...w> = [{path: '/',redirect: '/home',},{name: 'home',path: '/home',component: () => import('page/Home'),},]const router = createRouter({routes,history: createWebHistory(),})export default router 针对与pinia，参考如下： import { createPinia } from 'pinia'export default createPinia() 在入口文件将router和store注入进去 import { createApp } from 'vue'import App from './App'import store from './store/index'import './style/index.css'import './style/index.scss'import 'element-plus/dist/index.css'import router from './router'// 注入全局的storeconst app = createApp(App).use(store).use(router)app.mount('app') 说这些比较枯燥，建议大家去github参考项目说明文档，下载项目，自己过一遍，喜欢的朋友收藏点赞一下，如果喜欢我构建好的项目给个star不丢失，谢谢各位看官的支持。本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_37764929/article/details/124860873。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2023-10-05 12:27:41

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[转载]调用阿里云API实现证件照生成

...d_weights_path = 'E:/bihand/released_checkpoints/ckp_seednet_all.pth.tar'img_rgb_path=r"E:\FreiHAND\training\rgb\00000153.jpg"img=io.imread(img_rgb_path)resized_img = transform.resize(img, (256, 256), anti_aliasing=True)img256=util.img_as_ubyte(resized_img)plt.imshow(resized_img)plt.axis('off') 关闭坐标轴plt.show()''' implicit HWC -> CHW, 255 -> 1 '''img1 = func.to_tensor(img256).float() 转换为张量并且进行标准化处理''' 0-mean, 1 std, [0,1] -> [-0.5, 0.5] '''img2 = func.normalize(img1, [0.5, 0.5, 0.5], [1, 1, 1])img3 = torch.unsqueeze(img2, 0)ok=img3print(img.shape)SeedNetmodel = SeedNet()misc.load_checkpoint(SeedNetmodel, pretrained_weights_path)加载权重output1, output2, output3 = SeedNetmodel(img3)mask_tensor = torch.rand(1, 64, 64)output=output2[1] 1,1,64,64output_1=output[0] 1,64,64output_ok=torch.sigmoid(output_1[0])output_real=output_1[0].detach().numpy()直接产生的张量图color_mask=color_mask(output_ok) 显示彩色分割图two_color=two_color(output_ok)显示黑白分割图see=output_ok.detach().numpy() 使用Matplotlib库显示分割掩码 plt.imshow(see, cmap='gray') plt.axis('off') plt.show() print(output1, output2, output3)images = [resized_img, color_mask, two_color,output_real,see,see]rows = 1cols = 4 创建子图并展示图像fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 6, figsize=(30, 5)) 遍历图像列表，并在每个子图中显示图像for i, image in enumerate(images):ax = axes[i] if cols > 1 else axes 如果只有一列，则直接使用axesif i ==5:ax.imshow(image, cmap='gray')else:ax.imshow(image)ax.imshowax.axis('off') 调整子图之间的间距plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.1, hspace=0.1) 展示图像plt.show() 上述的代码文件是在bihand/models/net_seed.py中，全部代码链接在https://github.com/lixiny/bihand。把bihand/models/net_seed.p中的代码修改为我提供的代码即可使用作者训练好的模型和进行各种可视化。（预训练模型根据作者代码提示下载） 3.调用阿里云API进行证件照生成实例 3.1 准备工作 1.找到接口进入下面链接即可快速访问 link 2.购买试用包 3.查看APPcode 4.下载代码 5.参数说明 3.2 实验代码 !/usr/bin/python encoding: utf-8"""===========================证件照制作接口==========================="""import requestsimport jsonimport base64import hashlibclass Idphoto:def __init__(self, appcode, timeout=7):self.appcode = appcodeself.timeout = timeoutself.make_idphoto_url = 'https://idp2.market.alicloudapi.com/idphoto/make'self.headers = {'Authorization': 'APPCODE ' + appcode,}def get_md5_data(self, body):"""md5加密:param body_json::return:"""md5lib = hashlib.md5()md5lib.update(body.encode("utf-8"))body_md5 = md5lib.digest()body_md5 = base64.b64encode(body_md5)return body_md5def get_photo_base64(self, file_path):with open(file_path, 'rb') as fp:photo_base64 = base64.b64encode(fp.read())photo_base64 = photo_base64.decode('utf8')return photo_base64def aiseg_request(self, url, data, headers):resp = requests.post(url=url, data=data, headers=headers, timeout=self.timeout)res = {"status_code": resp.status_code}try:res["data"] = json.loads(resp.text)return resexcept Exception as e:print(e)def make_idphoto(self, file_path, bk, spec="2"):"""证件照制作接口:param file_path::param bk::param spec::return:"""photo_base64 = self.get_photo_base64(file_path)body_json = {"photo": photo_base64,"bk": bk,"with_photo_key": 1,"spec": spec,"type": "jpg"}body = json.dumps(body_json)body_md5 = self.get_md5_data(body=body)self.headers.update({'Content-MD5': body_md5})data = self.aiseg_request(url=self.make_idphoto_url, data=body, headers=self.headers)return dataif __name__ == "__main__":file_path = "图片地址"idphoto = Idphoto(appcode="你的appcode")d = idphoto.make_idphoto(file_path, "red", "2")print(d) 3.3 实验结果与分析原图片背景为红色生成的证件照背景为蓝色生成的证件照另外尝试了使用柴犬照片做实验，也生成了证件照原图背景为红色生成的证件照参考（可供参考的链接和引用文献） 1.参考：BiHand: Recovering Hand Mesh with Multi-stage Bisected Hourglass Networks（BMVC2020）论文链接：https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.05079.pdf 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_37758063/article/details/131128967。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2023-07-11 23:36:51

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[转载]基于activemq的分布式事务解决方案

...ion="classpath:config/core/core.properties,classpath:config/redis/redis-config.properties" />--><bean id="propertyConfigurerForProject1" class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer"><property name="order" value="1" /><property name="ignoreUnresolvablePlaceholders" value="true" /><property name="location"><value>classpath:config/core/core.properties</value></property></bean><mvc:annotation-driven><mvc:message-converters register-defaults="true"><bean class="org.springframework.http.converter.StringHttpMessageConverter"><property name="supportedMediaTypes" value = "text/plain;charset=UTF-8" /></bean></mvc:message-converters></mvc:annotation-driven><bean id="mappingJacksonHttpMessageConverter" class="org.springframework.http.converter.json.MappingJacksonHttpMessageConverter"><property name="supportedMediaTypes"><list><value>text/html;charset=UTF-8</value></list></property></bean><context:component-scan base-package="com.zhuguang"></context:component-scan><mvc:view-controller path="/" view-name="redirect:/index" /><beanclass="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping" /><bean id="handlerAdapter"class="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter"></bean><beanclass="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.ContentNegotiatingViewResolver"><property name="mediaTypes"><map><entry key="json" value="application/json" /><entry key="xml" value="application/xml" /><entry key="html" value="text/html" /></map></property><property name="viewResolvers"><list><bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.BeanNameViewResolver" /><bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.UrlBasedViewResolver"><property name="viewClass" value="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.JstlView" /><property name="prefix" value="/" /><property name="suffix" value=".jsp" /></bean></list></property></bean> <bean id="exceptionResolver"class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleMappingExceptionResolver"><property name="exceptionMappings"><props><prop key="java.lang.Exception">error</prop></props></property></bean><bean id="dataSource" class="com.mchange.v2.c3p0.ComboPooledDataSource" destroy-method="close"><property name="driverClass"><value>${jdbc.driverClassName}</value></property><property name="jdbcUrl"><value>${jdbc.url}</value></property><property name="user"><value>${jdbc.username}</value></property><property name="password"><value>${jdbc.password}</value></property><property name="minPoolSize" value="10" /><property name="maxPoolSize" value="100" /><property name="maxIdleTime" value="1800" /><property name="acquireIncrement" value="3" /><property name="maxStatements" value="1000" /><property name="initialPoolSize" value="10" /><property name="idleConnectionTestPeriod" value="60" /><property name="acquireRetryAttempts" value="30" /><property name="breakAfterAcquireFailure" value="false" /><property name="testConnectionOnCheckout" value="false" /><property name="acquireRetryDelay"><value>100</value></property></bean><bean id="jdbcTemplate" class="org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate"><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"></property></bean><bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager"><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/></bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager" proxy-target-class="true" /><aop:aspectj-autoproxy expose-proxy="true"/></beans> logback.xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><configuration scan="false" scanPeriod="60 seconds" debug="false"><property name="appName" value="netty"></property><appender name="stdout" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender"><Encoding>UTF-8</Encoding><encoder><pattern>%d{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{50} - %msg%n</pattern></encoder></appender> <appender name="appLogAppender" class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.RollingFileAppender"><Encoding>UTF-8</Encoding> <file>${appName}.log</file><rollingPolicy class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.TimeBasedRollingPolicy"><fileNamePattern>${appName}-%d{yyyy-MM-dd}-%i.log</fileNamePattern><MaxHistory>365</MaxHistory><timeBasedFileNamingAndTriggeringPolicy class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.SizeAndTimeBasedFNATP"><maxFileSize>100MB</maxFileSize></timeBasedFileNamingAndTriggeringPolicy></rollingPolicy> <encoder><pattern>%d{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS} [ %thread ] - [ %-5level ] [ %logger{50} : %line ] - %msg%n</pattern></encoder></appender><root level="debug"><appender-ref ref="stdout" /><appender-ref ref="appLogAppender" /></root></configuration> 2、余额宝代码 package com.zhuguang.jack.controller;import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;import com.zhuguang.jack.service.OrderService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;@Controller@RequestMapping("/order")public class OrderController {/ @Description TODO @param @return 参数 @return String 返回类型 @throws 模拟银行转账 userID：转账的用户ID amount：转多少钱/@AutowiredOrderService orderService;@RequestMapping("/transfer")public @ResponseBody String transferAmount(String userId, String amount) {try {orderService.updateAmount(Integer.valueOf(amount), userId);}catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();return "===============================transferAmount failed===================";}return "===============================transferAmount successfull===================";} } 消息监听器 package com.zhuguang.jack.listener;import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;import com.zhuguang.jack.service.OrderService;import org.slf4j.Logger;import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.http.client.SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;import javax.jms.JMSException;import javax.jms.Message;import javax.jms.MessageListener;import javax.jms.ObjectMessage;@Service("queueMessageListener")public class QueueMessageListener implements MessageListener {private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());@AutowiredOrderService orderService;@Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)@Overridepublic void onMessage(Message message) {if (message instanceof ObjectMessage) {ObjectMessage objectMessage = (ObjectMessage) message;try {com.zhuguang.jack.bean.Message message1 = (com.zhuguang.jack.bean.Message) objectMessage.getObject();String userId = message1.getUserId();int count = orderService.queryMessageCountByUserId(userId);if (count == 0) {orderService.updateAmount(message1.getAmount(), message1.getUserId());orderService.insertMessage(message1.getUserId(), message1.getMessageId(), message1.getAmount(), "ok");} else {logger.info("异常转账");}RestTemplate restTemplate = createRestTemplate();JSONObject jo = new JSONObject();jo.put("messageId", message1.getMessageId());jo.put("respCode", "OK");String url = "http://jack.bank_a.com:8080/alipay/order/callback?param="+ jo.toJSONString();restTemplate.getForObject(url,null);} catch (JMSException e) {e.printStackTrace();throw new RuntimeException("异常");} }}public RestTemplate createRestTemplate() {SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory simpleClientHttpRequestFactory = new SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory();simpleClientHttpRequestFactory.setConnectTimeout(3000);simpleClientHttpRequestFactory.setReadTimeout(2000);return new RestTemplate(simpleClientHttpRequestFactory);} } package com.zhuguang.jack.service;public interface OrderService {public void updateAmount(int amount, String userId);public int queryMessageCountByUserId(String userId);public int insertMessage(String userId,String messageId,int amount,String status);} package com.zhuguang.jack.service;import org.slf4j.Logger;import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.http.client.SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory;import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;@Service@Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)public class OrderServiceImpl implements OrderService {private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());@AutowiredJdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;/ 更新数据库表，把账户余额减去amountd/@Overridepublic void updateAmount(int amount, String userId) {//1、农业银行转账3000，也就说农业银行jack账户要减3000String sql = "update account set amount = amount + ?,update_time=now() where user_id = ?";int count = jdbcTemplate.update(sql, new Object[] {amount, userId});if (count != 1) {throw new RuntimeException("订单创建失败，农业银行转账失败！");} }public RestTemplate createRestTemplate() {SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory simpleClientHttpRequestFactory = new SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory();simpleClientHttpRequestFactory.setConnectTimeout(3000);simpleClientHttpRequestFactory.setReadTimeout(2000);return new RestTemplate(simpleClientHttpRequestFactory);}@Overridepublic int queryMessageCountByUserId(String messageId) {String sql = "select count() from message where message_id = ?";int count = jdbcTemplate.queryForInt(sql, new Object[]{messageId});return count;}@Overridepublic int insertMessage(String userId, String message_id,int amount, String status) {String sql = "insert into message(user_id,message_id,amount,status) values(?,?,?)";int count = jdbcTemplate.update(sql, new Object[]{userId, message_id,amount, status});if(count == 1) {logger.info("Ok");}return count;} } activemq.xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xmlns:amq="http://activemq.apache.org/schema/core"xmlns:jms="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jms"xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beanshttp://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.1.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/contexthttp://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.1.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/mvchttp://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc-4.1.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/jmshttp://www.springframework.org/schema/jms/spring-jms-4.1.xsdhttp://activemq.apache.org/schema/corehttp://activemq.apache.org/schema/core/activemq-core-5.12.1.xsd"><context:component-scan base-package="com.zhuguang.jack" /><mvc:annotation-driven /><amq:connectionFactory id="amqConnectionFactory"brokerURL="tcp://192.168.88.131:61616"userName="system"password="manager" /><bean id="connectionFactory"class="org.springframework.jms.connection.CachingConnectionFactory"><constructor-arg ref="amqConnectionFactory" /><property name="sessionCacheSize" value="100" /></bean><bean id="demoQueueDestination" class="org.apache.activemq.command.ActiveMQQueue"><constructor-arg><value>zg.jack.queue</value></constructor-arg></bean><bean id="queueListenerContainer"class="org.springframework.jms.listener.DefaultMessageListenerContainer"><property name="connectionFactory" ref="connectionFactory" /><property name="destination" ref="demoQueueDestination" /><property name="messageListener" ref="queueMessageListener" /></bean><bean id="jmsTemplate" class="org.springframework.jms.core.JmsTemplate"><property name="connectionFactory" ref="connectionFactory" /><property name="defaultDestination" ref="demoQueueDestination" /><property name="receiveTimeout" value="10000" /><property name="pubSubDomain" value="false" /></bean></beans> OK~~~~~~~~~~~~大功告成！！！，如果大家觉得满意并且对技术感兴趣请加群：171239762，纯技术交流群，非诚勿扰。本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/luoyang_java/article/details/84953241。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2023-04-16 22:34:52

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[转载]Postgres-XL集群软件介绍及搭建

...D_LIBRARY_PATH=$PGHOME/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATHexport PATH=$PGHOME/bin:$PATH 按住esc，然后输入:wq!保存退出。输入以下命令对更改重启生效。 [postgres@gtm ~] source .bashrc --不是.bash_profile 输入以下语句，如果输出变量结果，代表生效 [postgres@gtm ~] echo $PGHOME 应该输出/home/postgres/pgxl代表生效配置集群生成pgxc_ctl.conf配置文件 [postgres@gtm ~] pgxc_ctl prepare/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.ERROR: File "/home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf" not found or not a regular file. No such file or directoryInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.confFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl 配置pgxc_ctl.conf 新建/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf文件，编辑如下：对着模板文件一个一个修改，否则会造成初始化过程出现各种神奇问题。 pgxcInstallDir=$PGHOMEpgxlDATA=$PGHOME/data pgxcOwner=postgres---- GTM Master -----------------------------------------gtmName=gtmgtmMasterServer=gtmgtmMasterPort=6666gtmMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtmgtmSlave=y Specify y if you configure GTM Slave. Otherwise, GTM slave will not be configured and all the following variables will be reset.gtmSlaveName=gtmSlavegtmSlaveServer=gtm value none means GTM slave is not available. Give none if you don't configure GTM Slave.gtmSlavePort=20001 Not used if you don't configure GTM slave.gtmSlaveDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtmSlave Not used if you don't configure GTM slave.---- GTM-Proxy Master -------gtmProxyDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtm_proxygtmProxy=y gtmProxyNames=(gtm_pxy1 gtm_pxy2) gtmProxyServers=(xl1 xl2) gtmProxyPorts=(6666 6666) gtmProxyDirs=($gtmProxyDir $gtmProxyDir) ---- Coordinators ---------coordMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/coordcoordNames=(coord1 coord2) coordPorts=(5432 5432) poolerPorts=(6667 6667) coordPgHbaEntries=(0.0.0.0/0)coordMasterServers=(xl1 xl2) coordMasterDirs=($coordMasterDir $coordMasterDir)coordMaxWALsernder=0 没设置备份节点，设置为0coordMaxWALSenders=($coordMaxWALsernder $coordMaxWALsernder) 数量保持和coordMasterServers一致coordSlave=n---- Datanodes ----------datanodeMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/dn_masterprimaryDatanode=xl1 主数据节点datanodeNames=(node1 node2)datanodePorts=(5433 5433) datanodePoolerPorts=(6668 6668) datanodePgHbaEntries=(0.0.0.0/0)datanodeMasterServers=(xl1 xl2)datanodeMasterDirs=($datanodeMasterDir $datanodeMasterDir)datanodeMaxWalSender=4datanodeMaxWALSenders=($datanodeMaxWalSender $datanodeMaxWalSender) 集群初始化，启动，停止初始化 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all 输出结果： /bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlStopping all the coordinator masters.Stopping coordinator master coord1.Stopping coordinator master coord2.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existpg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2" does not existDone.Stopping all the datanode masters.Stopping datanode master datanode1.Stopping datanode master datanode2.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.Stop GTM masterwaiting for server to shut down.... doneserver stopped[postgres@gtm ~]$ echo $PGHOME/home/postgres/pgxl[postgres@gtm ~]$ ll /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc/nodes/gtm/gtm.^C[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlInitialize GTM masterERROR: target directory (/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/gtm) exists and not empty. Skip GTM initilializationDone.Start GTM masterserver startingInitialize all the coordinator masters.Initialize coordinator master coord1.ERROR: target coordinator master coord1 is running now. Skip initilialization.Initialize coordinator master coord2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting coordinator master.Starting coordinator master coord1ERROR: target coordinator master coord1 is already running now. Skip initialization.Starting coordinator master coord22019-05-30 21:09:25.562 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:09:25.562 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:09:25.563 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:09:25.601 EDT [2149] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:09:22 EDT2019-05-30 21:09:25.605 EDT [2148] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:09:25.612 EDT [2156] LOG: cluster monitor startedDone.Initialize all the datanode masters.Initialize the datanode master datanode1.Initialize the datanode master datanode2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting all the datanode masters.Starting datanode master datanode1.WARNING: datanode master datanode1 is running now. Skipping.Starting datanode master datanode2.2019-05-30 21:09:33.352 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:09:33.352 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:09:33.355 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:09:33.392 EDT [2404] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:09:33.392 EDT [2404] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf stop all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlStopping all the coordinator masters.Stopping coordinator master coord1.Stopping coordinator master coord2.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existDone.Stopping all the datanode masters.Stopping datanode master datanode1.Stopping datanode master datanode2.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.Stop GTM masterwaiting for server to shut down.... doneserver stopped[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlPGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC stop coordinator master coord1Stopping coordinator master coord1.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existDone.PGXC stop datanode master datanode1Stopping datanode master datanode1.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.PGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterNot running: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Not running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC exit[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlInitialize GTM masterERROR: target directory (/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/gtm) exists and not empty. Skip GTM initilializationDone.Start GTM masterserver startingInitialize all the coordinator masters.Initialize coordinator master coord1.Initialize coordinator master coord2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting coordinator master.Starting coordinator master coord1Starting coordinator master coord22019-05-30 21:13:03.998 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:03.998 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.000 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:13:04.038 EDT [25138] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:13:00 EDT2019-05-30 21:13:04.042 EDT [25137] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:13:04.049 EDT [25145] LOG: cluster monitor started2019-05-30 21:13:04.020 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.020 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.021 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:13:04.057 EDT [2731] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:13:00 EDT2019-05-30 21:13:04.061 EDT [2730] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:13:04.062 EDT [2738] LOG: cluster monitor startedDone.Initialize all the datanode masters.Initialize the datanode master datanode1.Initialize the datanode master datanode2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting all the datanode masters.Starting datanode master datanode1.Starting datanode master datanode2.2019-05-30 21:13:12.077 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.077 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:13:12.114 EDT [25392] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:13:12.114 EDT [25392] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".2019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.081 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:13:12.117 EDT [2985] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:13:12.117 EDT [2985] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done. 启动 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf start all 关闭 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf stop all 查看集群状态 [postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl monitor all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlRunning: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Running: datanode master datanode2 配置集群信息分别在数据节点、协调器节点上分别执行以下命令：注：本节点只执行修改操作即可(alert node)，其他节点执行创建命令(create node)。因为本节点已经包含本节点的信息。 create node coord1 with (type=coordinator,host=xl1, port=5432);create node coord2 with (type=coordinator,host=xl2, port=5432);alter node coord1 with (type=coordinator,host=xl1, port=5432);alter node coord2 with (type=coordinator,host=xl2, port=5432);create node datanode1 with (type=datanode, host=xl1,port=15432,primary=true,PREFERRED);create node datanode2 with (type=datanode, host=xl2,port=15432);alter node datanode1 with (type=datanode, host=xl1,port=15432,primary=true,PREFERRED);alter node datanode2 with (type=datanode, host=xl2,port=15432);select pgxc_pool_reload(); 分别登陆数据节点、协调器节点验证 postgres= select from pgxc_node;node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 1885696643coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -1197102633datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -905831925datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | f | 888802358(4 rows) 测试插入数据在数据节点1，执行相关操作。通过协调器端口登录PG [postgres@xl1 ~]$ psql -p 5432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= create database lei;CREATE DATABASEpostgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= create table test1(id int,name text);CREATE TABLElei= insert into test1(id,name) select generate_series(1,8),'测试';INSERT 0 8lei= select from test1;id | name----+------1 | 测试2 | 测试5 | 测试6 | 测试8 | 测试3 | 测试4 | 测试7 | 测试(8 rows) 注：默认创建的表为分布式表，也就是每个数据节点值存储表的部分数据。关于表类型具体说明，下面有说明。通过15432端口登录数据节点，查看数据有5条数据 [postgres@xl1 ~]$ psql -p 15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= select from test1;id | name----+------1 | 测试2 | 测试5 | 测试6 | 测试8 | 测试(5 rows) 登录到节点2，查看数据有3条数据 [postgres@xl2 ~]$ psql -p15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= select from test1;id | name----+------3 | 测试4 | 测试7 | 测试(3 rows) 两个节点的数据加起来整个8条，没有问题。至此Postgre-XL集群搭建完成。创建数据库、表时可能会出现以下错误： ERROR: Failed to get pooled connections 是因为pg_hba.conf配置不对，所有节点加上host all all 192.168.20.0/0 trust并重启集群即可。 ERROR: No Datanode defined in cluster 首先确认是否创建了数据节点，也就是create node相关的命令。如果创建了则执行select pgxc_pool_reload();使其生效即可。集群管理与应用表类型说明 REPLICATION表：各个datanode节点中，表的数据完全相同，也就是说，插入数据时，会分别在每个datanode节点插入相同数据。读数据时，只需要读任意一个datanode节点上的数据。建表语法： CREATE TABLE repltab (col1 int, col2 int) DISTRIBUTE BY REPLICATION; DISTRIBUTE ：会将插入的数据，按照拆分规则，分配到不同的datanode节点中存储，也就是sharding技术。每个datanode节点只保存了部分数据，通过coordinate节点可以查询完整的数据视图。 CREATE TABLE disttab(col1 int, col2 int, col3 text) DISTRIBUTE BY HASH(col1); 模拟数据插入任意登录一个coordinate节点进行建表操作 [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl1 -p 5432 -U postgrespostgres= INSERT INTO disttab SELECT generate_series(1,100), generate_series(101, 200), 'foo';INSERT 0 100postgres= INSERT INTO repltab SELECT generate_series(1,100), generate_series(101, 200);INSERT 0 100 查看数据分布结果： DISTRIBUTE表分布结果 postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+-------1148549230 | 42-927910690 | 58(2 rows) REPLICATION表分布结果 postgres= SELECT count() FROM repltab;count -------100(1 row) 查看另一个datanode2中repltab表结果 [postgres@datanode2 pgxl9.5]$ psql -p 15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= SELECT count() FROM repltab;count -------100(1 row) 结论：REPLICATION表中，datanode1,datanode2中表是全部数据，一模一样。而DISTRIBUTE表，数据散落近乎平均分配到了datanode1,datanode2节点中。新增数据节点与数据重分布在线新增节点、并重新分布数据。新增datanode节点在gtm集群管理节点上执行pgxc_ctl命令 [postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.confFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlPGXC 在服务器xl3上，新增一个master角色的datanode节点，名称是datanode3 端口号暂定5430，pool master暂定6669 ，指定好数据目录位置，从两个节点升级到3个节点，之后要写3个none none应该是datanodeSpecificExtraConfig或者datanodeSpecificExtraPgHba配置PGXC add datanode master datanode3 xl3 15432 6671 /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode3 none none none 等待新增完成后，查询集群节点状态： postgres= select from pgxc_node;node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | f | 888802358datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -905831925datanode3 | D | 15432 | xl3 | f | f | -705831925coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 1885696643coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -1197102633(4 rows) 节点新增完毕数据重新分布由于新增节点后无法自动完成数据重新分布，需要手动操作。 DISTRIBUTE表分布在了node1,node2节点上，如下： postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+-------1148549230 | 42-927910690 | 58(2 rows) 新增一个节点后，将sharding表数据重新分配到三个节点上，将repl表复制到新节点重分布sharding表postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab ADD NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 复制数据到新节点postgres= ALTER TABLE repltab ADD NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 查看新的数据分布： postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+--------700122826 | 36-927910690 | 321148549230 | 32(3 rows) 登录datanode3(新增的时候，放在了xl3服务器上，端口15432)节点查看数据： [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl3 -p 15432 -U postgrespsql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= select count() from repltab;count -------100(1 row) 很明显,通过 ALTER TABLE tt ADD NODE (dn)命令，可以将DISTRIBUTE表数据重新分布到新节点，重分布过程中会中断所有事务。可以将REPLICATION表数据复制到新节点。从datanode节点中回收数据 postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab DELETE NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= ALTER TABLE repltab DELETE NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 删除数据节点 Postgresql-XL并没有检查将被删除的datanode节点是否有replicated/distributed表的数据，为了数据安全，在删除之前需要检查下被删除节点上的数据，有数据的话，要回收掉分配到其他节点，然后才能安全删除。删除数据节点分为四步骤： 1.查询要删除节点dn3的oid postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id -------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11819 | coord1 | C | 5432 | datanode1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | datanode2 | f | f | -119710263316385 | node1 | D | 5433 | datanode1 | f | t | 114854923016386 | node2 | D | 5433 | datanode2 | f | f | -92791069016397 | dn3 | D | 5430 | datanode1 | f | f | -700122826(5 rows) 2.查询dn3对应的oid中是否有数据 testdb= SELECT FROM pgxc_class WHERE nodeoids::integer[] @> ARRAY[16397];pcrelid | pclocatortype | pcattnum | pchashalgorithm | pchashbuckets | nodeoids ---------+---------------+----------+-----------------+---------------+-------------------16388 | H | 1 | 1 | 4096 | 16397 16385 1638616394 | R | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16397 16385 16386(2 rows) 3.有数据的先回收数据 postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab DELETE NODE (dn3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= ALTER TABLE repltab DELETE NODE (dn3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= SELECT FROM pgxc_class WHERE nodeoids::integer[] @> ARRAY[16397];pcrelid | pclocatortype | pcattnum | pchashalgorithm | pchashbuckets | nodeoids ---------+---------------+----------+-----------------+---------------+----------(0 rows) 4.安全删除dn3 PGXC$ remove datanode master dn3 clean 故障节点FAILOVER 1.查看当前集群状态 [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl1 -p 5432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11739 | coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -119710263316387 | datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -90583192516388 | datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | t | 888802358(4 rows) 2.模拟datanode1节点故障直接关闭即可 PGXC stop -m immediate datanode master datanode1Stopping datanode master datanode1.Done. 3.测试查询只要查询涉及到datanode1上的数据，那么该查询就会报错 postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;WARNING: failed to receive file descriptors for connectionsERROR: Failed to get pooled connectionsHINT: This may happen because one or more nodes are currently unreachable, either because of node or network failure.Its also possible that the target node may have hit the connection limit or the pooler is configured with low connections.Please check if all nodes are running fine and also review max_connections and max_pool_size configuration parameterspostgres= SELECT xc_node_id, FROM disttab WHERE col1 = 3;xc_node_id | col1 | col2 | col3------------+------+------+-------905831925 | 3 | 103 | foo(1 row) 测试发现，查询范围如果涉及到故障的node1节点，会报错，而查询的数据范围不在node1上的话，仍然可以查询。 4.手动切换要想切换，必须要提前配置slave节点。 PGXC$ failover datanode node1 切换完成后，查询集群 postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id -------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11819 | coord1 | C | 5432 | datanode1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | datanode2 | f | f | -119710263316386 | node2 | D | 15432 | datanode2 | f | f | -92791069016385 | node1 | D | 15433 | datanode2 | f | t | 1148549230(4 rows) 发现datanode1节点的ip和端口都已经替换为配置的slave了。本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qianglei6077/article/details/94379331。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2023-01-30 11:09:03

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[转载]opendaylight-O版本与openstack集成

...njdk CLASSPATH=.:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH JVM_OPTS="-Xms256m -XX:PermSize=256m -XX:MaxPermSize=512m" MAVEN_OPTS="$MAVEN_OPTS -Xms512m -Xmx1024m -XX:PermSize=256m -XX:MaxPermSize=512m" export MAVEN_OPTS JAVA_HOME CLASSPATH JVM_OPTS PATH [root@localhost ~] netstat -ntpl Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0: LISTEN 3327/sshd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0: LISTEN 3620/master tcp6 0 0 :::6633 ::: LISTEN 868/java tcp6 0 0 127.0.0.1:1099 ::: LISTEN 868/java tcp6 0 0 :::6640 ::: LISTEN 868/java tcp6 0 0 127.0.0.1:6644 ::: LISTEN 868/java tcp6 0 0 :::8181 ::: LISTEN 868/java tcp6 0 0 127.0.0.1:2550 ::: LISTEN 868/java tcp6 0 0 :::22 ::: LISTEN 3327/sshd tcp6 0 0 :::8185 ::: LISTEN 868/java tcp6 0 0 127.0.0.1:44601 ::: LISTEN 868/java tcp6 0 0 :::33273 ::: LISTEN 868/java tcp6 0 0 ::1:25 ::: LISTEN 3620/master tcp6 0 0 :::44444 ::: LISTEN 868/java tcp6 0 0 :::6653 ::: LISTEN 868/java tcp6 0 0 :::39169 ::: LISTEN 868/java tcp6 0 0 :::8101 ::: LISTEN 868/java tcp6 0 0 :::6886 ::: LISTEN 868/java openstack配置 openstack的networking-odl插件安装方式 https://docs.openstack.org/networking-odl/latest/install/installation.htmlodl-installation yum install python-networking-odl.noarch -y https://docs.openstack.org/networking-odl/latest/install/installation.htmlnetworking-odl-configuration systemctl restart neutron-server /etc/neutron/plugins/ml2 测试端口可连接性 curl -u admin:admin http://10.13.80.34:8181/controller/nb/v2/neutron/networks odl配置文件修改 etc/custom.properties ovsdb.l3.fwd.enabled=yes ovsdb.l3gateway.mac=0a:00:27:00:00:0d telnet 10.13.80.34 8181 netstat -nlp | grep 8181 telnet 127.0.0.1 8181 telnet 10.13.80.34 8181 systemctl status firewall iptables iptables -nvL iptables -F 清空iptables openstack server create --flavor tiny --image cirros --nic net-id=24449ee2-b84e-493f-8d76-139ac3e4f3cd --key-name mykey provider-instance nova service-list nova show ae5e26d1-c84d-40fa-bb27-f0b46d6a7061 查看虚机详情 ovs-vsctl set Open_vSwitch 89444614-3bf8-4d7a-b3a0-df5d20b48b7a other_config={'local_ip'='192.168.56.102'} ovs-vsctl set Open_vSwitch b084eccf-b92e-470c-8dff-8549e92c2104 other_config={'local_ip'='192.168.56.122'} ovs-vsctl list interface eth0 ovs-appctl fdb/show br-int [root@rcontroller01 ~] openstack security group rule list 2e19a748-9086-49f8-9498-01abc1a964fe 一个神奇的命令 +--------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------+--------------------------------------+ | ID | IP Protocol | IP Range | Port Range | Remote Security Group | +--------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------+--------------------------------------+ | 0184e6b3-4f7f-4fd5-8125-b80682e7ee48 | None | None | | 2e19a748-9086-49f8-9498-01abc1a964fe | | 1e0bfedc-8f25-408a-9328-708113bbbc52 | icmp | 0.0.0.0/0 | | None | | 39116d39-454b-4d82-867e-bbfd3ea63182 | None | None | | None | | 4032366f-3ac9-4862-85a7-c7411a8b7678 | None | None | | 2e19a748-9086-49f8-9498-01abc1a964fe | | dc7bc251-f0d0-456a-9102-c5b66646aa84 | tcp | 0.0.0.0/0 | 22:22 | None | | ddacf7ea-57ea-4c8a-8b68-093766284595 | None | None | | None | +--------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------+--------------------------------------+ dpif/dump-flows dp 想控制端打印dp中流表的所有条目。这个命令主要来与debugOpen Vswitch.它所打印的流表不是openFlow的流条目。它打印的是由dp模块维护的简单的流。如果你想查看OpenFlow条目，请使用ovs-ofctl dump-flows。dpif/del-fow dp 删除指定dp上所有流表。同上所述，这些不是OpenFlow流表。 ovs-appctl dpif/dump-flows br-int 创建网络 openstack network create --share --external --provider-physical-network provider --provider-network-type flat provider $ openstack subnet create --network provider \ --allocation-pool start=192.168.56.100,end=192.168.56.200 \ --dns-nameserver 8.8.8.8 --gateway 192.168.56.1 \ --subnet-range 192.168.56.0/24 provider openstack network create selfservice $ openstack subnet create --network selfservice \ --dns-nameserver 8.8.8.8 --gateway 192.168.1.1 \ --subnet-range 192.168.1.0/24 selfservice openstack router create router openstack router add subnet router selfservice openstack router set router --external-gateway provider openstack port list --router router +--------------------------------------+------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+ | ID | Name | MAC Address | Fixed IP Addresses | Status | +--------------------------------------+------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+ | bff6605d-824c-41f9-b744-21d128fc86e1 | | fa:16:3e:2f:34:9b | ip_address='172.16.1.1', subnet_id='3482f524-8bff-4871-80d4-5774c2730728' | ACTIVE | | d6fe98db-ae01-42b0-a860-37b1661f5950 | | fa:16:3e:e8:c1:41 | ip_address='203.0.113.102', subnet_id='5cc70da8-4ee7-4565-be53-b9c011fca011' | ACTIVE | +--------------------------------------+------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+ $ ping -c 4 203.0.113.102 创建虚机 openstack keypair list $ ssh-keygen -q -N "" $ openstack keypair create --public-key ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub mykey openstack flavor list openstack image list openstack network list openstack server create --flavor tiny --image cirros --nic net-id=27616098-0374-4ab4-95a8-b5bf4839dcf8 --key-name mykey provider-instance 网络配置 python /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/networking_odl/cmd/set_ovs_hostconfigs.py --ovs_hostconfigs='{ "ODL L2": { "allowed_network_types": [ "flat", "vlan", "vxlan" ], "bridge_mappings": { "provider": "br-int" }, "supported_vnic_types": [ { "vnic_type": "normal", "vif_type": "ovs", "vif_details": {} } ] }, "ODL L3": {} }' ovs-vsctl list open . [‎2019/‎1/‎16 19:09] 高正伟: ovs-vsctl set Open_vSwitch . other_config:local_ip=hostip ovs-vsctl set Open_vSwitch . other_config:local_ip=192.168.56.122 ovs-vsctl set Open_vSwitch . other_config:remote_ip=192.168.56.122 ovs-vsctl remove interface tunca7b782f232 options remote_ip ovs-vsctl set Open_vSwitch . other_config:provider_mappings=provider:br-ex ovs-vsctl set Open_vSwitch . external_ids:provider_mappings="{\"provider\": \"br-ex\"}" 清空 ovs-vsctl clear Open_vSwitch . external_ids ovs-vsctl set-manager tcp:10.13.80.34:6640 ovs-vsctl set-controller br-ex tcp:10.13.80.34:6640 ovs-vsctl del-controller br-ex sudo neutron-odl-ovs-hostconfig ovs-vsctl show ovs-vsctl add-port <bridge name> <port name> ovs-vsctl add-port br-ex enp0s10 ovs-vsctl del-port br-ex phy-br-ex ovs-vsctl del-port br-ex tun2ad7e9e91e4 重启odl后 systemctl restart openvswitch.service systemctl restart neutron-server.service systemctl stop neutron-server.service 创建虚机 openstack network create --share --external --provider-physical-network provider --provider-network-type flat provider openstack subnet create --network provider --allocation-pool start=192.168.56.2,end=192.168.56.100 --dns-nameserver 8.8.8.8 --gateway 192.168.56.1 --subnet-range 192.168.56.0/24 provider nova boot --image cirros --flavor tiny --nic net-id= --availability-zone nova:rcontroller01 vm-01 openstack server create --flavor tiny --image cirros --nic net-id= --key-name mykey test nova boot --image cirros --flavor tiny --nic net-id=0fe983c2-8178-403b-a00e-e8561580b210 --availability-zone nova:rcontroller01 vm-01 虚机可以学习到mac但是ping不通抓包，先在虚机网卡上抓包，然后在br-int上抓包发现虚拟网卡上是发送了icmp请求报文的，但是br-int上没有查看报文情况 [root@rcontroller01 ~] ovs-appctl dpif/dump-flows br-int recirc_id(0),tunnel(tun_id=0x0,src=192.168.56.102,dst=192.168.56.122,flags(-df-csum+key)),in_port(4),eth(),eth_type(0x0800),ipv4(proto=17,frag=no),udp(dst=3784), packets:266436, bytes:17584776, used:0.591s, actions:userspace(pid=4294962063,slow_path(bfd)) recirc_id(0xa0),in_port(5),ct_state(+new-est-rel-inv+trk),ct_mark(0/0x1),eth(),eth_type(0x0800),ipv4(frag=no), packets:148165, bytes:14520170, used:0.566s, actions:drop recirc_id(0),in_port(3),eth(),eth_type(0x0806), packets:1, bytes:60, used:5.228s, actions:drop recirc_id(0),tunnel(tun_id=0xb,src=192.168.56.102,dst=192.168.56.122,flags(-df-csum+key)),in_port(4),eth(dst=fa:16:3e:ab:ba:7e),eth_type(0x0806), packets:0, bytes:0, used:never, actions:5 recirc_id(0),in_port(5),eth(src=fa:16:3e:ab:ba:7e),eth_type(0x0800),ipv4(src=192.168.0.16,proto=1,frag=no), packets:148165, bytes:14520170, used:0.566s, actions:ct(zone=5004),recirc(0xa0) recirc_id(0),in_port(3),eth(),eth_type(0x0800),ipv4(frag=no), packets:886646, bytes:316947183, used:0.210s, flags:SFPR., actions:drop recirc_id(0),in_port(5),eth(src=fa:16:3e:ab:ba:7e,dst=fa:16:3e:7d:95:75),eth_type(0x0806),arp(sip=192.168.0.16,tip=192.168.0.5,op=1/0xff,sha=fa:16:3e:ab:ba:7e), packets:0, bytes:0, used:never, actions:userspace(pid=4294961925,controller(reason=4,dont_send=0,continuation=0,recirc_id=4618,rule_cookie=0x822002d,controller_id=0,max_len=65535)),set(tunnel(tun_id=0xb,src=192.168.56.122,dst=192.168.56.102,ttl=64,tp_dst=4789,flags(df|key))),4 安全组设置 openstack security group rule create --proto tcp 2e19a748-9086-49f8-9498-01abc1a964fe openstack security group rule create --proto tcp 6095293d-c2cd-433d-8a8f-e77ecb03609e openstack security group rule create --proto udp 2e19a748-9086-49f8-9498-01abc1a964fe openstack security group rule create --proto udp 6095293d-c2cd-433d-8a8f-e77ecb03609e ovs-vsctl add-port br-ex "ex-patch-int" ovs-vsctl set interface "ex-patch-int" type=patch ovs-vsctl set interface "ex-patch-int" options:peer=int-patch-ex ovs-vsctl add-port br-int "int-patch-ex" ovs-vsctl set interface "int-patch-ex" type=patch ovs-vsctl set interface "int-patch-ex" options:peer=ex-patch-int ovs-vsctl del-port br-ex "ex-patch-int" ovs-vsctl del-port br-int "int-patch-ex" ovs-vsctl del-port br-ex enp0s9 ovs-vsctl add-port br-int enp0s9 ovs-appctl ofproto/trace 重要命令 sudo ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 show br-int sudo ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br-int "in_port=5,ip,nw_src=192.168.0.16,nw_dst=192.168.0.5" ovs-appctl dpctl/dump-conntrack 11.查看接口id等 ovs-appctl dpif/show 12.查看接口统计 ovs-ofctl dump-ports br-int 查看接口 sudo ovs-ofctl show br-int -O OpenFlow13 ovs常用命令控制管理类 1.查看网桥和端口 ovs-vsctl show 1 2.创建一个网桥 ovs-vsctl add-br br0 ovs-vsctl set bridge br0 datapath_type=netdev 1 2 3.添加/删除一个端口 for system interfaces ovs-vsctl add-port br0 eth1 ovs-vsctl del-port br0 eth1 for DPDK ovs-vsctl add-port br0 dpdk1 -- set interface dpdk1 type=dpdk options:dpdk-devargs=0000:01:00.0 for DPDK bonds ovs-vsctl add-bond br0 dpdkbond0 dpdk1 dpdk2 \ -- set interface dpdk1 type=dpdk options:dpdk-devargs=0000:01:00.0 \ -- set interface dpdk2 type=dpdk options:dpdk-devargs=0000:02:00.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4.设置/清除网桥的openflow协议版本 ovs-vsctl set bridge br0 protocols=OpenFlow13 ovs-vsctl clear bridge br0 protocols 1 2 5.查看某网桥当前流表 ovs-ofctl dump-flows br0 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 dump-flows br0 ovs-appctl bridge/dump-flows br0 1 2 3 6.设置/删除控制器 ovs-vsctl set-controller br0 tcp:1.2.3.4:6633 ovs-vsctl del-controller br0 1 2 7.查看控制器列表 ovs-vsctl list controller 1 8.设置/删除被动连接控制器 ovs-vsctl set-manager tcp:1.2.3.4:6640 ovs-vsctl get-manager ovs-vsctl del-manager 1 2 3 9.设置/移除可选选项 ovs-vsctl set Interface eth0 options:link_speed=1G ovs-vsctl remove Interface eth0 options link_speed 1 2 10.设置fail模式，支持standalone或者secure standalone(default)：清除所有控制器下发的流表，ovs自己接管 secure：按照原来流表继续转发 ovs-vsctl del-fail-mode br0 ovs-vsctl set-fail-mode br0 secure ovs-vsctl get-fail-mode br0 1 2 3 11.查看接口id等 ovs-appctl dpif/show 1 12.查看接口统计 ovs-ofctl dump-ports br0 1 流表类流表操作 1.添加普通流表 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=output:2 1 2.删除所有流表 ovs-ofctl del-flows br0 1 3.按匹配项来删除流表 ovs-ofctl del-flows br0 "in_port=1" 1 匹配项 1.匹配vlan tag，范围为0-4095 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 priority=401,in_port=1,dl_vlan=777,actions=output:2 1 2.匹配vlan pcp，范围为0-7 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 priority=401,in_port=1,dl_vlan_pcp=7,actions=output:2 1 3.匹配源/目的MAC ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,dl_src=00:00:00:00:00:01/00:00:00:00:00:01,actions=output:2 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,dl_dst=00:00:00:00:00:01/00:00:00:00:00:01,actions=output:2 1 2 4.匹配以太网类型，范围为0-65535 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,dl_type=0x0806,actions=output:2 1 5.匹配源/目的IP 条件：指定dl_type=0x0800，或者ip/tcp ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,nw_src=10.10.0.0/16,actions=output:2 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,nw_dst=10.20.0.0/16,actions=output:2 1 2 6.匹配协议号，范围为0-255 条件：指定dl_type=0x0800或者ip ICMP ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,nw_proto=1,actions=output:2 7.匹配IP ToS/DSCP，tos范围为0-255，DSCP范围为0-63 条件：指定dl_type=0x0800/0x86dd，并且ToS低2位会被忽略(DSCP值为ToS的高6位，并且低2位为预留位) ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,nw_tos=68,actions=output:2 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,ip_dscp=62,actions=output:2 8.匹配IP ecn位，范围为0-3 条件：指定dl_type=0x0800/0x86dd ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,ip_ecn=2,actions=output:2 9.匹配IP TTL，范围为0-255 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,nw_ttl=128,actions=output:2 10.匹配tcp/udp，源/目的端口，范围为0-65535 匹配源tcp端口179 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 tcp,tcp_src=179/0xfff0,actions=output:2 匹配目的tcp端口179 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 tcp,tcp_dst=179/0xfff0,actions=output:2 匹配源udp端口1234 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 udp,udp_src=1234/0xfff0,actions=output:2 匹配目的udp端口1234 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 udp,udp_dst=1234/0xfff0,actions=output:2 11.匹配tcp flags tcp flags=fin，syn，rst，psh，ack，urg，ece，cwr，ns ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 tcp,tcp_flags=ack,actions=output:2 12.匹配icmp code，范围为0-255 条件：指定icmp ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 icmp,icmp_code=2,actions=output:2 13.匹配vlan TCI TCI低12位为vlan id，高3位为priority，例如tci=0xf123则vlan_id为0x123和vlan_pcp=7 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,vlan_tci=0xf123,actions=output:2 14.匹配mpls label 条件：指定dl_type=0x8847/0x8848 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 mpls,in_port=1,mpls_label=7,actions=output:2 15.匹配mpls tc，范围为0-7 条件：指定dl_type=0x8847/0x8848 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 mpls,in_port=1,mpls_tc=7,actions=output:2 1 16.匹配tunnel id，源/目的IP 匹配tunnel id ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,tun_id=0x7/0xf,actions=output:2 匹配tunnel源IP ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,tun_src=192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0,actions=output:2 匹配tunnel目的IP ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,tun_dst=192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0,actions=output:2 一些匹配项的速记符速记符匹配项 ip dl_type=0x800 ipv6 dl_type=0x86dd icmp dl_type=0x0800,nw_proto=1 icmp6 dl_type=0x86dd,nw_proto=58 tcp dl_type=0x0800,nw_proto=6 tcp6 dl_type=0x86dd,nw_proto=6 udp dl_type=0x0800,nw_proto=17 udp6 dl_type=0x86dd,nw_proto=17 sctp dl_type=0x0800,nw_proto=132 sctp6 dl_type=0x86dd,nw_proto=132 arp dl_type=0x0806 rarp dl_type=0x8035 mpls dl_type=0x8847 mplsm dl_type=0x8848 指令动作 1.动作为出接口从指定接口转发出去 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=output:2 1 2.动作为指定group group id为已创建的group table ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=group:666 1 3.动作为normal 转为L2/L3处理流程 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=normal 1 4.动作为flood 从所有物理接口转发出去，除了入接口和已关闭flooding的接口 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=flood 1 5.动作为all 从所有物理接口转发出去，除了入接口 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=all 1 6.动作为local 一般是转发给本地网桥 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=local 1 7.动作为in_port 从入接口转发回去 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=in_port 1 8.动作为controller 以packet-in消息上送给控制器 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=controller 1 9.动作为drop 丢弃数据包操作 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=drop 1 10.动作为mod_vlan_vid 修改报文的vlan id，该选项会使vlan_pcp置为0 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=mod_vlan_vid:8,output:2 1 11.动作为mod_vlan_pcp 修改报文的vlan优先级，该选项会使vlan_id置为0 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=mod_vlan_pcp:7,output:2 1 12.动作为strip_vlan 剥掉报文内外层vlan tag ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=strip_vlan,output:2 1 13.动作为push_vlan 在报文外层压入一层vlan tag，需要使用openflow1.1以上版本兼容 ovs-ofctl add-flow -O OpenFlow13 br0 in_port=1,actions=push_vlan:0x8100,set_field:4097-\>vlan_vid,output:2 1 ps: set field值为4096+vlan_id，并且vlan优先级为0，即4096-8191，对应的vlan_id为0-4095 14.动作为push_mpls 修改报文的ethertype，并且压入一个MPLS LSE ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=push_mpls:0x8847,set_field:10-\>mpls_label,output:2 1 15.动作为pop_mpls 剥掉最外层mpls标签，并且修改ethertype为非mpls类型 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 mpls,in_port=1,mpls_label=20,actions=pop_mpls:0x0800,output:2 1 16.动作为修改源/目的MAC，修改源/目的IP 修改源MAC ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=mod_dl_src:00:00:00:00:00:01,output:2 修改目的MAC ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=mod_dl_dst:00:00:00:00:00:01,output:2 修改源IP ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=mod_nw_src:192.168.1.1,output:2 修改目的IP ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=mod_nw_dst:192.168.1.1,output:2 17.动作为修改TCP/UDP/SCTP源目的端口修改TCP源端口 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 tcp,in_port=1,actions=mod_tp_src:67,output:2 修改TCP目的端口 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 tcp,in_port=1,actions=mod_tp_dst:68,output:2 修改UDP源端口 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 udp,in_port=1,actions=mod_tp_src:67,output:2 修改UDP目的端口 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 udp,in_port=1,actions=mod_tp_dst:68,output:2 18.动作为mod_nw_tos 条件：指定dl_type=0x0800 修改ToS字段的高6位，范围为0-255，值必须为4的倍数，并且不会去修改ToS低2位ecn值 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,actions=mod_nw_tos:68,output:2 1 19.动作为mod_nw_ecn 条件：指定dl_type=0x0800，需要使用openflow1.1以上版本兼容修改ToS字段的低2位，范围为0-3，并且不会去修改ToS高6位的DSCP值 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,actions=mod_nw_ecn:2,output:2 1 20.动作为mod_nw_ttl 修改IP报文ttl值，需要使用openflow1.1以上版本兼容 ovs-ofctl add-flow -O OpenFlow13 br0 in_port=1,actions=mod_nw_ttl:6,output:2 1 21.动作为dec_ttl 对IP报文进行ttl自减操作 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=dec_ttl,output:2 1 22.动作为set_mpls_label 对报文最外层mpls标签进行修改，范围为20bit值 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=set_mpls_label:666,output:2 1 23.动作为set_mpls_tc 对报文最外层mpls tc进行修改，范围为0-7 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=set_mpls_tc:7,output:2 1 24.动作为set_mpls_ttl 对报文最外层mpls ttl进行修改，范围为0-255 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=set_mpls_ttl:255,output:2 1 25.动作为dec_mpls_ttl 对报文最外层mpls ttl进行自减操作 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=dec_mpls_ttl,output:2 1 26.动作为move NXM字段使用move参数对NXM字段进行操作将报文源MAC复制到目的MAC字段，并且将源MAC改为00:00:00:00:00:01 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=move:NXM_OF_ETH_SRC[]-\>NXM_OF_ETH_DST[],mod_dl_src:00:00:00:00:00:01,output:2 1 2 ps: 常用NXM字段参照表 NXM字段报文字段 NXM_OF_ETH_SRC 源MAC NXM_OF_ETH_DST 目的MAC NXM_OF_ETH_TYPE 以太网类型 NXM_OF_VLAN_TCI vid NXM_OF_IP_PROTO IP协议号 NXM_OF_IP_TOS IP ToS值 NXM_NX_IP_ECN IP ToS ECN NXM_OF_IP_SRC 源IP NXM_OF_IP_DST 目的IP NXM_OF_TCP_SRC TCP源端口 NXM_OF_TCP_DST TCP目的端口 NXM_OF_UDP_SRC UDP源端口 NXM_OF_UDP_DST UDP目的端口 NXM_OF_SCTP_SRC SCTP源端口 NXM_OF_SCTP_DST SCTP目的端口 27.动作为load NXM字段使用load参数对NXM字段进行赋值操作 push mpls label，并且把10(0xa)赋值给mpls label ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=push_mpls:0x8847,load:0xa-\>OXM_OF_MPLS_LABEL[],output:2 对目的MAC进行赋值 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=load:0x001122334455-\>OXM_OF_ETH_DST[],output:2 1 2 3 4 28.动作为pop_vlan 弹出报文最外层vlan tag ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,dl_type=0x8100,dl_vlan=777,actions=pop_vlan,output:2 1 meter表常用操作由于meter表是openflow1.3版本以后才支持，所以所有命令需要指定OpenFlow1.3版本以上 ps: 在openvswitch-v2.8之前的版本中，还不支持meter 在v2.8版本之后已经实现，要正常使用的话，需要注意的是datapath类型要指定为netdev，band type暂时只支持drop，还不支持DSCP REMARK 1.查看当前设备对meter的支持 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 meter-features br0 2.查看meter表 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 dump-meters br0 3.查看meter统计 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 meter-stats br0 4.创建meter表限速类型以kbps(kilobits per second)计算，超过20kb/s则丢弃 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 add-meter br0 meter=1,kbps,band=type=drop,rate=20 同上，增加burst size参数 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 add-meter br0 meter=2,kbps,band=type=drop,rate=20,burst_size=256 同上，增加stats参数,对meter进行计数统计 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 add-meter br0 meter=3,kbps,stats,band=type=drop,rate=20,burst_size=256 限速类型以pktps(packets per second)计算，超过1000pkt/s则丢弃 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 add-meter br0 meter=4,pktps,band=type=drop,rate=1000 5.删除meter表删除全部meter表 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 del-meters br0 删除meter id=1 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 del-meter br0 meter=1 6.创建流表 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=meter:1,output:2 group表由于group表是openflow1.1版本以后才支持，所以所有命令需要指定OpenFlow1.1版本以上常用操作 group table支持4种类型 all：所有buckets都执行一遍 select：每次选择其中一个bucket执行，常用于负载均衡应用 ff(FAST FAILOVER)：快速故障修复，用于检测解决接口等故障 indirect：间接执行，类似于一个函数方法，被另一个group来调用 1.查看当前设备对group的支持 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 dump-group-features br0 2.查看group表 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 dump-groups br0 3.创建group表类型为all ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 add-group br0 group_id=1,type=all,bucket=output:1,bucket=output:2,bucket=output:3 类型为select ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 add-group br0 group_id=2,type=select,bucket=output:1,bucket=output:2,bucket=output:3 类型为select，指定hash方法(5元组，OpenFlow1.5+) ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow15 add-group br0 group_id=3,type=select,selection_method=hash,fields=ip_src,bucket=output:2,bucket=output:3 4.删除group表 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 del-groups br0 group_id=2 5.创建流表 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=group:2 goto table配置数据流先从table0开始匹配，如actions有goto_table，再进行后续table的匹配，实现多级流水线，如需使用goto table，则创建流表时，指定table id，范围为0-255，不指定则默认为table0 1.在table0中添加一条流表条目 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 table=0,in_port=1,actions=goto_table=1 2.在table1中添加一条流表条目 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 table=1,ip,nw_dst=10.10.0.0/16,actions=output:2 tunnel配置如需配置tunnel，必需确保当前系统对各tunnel的remote ip网络可达 gre 1.创建一个gre接口，并且指定端口id=1001 ovs-vsctl add-port br0 gre1 -- set Interface gre1 type=gre options:remote_ip=1.1.1.1 ofport_request=1001 2.可选选项将tos或者ttl在隧道上继承，并将tunnel id设置成123 ovs-vsctl set Interface gre1 options:tos=inherit options:ttl=inherit options:key=123 3.创建关于gre流表封装gre转发 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,nw_dst=10.10.0.0/16,actions=output:1001 解封gre转发 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1001,actions=output:1 vxlan 1.创建一个vxlan接口，并且指定端口id=2001 ovs-vsctl add-port br0 vxlan1 -- set Interface vxlan1 type=vxlan options:remote_ip=1.1.1.1 ofport_request=2001 2.可选选项将tos或者ttl在隧道上继承，将vni设置成123，UDP目的端为设置成8472(默认为4789) ovs-vsctl set Interface vxlan1 options:tos=inherit options:ttl=inherit options:key=123 options:dst_port=8472 3.创建关于vxlan流表封装vxlan转发 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,nw_dst=10.10.0.0/16,actions=output:2001 解封vxlan转发 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=2001,actions=output:1 sflow配置 1.对网桥br0进行sflow监控 agent: 与collector通信所在的网口名，通常为管理口 target: collector监听的IP地址和端口，端口默认为6343 header: sFlow在采样时截取报文头的长度 polling: 采样时间间隔，单位为秒 ovs-vsctl -- --id=@sflow create sflow agent=eth0 target=\"10.0.0.1:6343\" header=128 sampling=64 polling=10 -- set bridge br0 sflow=@sflow 2.查看创建的sflow ovs-vsctl list sflow 3.删除对应的网桥sflow配置，参数为sFlow UUID ovs-vsctl remove bridge br0 sflow 7b9b962e-fe09-407c-b224-5d37d9c1f2b3 4.删除网桥下所有sflow配置 ovs-vsctl -- clear bridge br0 sflow 1 QoS配置 ingress policing 1.配置ingress policing，对接口eth0入流限速10Mbps ovs-vsctl set interface eth0 ingress_policing_rate=10000 ovs-vsctl set interface eth0 ingress_policing_burst=8000 2.清除相应接口的ingress policer配置 ovs-vsctl set interface eth0 ingress_policing_rate=0 ovs-vsctl set interface eth0 ingress_policing_burst=0 3.查看接口ingress policer配置 ovs-vsctl list interface eth0 4.查看网桥支持的Qos类型 ovs-appctl qos/show-types br0 端口镜像配置 1.配置eth0收到/发送的数据包镜像到eth1 ovs-vsctl -- set bridge br0 mirrors=@m \ -- --id=@eth0 get port eth0 \ -- --id=@eth1 get port eth1 \ -- --id=@m create mirror name=mymirror select-dst-port=@eth0 select-src-port=@eth0 output-port=@eth1 2.删除端口镜像配置 ovs-vsctl -- --id=@m get mirror mymirror -- remove bridge br0 mirrors @m 3.清除网桥下所有端口镜像配置 ovs-vsctl clear bridge br0 mirrors 4.查看端口镜像配置 ovs-vsctl get bridge br0 mirrors Open vSwitch中有多个命令，分别有不同的作用，大致如下： ovs-vsctl用于控制ovs db ovs-ofctl用于管理OpenFlow switch 的 flow ovs-dpctl用于管理ovs的datapath ovs-appctl用于查询和管理ovs daemon 转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/liuhongru/p/10336849.html 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_30876945/article/details/99916308。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

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[转载]web常见攻防

...po} /some/path); 这段代码确实能够满足业务需求，正常的用户也确实能从指定的 git repo 上下载到想要的代码，可是和 SQL 注入一样，这段代码在恶意攻击者眼中，简直就是香饽饽。如果 params.repo 传入的是 https://github.com/zoumiaojiang/zoumiaojiang.github.io.git 当然没问题了。可是如果 params.repo 传入的是 https://github.com/xx/xx.git && rm -rf / && 恰好你的服务是用 root 权限起的就惨了。具体恶意攻击者能用命令行注入干什么也像 SQL 注入一样，手法是千变万化的，比如「反弹 shell 注入」等，但原理都是一样的，我们绝对有能力防止命令行注入发生。防止命令行注入需要做到以下几件事情：后端对前端提交内容需要完全选择不相信，并且对其进行规则限制（比如正则表达式）。在调用系统命令前对所有传入参数进行命令行参数转义过滤。不要直接拼接命令语句，借助一些工具做拼接、转义预处理，例如 Node.js 的 shell-escape npm 包。还是前面的例子，我们可以做到如下： const exec = require('mz/child_process').exec;// 借助 shell-escape npm 包解决参数转义过滤问题const shellescape = require('shell-escape');let params = {/ 用户输入的参数 /};// 先过滤一下参数，让参数符合预期if (!/正确的表达式/.test(params.repo)) {return;}let cmd = shellescape(['git','clone',params.repo,'/some/path']);// cmd 的值: git clone 'https://github.com/xx/xx.git && rm -rf / &&' /some/path// 这样就不会被注入成功了。exec(cmd); DDoS 攻击 DDoS 又叫分布式拒绝服务，全称 Distributed Denial of Service，其原理就是利用大量的请求造成资源过载，导致服务不可用，这个攻击应该不能算是安全问题，这应该算是一个另类的存在，因为这种攻击根本就是耍流氓的存在，「伤敌一千，自损八百」的行为。出于保护 Web App 不受攻击的攻防角度，还是介绍一下 DDoS 攻击吧，毕竟也是挺常见的。 DDoS 攻击可以理解为：「你开了一家店，隔壁家点看不惯，就雇了一大堆黑社会人员进你店里干坐着，也不消费，其他客人也进不来，导致你营业惨淡」。为啥说 DDoS 是个「伤敌一千，自损八百」的行为呢？毕竟隔壁店还是花了不少钱雇黑社会但是啥也没得到不是？DDoS 攻击的目的基本上就以下几个：深仇大恨，就是要干死你敲诈你，不给钱就干你忽悠你，不买我防火墙服务就会有“人”继续干你也许你的站点遭受过 DDoS 攻击，具体什么原因怎么解读见仁见智。DDos 攻击从层次上可分为网络层攻击与应用层攻击，从攻击手法上可分为快型流量攻击与慢型流量攻击，但其原理都是造成资源过载，导致服务不可用。网络层 DDoS 网络层 DDos 攻击包括 SYN Flood、ACK Flood、UDP Flood、ICMP Flood 等。 SYN Flood 攻击 SYN flood 攻击主要利用了 TCP 三次握手过程中的 Bug，我们都知道 TCP 三次握手过程是要建立连接的双方发送 SYN，SYN + ACK，ACK 数据包，而当攻击方随意构造源 IP 去发送 SYN 包时，服务器返回的 SYN + ACK 就不能得到应答（因为 IP 是随意构造的），此时服务器就会尝试重新发送，并且会有至少 30s 的等待时间，导致资源饱和服务不可用，此攻击属于慢型 DDoS 攻击。 ACK Flood 攻击 ACK Flood 攻击是在 TCP 连接建立之后，所有的数据传输 TCP 报文都是带有 ACK 标志位的，主机在接收到一个带有 ACK 标志位的数据包的时候，需要检查该数据包所表示的连接四元组是否存在，如果存在则检查该数据包所表示的状态是否合法，然后再向应用层传递该数据包。如果在检查中发现该数据包不合法，例如该数据包所指向的目的端口在本机并未开放，则主机操作系统协议栈会回应 RST 包告诉对方此端口不存在。 UDP Flood 攻击 UDP flood 攻击是由于 UDP 是一种无连接的协议，因此攻击者可以伪造大量的源 IP 地址去发送 UDP 包，此种攻击属于大流量攻击。正常应用情况下，UDP 包双向流量会基本相等，因此发起这种攻击的攻击者在消耗对方资源的时候也在消耗自己的资源。 ICMP Flood 攻击 ICMP Flood 攻击属于大流量攻击，其原理就是不断发送不正常的 ICMP 包（所谓不正常就是 ICMP 包内容很大），导致目标带宽被占用，但其本身资源也会被消耗。目前很多服务器都是禁 ping 的（在防火墙在可以屏蔽 ICMP 包），因此这种攻击方式已经落伍。网络层 DDoS 防御网络层的 DDoS 攻击究其本质其实是无法防御的，我们能做得就是不断优化服务本身部署的网络架构，以及提升网络带宽。当然，还是做好以下几件事也是有助于缓解网络层 DDoS 攻击的冲击：网络架构上做好优化，采用负载均衡分流。确保服务器的系统文件是最新的版本，并及时更新系统补丁。添加抗 DDos 设备，进行流量清洗。限制同时打开的 SYN 半连接数目，缩短 SYN 半连接的 Timeout 时间。限制单 IP 请求频率。防火墙等防护设置禁止 ICMP 包等。严格限制对外开放的服务器的向外访问。运行端口映射程序或端口扫描程序，要认真检查特权端口和非特权端口。关闭不必要的服务。认真检查网络设备和主机/服务器系统的日志。只要日志出现漏洞或是时间变更,那这台机器就可能遭到了攻击。限制在防火墙外与网络文件共享。这样会给黑客截取系统文件的机会，主机的信息暴露给黑客，无疑是给了对方入侵的机会。加钱堆机器。。报警。。应用层 DDoS 应用层 DDoS 攻击不是发生在网络层，是发生在 TCP 建立握手成功之后，应用程序处理请求的时候，现在很多常见的 DDoS 攻击都是应用层攻击。应用层攻击千变万化，目的就是在网络应用层耗尽你的带宽，下面列出集中典型的攻击类型。 CC 攻击当时绿盟为了防御 DDoS 攻击研发了一款叫做 Collapasar 的产品，能够有效的防御 SYN Flood 攻击。黑客为了挑衅，研发了一款 Challenge Collapasar 攻击工具（简称 CC）。 CC 攻击的原理，就是针对消耗资源比较大的页面不断发起不正常的请求，导致资源耗尽。因此在发送 CC 攻击前，我们需要寻找加载比较慢，消耗资源比较多的网页，比如需要查询数据库的页面、读写硬盘文件的等。通过 CC 攻击，使用爬虫对某些加载需要消耗大量资源的页面发起 HTTP 请求。 DNS Flood DNS Flood 攻击采用的方法是向被攻击的服务器发送大量的域名解析请求，通常请求解析的域名是随机生成或者是网络世界上根本不存在的域名，被攻击的DNS 服务器在接收到域名解析请求的时候首先会在服务器上查找是否有对应的缓存，如果查找不到并且该域名无法直接由服务器解析的时候，DNS 服务器会向其上层 DNS 服务器递归查询域名信息。域名解析的过程给服务器带来了很大的负载，每秒钟域名解析请求超过一定的数量就会造成 DNS 服务器解析域名超时。根据微软的统计数据，一台 DNS 服务器所能承受的动态域名查询的上限是每秒钟 9000 个请求。而我们知道，在一台 P3 的 PC 机上可以轻易地构造出每秒钟几万个域名解析请求，足以使一台硬件配置极高的 DNS 服务器瘫痪，由此可见 DNS 服务器的脆弱性。 HTTP 慢速连接攻击针对 HTTP 协议，先建立起 HTTP 连接，设置一个较大的 Conetnt-Length，每次只发送很少的字节，让服务器一直以为 HTTP 头部没有传输完成，这样连接一多就很快会出现连接耗尽。应用层 DDoS 防御判断 User-Agent 字段（不可靠，因为可以随意构造）针对 IP + cookie，限制访问频率（由于 cookie 可以更改，IP 可以使用代理，或者肉鸡，也不可靠) 关闭服务器最大连接数等，合理配置中间件，缓解 DDoS 攻击。请求中添加验证码，比如请求中有数据库操作的时候。编写代码时，尽量实现优化，并合理使用缓存技术，减少数据库的读取操作。加钱堆机器。。报警。。应用层的防御有时比网络层的更难，因为导致应用层被 DDoS 攻击的因素非常多，有时往往是因为程序员的失误，导致某个页面加载需要消耗大量资源，有时是因为中间件配置不当等等。而应用层 DDoS 防御的核心就是区分人与机器（爬虫），因为大量的请求不可能是人为的，肯定是机器构造的。因此如果能有效的区分人与爬虫行为，则可以很好地防御此攻击。其他 DDoS 攻击发起 DDoS 也是需要大量的带宽资源的，但是互联网就像森林，林子大了什么鸟都有，DDoS 攻击者也能找到其他的方式发起廉价并且极具杀伤力的 DDoS 攻击。利用 XSS 举个例子，如果 12306 页面有一个 XSS 持久型漏洞被恶意攻击者发现，只需在春节抢票期间在这个漏洞中执行脚本使得往某一个小站点随便发点什么请求，然后随着用户访问的增多，感染用户增多，被攻击的站点自然就会迅速瘫痪了。这种 DDoS 简直就是无本万利，不用惊讶，现在大站有 XSS 漏洞的不要太多。来自 P2P 网络攻击大家都知道，互联网上的 P2P 用户和流量都是一个极为庞大的数字。如果他们都去一个指定的地方下载数据，成千上万的真实 IP 地址连接过来，没有哪个设备能够支撑住。拿 BT 下载来说，伪造一些热门视频的种子，发布到搜索引擎，就足以骗到许多用户和流量了，但是这只是基础攻击。高级的 P2P 攻击，是直接欺骗资源管理服务器。如迅雷客户端会把自己发现的资源上传到资源管理服务器，然后推送给其它需要下载相同资源的用户，这样，一个链接就发布出去。通过协议逆向，攻击者伪造出大批量的热门资源信息通过资源管理中心分发出去，瞬间就可以传遍整个 P2P 网络。更为恐怖的是，这种攻击是无法停止的，即使是攻击者自身也无法停止，攻击一直持续到 P2P 官方发现问题更新服务器且下载用户重启下载软件为止。最后总结下，DDoS 不可能防的住，就好比你的店只能容纳 50 人，黑社会有 100 人，你就换一家大店，能容纳 500 人，然后黑社会又找来了 1000 人，这种堆人头的做法就是 DDoS 本质上的攻防之道，「道高一尺，魔高一丈，魔高一尺，道高一丈」，讲真，必要的时候就答应勒索你的人的条件吧，实在不行就报警吧。流量劫持流量劫持应该算是黑产行业的一大经济支柱了吧？简直是让人恶心到吐，不吐槽了，还是继续谈干货吧，流量劫持基本分两种：DNS 劫持和 HTTP 劫持，目的都是一样的，就是当用户访问 zoumiaojiang.com 的时候，给你展示的并不是或者不完全是 zoumiaojiang.com 提供的 “内容”。 DNS 劫持 DNS 劫持，也叫做域名劫持，可以这么理解，「你打了一辆车想去商场吃饭，结果你打的车是小作坊派来的，直接给你拉到小作坊去了」，DNS 的作用是把网络地址域名对应到真实的计算机能够识别的 IP 地址，以便计算机能够进一步通信，传递网址和内容等。如果当用户通过某一个域名访问一个站点的时候，被篡改的 DNS 服务器返回的是一个恶意的钓鱼站点的 IP，用户就被劫持到了恶意钓鱼站点，然后继而会被钓鱼输入各种账号密码信息，泄漏隐私。 dns劫持这类劫持，要不就是网络运营商搞的鬼，一般小的网络运营商与黑产勾结会劫持 DNS，要不就是电脑中毒，被恶意篡改了路由器的 DNS 配置，基本上做为开发者或站长却是很难察觉的，除非有用户反馈，现在升级版的 DNS 劫持还可以对特定用户、特定区域等使用了用户画像进行筛选用户劫持的办法，另外这类广告显示更加随机更小，一般站长除非用户投诉否则很难觉察到，就算觉察到了取证举报更难。无论如何，如果接到有 DNS 劫持的反馈，一定要做好以下几件事：取证很重要，时间、地点、IP、拨号账户、截屏、URL 地址等一定要有。可以跟劫持区域的电信运营商进行投诉反馈。如果投诉反馈无效，直接去工信部投诉，一般来说会加白你的域名。 HTTP 劫持 HTTP 劫持您可以这么理解，「你打了一辆车想去商场吃饭，结果司机跟你一路给你递小作坊的广告」，HTTP 劫持主要是当用户访问某个站点的时候会经过运营商网络，而不法运营商和黑产勾结能够截获 HTTP 请求返回内容，并且能够篡改内容，然后再返回给用户，从而实现劫持页面，轻则插入小广告，重则直接篡改成钓鱼网站页面骗用户隐私。能够实施流量劫持的根本原因，是 HTTP 协议没有办法对通信对方的身份进行校验以及对数据完整性进行校验。如果能解决这个问题，则流量劫持将无法轻易发生。所以防止 HTTP 劫持的方法只有将内容加密，让劫持者无法破解篡改，这样就可以防止 HTTP 劫持了。 HTTPS 协议就是一种基于 SSL 协议的安全加密网络应用层协议，可以很好的防止 HTTP 劫持。这里有篇文章讲的不错。HTTPS 在这就不深讲了，后面有机会我会单独好好讲讲 HTTPS。如果不想站点被 HTTP 劫持，赶紧将你的站点全站改造成 HTTPS 吧。服务器漏洞服务器除了以上提到的那些大名鼎鼎的漏洞和臭名昭著的攻击以外，其实还有很多其他的漏洞，往往也很容易被忽视，在这个小节也稍微介绍几种。越权操作漏洞如果你的系统是有登录控制的，那就要格外小心了，因为很有可能你的系统越权操作漏洞，越权操作漏洞可以简单的总结为「A 用户能看到或者操作 B 用户的隐私内容」，如果你的系统中还有权限控制就更加需要小心了。所以每一个请求都需要做 userid 的判断以下是一段有漏洞的后端示意代码： // ctx 为请求的 context 上下文let msgId = ctx.params.msgId;mysql.query('SELECT FROM msg_table WHERE msg_id = ?',[msgId]); 以上代码是任何人都可以查询到任何用户的消息，只要有 msg_id 就可以，这就是比较典型的越权漏洞，需要如下这么改进一下： // ctx 为请求的 context 上下文let msgId = ctx.params.msgId;let userId = ctx.session.userId; // 从会话中取出当前登陆的 userIdmysql.query('SELECT FROM msg_table WHERE msg_id = ? AND user_id = ?',[msgId, userId]); 嗯，大概就是这个意思，如果有更严格的权限控制，那在每个请求中凡是涉及到数据库的操作都需要先进行严格的验证，并且在设计数据库表的时候需要考虑进 userId 的账号关联以及权限关联。目录遍历漏洞目录遍历漏洞指通过在 URL 或参数中构造 …/，./ 和类似的跨父目录字符串的 ASCII 编码、unicode 编码等，完成目录跳转，读取操作系统各个目录下的敏感文件，也可以称作「任意文件读取漏洞」。目录遍历漏洞原理：程序没有充分过滤用户输入的 …/ 之类的目录跳转符，导致用户可以通过提交目录跳转来遍历服务器上的任意文件。使用多个… 符号，不断向上跳转，最终停留在根 /，通过绝对路径去读取任意文件。目录遍历漏洞几个示例和测试，一般构造 URL 然后使用浏览器直接访问，或者使用 Web 漏洞扫描工具检测，当然也可以自写程序测试。 http://somehost.com/../../../../../../../../../etc/passwdhttp://somehost.com/some/path?file=../../Windows/system.ini 借助 %00 空字符截断是一个比较经典的攻击手法http://somehost.com/some/path?file=../../Windows/system.ini%00.js 使用了 IIS 的脚本目录来移动目录并执行指令http://somehost.com/scripts/..%5c../Windows/System32/cmd.exe?/c+dir+c:\ 防御方法就是需要对 URL 或者参数进行 …/，./ 等字符的转义过滤。物理路径泄漏物理路径泄露属于低风险等级缺陷，它的危害一般被描述为「攻击者可以利用此漏洞得到信息，来对系统进一步地攻击」，通常都是系统报错 500 的错误信息直接返回到页面可见导致的漏洞。得到物理路径有些时候它能给攻击者带来一些有用的信息，比如说：可以大致了解系统的文件目录结构；可以看出系统所使用的第三方软件；也说不定会得到一个合法的用户名（因为很多人把自己的用户名作为网站的目录名）。防止这种泄漏的方法就是做好后端程序的出错处理，定制特殊的 500 报错页面。源码暴露漏洞和物理路径泄露类似，就是攻击者可以通过请求直接获取到你站点的后端源代码，然后就可以对系统进一步研究攻击。那么导致源代码暴露的原因是什么呢？基本上就是发生在服务器配置上了，服务器可以设置哪些路径的文件才可以被直接访问的，这里给一个 koa 服务起的例子，正常的 koa 服务器可以通过 koa-static 中间件去指定静态资源的目录，好让静态资源可以通过路径的路由访问。比如你的系统源代码目录是这样的： |- project|- src|- static|- ...|- server.js 你想要将 static 的文件夹配成静态资源目录，你应该会在 server.js 做如下配置： const Koa = require('koa');const serve = require('koa-static');const app = new Koa();app.use(serve(__dirname + '/project/static')); 但是如果配错了静态资源的目录，可能就出大事了，比如： // ...app.use(serve(__dirname + '/project')); 这样所有的源代码都可以通过路由访问到了，所有的服务器都提供了静态资源机制，所以在通过服务器配置静态资源目录和路径的时候，一定要注意检验，不然很可能产生漏洞。最后，希望 Web 开发者们能够管理好自己的代码隐私，注意代码安全问题，比如不要将产品的含有敏感信息的代码放到第三方外部站点或者暴露给外部用户，尤其是前端代码，私钥类似的保密性的东西不要直接输出在代码里或者页面中。也许还有很多值得注意的点，但是归根结底还是绷住安全那根弦，对待每一行代码都要多多推敲。请关注我的订阅号本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/MrCoderStack/article/details/88547919。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2023-01-03 14:51:12

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