文件源\n \t-dist 文件目标\n \t-n 文件名\n \t-i 文件名索引\n'); return false; } args.forEach((item, i) => { if (item.match('-src')) { src = args[i + 1]; } else if (item.match('-dist')) { dist = args[i + 1]; } else if (item.match('-n')) { filename = args[i + 1]; } else if (item.match('-i')) { index = args[i + 1]; } }); fs.readdir(src, (err, files) => { if (err) { console.log(err); } else { fs.exists(dist, exist => { if (exist) { copyFile(files, src, dist, filename, index); } else { fs.mkdir(dist, () => { copyFile(files, src, dist, filename, index); }) } }); } }); function copyFile(files, src, dist, filename, index) { files.forEach(n => { let readStream, writeStream, arr = n.split('.'), oldPath = src + '/' + n, newPath = dist + '/' + filename + index + '.' + arr[arr.length - 1]; fs.stat(oldPath, (err, stats) => { if (err) { console.log(err); } else if (stats.isFile()) { readStream = fs.createReadStream(oldPath); writeStream = fs.createWriteStream(newPath); readStream.pipe(writeStream); } }); index++; }) } 效果 总结 node提供了很多模块可以帮助我们完成不同需求的功能开发，使javascript不仅仅局限与浏览器中，尝试自己编写一些脚本有助于对这些模块的理解，同时也能提高办公效率。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_33205138/article/details/112036462。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...](https://nodejs.org/)下载并安装适合你操作系统的版本。 bash 在终端检查Node.js和npm是否已安装 node -v npm -v （2）确认Node.js和npm成功安装后，我们就有了构建Material UI开发环境的基础工具。 4. 创建React项目并安装Material UI （1）通过create-react-app工具初始化一个新的React项目： bash npx create-react-app my-material-ui-app cd my-material-ui-app （2）接下来，在新创建的React项目中安装Material UI以及其依赖的类库： bash npm install @material-ui/core @emotion/react @emotion/styled 这里，@material-ui/core包含了所有的Material UI基础组件，而@emotion/react和@emotion/styled则是用于CSS-in-JS的样式处理库。 5. 使用Material UI编写第一个组件 （1）现在打开src/App.js文件，我们将替换原有的代码，引入并使用Material UI的Button组件： jsx import React from 'react'; import Button from '@material-ui/core/Button'; function App() { return ( Welcome to Material UI! {/ 使用Material UI的Button组件 /} Click me! ); } export default App; （2）运行项目，查看我们的首个Material UI组件： bash npm start 瞧！一个具有Material Design风格的按钮已经呈现在页面上了，这就是我们在Material UI开发环境中迈出的第一步。 6. 深入探索与实践 到此为止，我们已经成功搭建起了Material UI的开发环境，并实现了第一个简单示例。但这只是冰山的一小角，Material UI真正厉害的地方在于它那满满当当、琳琅满目的组件库，让你挑花眼。而且它的高度可定制性也是一大亮点，你可以随心所欲地调整和设计，就像在亲手打造一件独一无二的宝贝。再者，Material UI对Material Design规范的理解和执行那可是相当深入透彻，完全不用担心偏离设计轨道，这才是它真正的硬核实力所在。接下来，你完全可以再接再厉，试试其他的组件宝贝，像是卡片、抽屉还有表格这些家伙，然后把它们和主题、样式等小玩意儿灵活搭配起来，这样就能亲手打造出一个独一无二、个性十足的用户界面啦！ 总的来说，Material UI不仅降低了构建高质量UI的成本，也极大地提高了开发效率。相信随着你在实践中不断深入，你将越发体会到Material UI带来的乐趣与便捷。所以，不妨从现在开始，尽情挥洒你的创意，让Material UI帮你构建出令人眼前一亮的Web应用吧！

... { String process(String input, int num); } // 客户端错误调用示例 MyService service = (MyService) hessianProxyFactory.create(MyService.class, serverUrl); String result = service.process("Hello", "World"); // 这里第二个参数应该是int类型，而非String类型，会导致IllegalArgumentException 3. “IllegalArgumentException：传入参数不合法”问题解析 上述代码中的客户端尝试以一个字符串参数代替整型参数去调用process方法，这就导致了"IllegalArgumentException"。在进行序列化和反序列化的时候，Hessian这家伙发现传过来的参数类型跟预先给定的方法签名对不上号儿，于是它就毫不客气地抛出了一个异常。 4. 解决方案及预防措施 面对这种问题，我们需要从以下几个方面着手： 4.1 检查并确保参数类型正确 在编写客户端调用代码时，应仔细核对每个参数是否符合服务端方法签名的要求。比如上例中，我们需要将第二个参数修改为整型数值： java String result = service.process("Hello", 123); // 正确的调用方式 4.2 强化代码审查与测试 在项目开发过程中，建议采用自动化测试工具和单元测试，覆盖所有RPC方法调用，确保参数类型的准确无误。同时，代码审查也是防止此类问题的有效手段。 4.3 提供清晰的API文档 对于对外提供的服务接口，应该编写详尽且易于理解的API文档，明确指出每个方法的签名，包括方法名、参数类型和返回值类型，以便开发者在调用时有据可依。 4.4 利用IDE的智能提示 现代集成开发环境（IDE）如IntelliJ IDEA或Eclipse都具有强大的智能提示功能，能自动识别和匹配方法签名，利用好这些特性也能有效避免参数类型不匹配的问题。 总结起来，遭遇HessianRPC的“IllegalArgumentException：传入参数不合法”异常，本质上是对方法签名的理解和使用不到位的结果。在编程实战中，只要我们足够细心、步步为营，像侦探破案那样运用各种工具和策略，完全可以把这些潜在问题扼杀在摇篮里，让系统的运行稳如磐石。记住了啊，解决任何技术难题都得像咱们看侦探小说那样，得瞪大眼睛仔仔细细地观察，用脑子冷静地分析推理，动手实践去验证猜想，最后才能拨开层层迷雾，看到那片晴朗的蓝天。

...用相应Handler对象的handleMessage()方法来处理这些消息，从而实现不同线程间的交互和UI更新等操作。 Binder , Binder是Android操作系统提供的一种进程间通信（IPC, Inter-Process Communication）机制，是一种高效的、基于C/S架构的跨进程通信方式。在Android Framework层，Binder作为Android核心服务与应用程序之间的桥梁，实现了系统服务与应用之间以及应用之间的数据交换和方法调用。通过内存映射技术和引用计数管理，Binder能够高效地实现一次数据拷贝，同时确保了进程间通信的安全性。在文章中提到，Binder拥有定向制导功能，可以通过查找特定的Binder实体服务，实现跨进程或线程间的唤起与交互。 MessageQueue , MessageQueue在Android中是一个消息队列，负责存储待处理的消息（封装为Message对象）。每个启动了Looper的线程都会关联一个MessageQueue，其内部采用先进先出（FIFO）的原则对消息进行排序。主线程中的MessageQueue接收来自各种源（如触摸事件、UI刷新请求、Handler发送的消息等）的消息，并由该线程的Looper不断循环检查和处理这些消息。当MessageQueue中有新的Message到来时，Looper会将消息取出并传递给对应的Handler进行处理，这样就实现了异步消息处理机制，保证了Android应用的流畅运行及各组件间的正确同步。

...le PaymentProcessor def process_payment(amount) puts "Processing payment of ${amount}" end end class Order include PaymentProcessor def initialize(total_amount) @total_amount = total_amount end def checkout process_payment(@total_amount) end end order = Order.new(100) order.checkout 在这个例子中，我们创建了一个名为PaymentProcessor的模块，其中包含一个process_payment方法。然后我们将这个模块包含到Order类中，使得Order类可以调用process_payment方法。这种模块化的设计让我们的代码更加简洁和易于理解。 2. 封装的概念及其在Ruby中的应用 接下来，我们谈谈封装。封装嘛，在面向对象编程里算个挺关键的概念。简单说就是把对象的“私密信息”藏起来，不让外面随便乱动，但可以通过专门设计的一些方法去操作它。就像给你的宝贝东西加了个小锁，别人不能直接打开看或者乱翻，不过你可以用钥匙去管理它。 为什么要进行封装呢？因为封装可以帮助我们保护数据不被外部随意修改，从而减少错误的发生。比如，在我们电商网站上，要是把用户的信用卡信息直接亮出来，那这些重要信息分分钟可能就被拿去乱用啦！通过封装，我们可以确保这些信息只能在安全的环境中被处理。 在Ruby中，我们可以通过定义私有方法和属性来实现封装。让我们来看一个具体的例子。 示例代码： ruby class User attr_reader :name def initialize(name, password) @name = name @password = password end private def password @password end def change_password(new_password) @password = new_password end end user = User.new("Alice", "secret123") puts user.name user.password 这行代码会报错，因为password是私有的 user.change_password("new_secret") 在这个例子中，我们定义了一个User类，其中包含了name和password两个属性。通过attr_reader，我们可以公开访问name属性，但是password属性是私有的，外部无法直接访问。我们需要通过change_password这样的方法来更改密码，这种方式更安全。 3. 模块化设计的实际应用案例 现在，让我们来看看模块化设计在实际项目中的应用。好啦，咱们就拿做个博客系统来说吧！想想看，这个博客要是弄好了，得能让好多人一起用，每个人都能注册账号、登进来写东西。写完的文章呢，其他小伙伴能看到，还能在底下留言评论啥的，就跟咱们平时在社交平台上互动一样热闹！我们可以将这些功能分别放在不同的模块中，以便于管理和维护。 首先，我们可以创建一个Authentication模块来处理用户的登录和登出操作。 示例代码： ruby module Authentication def login(username, password) 登录逻辑 end def logout 登出逻辑 end end class User include Authentication def initialize(username, password) @username = username @password = password end def authenticate(password) password == @password end end user = User.new("admin", "admin123") user.login("admin", "admin123") if user.authenticate("admin123") 在这个例子中，我们将Authentication模块包含到User类中，这样User类就可以使用login和logout方法了。通过这种方式，我们实现了功能的分离，使得代码结构更加清晰。 4. 总结与展望 通过这篇文章，我们探讨了Ruby中的模块化设计与封装的重要性，并通过实际的代码示例展示了如何在项目中应用这些概念。用模块化的方式来写代码，就像搭积木一样，既能让程序变得更靠谱，又能省下很多开发和后期维护的力气，简直是一举两得的好事！ 未来，随着软件开发的不断发展，我相信模块化设计和封装的理念将会变得更加重要。嘿，咱们做开发的啊，就得不停地学、不停地练，把这些好习惯给用起来。为啥呢？就为了写出那种既好看又顺手的代码，谁不喜欢看着清爽、跑得飞快的程序呢？ 希望这篇文章对你有所帮助！如果你有任何疑问或想法，欢迎随时交流。记住，编程不仅仅是技术的积累，更是一种艺术的创造。让我们一起享受编程的乐趣吧！

...dy): try: process_message(body) except Exception as e: print(f"Error processing message: {e}") ch.basic_nack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag, requeue=True) def process_message(message): 处理逻辑... pass connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost')) channel = connection.channel() channel.queue_declare(queue='my_queue') channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1) channel.basic_consume(queue='my_queue', on_message_callback=callback) channel.start_consuming() 第四部分：实践与优化 在实际应用中，合理设计队列的命名空间、消息TTL、死信策略等，可以显著提升系统的健壮性和性能。此外，监控系统状态、定期清理死信队列也是维护系统健康的重要措施。 结语 消息重新入队是RabbitMQ提供的一种强大功能，它不仅增强了系统的容错能力，还为开发者提供了灵活的错误处理机制。通过上述步骤的学习和实践，相信你已经对如何在RabbitMQ中实现消息重新入队有了更深入的理解。嘿，兄弟！听我一句，你得明白，做事情可不能马虎。每一个小步骤，每一个细节，都像是你在拼图时放的一块小片儿，这块儿放对了，整幅画才好看。所以啊，在你搞设计或者实现方案的时候，千万要细心点儿，谨慎点儿，别急躁，慢慢来，细节决定成败你知道不？这样出来的成果，才能经得起推敲，让人满意！愿你在构建分布式系统时，能够充分利用RabbitMQ的强大功能，打造出更加稳定、高效的应用。

...志 Failed process resource allocation logging 1. 初探 什么是进程资源分配？ 大家好呀！作为一个在Shell世界里摸爬滚打的技术爱好者，今天咱们来聊聊一个让人头疼的问题——错误的进程资源分配日志 Failed process resource allocation logging。首先，我们得搞清楚什么是进程资源分配。 简单来说，进程资源分配就是操作系统给每个正在运行的程序（也就是进程）分配它所需要的资源，比如内存、CPU时间片、文件句柄等。可有时候呢，系统也会闹脾气，可能是手头资源不够，也可能是因为犯了什么小糊涂，总之就没办法给某个程序分到它该得的东西，这可咋整啊！这时候，系统就会把这小插曲记下来，弄出一条像“分配资源失败记录”这样的日志信息，就跟记笔记似的。 举个例子，假设你在一个服务器上运行了多个程序，其中一个程序需要大量的内存，但是服务器的内存已经被其他程序占满了。这时候，系统可能就会甩脸子了，不给这个程序多分一点内存，还随手记一笔小日记，说这个程序又来闹事儿啦。这就是典型的进程资源分配失败场景。 --- 2. 深入 为什么会出现这种错误？ 说实话，每次看到这样的日志，我都会忍不住皱眉头。为什么会出现这种错误呢？其实原因有很多，以下是我总结的一些常见原因： - 资源耗尽：最常见的原因是系统资源已经耗尽。比如内存不足、磁盘空间不够或者网络带宽被占满。 - 权限问题：有时候，进程可能没有足够的权限去申请资源。比如普通用户尝试申请超级用户才能使用的资源。 - 配置错误：系统管理员可能配置了一些错误的参数，导致资源分配失败。例如，限制了某个用户的最大文件句柄数。 - 软件bug：某些应用程序可能存在bug，导致它们请求了不合理的资源数量。 让我给大家分享一个小故事。嘿，有次我正鼓捣一个脚本呢，结果它就不停地跟我唱反调，各种报错，说什么“分配日志资源失败”啥的，气得我都想把它扔进垃圾桶了！折腾了半天才发现，原来是脚本里有段代码疯了一样想同时打开几千个文件，但系统设定的文件句柄上限才1024个，这不直接给整崩溃了嘛！修改了这个限制后，问题就解决了。真是哭笑不得啊！ --- 3. 实践 如何查看和分析日志？ 既然知道了问题的来源，接下来就要学会如何查看和分析这些日志了。在Linux系统里头，咱们经常会用到一些小工具，帮咱找出那些捣蛋的问题到底藏哪儿了。 3.1 查看日志文件 首先，我们需要找到存放日志的地方。一般来说，系统日志会存放在 /var/log/ 目录下。你可以通过命令 ls /var/log/ 来列出所有的日志文件。 bash $ ls /var/log/ 然后，我们可以使用 tail 命令实时监控日志文件的变化： bash $ tail -f /var/log/syslog 这段代码的意思是实时显示 /var/log/syslog 文件的内容。如果你看到类似 Failed process resource allocation logging 的字样，就可以进一步分析了。 3.2 使用 dmesg 查看内核日志 除了系统日志，内核日志也是查找问题的好地方。我们可以使用 dmesg 命令来查看内核日志： bash $ dmesg | grep "Failed process resource allocation" 这条命令会过滤出所有包含关键词 Failed process resource allocation 的日志条目。这样可以快速定位问题发生的上下文。 --- 4. 解决 动手实践解决问题 找到了问题的根源后，接下来就是解决它啦！这里我给大家提供几个实用的小技巧。 4.1 调整资源限制 如果问题是由于资源限制引起的，比如文件句柄数或内存配额不足，那么我们可以调整这些限制。例如，要增加文件句柄数，可以编辑 /etc/security/limits.conf 文件： bash soft nofile 65535 hard nofile 65535 保存后，重启系统或重新登录即可生效。 4.2 优化脚本逻辑 如果是脚本本身的问题，比如请求了过多的资源，那么就需要优化脚本逻辑了。比如，将大文件分块处理，而不是一次性加载整个文件到内存中。 bash !/bin/bash split -l 1000 large_file.txt part_ for file in part_ do 对每个小文件进行处理 echo "Processing $file" done 这段脚本将大文件分割成多个小文件，然后逐个处理，避免了内存溢出的风险。 4.3 检查硬件状态 最后，别忘了检查一下硬件的状态。有时候，内存不足可能是由于物理内存条损坏或容量不足造成的。可以用 free 命令查看当前的内存使用情况： bash $ free -h 如果发现内存确实不足，考虑升级硬件或者清理不必要的进程。 --- 5. 总结 与错误共舞 通过今天的讨论，希望大家对进程资源分配日志 Failed process resource allocation logging 有了更深入的理解。说实话，遇到这种问题确实挺让人抓狂的，但别慌！只要你搞清楚该怎么一步步排查、怎么解决，慢慢就成高手了，啥问题都难不倒你。 记住，技术的世界就像一场冒险，遇到问题并不可怕，可怕的是放弃探索。所以，下次再遇到类似的日志时，不妨静下心来，一步步分析，相信你也能找到解决问题的办法！ 好了，今天的分享就到这里啦。如果你还有其他疑问，欢迎随时来找我交流哦！😄 --- 希望这篇文章对你有所帮助！如果有任何补充或建议，也欢迎留言告诉我。

.../my.cnf来设置全局选项，mysql-data-dir/my.cnf来设置特定于服务器的选项(此安装的@localstatedir@)，或者~/.my.cnf来设置特定于用户的选项。 On Windows you should keep this file in the installation directory of your server (e.g. C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y). To make sure the server reads the config file use the startup option "--defaults-file". 在Windows上你应该保持这个文件在服务器的安装目录(例如C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL服务器X.Y)。要确保服务器读取配置文件，请使用启动选项“——default -file”。 To run the server from the command line, execute this in a command line shell, e.g. mysqld --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini" 要从命令行运行服务器，请在命令行shell中执行，例如mysqld——default -file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL server X.Y\my.ini" To install the server as a Windows service manually, execute this in a command line shell, e.g. mysqld --install MySQLXY --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini" 要手动将服务器安装为Windows服务，请在命令行shell中执行此操作，例如mysqld——install MySQLXY——default -file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL server X.Y\my.ini" And then execute this in a command line shell to start the server, e.g. net start MySQLXY 然后在命令行shell中执行这个命令来启动服务器，例如net start MySQLXY Guidelines for editing this file编辑此文件的指南 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- In this file, you can use all long options that the program supports. If you want to know the options a program supports, start the program with the "--help" option. 在这个文件中，您可以使用程序支持的所有长选项。如果您想知道程序支持的选项，请使用“——help”选项启动程序。 More detailed information about the individual options can also be found in the manual. For advice on how to change settings please see https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/server-configuration-defaults.html 有关各个选项的更详细信息也可以在手册中找到。有关如何更改设置的建议，请参见https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/server-configuration-defaults.html CLIENT SECTION 客户端部分 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The following options will be read by MySQL client applications. Note that only client applications shipped by MySQL are guaranteed to read this section. If you want your own MySQL client program to honor these values, you need to specify it as an option during the MySQL client library initialization. MySQL客户机应用程序将读取以下选项。注意，只有MySQL提供的客户端应用程序才能阅读本节。如果您希望自己的MySQL客户机程序遵守这些值，您需要在初始化MySQL客户机库时将其指定为一个选项。 [client] pipe= socket=MYSQL port=3306 [mysql] no-beep default-character-set= SERVER SECTION 服务器部分 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The following options will be read by the MySQL Server. Make sure that you have installed the server correctly (see above) so it reads this file. MySQL服务器将读取以下选项。确保您已经正确安装了服务器(参见上面)，以便它读取这个文件。 server_type=3 [mysqld] The next three options are mutually exclusive to SERVER_PORT below. 下面的三个选项对SERVER_PORT是互斥的。skip-networking enable-named-pipe 共享内存 skip-networking enable-named-pipe shared-memory shared-memory-base-name=MYSQL The Pipe the MySQL Server will use socket=MYSQL The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server will listen on port=3306 Path to installation directory. All paths are usually resolved relative to this. basedir="C:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.0/" Path to the database root datadir=C:/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.0/Data The default character set that will be used when a new schema or table is created and no character set is defined 创建新模式或表时使用的默认字符集，并且没有定义字符集 character-set-server= The default authentication plugin to be used when connecting to the server 连接到服务器时使用的默认身份验证插件 default_authentication_plugin=caching_sha2_password The default storage engine that will be used when create new tables when 当创建新表时将使用的默认存储引擎 default-storage-engine=INNODB Set the SQL mode to strict 将SQL模式设置为strict sql-mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION" General and Slow logging. 一般和缓慢的日志。 log-output=NONE general-log=0 general_log_file="DESKTOP-NF9QETB.log" slow-query-log=0 slow_query_log_file="DESKTOP-NF9QETB-slow.log" long_query_time=10 Binary Logging. 二进制日志。 log-bin Error Logging. 错误日志记录。 log-error="DESKTOP-NF9QETB.err" Server Id. server-id=1 Indicates how table and database names are stored on disk and used in MySQL. 指示表名和数据库名如何存储在磁盘上并在MySQL中使用。 Value = 0: Table and database names are stored on disk using the lettercase specified in the CREATE TABLE or CREATE DATABASE statement. Name comparisons are case sensitive. You should not set this variable to 0 if you are running MySQL on a system that has case-insensitive file names (such as Windows or macOS). Value = 0:表名和数据库名使用CREATE Table或CREATE database语句中指定的lettercase存储在磁盘上。名称比较区分大小写。如果您在一个具有不区分大小写文件名(如Windows或macOS)的系统上运行MySQL，则不应将该变量设置为0。 Value = 1: Table names are stored in lowercase on disk and name comparisons are not case-sensitive. MySQL converts all table names to lowercase on storage and lookup. This behavior also applies to database names and table aliases. 表名以小写存储在磁盘上，并且名称比较不区分大小写。MySQL在存储和查找时将所有表名转换为小写。此行为也适用于数据库名称和表别名。 Value = 3, Table and database names are stored on disk using the lettercase specified in the CREATE TABLE or CREATE DATABASE statement, but MySQL converts them to lowercase on lookup. Name comparisons are not case sensitive. This works only on file systems that are not case-sensitive! InnoDB table names and view names are stored in lowercase, as for Value = 1.表名和数据库名使用CREATE Table或CREATE database语句中指定的lettercase存储在磁盘上，但是MySQL在查找时将它们转换为小写。名称比较不区分大小写。这只适用于不区分大小写的文件系统!InnoDB表名和视图名以小写存储，Value = 1。 NOTE: lower_case_table_names can only be configured when initializing the server. Changing the lower_case_table_names setting after the server is initialized is prohibited. lower_case_table_names=1 Secure File Priv. 权限安全文件 secure-file-priv="C:/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.0/Uploads" The maximum amount of concurrent sessions the MySQL server will allow. One of these connections will be reserved for a user with SUPER privileges to allow the administrator to login even if the connection limit has been reached. MySQL服务器允许的最大并发会话量。这些连接中的一个将保留给具有超级特权的用户，以便允许管理员登录，即使已经达到连接限制。 max_connections=151 The number of open tables for all threads. Increasing this value increases the number of file descriptors that mysqld requires. Therefore you have to make sure to set the amount of open files allowed to at least 4096 in the variable "open-files-limit" in 为所有线程打开的表的数量。增加这个值会增加mysqld需要的文件描述符的数量。因此，您必须确保在[mysqld_safe]节中的变量“open-files-limit”中将允许打开的文件数量至少设置为4096 section [mysqld_safe] table_open_cache=2000 Maximum size for internal (in-memory) temporary tables. If a table grows larger than this value, it is automatically converted to disk based table This limitation is for a single table. There can be many of them. 内部(内存)临时表的最大大小。如果一个表比这个值大，那么它将自动转换为基于磁盘的表。可以有很多。 tmp_table_size=94M How many threads we should keep in a cache for reuse. When a client disconnects, the client's threads are put in the cache if there aren't more than thread_cache_size threads from before. This greatly reduces the amount of thread creations needed if you have a lot of new connections. (Normally this doesn't give a notable performance improvement if you have a good thread implementation.) 我们应该在缓存中保留多少线程以供重用。当客户机断开连接时，如果之前的线程数不超过thread_cache_size，则将客户机的线程放入缓存。如果您有很多新连接，这将大大减少所需的线程创建量(通常，如果您有一个良好的线程实现，这不会带来显著的性能改进)。 thread_cache_size=10 MyISAM Specific options The maximum size of the temporary file MySQL is allowed to use while recreating the index (during REPAIR, ALTER TABLE or LOAD DATA INFILE. If the file-size would be bigger than this, the index will be created through the key cache (which is slower). MySQL允许在重新创建索引时(在修复、修改表或加载数据时)使用临时文件的最大大小。如果文件大小大于这个值，那么索引将通过键缓存创建(这比较慢)。 myisam_max_sort_file_size=100G If the temporary file used for fast index creation would be bigger than using the key cache by the amount specified here, then prefer the key cache method. This is mainly used to force long character keys in large tables to use the slower key cache method to create the index. myisam_sort_buffer_size=179M Size of the Key Buffer, used to cache index blocks for MyISAM tables. Do not set it larger than 30% of your available memory, as some memory is also required by the OS to cache rows. Even if you're not using MyISAM tables, you should still set it to 8-64M as it will also be used for internal temporary disk tables. 如果用于快速创建索引的临时文件比这里指定的使用键缓存的文件大，则首选键缓存方法。这主要用于强制大型表中的长字符键使用较慢的键缓存方法来创建索引。 key_buffer_size=8M Size of the buffer used for doing full table scans of MyISAM tables. Allocated per thread, if a full scan is needed. 用于对MyISAM表执行全表扫描的缓冲区的大小。如果需要完整的扫描，则为每个线程分配。 read_buffer_size=256K read_rnd_buffer_size=512K INNODB Specific options INNODB特定选项 innodb_data_home_dir= Use this option if you have a MySQL server with InnoDB support enabled but you do not plan to use it. This will save memory and disk space and speed up some things. 如果您启用了一个支持InnoDB的MySQL服务器，但是您不打算使用它，那么可以使用这个选项。这将节省内存和磁盘空间，并加快一些事情。skip-innodb skip-innodb If set to 1, InnoDB will flush (fsync) the transaction logs to the disk at each commit, which offers full ACID behavior. If you are willing to compromise this safety, and you are running small transactions, you may set this to 0 or 2 to reduce disk I/O to the logs. Value 0 means that the log is only written to the log file and the log file flushed to disk approximately once per second. Value 2 means the log is written to the log file at each commit, but the log file is only flushed to disk approximately once per second. 如果设置为1,InnoDB将在每次提交时将事务日志刷新(fsync)到磁盘，这将提供完整的ACID行为。如果您愿意牺牲这种安全性，并且正在运行小型事务，您可以将其设置为0或2，以将磁盘I/O减少到日志。值0表示日志仅写入日志文件，日志文件大约每秒刷新一次磁盘。值2表示日志在每次提交时写入日志文件，但是日志文件大约每秒只刷新一次磁盘。 innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1 The size of the buffer InnoDB uses for buffering log data. As soon as it is full, InnoDB will have to flush it to disk. As it is flushed once per second anyway, it does not make sense to have it very large (even with long transactions).InnoDB用于缓冲日志数据的缓冲区大小。一旦它满了，InnoDB就必须将它刷新到磁盘。由于它无论如何每秒刷新一次，所以将它设置为非常大的值是没有意义的(即使是长事务)。 innodb_log_buffer_size=5M InnoDB, unlike MyISAM, uses a buffer pool to cache both indexes and row data. The bigger you set this the less disk I/O is needed to access data in tables. On a dedicated database server you may set this parameter up to 80% of the machine physical memory size. Do not set it too large, though, because competition of the physical memory may cause paging in the operating system. Note that on 32bit systems you might be limited to 2-3.5G of user level memory per process, so do not set it too high. 与MyISAM不同，InnoDB使用缓冲池来缓存索引和行数据。设置的值越大，访问表中的数据所需的磁盘I/O就越少。在专用数据库服务器上，可以将该参数设置为机器物理内存大小的80%。但是，不要将它设置得太大，因为物理内存的竞争可能会导致操作系统中的分页。注意，在32位系统上，每个进程的用户级内存可能被限制在2-3.5G，所以不要设置得太高。 innodb_buffer_pool_size=20M Size of each log file in a log group. You should set the combined size of log files to about 25%-100% of your buffer pool size to avoid unneeded buffer pool flush activity on log file overwrite. However, note that a larger logfile size will increase the time needed for the recovery process. 日志组中每个日志文件的大小。您应该将日志文件的合并大小设置为缓冲池大小的25%-100%，以避免在覆盖日志文件时出现不必要的缓冲池刷新活动。但是，请注意，较大的日志文件大小将增加恢复过程所需的时间。 innodb_log_file_size=48M Number of threads allowed inside the InnoDB kernel. The optimal value depends highly on the application, hardware as well as the OS scheduler properties. A too high value may lead to thread thrashing. InnoDB内核中允许的线程数。最优值在很大程度上取决于应用程序、硬件以及OS调度程序属性。过高的值可能导致线程抖动。 innodb_thread_concurrency=9 The increment size (in MB) for extending the size of an auto-extend InnoDB system tablespace file when it becomes full. 增量大小(以MB为单位)，用于在表空间满时扩展自动扩展的InnoDB系统表空间文件的大小。 innodb_autoextend_increment=128 The number of regions that the InnoDB buffer pool is divided into. For systems with buffer pools in the multi-gigabyte range, dividing the buffer pool into separate instances can improve concurrency, by reducing contention as different threads read and write to cached pages. InnoDB缓冲池划分的区域数。对于具有多gb缓冲池的系统，将缓冲池划分为单独的实例可以提高并发性，因为不同的线程对缓存页面的读写会减少争用。 innodb_buffer_pool_instances=8 Determines the number of threads that can enter InnoDB concurrently. 确定可以同时进入InnoDB的线程数 innodb_concurrency_tickets=5000 Specifies how long in milliseconds (ms) a block inserted into the old sublist must stay there after its first access before it can be moved to the new sublist. 指定插入到旧子列表中的块必须在第一次访问之后停留多长时间(毫秒)，然后才能移动到新子列表。 innodb_old_blocks_time=1000 It specifies the maximum number of .ibd files that MySQL can keep open at one time. The minimum value is 10. 它指定MySQL一次可以打开的.ibd文件的最大数量。最小值是10。 innodb_open_files=300 When this variable is enabled, InnoDB updates statistics during metadata statements. 当启用此变量时，InnoDB会在元数据语句期间更新统计信息。 innodb_stats_on_metadata=0 When innodb_file_per_table is enabled (the default in 5.6.6 and higher), InnoDB stores the data and indexes for each newly created table in a separate .ibd file, rather than in the system tablespace. 当启用innodb_file_per_table(5.6.6或更高版本的默认值)时，InnoDB将每个新创建的表的数据和索引存储在单独的.ibd文件中，而不是系统表空间中。 innodb_file_per_table=1 Use the following list of values: 0 for crc32, 1 for strict_crc32, 2 for innodb, 3 for strict_innodb, 4 for none, 5 for strict_none. 使用以下值列表:0表示crc32, 1表示strict_crc32, 2表示innodb, 3表示strict_innodb, 4表示none, 5表示strict_none。 innodb_checksum_algorithm=0 The number of outstanding connection requests MySQL can have. This option is useful when the main MySQL thread gets many connection requests in a very short time. It then takes some time (although very little) for the main thread to check the connection and start a new thread. The back_log value indicates how many requests can be stacked during this short time before MySQL momentarily stops answering new requests. You need to increase this only if you expect a large number of connections in a short period of time. MySQL可以有多少未完成连接请求。当MySQL主线程在很短的时间内收到许多连接请求时，这个选项非常有用。然后，主线程需要一些时间(尽管很少)来检查连接并启动一个新线程。back_log值表示在MySQL暂时停止响应新请求之前的短时间内可以堆多少个请求。只有当您预期在短时间内会有大量连接时，才需要增加这个值。 back_log=80 If this is set to a nonzero value, all tables are closed every flush_time seconds to free up resources and synchronize unflushed data to disk. This option is best used only on systems with minimal resources. 如果将该值设置为非零值，则每隔flush_time秒关闭所有表，以释放资源并将未刷新的数据同步到磁盘。这个选项最好只在资源最少的系统上使用。 flush_time=0 The minimum size of the buffer that is used for plain index scans, range index scans, and joins that do not use 用于普通索引扫描、范围索引扫描和不使用索引执行全表扫描的连接的缓冲区的最小大小。 indexes and thus perform full table scans. join_buffer_size=200M The maximum size of one packet or any generated or intermediate string, or any parameter sent by the mysql_stmt_send_long_data() C API function. 由mysql_stmt_send_long_data() C API函数发送的一个包或任何生成的或中间字符串或任何参数的最大大小 max_allowed_packet=500M If more than this many successive connection requests from a host are interrupted without a successful connection, the server blocks that host from performing further connections. 如果在没有成功连接的情况下中断了来自主机的多个连续连接请求，则服务器将阻止主机执行进一步的连接。 max_connect_errors=100 Changes the number of file descriptors available to mysqld. You should try increasing the value of this option if mysqld gives you the error "Too many open files". 更改mysqld可用的文件描述符的数量。如果mysqld给您的错误是“打开的文件太多”，您应该尝试增加这个选项的值。 open_files_limit=4161 If you see many sort_merge_passes per second in SHOW GLOBAL STATUS output, you can consider increasing the sort_buffer_size value to speed up ORDER BY or GROUP BY operations that cannot be improved with query optimization or improved indexing. 如果在SHOW GLOBAL STATUS输出中每秒看到许多sort_merge_passes，可以考虑增加sort_buffer_size值，以加快ORDER BY或GROUP BY操作的速度，这些操作无法通过查询优化或改进索引来改进。 sort_buffer_size=1M The number of table definitions (from .frm files) that can be stored in the definition cache. If you use a large number of tables, you can create a large table definition cache to speed up opening of tables. The table definition cache takes less space and does not use file descriptors, unlike the normal table cache. The minimum and default values are both 400. 可以存储在定义缓存中的表定义的数量(来自.frm文件)。如果使用大量表，可以创建一个大型表定义缓存来加速表的打开。与普通的表缓存不同，表定义缓存占用更少的空间，并且不使用文件描述符。最小值和默认值都是400。 table_definition_cache=1400 Specify the maximum size of a row-based binary log event, in bytes. Rows are grouped into events smaller than this size if possible. The value should be a multiple of 256. 指定基于行的二进制日志事件的最大大小，单位为字节。如果可能，将行分组为小于此大小的事件。这个值应该是256的倍数。 binlog_row_event_max_size=8K If the value of this variable is greater than 0, a replication slave synchronizes its master.info file to disk. (using fdatasync()) after every sync_master_info events. 如果该变量的值大于0，则复制奴隶将其主.info文件同步到磁盘。(在每个sync_master_info事件之后使用fdatasync())。 sync_master_info=10000 If the value of this variable is greater than 0, the MySQL server synchronizes its relay log to disk. (using fdatasync()) after every sync_relay_log writes to the relay log. 如果这个变量的值大于0,MySQL服务器将其中继日志同步到磁盘。(在每个sync_relay_log写入到中继日志之后使用fdatasync())。 sync_relay_log=10000 If the value of this variable is greater than 0, a replication slave synchronizes its relay-log.info file to disk. (using fdatasync()) after every sync_relay_log_info transactions. 如果该变量的值大于0，则复制奴隶将其中继日志.info文件同步到磁盘。(在每个sync_relay_log_info事务之后使用fdatasync())。 sync_relay_log_info=10000 Load mysql plugins at start."plugin_x ; plugin_y". 开始时加载mysql插件。“plugin_x;plugin_y” plugin_load The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server X Protocol will listen on. MySQL服务器X协议将监听TCP/IP端口。 loose_mysqlx_port=33060 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/mywpython/article/details/89499852。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...了这个AppUser对象作为视图模型。而在POST版的方法中用它更新了City属性的值。清单15-3显示了UserProps.cshtml视图，它显示了City属性的值，并包含一个修改它的表单。 Listing 15-3. The Contents of the UserProps.cshtml File in the Views/Home Folder 清单15-3. Views/Home文件夹中UserProps.cshtml文件的内容 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";}<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr></table></div> @using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Caution Don’t start the application when you have created the view. In the sections that follow, I demonstrate how to preserve the contents of the database, and if you start the application now, the ASP.NET Identity users will be deleted. 警告：创建了视图之后不要启动应用程序。在以下小节中，将演示如何保留数据库的内容，如果现在启动应用程序，将会删除ASP.NET Identity的用户。 15.2.2 Preparing for Database Migration 15.2.2 准备数据库迁移 The default behavior for the Entity Framework Code First feature is to drop the tables in the database and re-create them whenever classes that drive the schema have changed. You saw this in Chapter 14 when I added support for roles: When the application was started, the database was reset, and the user accounts were lost. Entity Framework Code First特性的默认行为是，一旦修改了派生数据库架构的类，便会删除数据库中的数据表，并重新创建它们。在第14章可以看到这种情况，在我添加角色支持时：当重启应用程序后，数据库被重置，用户账号也丢失。 Don’t start the application yet, but if you were to do so, you would see a similar effect. Deleting data during development is usually not a problem, but doing so in a production setting is usually disastrous because it deletes all of the real user accounts and causes a panic while the backups are restored. In this section, I am going to demonstrate how to use the database migration feature, which updates a Code First schema in a less brutal manner and preserves the existing data it contains. 不要启动应用程序，但如果你这么做了，会看到类似的效果。在开发期间删除数据没什么问题，但如果在产品设置中这么做了，通常是灾难性的，因为它会删除所有真实的用户账号，而备份恢复是很痛苦的事。在本小节中，我打算演示如何使用数据库迁移特性，它能以比较温和的方式更新Code First的架构，并保留架构中的已有数据。 The first step is to issue the following command in the Visual Studio Package Manager Console: 第一个步骤是在Visual Studio的“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中发布以下命令： Enable-Migrations –EnableAutomaticMigrations This enables the database migration support and creates a Migrations folder in the Solution Explorer that contains a Configuration.cs class file, the contents of which are shown in Listing 15-4. 它启用了数据库的迁移支持，并在“Solution Explorer（解决方案资源管理器）”创建一个Migrations文件夹，其中含有一个Configuration.cs类文件，内容如清单15-4所示。 Listing 15-4. The Contents of the Configuration.cs File 清单15-4. Configuration.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using System.Linq;internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext context) {// This method will be called after migrating to the latest version.// 此方法将在迁移到最新版本时调用// You can use the DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate() helper extension method// to avoid creating duplicate seed data. E.g.// 例如，你可以使用DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate()辅助器方法来避免创建重复的种子数据//// context.People.AddOrUpdate(// p => p.FullName,// new Person { FullName = "Andrew Peters" },// new Person { FullName = "Brice Lambson" },// new Person { FullName = "Rowan Miller" }// );//} }} Tip You might be wondering why you are entering a database migration command into the console used to manage NuGet packages. The answer is that the Package Manager Console is really PowerShell, which is a general-purpose tool that is mislabeled by Visual Studio. You can use the console to issue a wide range of helpful commands. See http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518 for details. 提示：你可能会觉得奇怪，为什么要在管理NuGet包的控制台中输入数据库迁移的命令？答案是“Package Manager Console（包管理控制台）”是真正的PowerShell，这是Visual studio冒用的一个通用工具。你可以使用此控制台发送大量的有用命令，详见http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518。 The class will be used to migrate existing content in the database to the new schema, and the Seed method will be called to provide an opportunity to update the existing database records. In Listing 15-5, you can see how I have used the Seed method to set a default value for the new City property I added to the AppUser class. (I have also updated the class file to reflect my usual coding style.) 这个类将用于把数据库中的现有内容迁移到新的数据库架构，Seed方法的调用为更新现有数据库记录提供了机会。在清单15-5中可以看到，我如何用Seed方法为新的City属性设置默认值，City是添加到AppUser类中自定义属性。（为了体现我一贯的编码风格，我对这个类文件也进行了更新。） Listing 15-5. Managing Existing Content in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-5. 在Configuration.cs文件中管理已有内容 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);}foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();} }} You will notice that much of the code that I added to the Seed method is taken from the IdentityDbInit class, which I used to seed the database with an administration user in Chapter 14. This is because the new Configuration class added to support database migrations will replace the seeding function of the IdentityDbInit class, which I’ll update shortly. Aside from ensuring that there is an admin user, the statements in the Seed method that are important are the ones that set the initial value for the City property I added to the AppUser class, as follows: 你可能会注意到，添加到Seed方法中的许多代码取自于IdentityDbInit类，在第14章中我用这个类将管理用户植入了数据库。这是因为这个新添加的、用以支持数据库迁移的Configuration类，将代替IdentityDbInit类的种植功能，我很快便会更新这个类。除了要确保有admin用户之外，在Seed方法中的重要语句是那些为AppUser类的City属性设置初值的语句，如下所示： ...foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) { dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();... You don’t have to set a default value for new properties—I just wanted to demonstrate that the Seed method in the Configuration class can be used to update the existing user records in the database. 你不一定要为新属性设置默认值——这里只是想演示Configuration类中的Seed方法，可以用它更新数据库中的已有用户记录。 Caution Be careful when setting values for properties in the Seed method for real projects because the values will be applied every time you change the schema, overriding any values that the user has set since the last schema update was performed. I set the value of the City property just to demonstrate that it can be done. 警告：在用于真实项目的Seed方法中为属性设置值时要小心，因为你每一次修改架构时，都会运用这些值，这会将自执行上一次架构更新之后，用户设置的任何数据覆盖掉。这里设置City属性的值只是为了演示它能够这么做。 Changing the Database Context Class 修改数据库上下文类 The reason that I added the seeding code to the Configuration class is that I need to change the IdentityDbInit class. At present, the IdentityDbInit class is derived from the descriptively named DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> class, which, as you might imagine, drops the entire database when the Code First classes change. Listing 15-6 shows the changes I made to the IdentityDbInit class to prevent it from affecting the database. 在Configuration类中添加种植代码的原因是我需要修改IdentityDbInit类。此时，IdentityDbInit类派生于描述性命名的DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> 类，和你相像的一样，它会在Code First类改变时删除整个数据库。清单15-6显示了我对IdentityDbInit类所做的修改，以防止它影响数据库。 Listing 15-6. Preventing Database Schema Changes in the AppIdentityDbContext.cs File 清单15-6. 在AppIdentityDbContext.cs文件是阻止数据库架构变化 using System.Data.Entity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppIdentityDbContext : IdentityDbContext<AppUser> {public AppIdentityDbContext() : base("IdentityDb") { }static AppIdentityDbContext() {Database.SetInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext>(new IdentityDbInit());}public static AppIdentityDbContext Create() {return new AppIdentityDbContext();} } public class IdentityDbInit : NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> {} } I have removed the methods defined by the class and changed its base to NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> , which prevents the schema from being altered. 我删除了这个类中所定义的方法，并将它的基类改为NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> ，它可以防止架构修改。 15.2.3 Performing the Migration 15.2.3 执行迁移 All that remains is to generate and apply the migration. First, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情只是生成并运用迁移了。首先，在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中执行以下命令： Add-Migration CityProperty This creates a new migration called CityProperty (I like my migration names to reflect the changes I made). A class new file will be added to the Migrations folder, and its name reflects the time at which the command was run and the name of the migration. My file is called 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs, for example. The contents of this file contain the details of how Entity Framework will change the database during the migration, as shown in Listing 15-7. 这创建了一个名称为CityProperty的新迁移（我比较喜欢让迁移的名称反映出我所做的修改）。这会在文件夹中添加一个新的类文件，而且其命名会反映出该命令执行的时间以及迁移名称，例如，我的这个文件名称为201402262244036_CityProperty.cs。该文件的内容含有迁移期间Entity Framework修改数据库的细节，如清单15-7所示。 Listing 15-7. The Contents of the 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs File 清单15-7. 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations; public partial class Init : DbMigration {public override void Up() {AddColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City", c => c.Int(nullable: false));}public override void Down() {DropColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City");} }} The Up method describes the changes that have to be made to the schema when the database is upgraded, which in this case means adding a City column to the AspNetUsers table, which is the one that is used to store user records in the ASP.NET Identity database. Up方法描述了在数据库升级时，需要对架构所做的修改，在这个例子中，意味着要在AspNetUsers数据表中添加City数据列，该数据表是ASP.NET Identity数据库用来存储用户记录的。 The final step is to perform the migration. Without starting the application, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 最后一步是执行迁移。无需启动应用程序，只需在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中运行以下命令即可： Update-Database –TargetMigration CityProperty The database schema will be modified, and the code in the Configuration.Seed method will be executed. The existing user accounts will have been preserved and enhanced with a City property (which I set to Paris in the Seed method). 这会修改数据库架构，并执行Configuration.Seed方法中的代码。已有用户账号会被保留，且增强了City属性（我在Seed方法中已将其设置为“Paris”）。 15.2.4 Testing the Migration 15.2.4 测试迁移 To test the effect of the migration, start the application, navigate to the /Home/UserProps URL, and authenticate as one of the Identity users (for example, as Alice with the password MySecret). Once authenticated, you will see the current value of the City property for the user and have the opportunity to change it, as shown in Figure 15-3. 为了测试迁移的效果，启动应用程序，导航到/Home/UserProps URL，并以Identity中的用户（例如Alice，口令MySecret）进行认证。一旦已被认证，便会看到该用户City属性的当前值，并可以对其进行修改，如图15-3所示。 Figure 15-3. Displaying and changing a custom user property 图15-3. 显示和个性自定义用户属性 15.2.5 Defining an Additional Property 15.2.5 定义附加属性 Now that database migrations are set up, I am going to define a further property just to demonstrate how subsequent changes are handled and to show a more useful (and less dangerous) example of using the Configuration.Seed method. Listing 15-8 shows how I added a Country property to the AppUser class. 现在，已经建立了数据库迁移，我打算再定义一个属性，这恰恰演示了如何处理持续不断的修改，也为了演示Configuration.Seed方法更有用（至少无害）的示例。清单15-8显示了我在AppUser类上添加了一个Country属性。 Listing 15-8. Adding Another Property in the AppUserModels.cs File 清单15-8. 在AppUserModels.cs文件中添加另一个属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework; namespace Users.Models {public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO} public enum Countries {NONE, UK, FRANCE, USA}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; }public Countries Country { get; set; }public void SetCountryFromCity(Cities city) {switch (city) {case Cities.LONDON:Country = Countries.UK;break;case Cities.PARIS:Country = Countries.FRANCE;break;case Cities.CHICAGO:Country = Countries.USA;break;default:Country = Countries.NONE;break;} }} } I have added an enumeration to define the country names and a helper method that selects a country value based on the City property. Listing 15-9 shows the change I made to the Configuration class so that the Seed method sets the Country property based on the City, but only if the value of Country is NONE (which it will be for all users when the database is migrated because the Entity Framework sets enumeration columns to the first value). 我已经添加了一个枚举，它定义了国家名称。还添加了一个辅助器方法，它可以根据City属性选择一个国家。清单15-9显示了对Configuration类所做的修改，以使Seed方法根据City设置Country属性，但只当Country为NONE时才进行设置（在迁移数据库时，所有用户都是NONE，因为Entity Framework会将枚举列设置为枚举的第一个值）。 Listing 15-9. Modifying the Database Seed in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-9. 在Configuration.cs文件中修改数据库种子 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);} foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {if (dbUser.Country == Countries.NONE) {dbUser.SetCountryFromCity(dbUser.City);} }context.SaveChanges();} }} This kind of seeding is more useful in a real project because it will set a value for the Country property only if one has not already been set—subsequent migrations won’t be affected, and user selections won’t be lost. 这种种植在实际项目中会更有用，因为它只会在Country属性未设置时，才会设置Country属性的值——后继的迁移不会受到影响，因此不会失去用户的选择。 1. Adding Application Support 1. 添加应用程序支持 There is no point defining additional user properties if they are not available in the application, so Listing 15-10 shows the change I made to the Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml file to display the value of the Country property. 应用程序中如果没有定义附加属性的地方，则附加属性就无法使用了，因此，清单15-10显示了我对Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml文件的修改，以显示Country属性的值。 Listing 15-10. Displaying an Additional Property in the UserProps.cshtml File 清单15-10. 在UserProps.cshtml文件中显示附加属性 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";} <div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr> <tr><th>Country</th><td>@Model.Country</td></tr></table></div>@using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Listing 15-11 shows the corresponding change I made to the Home controller to update the Country property when the City value changes. 为了在City值变化时能够更新Country属性，清单15-11显示了我对Home控制器所做的相应修改。 Listing 15-11. Setting Custom Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-11. 在HomeController.cs文件中设置自定义属性 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {// ...other action methods omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化，这里忽略了其他动作方法... [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;user.SetCountryFromCity(city);await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}// ...properties omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化，这里忽略了一些属性...} } 2. Performing the Migration 2. 准备迁移 All that remains is to create and apply a new migration. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情就是创建和运用新的迁移了。在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中输入以下命令： Add-Migration CountryProperty This will generate another file in the Migrations folder that contains the instruction to add the Country column. To apply the migration, execute the following command: 这将在Migrations文件夹中生成另一个文件，它含有添加Country数据表列的指令。为了运用迁移，可执行以下命令： Update-Database –TargetMigration CountryProperty The migration will be performed, and the value of the Country property will be set based on the value of the existing City property for each user. You can check the new user property by starting the application and authenticating and navigating to the /Home/UserProps URL, as shown in Figure 15-4. 这将执行迁移，Country属性的值将根据每个用户当前的City属性进行设置。通过启动应用程序，认证并导航到/Home/UserProps URL，便可以查看新的用户属性，如图15-4所示。 Figure 15-4. Creating an additional user property 图15-4. 创建附加用户属性 Tip Although I am focused on the process of upgrading the database, you can also migrate back to a previous version by specifying an earlier migration. Use the –Force argument make changes that cause data loss, such as removing a column. 提示：虽然我们关注了升级数据库的过程，但你也可以回退到以前的版本，只需指定一个早期的迁移即可。使用-Force参数进行修改，会引起数据丢失，例如删除数据表列。 15.3 Working with Claims 15.3 使用声明（Claims） In older user-management systems, such as ASP.NET Membership, the application was assumed to be the authoritative source of all information about the user, essentially treating the application as a closed world and trusting the data that is contained within it. 在旧的用户管理系统中，例如ASP.NET Membership，应用程序被假设成是用户所有信息的权威来源，本质上将应用程序视为是一个封闭的世界，并且只信任其中所包含的数据。 This is such an ingrained approach to software development that it can be hard to recognize that’s what is happening, but you saw an example of the closed-world technique in Chapter 14 when I authenticated users against the credentials stored in the database and granted access based on the roles associated with those credentials. I did the same thing again in this chapter when I added properties to the user class. Every piece of information that I needed to manage user authentication and authorization came from within my application—and that is a perfectly satisfactory approach for many web applications, which is why I demonstrated these techniques in such depth. 这是软件开发的一种根深蒂固的方法，使人很难认识到这到底意味着什么，第14章你已看到了这种封闭世界技术的例子，根据存储在数据库中的凭据来认证用户，并根据与凭据关联在一起的角色来授权访问。本章前述在用户类上添加属性，也做了同样的事情。我管理用户认证与授权所需的每一个数据片段都来自于我的应用程序——而且这是许多Web应用程序都相当满意的一种方法，这也是我如此深入地演示这些技术的原因。 ASP.NET Identity also supports an alternative approach for dealing with users, which works well when the MVC framework application isn’t the sole source of information about users and which can be used to authorize users in more flexible and fluid ways than traditional roles allow. ASP.NET Identity还支持另一种处理用户的办法，当MVC框架的应用程序不是有关用户的唯一信息源时，这种办法会工作得很好，而且能够比传统的角色授权更为灵活且流畅的方式进行授权。 This alternative approach uses claims, and in this section I’ll describe how ASP.NET Identity supports claims-based authorization. Table 15-4 puts claims in context. 这种可选的办法使用了“Claims（声明）”，因此在本小节中，我将描述ASP.NET Identity如何支持“Claims-Based Authorization（基于声明的授权）”。表15-4描述了声明（Claims）的情形。 提示：“Claim”在英文字典中不完全是“声明”的意思，根据本文的描述，感觉把它说成“声明”也不一定合适，所以在之后的译文中基本都写成中英文并用的形式，即“声明（Claims）”。根据表15-4中的声明（Claims）的定义：声明（Claims）是关于用户的一些信息片段。一个用户的信息片段当然有很多，每一个信息片段就是一项声明（Claim），用户的所有信息片段合起来就是该用户的声明（Claims）。请读者注意该单词的单复数形式——译者注 Table 15-4. Putting Claims in Context 表15-4. 声明（Claims）的情形 Question 问题 Answer 答案 What is it? 什么是声明（Claims）？ Claims are pieces of information about users that you can use to make authorization decisions. Claims can be obtained from external systems as well as from the local Identity database. 声明（Claims）是关于用户的一些信息片段，可以用它们做出授权决定。声明（Claims）可以从外部系统获取，也可以从本地的Identity数据库获取。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ Claims can be used to flexibly authorize access to action methods. Unlike conventional roles, claims allow access to be driven by the information that describes the user. 声明（Claims）可以用来对动作方法进行灵活的授权访问。与传统的角色不同，声明（Claims）让访问能够由描述用户的信息进行驱动。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is integrated into the standard authorization features, such as the Authorize attribute. 这不是直接由MVC框架使用的特性，但它集成到了标准的授权特性之中，例如Authorize注解属性。 Tip you don’t have to use claims in your applications, and as Chapter 14 showed, ASP.NET Identity is perfectly happy providing an application with the authentication and authorization services without any need to understand claims at all. 提示：你在应用程序中不一定要使用声明（Claims），正如第14章所展示的那样，ASP.NET Identity能够为应用程序提供充分的认证与授权服务，而根本不需要理解声明（Claims）。 15.3.1 Understanding Claims 15.3.1 理解声明（Claims） A claim is a piece of information about the user, along with some information about where the information came from. The easiest way to unpack claims is through some practical demonstrations, without which any discussion becomes too abstract to be truly useful. To get started, I added a Claims controller to the example project, the definition of which you can see in Listing 15-12. 一项声明（Claim）是关于用户的一个信息片段（请注意这个英文单词的单复数形式——译者注），并伴有该片段出自何处的某种信息。揭开声明（Claims）含义最容易的方式是做一些实际演示，任何讨论都会过于抽象根本没有真正的用处。为此，我在示例项目中添加了一个Claims控制器，其定义如清单15-12所示。 Listing 15-12. The Contents of the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-12. ClaimsController.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} }} } Tip You may feel a little lost as I define the code for this example. Don’t worry about the details for the moment—just stick with it until you see the output from the action method and view that I define. More than anything else, that will help put claims into perspective. 提示：你或许会对我为此例定义的代码感到有点失望。此刻对此细节不必着急——只要稍事忍耐，当看到该动作方法和视图的输出便会明白。尤为重要的是，这有助于洞察声明（Claims）。 You can get the claims associated with a user in different ways. One approach is to use the Claims property defined by the user class, but in this example, I have used the HttpContext.User.Identity property to demonstrate the way that ASP.NET Identity is integrated with the rest of the ASP.NET platform. As I explained in Chapter 13, the HttpContext.User.Identity property returns an implementation of the IIdentity interface, which is a ClaimsIdentity object when working using ASP.NET Identity. The ClaimsIdentity class is defined in the System.Security.Claims namespace, and Table 15-5 shows the members it defines that are relevant to this chapter. 可以通过不同的方式获得与用户相关联的声明（Claims）。方法之一就是使用由用户类定义的Claims属性，但在这个例子中，我使用了HttpContext.User.Identity属性，目的是演示ASP.NET Identity与ASP.NET平台集成的方式（请注意这句话所表示的含义：用户类的Claims属性属于ASP.NET Identity，而HttpContext.User.Identity属性则属于ASP.NET平台。由此可见，ASP.NET Identity已经融合到了ASP.NET平台之中——译者注）。正如第13章所解释的那样，HttpContext.User.Identity属性返回IIdentity的接口实现，当使用ASP.NET Identity时，该实现是一个ClaimsIdentity对象。ClaimsIdentity类是在System.Security.Claims命名空间中定义的，表15-5显示了它所定义的与本章有关的成员。 Table 15-5. The Members Defined by the ClaimsIdentity Class 表15-5. ClaimsIdentity类所定义的成员 Name 名称 Description 描述 Claims Returns an enumeration of Claim objects representing the claims for the user. 返回表示用户声明（Claims）的Claim对象枚举 AddClaim(claim) Adds a claim to the user identity. 给用户添加一个声明（Claim） AddClaims(claims) Adds an enumeration of Claim objects to the user identity. 给用户添加Claim对象的枚举。 HasClaim(predicate) Returns true if the user identity contains a claim that matches the specified predicate. See the “Applying Claims” section for an example predicate. 如果用户含有与指定谓词匹配的声明（Claim）时，返回true。参见“运用声明（Claims）”中的示例谓词 RemoveClaim(claim) Removes a claim from the user identity. 删除用户的声明（Claim）。 Other members are available, but the ones in the table are those that are used most often in web applications, for reason that will become obvious as I demonstrate how claims fit into the wider ASP.NET platform. 还有一些可用的其它成员，但表中的这些是在Web应用程序中最常用的，随着我演示如何将声明（Claims）融入更宽泛的ASP.NET平台，它们为什么最常用就很显然了。 In Listing 15-12, I cast the IIdentity implementation to the ClaimsIdentity type and pass the enumeration of Claim objects returned by the ClaimsIdentity.Claims property to the View method. A Claim object represents a single piece of data about the user, and the Claim class defines the properties shown in Table 15-6. 在清单15-12中，我将IIdentity实现转换成了ClaimsIdentity类型，并且给View方法传递了ClaimsIdentity.Claims属性所返回的Claim对象的枚举。Claim对象所示表示的是关于用户的一个单一的数据片段，Claim类定义的属性如表15-6所示。 Table 15-6. The Properties Defined by the Claim Class 表15-6. Claim类定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 Issuer Returns the name of the system that provided the claim 返回提供声明（Claim）的系统名称 Subject Returns the ClaimsIdentity object for the user who the claim refers to 返回声明（Claim）所指用户的ClaimsIdentity对象 Type Returns the type of information that the claim represents 返回声明（Claim）所表示的信息类型 Value Returns the piece of information that the claim represents 返回声明（Claim）所表示的信息片段 Listing 15-13 shows the contents of the Index.cshtml file that I created in the Views/Claims folder and that is rendered by the Index action of the Claims controller. The view adds a row to a table for each claim about the user. 清单15-13显示了我在Views/Claims文件夹中创建的Index.cshtml文件的内容，它由Claims控制器中的Index动作方法进行渲染。该视图为用户的每项声明（Claim）添加了一个表格行。 Listing 15-13. The Contents of the Index.cshtml File in the Views/Claims Folder 清单15-13. Views/Claims文件夹中Index.cshtml文件的内容 @using System.Security.Claims@using Users.Infrastructure@model IEnumerable<Claim>@{ ViewBag.Title = "Claims"; }<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Claims</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>Subject</th><th>Issuer</th><th>Type</th><th>Value</th></tr>@foreach (Claim claim in Model.OrderBy(x => x.Type)) {<tr><td>@claim.Subject.Name</td><td>@claim.Issuer</td><td>@Html.ClaimType(claim.Type)</td><td>@claim.Value</td></tr>}</table></div> The value of the Claim.Type property is a URI for a Microsoft schema, which isn’t especially useful. The popular schemas are used as the values for fields in the System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes class, so to make the output from the Index.cshtml view easier to read, I added an HTML helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs file, as shown in Listing 15-14. It is this helper that I use in the Index.cshtml file to format the value of the Claim.Type property. Claim.Type属性的值是一个微软模式（Microsoft Schema）的URI（统一资源标识符），这是特别有用的。System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes类中字段的值使用的是流行模式（Popular Schema），因此为了使Index.cshtml视图的输出更易于阅读，我在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加了一个HTML辅助器，如清单15-14所示。Index.cshtml文件正是使用这个辅助器格式化了Claim.Type属性的值。 Listing 15-14. Adding a Helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs File 清单15-14. 在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加辅助器 using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using System;using System.Linq;using System.Reflection;using System.Security.Claims;namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class IdentityHelpers {public static MvcHtmlString GetUserName(this HtmlHelper html, string id) {AppUserManager mgr= HttpContext.Current.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();return new MvcHtmlString(mgr.FindByIdAsync(id).Result.UserName);} public static MvcHtmlString ClaimType(this HtmlHelper html, string claimType) {FieldInfo[] fields = typeof(ClaimTypes).GetFields();foreach (FieldInfo field in fields) {if (field.GetValue(null).ToString() == claimType) {return new MvcHtmlString(field.Name);} }return new MvcHtmlString(string.Format("{0}",claimType.Split('/', '.').Last()));} }} Note The helper method isn’t at all efficient because it reflects on the fields of the ClaimType class for each claim that is displayed, but it is sufficient for my purposes in this chapter. You won’t often need to display the claim type in real applications. 注：该辅助器并非十分有效，因为它只是针对每个要显示的声明（Claim）映射出ClaimType类的字段，但对我要的目的已经足够了。在实际项目中不会经常需要显示声明（Claim）的类型。 To see why I have created a controller that uses claims without really explaining what they are, start the application, authenticate as the user Alice (with the password MySecret), and request the /Claims/Index URL. Figure 15-5 shows the content that is generated. 为了弄明白我为何要先创建一个使用声明（Claims）的控制器，而没有真正解释声明（Claims）是什么的原因，可以启动应用程序，以用户Alice进行认证（其口令是MySecret），并请求/Claims/Index URL。图15-5显示了生成的内容。 Figure 15-5. The output from the Index action of the Claims controller 图15-5. Claims控制器中Index动作的输出 It can be hard to make out the detail in the figure, so I have reproduced the content in Table 15-7. 这可能还难以认识到此图的细节，为此我在表15-7中重列了其内容。 Table 15-7. The Data Shown in Figure 15-5 表15-7. 图15-5中显示的数据 Subject（科目） Issuer（发行者） Type（类型） Value（值） Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY SecurityStamp Unique ID Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY IdentityProvider ASP.NET Identity Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Employees Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Users Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Name Alice Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY NameIdentifier Alice’s user ID The table shows the most important aspect of claims, which is that I have already been using them when I implemented the traditional authentication and authorization features in Chapter 14. You can see that some of the claims relate to user identity (the Name claim is Alice, and the NameIdentifier claim is Alice’s unique user ID in my ASP.NET Identity database). 此表展示了声明（Claims）最重要的方面，这些是我在第14章中实现传统的认证和授权特性时，一直在使用的信息。可以看出，有些声明（Claims）与用户标识有关（Name声明是Alice，NameIdentifier声明是Alice在ASP.NET Identity数据库中的唯一用户ID号）。 Other claims show membership of roles—there are two Role claims in the table, reflecting the fact that Alice is assigned to both the Users and Employees roles. There is also a claim about how Alice has been authenticated: The IdentityProvider is set to ASP.NET Identity. 其他声明（Claims）显示了角色成员——表中有两个Role声明（Claim），体现出Alice被赋予了Users和Employees两个角色这一事实。还有一个是Alice已被认证的声明（Claim）：IdentityProvider被设置到了ASP.NET Identity。 The difference when this information is expressed as a set of claims is that you can determine where the data came from. The Issuer property for all the claims shown in the table is set to LOCAL AUTHORITY, which indicates that the user’s identity has been established by the application. 当这种信息被表示成一组声明（Claims）时的差别是，你能够确定这些数据是从哪里来的。表中所显示的所有声明的Issuer属性（发布者）都被设置到了LOACL AUTHORITY（本地授权），这说明该用户的标识是由应用程序建立的。 So, now that you have seen some example claims, I can more easily describe what a claim is. A claim is any piece of information about a user that is available to the application, including the user’s identity and role memberships. And, as you have seen, the information I have been defining about my users in earlier chapters is automatically made available as claims by ASP.NET Identity. 因此，现在你已经看到了一些声明（Claims）示例，我可以更容易地描述声明（Claim）是什么了。一项声明（Claim）是可用于应用程序中的有关用户的一个信息片段，包括用户的标识以及角色成员等。而且，正如你所看到的，我在前几章定义的关于用户的信息，被ASP.NET Identity自动地作为声明（Claims）了。 15.3.2 Creating and Using Claims 15.3.2 创建和使用声明（Claims） Claims are interesting for two reasons. The first reason is that an application can obtain claims from multiple sources, rather than just relying on a local database for information about the user. You will see a real example of this when I show you how to authenticate users through a third-party system in the “Using Third-Party Authentication” section, but for the moment I am going to add a class to the example project that simulates a system that provides claims information. Listing 15-15 shows the contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure folder. 声明（Claims）比较有意思的原因有两个。第一个原因是应用程序可以从多个来源获取声明（Claims），而不是只能依靠本地数据库关于用户的信息。你将会看到一个实际的示例，在“使用第三方认证”小节中，将演示如何通过第三方系统来认证用户。不过，此刻我只打算在示例项目中添加一个类，用以模拟一个提供声明（Claims）信息的系统。清单15-15显示了我添加到Infrastructure文件夹中LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-15. The Contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs File 清单15-15. LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class LocationClaimsProvider {public static IEnumerable<Claim> GetClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.Name.ToLower() == "alice") {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "DC 20500"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "DC"));} else {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "NY 10036"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "NY"));}return claims;}private static Claim CreateClaim(string type, string value) {return new Claim(type, value, ClaimValueTypes.String, "RemoteClaims");} }} The GetClaims method takes a ClaimsIdentity argument and uses the Name property to create claims about the user’s ZIP code and state. This class allows me to simulate a system such as a central HR database, which would be the authoritative source of location information about staff, for example. GetClaims方法以ClaimsIdentity为参数，并使用Name属性创建了关于用户ZIP码（邮政编码）和州府的声明（Claims）。上述这个类使我能够模拟一个诸如中心化的HR数据库（人力资源数据库）之类的系统，它可能会成为全体职员的地点信息的权威数据源。 Claims are associated with the user’s identity during the authentication process, and Listing 15-16 shows the changes I made to the Login action method of the Account controller to call the LocationClaimsProvider class. 在认证过程期间，声明（Claims）是与用户标识关联在一起的，清单15-16显示了我对Account控制器中Login动作方法所做的修改，以便调用LocationClaimsProvider类。 Listing 15-16. Associating Claims with a User in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-16. AccountController.cs文件中用户用声明的关联 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... You can see the effect of the location claims by starting the application, authenticating as a user, and requesting the /Claim/Index URL. Figure 15-6 shows the claims for Alice. You may have to sign out and sign back in again to see the change. 为了看看这个地点声明（Claims）的效果，可以启动应用程序，以一个用户进行认证，并请求/Claim/Index URL。图15-6显示了Alice的声明（Claims）。你可能需要退出，然后再次登录才会看到发生的变化。 Figure 15-6. Defining additional claims for users 图15-6. 定义用户的附加声明 Obtaining claims from multiple locations means that the application doesn’t have to duplicate data that is held elsewhere and allows integration of data from external parties. The Claim.Issuer property tells you where a claim originated from, which helps you judge how accurate the data is likely to be and how much weight you should give the data in your application. Location data obtained from a central HR database is likely to be more accurate and trustworthy than data obtained from an external mailing list provider, for example. 从多个地点获取声明（Claims）意味着应用程序不必复制其他地方保持的数据，并且能够与外部的数据集成。Claim.Issuer属性（图15-6中的Issuer数据列——译者注）能够告诉你一个声明（Claim）的发源地，这有助于让你判断数据的精确程度，也有助于让你决定这类数据在应用程序中的权重。例如，从中心化的HR数据库获取的地点数据可能要比外部邮件列表提供器获取的数据更为精确和可信。 1. Applying Claims 1. 运用声明（Claims） The second reason that claims are interesting is that you can use them to manage user access to your application more flexibly than with standard roles. The problem with roles is that they are static, and once a user has been assigned to a role, the user remains a member until explicitly removed. This is, for example, how long-term employees of big corporations end up with incredible access to internal systems: They are assigned the roles they require for each new job they get, but the old roles are rarely removed. (The unexpectedly broad systems access sometimes becomes apparent during the investigation into how someone was able to ship the contents of the warehouse to their home address—true story.) 声明（Claims）有意思的第二个原因是，你可以用它们来管理用户对应用程序的访问，这要比标准的角色管理更为灵活。角色的问题在于它们是静态的，而且一旦用户已经被赋予了一个角色，该用户便是一个成员，直到明确地删除为止。例如，这意味着大公司的长期雇员，对内部系统的访问会十分惊人：他们每次在获得新工作时，都会赋予所需的角色，但旧角色很少被删除。（在调查某人为何能够将仓库里的东西发往他的家庭地址过程中发现，有时会出现异常宽泛的系统访问——真实的故事） Claims can be used to authorize users based directly on the information that is known about them, which ensures that the authorization changes when the data changes. The simplest way to do this is to generate Role claims based on user data that are then used by controllers to restrict access to action methods. Listing 15-17 shows the contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure. 声明（Claims）可以直接根据用户已知的信息对用户进行授权，这能够保证当数据发生变化时，授权也随之而变。此事最简单的做法是根据用户数据来生成Role声明（Claim），然后由控制器用来限制对动作方法的访问。清单15-17显示了我添加到Infrastructure中的ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-17. The Contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs File 清单15-17. ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsRoles {public static IEnumerable<Claim> CreateRolesFromClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince&& x.Issuer == "RemoteClaims" && x.Value == "DC")&& user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.Role&& x.Value == "Employees")) {claims.Add(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, "DCStaff"));}return claims;} }} The gnarly looking CreateRolesFromClaims method uses lambda expressions to determine whether the user has a StateOrProvince claim from the RemoteClaims issuer with a value of DC and a Role claim with a value of Employees. If the user has both claims, then a Role claim is returned for the DCStaff role. Listing 15-18 shows how I call the CreateRolesFromClaims method from the Login action in the Account controller. CreateRolesFromClaims是一个粗糙的考察方法，它使用了Lambda表达式，以检查用户是否具有StateOrProvince声明（Claim），该声明来自于RemoteClaims发行者（Issuer），值为DC。也检查用户是否具有Role声明（Claim），其值为Employees。如果用户这两个声明都有，那么便返回一个DCStaff角色的Role声明。清单15-18显示了如何在Account控制器中的Login动作中调用CreateRolesFromClaims方法。 Listing 15-18. Generating Roles Based on Claims in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-18. 在AccountController.cs中根据声明生成角色 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident)); ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... I can then restrict access to an action method based on membership of the DCStaff role. Listing 15-19 shows a new action method I added to the Claims controller to which I have applied the Authorize attribute. 然后我可以根据DCStaff角色的成员，来限制对一个动作方法的访问。清单15-19显示了在Claims控制器中添加的一个新的动作方法，在该方法上已经运用了Authorize注解属性。 Listing 15-19. Adding a New Action Method to the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-19. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中添加一个新的动作方法 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [Authorize(Roles="DCStaff")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} Users will be able to access OtherAction only if their claims grant them membership to the DCStaff role. Membership of this role is generated dynamically, so a change to the user’s employment status or location information will change their authorization level. 只要用户的声明（Claims）承认他们是DCStaff角色的成员，那么他们便能访问OtherAction动作。该角色的成员是动态生成的，因此，若是用户的雇用状态或地点信息发生变化，也会改变他们的授权等级。 提示：请读者从这个例子中吸取其中的思想精髓。对于读物的理解程度，仁者见仁，智者见智，能领悟多少，全凭各人，译者感觉这里的思想有无数的可能。举例说明：（1）可以根据用户的身份进行授权，比如学生在校时是“学生”，毕业后便是“校友”；（2）可以根据用户所处的部门进行授权，人事部用户属于人事团队，销售部用户属于销售团队，各团队有其自己的应用；（3）下一小节的示例是根据用户的地点授权。简言之：一方面用户的各种声明（Claim）都可以用来进行授权；另一方面用户的声明（Claim）又是可以自定义的。于是可能的运用就无法估计了。总之一句话，这种基于声明的授权（Claims-Based Authorization）有无限可能！要是没有我这里的提示，是否所有读者在此处都会有所体会？——译者注 15.3.3 Authorizing Access Using Claims 15.3.3 使用声明（Claims）授权访问 The previous example is an effective demonstration of how claims can be used to keep authorizations fresh and accurate, but it is a little indirect because I generate roles based on claims data and then enforce my authorization policy based on the membership of that role. A more direct and flexible approach is to enforce authorization directly by creating a custom authorization filter attribute. Listing 15-20 shows the contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs file, which I added to the Infrastructure folder and used to create such a filter. 前面的示例有效地演示了如何用声明（Claims）来保持新鲜和准确的授权，但有点不太直接，因为我要根据声明（Claims）数据来生成了角色，然后强制我的授权策略基于角色成员。一个更直接且灵活的办法是直接强制授权，其做法是创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性。清单15-20演示了ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容，我将它添加在Infrastructure文件夹中，并用它创建了这种过滤器。 Listing 15-20. The Contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs File 清单15-20. ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsAccessAttribute : AuthorizeAttribute {public string Issuer { get; set; }public string ClaimType { get; set; }public string Value { get; set; }protected override bool AuthorizeCore(HttpContextBase context) {return context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated&& context.User.Identity is ClaimsIdentity&& ((ClaimsIdentity)context.User.Identity).HasClaim(x =>x.Issuer == Issuer && x.Type == ClaimType && x.Value == Value);} }} The attribute I have defined is derived from the AuthorizeAttribute class, which makes it easy to create custom authorization policies in MVC framework applications by overriding the AuthorizeCore method. My implementation grants access if the user is authenticated, the IIdentity implementation is an instance of ClaimsIdentity, and the user has a claim with the issuer, type, and value matching the class properties. Listing 15-21 shows how I applied the attribute to the Claims controller to authorize access to the OtherAction method based on one of the location claims created by the LocationClaimsProvider class. 我所定义的这个注解属性派生于AuthorizeAttribute类，通过重写AuthorizeCore方法，很容易在MVC框架应用程序中创建自定义的授权策略。在这个实现中，若用户是已认证的、其IIdentity实现是一个ClaimsIdentity实例，而且该用户有一个带有issuer、type以及value的声明（Claim），它们与这个类的属性是匹配的，则该用户便是允许访问的。清单15-21显示了如何将这个注解属性运用于Claims控制器，以便根据LocationClaimsProvider类创建的地点声明（Claim），对OtherAction方法进行授权访问。 Listing 15-21. Performing Authorization on Claims in the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-21. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中执行基于声明的授权 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Infrastructure;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [ClaimsAccess(Issuer="RemoteClaims", ClaimType=ClaimTypes.PostalCode,Value="DC 20500")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} My authorization filter ensures that only users whose location claims specify a ZIP code of DC 20500 can invoke the OtherAction method. 这个授权过滤器能够确保只有地点声明（Claim）的邮编为DC 20500的用户才能请求OtherAction方法。 15.4 Using Third-Party Authentication 15.4 使用第三方认证 One of the benefits of a claims-based system such as ASP.NET Identity is that any of the claims can come from an external system, even those that identify the user to the application. This means that other systems can authenticate users on behalf of the application, and ASP.NET Identity builds on this idea to make it simple and easy to add support for authenticating users through third parties such as Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter. 基于声明的系统，如ASP.NET Identity，的好处之一是任何声明都可以来自于外部系统，即使是将用户标识到应用程序的那些声明。这意味着其他系统可以代表应用程序来认证用户，而ASP.NET Identity就建立在这样的思想之上，使之能够简单而方便地添加第三方认证用户的支持，如微软、Google、Facebook、Twitter等。 There are some substantial benefits of using third-party authentication: Many users will already have an account, users can elect to use two-factor authentication, and you don’t have to manage user credentials in the application. In the sections that follow, I’ll show you how to set up and use third-party authentication for Google users, which Table 15-8 puts into context. 使用第三方认证有一些实际的好处：许多用户已经有了账号、用户可以选择使用双因子认证、你不必在应用程序中管理用户凭据等等。在以下小节中，我将演示如何为Google用户建立并使用第三方认证，表15-8描述了事情的情形。 Table 15-8. Putting Third-Party Authentication in Context 表15-8. 第三方认证情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是第三方认证？ Authenticating with third parties lets you take advantage of the popularity of companies such as Google and Facebook. 第三方认证使你能够利用流行公司，如Google和Facebook，的优势。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ Users don’t like having to remember passwords for many different sites. Using a provider with large-scale adoption can make your application more appealing to users of the provider’s services. 用户不喜欢记住许多不同网站的口令。使用大范围适应的提供器可使你的应用程序更吸引有提供器服务的用户。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework. 这不是一个直接由MVC框架使用的特性。 Note The reason I have chosen to demonstrate Google authentication is that it is the only option that doesn’t require me to register my application with the authentication service. You can get details of the registration processes required at http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE. 提示：我选择演示Google认证的原因是，它是唯一不需要在其认证服务中注册我应用程序的公司。有关认证服务注册过程的细节，请参阅http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE。 15.4.1 Enabling Google Authentication 15.4.1 启用Google认证 ASP.NET Identity comes with built-in support for authenticating users through their Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter accounts as well more general support for any authentication service that supports OAuth. The first step is to add the NuGet package that includes the Google-specific additions for ASP.NET Identity. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: ASP.NET Identity带有通过Microsoft、Google、Facebook以及Twitter账号认证用户的内建支持，并且对于支持OAuth的认证服务具有更普遍的支持。第一个步骤是添加NuGet包，包中含有用于ASP.NET Identity的Google专用附件。请在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中输入以下命令： Install-Package Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google -version 2.0.2 There are NuGet packages for each of the services that ASP.NET Identity supports, as described in Table 15-9. 对于ASP.NET Identity支持的每一种服务都有相应的NuGet包，如表15-9所示。 Table 15-9. The NuGet Authenticaton Packages 表15-9. NuGet认证包 Name 名称 Description 描述 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google Authenticates users with Google accounts 用Google账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Facebook Authenticates users with Facebook accounts 用Facebook账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Twitter Authenticates users with Twitter accounts 用Twitter账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.MicrosoftAccount Authenticates users with Microsoft accounts 用Microsoft账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.OAuth Authenticates users against any OAuth 2.0 service 根据任一OAuth 2.0服务认证用户 Once the package is installed, I enable support for the authentication service in the OWIN startup class, which is defined in the App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs file in the example project. Listing 15-22 shows the change that I have made. 一旦安装了这个包，便可以在OWIN启动类中启用此项认证服务的支持，启动类的定义在示例项目的App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs文件中。清单15-22显示了所做的修改。 Listing 15-22. Enabling Google Authentication in the IdentityConfig.cs File 清单15-22. 在IdentityConfig.cs文件中启用Google认证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Cookies;using Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google;namespace Users {public class IdentityConfig {public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app) {app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppIdentityDbContext>(AppIdentityDbContext.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppUserManager>(AppUserManager.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppRoleManager>(AppRoleManager.Create); app.UseCookieAuthentication(new CookieAuthenticationOptions {AuthenticationType = DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie,LoginPath = new PathString("/Account/Login"),}); app.UseExternalSignInCookie(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);app.UseGoogleAuthentication();} }} Each of the packages that I listed in Table 15-9 contains an extension method that enables the corresponding service. The extension method for the Google service is called UseGoogleAuthentication, and it is called on the IAppBuilder implementation that is passed to the Configuration method. 表15-9所列的每个包都含有启用相应服务的扩展方法。用于Google服务的扩展方法名称为UseGoogleAuthentication，它通过传递给Configuration方法的IAppBuilder实现进行调用。 Next I added a button to the Views/Account/Login.cshtml file, which allows users to log in via Google. You can see the change in Listing 15-23. 下一步骤是在Views/Account/Login.cshtml文件中添加一个按钮，让用户能够通过Google进行登录。所做的修改如清单15-23所示。 Listing 15-23. Adding a Google Login Button to the Login.cshtml File 清单15-23. 在Login.cshtml文件中添加Google登录按钮 @model Users.Models.LoginModel@{ ViewBag.Title = "Login";}<h2>Log In</h2> @Html.ValidationSummary()@using (Html.BeginForm()) {@Html.AntiForgeryToken();<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><div class="form-group"><label>Name</label>@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><div class="form-group"><label>Password</label>@Html.PasswordFor(x => x.Password, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In</button>}@using (Html.BeginForm("GoogleLogin", "Account")) {<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In via Google</button>} The new button submits a form that targets the GoogleLogin action on the Account controller. You can see this method—and the other changes I made the controller—in Listing 15-24. 新按钮递交一个表单，目标是Account控制器中的GoogleLogin动作。可从清单15-24中看到该方法，以及在控制器中所做的其他修改。 Listing 15-24. Adding Support for Google Authentication to the AccountController.cs File 清单15-24. 在AccountController.cs文件中添加Google认证支持 using System.Threading.Tasks;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.Owin.Security;using System.Security.Claims;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using System.Web; namespace Users.Controllers {[Authorize]public class AccountController : Controller {[AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult Login(string returnUrl) {if (HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated) {return View("Error", new string[] { "Access Denied" });}ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View();}[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident)); AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);} [HttpPost][AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult GoogleLogin(string returnUrl) {var properties = new AuthenticationProperties {RedirectUri = Url.Action("GoogleLoginCallback",new { returnUrl = returnUrl})};HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();}[AllowAnonymous]public async Task<ActionResult> GoogleLoginCallback(string returnUrl) {ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);if (user == null) {user = new AppUser {Email = loginInfo.Email,UserName = loginInfo.DefaultUserName,City = Cities.LONDON, Country = Countries.UK};IdentityResult result = await UserManager.CreateAsync(user);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} else {result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} }}ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false }, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl ?? "/");}[Authorize]public ActionResult Logout() {AuthManager.SignOut();return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");}private IAuthenticationManager AuthManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication;} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } The GoogleLogin method creates an instance of the AuthenticationProperties class and sets the RedirectUri property to a URL that targets the GoogleLoginCallback action in the same controller. The next part is a magic phrase that causes ASP.NET Identity to respond to an unauthorized error by redirecting the user to the Google authentication page, rather than the one defined by the application: GoogleLogin方法创建了AuthenticationProperties类的一个实例，并为RedirectUri属性设置了一个URL，其目标为同一控制器中的GoogleLoginCallback动作。下一个部分是一个神奇阶段，通过将用户重定向到Google认证页面，而不是应用程序所定义的认证页面，让ASP.NET Identity对未授权的错误进行响应： ...HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();... This means that when the user clicks the Log In via Google button, their browser is redirected to the Google authentication service and then redirected back to the GoogleLoginCallback action method once they are authenticated. 这意味着，当用户通过点击Google按钮进行登录时，浏览器被重定向到Google的认证服务，一旦在那里认证之后，便被重定向回GoogleLoginCallback动作方法。 I get details of the external login by calling the GetExternalLoginInfoAsync of the IAuthenticationManager implementation, like this: 我通过调用IAuthenticationManager实现的GetExternalLoginInfoAsync方法，我获得了外部登录的细节，如下所示： ...ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();... The ExternalLoginInfo class defines the properties shown in Table 15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类定义的属性如表15-10所示： Table 15-10. The Properties Defined by the ExternalLoginInfo Class 表15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类所定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 DefaultUserName Returns the username 返回用户名 Email Returns the e-mail address 返回E-mail地址 ExternalIdentity Returns a ClaimsIdentity that identities the user 返回标识该用户的ClaimsIdentity Login Returns a UserLoginInfo that describes the external login 返回描述外部登录的UserLoginInfo I use the FindAsync method defined by the user manager class to locate the user based on the value of the ExternalLoginInfo.Login property, which returns an AppUser object if the user has been authenticated with the application before: 我使用了由用户管理器类所定义的FindAsync方法，以便根据ExternalLoginInfo.Login属性的值对用户进行定位，如果用户之前在应用程序中已经认证，该属性会返回一个AppUser对象： ...AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);... If the FindAsync method doesn’t return an AppUser object, then I know that this is the first time that this user has logged into the application, so I create a new AppUser object, populate it with values, and save it to the database. I also save details of how the user logged in so that I can find them next time: 如果FindAsync方法返回的不是AppUser对象，那么我便知道这是用户首次登录应用程序，于是便创建了一个新的AppUser对象，填充该对象的值，并将其保存到数据库。我还保存了用户如何登录的细节，以便下次能够找到他们： ...result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);... All that remains is to generate an identity the user, copy the claims provided by Google, and create an authentication cookie so that the application knows the user has been authenticated: 剩下的事情只是生成该用户的标识了，拷贝Google提供的声明（Claims），并创建一个认证Cookie，以使应用程序知道此用户已认证： ...ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties { IsPersistent = false }, ident);... 15.4.2 Testing Google Authentication 15.4.2 测试Google认证 There is one further change that I need to make before I can test Google authentication: I need to change the account verification I set up in Chapter 13 because it prevents accounts from being created with e-mail addresses that are not within the example.com domain. Listing 15-25 shows how I removed the verification from the AppUserManager class. 在测试Google认证之前还需要一处修改：需要修改第13章所建立的账号验证，因为它不允许example.com域之外的E-mail地址创建账号。清单15-25显示了如何在AppUserManager类中删除这种验证。 Listing 15-25. Disabling Account Validation in the AppUserManager.cs File 清单15-25. 在AppUserManager.cs文件中取消账号验证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppUserManager : UserManager<AppUser> {public AppUserManager(IUserStore<AppUser> store): base(store) {}public static AppUserManager Create(IdentityFactoryOptions<AppUserManager> options,IOwinContext context) {AppIdentityDbContext db = context.Get<AppIdentityDbContext>();AppUserManager manager = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(db)); manager.PasswordValidator = new CustomPasswordValidator {RequiredLength = 6,RequireNonLetterOrDigit = false,RequireDigit = false,RequireLowercase = true,RequireUppercase = true}; //manager.UserValidator = new CustomUserValidator(manager) {// AllowOnlyAlphanumericUserNames = true,// RequireUniqueEmail = true//};return manager;} }} Tip you can use validation for externally authenticated accounts, but I am just going to disable the feature for simplicity. 提示：也可以使用外部已认证账号的验证，但这里出于简化，取消了这一特性。 To test authentication, start the application, click the Log In via Google button, and provide the credentials for a valid Google account. When you have completed the authentication process, your browser will be redirected back to the application. If you navigate to the /Claims/Index URL, you will be able to see how claims from the Google system have been added to the user’s identity, as shown in Figure 15-7. 为了测试认证，启动应用程序，通过点击“Log In via Google（通过Google登录）”按钮，并提供有效的Google账号凭据。当你完成了认证过程时，浏览器将被重定向回应用程序。如果导航到/Claims/Index URL，便能够看到来自Google系统的声明（Claims），已被添加到用户的标识中了，如图15-7所示。 Figure 15-7. Claims from Google 图15-7. 来自Google的声明（Claims） 15.5 Summary 15.5 小结 In this chapter, I showed you some of the advanced features that ASP.NET Identity supports. I demonstrated the use of custom user properties and how to use database migrations to preserve data when you upgrade the schema to support them. I explained how claims work and how they can be used to create more flexible ways of authorizing users. I finished the chapter by showing you how to authenticate users via Google, which builds on the ideas behind the use of claims. 本章向你演示了ASP.NET Identity所支持的一些高级特性。演示了自定义用户属性的使用，还演示了在升级数据架构时，如何使用数据库迁移保护数据。我解释了声明（Claims）的工作机制，以及如何将它们用于创建更灵活的用户授权方式。最后演示了如何通过Google进行认证结束了本章，这是建立在使用声明（Claims）的思想基础之上的。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/gz19871113/article/details/108591802。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

DOM（文档对象模型） , 在Web开发中，DOM是浏览器对HTML和XML文档的内部表示方式。它将HTML文档转换成一个由节点树构成的对象模型，允许JavaScript等脚本语言动态访问、修改或创建页面内容、结构及样式。在本文上下文中，通过JavaScript操作DOM，实现了列表元素的倒序排列。 innerHTML属性 , 这是JavaScript中的一个重要属性，用于获取或设置HTML元素内部的所有HTML代码。在文章示例中，通过遍历每个列表项并读取其innerHTML属性，获取了列表项的内容；然后将这些内容按照倒序插入到新的HTML元素中，从而实现了列表的倒序显示。 window.onload事件 , 这是一个在网页所有资源（包括图像、脚本等）完全加载完毕后触发的全局JavaScript事件。在该篇文章中，作者使用window.onload函数来确保在执行倒序排列的JavaScript代码之前，所有的HTML元素已经正确加载到页面上，避免了因元素未加载完成导致的错误或无效操作。

...值对的形式来表示数据对象，同时支持数组和嵌套结构。在Web开发中，JSON被广泛用于服务器与网页或应用程序之间传输和交换数据。 JSON.parse() , 这是JavaScript内置的一个全局方法，用于将一个JSON字符串解析成等效的JavaScript值（通常是对象或数组）。例如，在处理从服务器获取到的JSON格式的响应数据时，开发者可以利用JSON.parse()方法将其转换为JavaScript对象，以便进一步操作和遍历其中的数据。 嵌套数组 , 在JSON数据结构中，嵌套数组是指数组中的元素本身又是一个数组。这样的结构使得JSON能够表示更复杂的数据集合。例如，在文章给出的示例中，JSON数组的最后一个元素是一个包含数值1、2和3的子数组。当遍历这种嵌套数组时，需要进行递归处理或者额外的循环遍历内部数组的所有元素。

...能更好地封装并暴露给全局或外部环境使用。例如，通过setup函数，我们可以定义作用于全局状态管理的reactive对象，并利用expose功能将其导出至window，使得外部JS文件或原生App能够安全、高效地访问这些数据和方法。 另一方面，随着PWA（Progressive Web App）和Hybrid App开发模式的普及，Vue.js与原生App之间的通信成为重要议题。Vue Native框架作为Vue.js生态下的产物，允许开发者使用Vue.js语法编写原生移动应用，实现了JavaScript与原生API的无缝对接。此外，借助WebView与JSBridge技术，Vue.js项目中的methods也可以直接与移动端原生SDK进行交互，极大地提升了跨平台开发效率和用户体验。 总之，在实际项目开发过程中，不仅需要掌握将Vue页面methods映射到window的基本技巧，更要关注Vue.js社区及周边生态的发展，学习如何运用新的工具和技术优化组件间、甚至跨平台的通信方式，从而打造出更为强大且适应性强的应用程序。

...的使用，使得处理嵌套对象作为实参时更加简洁灵活。例如，在以往版本的JavaScript中，若要访问深层嵌套的属性作为函数参数，可能会遇到undefined的错误，而现在通过?.操作符可以安全地进行条件访问。 此外，函数式编程范式在JavaScript社区日渐流行，对函数参数与实参的探讨也延伸到了柯里化、偏函数等高级技巧上。这些技术能帮助开发者更好地管理复杂性，提升代码复用率，尤其是在处理大量数据或构建组件库时表现尤为突出。 同时，TypeScript作为JavaScript的超集，其严格的类型系统对于函数参数和实参的约束更是细致入微，包括可选参数、默认参数以及联合类型和泛型的应用，不仅提高了代码的健壮性，更极大地优化了开发体验和团队协作效率。 因此，深入理解并掌握JavaScript函数参数与实参的工作机制，并紧跟最新语言特性和编程范式的演进，无疑将助力开发者在实际项目中编写出更高效、更具弹性的代码。

...需外部类实例即可创建对象，有助于减少内存消耗和提升性能。例如，在设计工具类或枚举类型时，将相关辅助类声明为静态内部类，可以有效组织代码结构并提高运行效率。 与此同时，关于public字段的使用规范也在业界引起了新一轮讨论。一些开发者提倡遵循“最小权限原则”，即尽量减少公共字段的使用，转而采用getter和setter方法进行封装，以增强代码的安全性和可控性。随着模块化编程和面向接口编程的普及，这一原则在大型项目中的重要性日益凸显。 此外，Java 9及以上版本引入模块系统后，对public修饰符的作用域有了更细致的划分。在模块间，public不再是绝对的全局可见，而是需要通过module-info.java文件明确导出接口，这无疑增加了对public关键字理解与使用的复杂度，同时也提升了Java程序的模块化程度和安全性。 综上所述，深入理解和熟练运用static、public等关键字对于现代Java开发来说至关重要。随着编程范式的发展以及Java语言自身的演进，这些关键字的功能和应用场景将不断丰富，值得广大开发者持续关注和学习。

...cript内置的一个全局方法，用于将符合JSON格式的字符串转换为JavaScript对象或数组。例如，在文章中，通过调用 JSON.parse(jsonStr) 可以将包含数组表示的字符串 apple, banana, orange 转换为实际的JavaScript数组。 AJAX（Asynchronous JavaScript and XML） , 虽然本文未直接提及AJAX，但它是Web开发中与JSON交互密切相关的技术。AJAX是一种创建快速动态网页的技术，通过在后台与服务器交换少量数据而不重新加载整个页面，实现了页面的部分更新。在现代Web应用中，JSON常作为AJAX请求和响应中的数据格式，使得前后端能够高效地进行异步数据交换。例如，前端可以发送一个包含JSON数组的HTTP请求到后端服务器，服务器处理后返回另一个JSON数组作为响应结果。

...是基于封装思想，避免全局状态修改引发的问题，保证程序执行过程的确定性和一致性。 总之，无论是在传统的面向对象编程还是新兴的编程范式中，封装作为一项基本的软件工程原则，始终贯穿于代码设计与实现的各个环节，值得每一位开发者深入理解和持续实践。通过关注最新的技术动态和业界规范，我们可以不断深化对封装原理的理解，为创建健壮、安全的应用程序打下坚实的基础。

...的并发控制挑战，确保全局一致性。 综上所述，尽管基于wait和notify的经典线程同步方式在特定场合下依然适用，但不断发展的Java并发库为我们提供了更多与时俱进、更为高效且功能丰富的工具，帮助开发者构建更为稳健且高性能的并发程序。

...机制是指一种基于面向对象的错误处置方式，通过引发异常来处置代码中可能发生的异常情况，以确保程序在出现错误时有良好的崩溃处置机制，提高程序的抗错能力。错误处置机制划分为两种：Error和Exception，其中Error代表系统层次错误，一般是由底层资源不足引起的，无法修复，一般不用捕获；而Exception代表程序运行时出现错误，可以被程序捕捉并及时处置。 try { //执行可能会引发异常的代码 } catch (ExceptionType e) { //处置异常 } finally { //无论是否有异常都执行 } Java中的异常结构主要划分为三个部分：try、catch和finally。try语句块中是我们希望正常执行的代码，可能会引发异常的代码需要放到try语句块中；catch语句用于捕获异常，当try语句中的代码发现异常时，就会将异常引发，然后被catch语句捕获，从而进行适当的处置或日志记录；finally语句中的代码不管try语句块中是否发生异常，都一定会被执行，一般用于释放资源或做一些必要的清理工作。 throw new ExceptionType("Error Message!"); 除了try/catch/finally外，Java中还提供了throw机制，即手动引发异常。当程序发觉出现错误时，我们可以通过throw引发一个异常实例，如果某个方法遇到了引发的异常实例，就会将异常传播到该方法的调用者，直至catch语句捕捉异常。