[ project]的搜索结果

...ipse中的web project项目运行 Run As → 1 run on server 出现图上的情况 Choose an existing server选项不能选，Tomcat服务器都配置好了，求帮忙…… ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 解决方案： 在创建PROJECT时选择一下版本，如果是tomcat6的话就选择2.5就行了 或者：在项目->右击->Properties->Project Facets->Modify Project ->DynamicWeb Module 中改2.5 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cannot change version of project facet Dynamic web module to 2.5 解决方案： 我们用Eclipse创建Maven结构的web项目的时候选择了Artifact Id为maven-artchetype-webapp，由于这个catalog比较老，用的servlet还是2.3的，而一般现在至少都是2.5，在Project Facets里面修改Dynamic web module为2.5的时候就会出现Cannot change version of project facet Dynamic web module to 2.5，如图： 其实在右边可以看到改到2.5需要的条件以及有冲突的facets，解决这个问题的步骤如下： 1.把Servlet改成2.5，打开项目的web.xml，改之前： [html] view plain copy print ? <!DOCTYPE web-app PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.3//EN" "http://java.sun.com/dtd/web-app_2_3.dtd" > <web-app> <display-name>Archetype Created Web Application</display-name> </web-app> <!DOCTYPE web-app PUBLIC"-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.3//EN""http://java.sun.com/dtd/web-app_2_3.dtd" ><web-app><display-name>Archetype Created Web Application</display-name></web-app> 改后： [html] view plain copy print ? <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <web-app version="2.5" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd"> <display-name>Archetype Created Web Application</display-name> </web-app> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><web-app version="2.5"xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaeehttp://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd"><display-name>Archetype Created Web Application</display-name></web-app> 2.修改项目的设置，在Navigator下打开项目.settings目录下的org.eclipse.jdt.core.prefs [html] view plain copy print ? eclipse.preferences.version=1 org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.codegen.inlineJsrBytecode=enabled org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.codegen.targetPlatform=1.5 org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.compliance=1.5 org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.assertIdentifier=error org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.enumIdentifier=error org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.forbiddenReference=warning org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.source=1.5 eclipse.preferences.version=1org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.codegen.inlineJsrBytecode=enabledorg.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.codegen.targetPlatform=1.5org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.compliance=1.5org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.assertIdentifier=errororg.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.enumIdentifier=errororg.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.forbiddenReference=warningorg.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.source=1.5 把1.5改成1.6 [html] view plain copy print ? eclipse.preferences.version=1 org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.codegen.inlineJsrBytecode=enabled org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.codegen.targetPlatform=1.6 org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.compliance=1.6 org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.assertIdentifier=error org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.enumIdentifier=error org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.forbiddenReference=warning org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.source=1.6 eclipse.preferences.version=1org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.codegen.inlineJsrBytecode=enabledorg.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.codegen.targetPlatform=1.6org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.compliance=1.6org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.assertIdentifier=errororg.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.enumIdentifier=errororg.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.forbiddenReference=warningorg.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.source=1.6 3.打开org.eclipse.wst.common.component [html] view plain copy print ? <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project-modules id="moduleCoreId" project-version="1.5.0"> <wb-module deploy-name="test"> <wb-resource deploy-path="/" source-path="/target/m2e-wtp/web-resources"/> <wb-resource deploy-path="/" source-path="/src/main/webapp" tag="defaultRootSource"/> <wb-resource deploy-path="/WEB-INF/classes" source-path="/src/main/java"/> <wb-resource deploy-path="/WEB-INF/classes" source-path="/src/main/resources"/> <property name="context-root" value="test"/> <property name="java-output-path" value="/test/target/classes"/> </wb-module> </project-modules> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><project-modules id="moduleCoreId" project-version="1.5.0"><wb-module deploy-name="test"><wb-resource deploy-path="/" source-path="/target/m2e-wtp/web-resources"/><wb-resource deploy-path="/" source-path="/src/main/webapp" tag="defaultRootSource"/><wb-resource deploy-path="/WEB-INF/classes" source-path="/src/main/java"/><wb-resource deploy-path="/WEB-INF/classes" source-path="/src/main/resources"/><property name="context-root" value="test"/><property name="java-output-path" value="/test/target/classes"/></wb-module></project-modules> 把 project-version="1.5.0"改成 project-version="1.6.0" [html] view plain copy print ? <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project-modules id="moduleCoreId" project-version="1.6.0"> <wb-module deploy-name="test"> <wb-resource deploy-path="/" source-path="/target/m2e-wtp/web-resources"/> <wb-resource deploy-path="/" source-path="/src/main/webapp" tag="defaultRootSource"/> <wb-resource deploy-path="/WEB-INF/classes" source-path="/src/main/java"/> <wb-resource deploy-path="/WEB-INF/classes" source-path="/src/main/resources"/> <property name="context-root" value="test"/> <property name="java-output-path" value="/test/target/classes"/> </wb-module> </project-modules> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><project-modules id="moduleCoreId" project-version="1.6.0"><wb-module deploy-name="test"><wb-resource deploy-path="/" source-path="/target/m2e-wtp/web-resources"/><wb-resource deploy-path="/" source-path="/src/main/webapp" tag="defaultRootSource"/><wb-resource deploy-path="/WEB-INF/classes" source-path="/src/main/java"/><wb-resource deploy-path="/WEB-INF/classes" source-path="/src/main/resources"/><property name="context-root" value="test"/><property name="java-output-path" value="/test/target/classes"/></wb-module></project-modules> 4.打开org.eclipse.wst.common.project.facet.core.xml [html] view plain copy print ? <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <faceted-project> <fixed facet="wst.jsdt.web"/> <installed facet="java" version="1.5"/> <installed facet="jst.web" version="2.3"/> <installed facet="wst.jsdt.web" version="1.0"/> </faceted-project> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><faceted-project><fixed facet="wst.jsdt.web"/><installed facet="java" version="1.5"/><installed facet="jst.web" version="2.3"/><installed facet="wst.jsdt.web" version="1.0"/></faceted-project> 把<installed facet="java" version="1.5"/>改成<installed facet="java" version="1.6"/>，把 <installed facet="jst.web" version="2.3"/>改成 <installed facet="jst.web" version="2.5"/> [html] view plain copy print ? <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <faceted-project> <fixed facet="wst.jsdt.web"/> <installed facet="java" version="1.6"/> <installed facet="jst.web" version="2.5"/> <installed facet="wst.jsdt.web" version="1.0"/> </faceted-project> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><faceted-project><fixed facet="wst.jsdt.web"/><installed facet="java" version="1.6"/><installed facet="jst.web" version="2.5"/><installed facet="wst.jsdt.web" version="1.0"/></faceted-project> 都改好之后在打开看看，已经把Dynamic web module改成了2.5 好了，大功搞成，这是一种解决办法，但是治标不治本，更高级的就是自定义catalog，然后安装到本地，再创建的时候啥都有了，比如把现在流行的s(struts2)sh，ssi，s(springmvc)sh 创建catalog，包括包结构，部分代码啥的都有，下次写吧。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eclipse或STS中如何显示.setting等文件？ 解决方案： 1.点击左上角的”小三角“，鼠标停在上面可以看见它叫”view menu“ 2.点击后，弹出的下拉菜单里选择”Filters“ 3.将.resources前面的勾去掉，选择ok，这样配置完，就可以看见.setting和.classpath和.project如果用git管理项目，还可以看到.gitignore 4.上面3步骤基本就完成了，我们可以直接在这些文件里面改东西，例如改版本，当视图操作不成功的时候，不妨这里试试。 5.如果使用git作为项目管理工具，还可以看到.gitignore的文件,可以在这里配置不需要加入版本管理的文件。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/jyw935478490/article/details/50459809。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...00/api/v2/project { "name": "my_project", "description": "My first project with Apache Atlas" } 三、集群部署模式 集群部署模式适合中大型企业或团队使用，可以提高系统的可用性和性能。 1. 部署步骤 在多台机器上安装并启动Apache Atlas的所有服务； 使用Zookeeper进行服务注册和发现； 使用Apache Atlas API进行项目管理和其他操作。 以下是使用Apache Atlas在集群中创建一个项目的代码示例： php-template // 获取Zookeeper集群的地址 GET http://localhost:2181/_clusterinfo // 创建项目 POST http://localhost:21000/api/v2/project { "name": "my_project", "description": "My first project with Apache Atlas" } 四、混合部署模式 混合部署模式结合了单机和集群的优势，既可以提供较高的性能，又可以保证数据的安全性和可靠性。 1. 部署步骤 在单台机器上安装并启动Apache Atlas的服务，作为中央控制节点； 在多台机器上安装并启动Apache Atlas的服务，作为数据处理节点； 使用Zookeeper进行服务注册和发现； 使用Apache Atlas API进行项目管理和其他操作。 以下是使用Apache Atlas在混合部署中创建一个项目的代码示例： javascript // 创建中央控制节点 GET http://localhost:21000/api/v2/projects // 获取Zookeeper集群的地址 GET http://localhost:2181/_clusterinfo // 创建数据处理节点 POST http://localhost:21000/api/v2/nodes { "hostName": "data-node-1", "port": 21001, "role": "DATA_NODE" } // 创建项目 POST http://localhost:21000/api/v2/project { "name": "my_project", "description": "My first project with Apache Atlas" } 五、微服务部署模式 微服务部署模式是近年来越来越流行的一种部署方式，可以让企业更加灵活地应对业务的变化和需求的增长。 1. 部署步骤 将Apache Atlas分解为多个微服务，例如：项目管理、数据目录、元数据存储等； 使用Docker进行容器化部署； 使用Kubernetes进行服务编排和管理； 使用Apache Atlas API进行项目管理和其他操作。 以下是使用Apache Atlas在微服务部署中创建一个项目的代码示例： javascript // 安装并启动项目管理微服务 docker run -d --name atlas-project-management my-atlas-project-management-image // 安装并启动数据目录微服务 docker run -d --name atlas-data-directory my-atlas-data-directory-image // 安装并启动元数据存储微服务 docker run -d --name atlas-metadata-storage my-atlas-metadata-storage-image // 创建项目 POST http://localhost:21000/api/v2/project { "name": "my_project", "description": "My first project with Apache Atlas" } 总结 Apache Atlas有多种部署模式供用户选择，用户可以根据自己的需求和技术条件来选择最合适的部署方式。甭管您选择哪种部署方式，Apache Atlas都能像个小助手一样，帮助企业老铁们把数据资产打理得井井有条，妥妥地保护好这些宝贝资源。

...Id=my-new-project \ -Dversion=1.0-SNAPSHOT 上述命令的作用是使用Maven内置的maven-archetype-quickstart模板创建一个新项目。其中： - -DarchetypeGroupId，-DarchetypeArtifactId和-DarchetypeVersion分别指定了要使用的模板的Group ID，Artifact ID和版本。 - -DgroupId，-DartifactId和-Dversion则是用于定义新项目的基本信息。 执行完该命令后，Maven会提示你确认一些参数，并在指定目录下生成新的项目结构。 3.2 创建自定义的archetype项目模板 当然，你也可以创建自己的项目模板，供后续多次复用。首先，咱先来新建一个普普通通的Maven项目，接着就可以按照你的小心思，尽情地设计和调整目录结构，别忘了把初始文件内容也填充得妥妥当当的哈。接着，在pom.xml中添加archetype相关的配置： xml 4.0.0 com.example my-custom-archetype 1.0-SNAPSHOT maven-archetype org.apache.maven.archetype archetype-packaging 3.2.0 org.apache.maven.plugins maven-archetype-plugin 3.2.0 generate-resources generate-resources 最后，通过mvn clean install命令打包并发布到本地仓库，这样就创建了一个自定义的archetype模板。 3.3 使用自定义的archetype创建新项目 有了自定义的archetype模板后，创建新项目的方式同上，只需替换相关参数即可： shell mvn archetype:generate \ -DarchetypeGroupId=com.example \ -DarchetypeArtifactId=my-custom-archetype \ -DarchetypeVersion=1.0-SNAPSHOT \ -DgroupId=com.new.example \ -DartifactId=my-new-project-from-custom-template \ -Dversion=1.0-SNAPSHOT 在这个过程中，我深感Maven archetype的强大之处，它就像一位贴心助手，帮我们在繁杂的项目初始化工作中解脱出来，专注于更重要的业务逻辑开发。而且，我们能够通过定制自己的archetype，把团队里那些最牛掰的工作模式给固定下来，这样一来，不仅能让整个团队的开发速度嗖嗖提升，还能让大伙儿干活儿时更有默契，一致性蹭蹭上涨，就像乐队排练久了，配合起来那叫一个天衣无缝！ 总结一下，Maven archetype插件为我们提供了一种快速创建项目模板的机制，无论是内置的模板还是自定义模板，都能极大地简化项目创建流程。只要我们把这个工具玩得溜溜的，再灵活巧妙地运用起来，就能在Java开发这条路上走得更顺溜，轻松应对各种挑战，简直如有神助。所以，不妨现在就动手试试吧，感受一下Maven archetype带来的便利与高效！

...oid apply(Project project) { // 在这里定义你的插件逻辑 } } 2. 自定义错误处理的重要性 在构建过程中，可能会出现各种预期外的情况，比如网络请求失败、资源文件找不到、编译错误等。这些异常情况，如果我们没做妥善处理的话，Gradle这家伙通常会耍小脾气，直接撂挑子不干了，还把一串长长的堆栈跟踪信息给打印出来，这搁谁看了都可能会觉得有点闹心。所以呢，我们得在插件里头自己整一套错误处理机制，就是逮住特定的异常情况，给它掰扯清楚，然后估摸着是不是该继续下一步的操作。 3. 实现自定义错误处理逻辑 下面我们将通过一段示例代码来演示如何在Gradle插件中实现自定义错误处理： groovy class CustomPlugin implements Plugin { @Override void apply(Project project) { // 定义一个自定义任务 project.task('customTask') { doLast { try { // 模拟可能发生异常的操作 def resource = new URL("http://nonexistent-resource.com").openStream() // ...其他操作... } catch (IOException e) { // 自定义错误处理逻辑 println "发生了一个预料之外的问题: ${e.message}" // 可选择记录错误日志、发送通知或者根据条件决定是否继续执行 if (project.hasProperty('continueOnError')) { println "由于设置了'continueOnError'属性，我们将继续执行剩余任务..." } else { throw new GradleException("无法完成任务，因为遇到IO异常", e) } } } } } } 上述代码中，我们在自定义的任务customTask的doLast闭包内尝试执行可能抛出IOException的操作。当捕获到异常时，我们先输出一条易于理解的错误信息，然后检查项目是否有continueOnError属性设置。如果有，就打印一条提示并继续执行；否则，我们会抛出一个GradleException，这会导致构建停止并显示我们提供的错误消息。 4. 进一步探索与思考 尽管上面的示例展示了基本的自定义错误处理逻辑，但在实际场景中，你可能需要处理更复杂的情况，如根据不同类型的异常采取不同的策略，或者在全局范围内定义统一的错误处理器。为了让大家更自由地施展拳脚，Gradle提供了一系列超级实用的API工具箱。比如说，你可以想象一下，在你的整个项目评估完成之后，就像烘焙蛋糕出炉后撒糖霜一样，我们可以利用afterEvaluate这个神奇的生命周期回调函数，给项目挂上一个全局的异常处理器，确保任何小差错都逃不过它的“法眼”。 总的来说，在Gradle插件中定义自定义错误处理逻辑是一项重要的实践，它能帮助我们提升构建过程中的健壮性和用户体验。希望本文举的例子和讨论能实实在在帮到你，让你对这项技术有更接地气的理解和应用。这样一来，任何可能出现的异常情况，咱们都能把它变成一个展示咱优雅应对、积极改进的好机会，让问题不再是问题，而是进步的阶梯。

...t_version(project_id, secret_id, version_id): client = secretmanager.SecretManagerServiceClient() name = f"projects/{project_id}/secrets/{secret_id}/versions/{version_id}" response = client.access_secret_version(name=name) payload = response.payload.data.decode('UTF-8') return payload 使用示例 db_password = access_secret_version("your-project-id", "my-secret", "latest") print(f"Database Password: {db_password}") 这段代码做了什么呢？很简单，它实例化了一个 SecretManagerServiceClient 对象，然后根据提供的项目 ID、密钥名称以及版本号去访问对应的密钥内容。注意这里的 version_id 参数可以设置为 "latest" 来获取最新的版本。 --- 4. 将两者结合起来 构建更安全的应用 那么问题来了，怎么才能让 Tornado 和 Google Cloud Secret Manager 协同工作呢？其实答案很简单——我们可以将从 Secret Manager 获取到的敏感数据注入到 Tornado 的配置对象中，从而在整个应用范围内使用这些信息。 4.1 修改Tornado应用以支持从Secret Manager加载配置 让我们修改之前的 MainHandler 类，让它从 Secret Manager 中加载数据库密码并用于某种操作（比如查询数据库）。为了简化演示，这里我们假设有一个 get_db_password 函数负责完成这项任务： python from google.cloud import secretmanager def get_db_password(): client = secretmanager.SecretManagerServiceClient() name = f"projects/{YOUR_PROJECT_ID}/secrets/my-secret/versions/latest" response = client.access_secret_version(name=name) return response.payload.data.decode('UTF-8') class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def initialize(self, db_password): self.db_password = db_password def get(self): self.write(f"Connected to database with password: {self.db_password}") def make_app(): db_password = get_db_password() return tornado.web.Application([ (r"/", MainHandler, {"db_password": db_password}), ]) 在这个例子中，我们在 make_app 函数中调用了 get_db_password() 来获取数据库密码，并将其传递给 MainHandler 的构造函数作为参数。这样一来，每个 MainHandler 实例都会拥有自己的数据库密码属性。 --- 5. 总结与展望 好了朋友们，今天的分享就到这里啦！通过这篇文章，我们了解了如何利用 Tornado 和 Google Cloud Secret Manager 来构建更加安全可靠的 Web 应用。虽然过程中遇到了不少挑战，但最终的效果还是让我感到非常满意。 未来的话，我还想尝试更多有趣的功能组合，比如结合 Redis 缓存提高性能，或者利用 Pub/Sub 实现消息队列机制。如果你也有类似的想法或者遇到什么问题，欢迎随时跟我交流呀！ 最后祝大家 coding愉快，记得保护好自己的秘密哦~ 😊

...volunteer project maintainers. Randall Monroe 的XKCD漫画展示了目前开源面临的窘境：过度依赖少数项目维护志愿者的志愿服务。 This would have been funny, except that this is exactly what happened when security vulnerabilities were discovered in Log4j last December. （开源项目由志愿者自发来维护，）这听起来像是一件很滑稽的事情，但事实上去年十二月在Log4j中发现的安全漏洞也确实存在着上述情况。 The Java-based logging tool is ubiquitous in enterprise publications. In the last three months, for example, Log4j has been downloaded more than 30 million times, according to a report by the enterprise software company Sonatype. 然而这个基于Java的日志记录工具已经在企业内部刊物中无处不在。例如根据软件公司Sonatype的一份报告显示，在过去的三个月里，Log4j的下载量就已经超过3000万次。 The tool has 440,000 lines of code, according to Synopsys‘ Black Duck Open Hub research tool, with nearly 24,000 contributions by nearly 200 developers. That’s a large dev team compared to other open source projects. But looking closer at the numbers, more than 70% of commits were by just five people. 根据Synopsys(新思）公司旗下的Black Duck Open Hub 研究工具显示。Log4j有着440,000行代码，由近200名开发人员贡献了将近24,000行代码。其实与其他开源项目相比，这是一个庞大的开发团队。但是如果关注数据的话，就会发现超过70%的提交是仅仅靠五个人来完成的。 Log4j’s home page lists about a dozen members on its project team. Most projects have far fewer developers working on them — and that presents a problem for the organizations that depend on them. Log4j的主页上展示了十几位项目团队的成员。而大多项目的开发人员要比其原本需要的少得多----这是高度依赖开发人员团队所呈现出来的问题。 “There is little incentive for anyone today to contribute to an existing open source project,” said Jeremy Stretch, distinguished engineer at NS1, a DNS network company. “There’s usually no direct compensation, and few accolades are offered — most users don’t even know who maintains the software that they use.” “如今的人没有什么动力去为现有的开源项目做贡献”，来自DNS网络公司NS1的杰出工程师Jeremy Strech说，“因为通常来说，这没有直接的物质回报，也很少提供荣誉----大多数用户甚至不知道他们所用的软件是谁维护的。” The most common motivation among open source contributors is to add a feature that they themselves want to see, he said. “Once this has been achieved, the contributor rarely sticks around.” 他说，开源贡献者们最常见的动机就是添加他们自己想要的功能。“一旦实现了这一点，他们几乎都不会留下来。” Meanwhile, as a project becomes more popular, the burden on the core team of maintainers keeps increasing. 与此同时，随着项目的逐渐流行，对于维护方面的核心团队来说，他们的负担也在不断增加。 “More users means more feature requests and more bug reports — but not more maintainers,” Stretch said. “What was once an enjoyable hobby can quickly become a tedious chore, and many maintainers understandably opt to simply abandon their projects altogether.” “更多的用户意味有着更多的功能需求和错误报告----但不是更多的维护人员”，Stretch说。“曾经令人愉快的爱好很快就会变成一项乏味的项目，所以很多维护人员选择干脆完全放弃他们的项目，这也是可以理解的。” Part1The Tragedy of the Commons The open source software ecosystem is a perfect example of the “tragedy of the commons.” 开源软件的生态系统，就是“公地悲剧”的一个完美例子。 And the tragedy is — when everyone uses, but no one contributes, that resource — whether it’s an overrun park or an open source project — eventually collapses from overuse and underinvestment. Everyone loves using free stuff, but everyone expects someone else to take care of it. 这个悲剧就是---当一种资源，无论是一个超限的公园还是一个开源项目，所有人都在使用而没有人贡献之时，最终都会因为过度使用和投入不足而崩溃坍塌。 This approach can save you money in the short term, but it can become a fatal flaw over time. Especially since open source software is everywhere, running everything. 这种方式可以在短期内为你节省资金，但随着时间的推移，它可能会变成项目里致命的缺陷。 Linux, for example, the open source operating system, runs on 96% of the world’s top 1 million servers, and 90% of all cloud infrastructure is on Linux. Not to mention that 85% of all smartphones in the world run Linux, in the form of the Android OS. 拿Linux来说，这个开源操作系统在全球前100万台服务器中运行率在96%以上，且这些服务器90%的云基础设施也都在Linux上。更不用说世界上85%的智能手机都运行着Linux，即Android操作系统。 Then there’s Java, Apache, WordPress, Cassandra, Hadoop, MySQL, PHP, ElasticSearch, Kubernetes — the list of ubiquitous open source projects goes on and on. 还有Java, Apache, WordPress, Cassandra, Hadoop, MySQL, PHP, ElasticSearch, Kubernetes--这些常见开源项目的列表还在逐渐增加着。 Without open source, much of today’s technical infrastructure would immediately grind to a halt. 如果没有开源，今天的大部分技术基础设施的建设也将会戛然而止。 “It is a real problem,” said Danil Mikhailov, executive director at Data.org, a nonprofit backed by the Mastercard Center for Inclusive Growth and The Rockefeller Foundation that promotes the use of data science to tackle society’s greatest challenges. “这是一个很现实的问题”，Data.org的执行董事Danil Mikhailov说，该组织是由万事达包容性发展中心和洛克菲勒基金会支持，旨在促进使用数据科学来应对当今社会所面临的巨大挑战的非营利性组织。 While nearly all organizations use open source software, only a minority contribute to those projects. Forty-two percent of participants in a survey released in September by The New Stack, Linux Foundation Research, and the TODO Group said tthey contribute at least sometimes to open source projects. 虽然几乎所有组织都在使用着开源软件，但只有少数组织为这些项目作出了贡献。The New Stack、Linux Foundation Research 和 TODO Group 在 9 月发布的一项调查中，42% 的参与者表示，他们至少有时会为开源项目做出贡献。 The same study showed that only 36% of organizations train their engineers to contribute to open source. 而同一项研究表明，只有36%的组织会培训他们的工程师为开源作出贡献。 Individual companies should support projects that they use the most and are critical to their success, Mikhailov said: “If you use, you contribute.” 个体公司应该支持贡献这些他们使用最多且对他们成功至关重要的项目，Mikhailov认为：“如果你使用开源，你就应该为他做出属于你自己的贡献。” Part2OSPO Benefits:Less Tech Debt,Better Recruiting Participating in open source communities — especially when guided by an in-house open source program office (OSPO) — can help ensure the health of projects critical to your organization’s success, improve those projects’ security, and allow your engineers to have more impact in the projects’ development road map. 参与开源社区——特别是在内部开源项目办公室（OSPO）的指导下——不仅可以保证对组织成功至关重要项目的健康发展，还可以提高项目安全性，同时可以允许工程师在项目发展规划中起到更大的影响。 Say, for example, a company uses an open source tool and modifies it a little to make it better. If that improvement isn’t contributed back to the community, then the official version of the open source project will start to diverge from what the company is using 例如，如果一家公司使用了开源工具，并对其进行了一些调整使其变得更好。但如果这项改进没有反馈到开源社区，那么开源项目的正式版本就会一开始与该公司所使用的版本有所不同。 “You start to grow technical debt because when the original source changes and you’ve got a different version. Those differences grow rapidly, compounding daily. It doesn’t take long for you to be the proud user and maintainer of a one-of-a-kind open source project variant,” said Suzanne Ambiel, director, open source marketing and strategy at VMware. “当原始代码来源发生变化且你所使用的是不同的版本时，你的技术负债将越来越多。而这些差异是以天为单位迅速增长的。”VMware 开源营销和战略总监 Suzanne Ambiel 表示，“所以你很快就会变成一个开源项目里独一无二变体的‘自豪’用户和维护人员。” “The technical debt gets bigger and bigger and it gets very expensive for a company to manage.” “如果技术负债越来越多，那么公司的管理成本则会非常昂贵”。 Support for open source activity can also be a recruiting tool. “It’s really a talent magnet,” said Ambiel. “It’s one of the things that new hires look for.” 实际上对于开源活动的支持也变成了一种招聘途径。“这真是一块吸引人才的磁铁，”Ambiel说，“这也是新员工所寻求的“。 Some engineering managers might worry that open source contributions will detract from core product development, she said. Their rationale, she added, might run along the lines of, “I only have so much talent, and so many hours, and I need them to only work on things where I can measure and see the return on investment.” 她还提到，一些工程经理可能会对贡献开源而减损核心产品的开发的精力而感到担忧。她补充到，他们的理由有可能是这样的：“我只有有限的才华与时间，且我需要这些只做我认为可以度量且看到投资回报的事情。” But that attitude, she said, is shortsighted. Supporting employees who contribute to open source communities can build skills and develop talent, she said. 但她说，这是一种鼠目寸光的态度。支持开源社区并且作出贡献的员工，可以从中培养技能与增长才华。 Loris Degionni, chief technology officer and founder at Sysdig, a cloud security vendor, echoed this notion: “Finding employees who contribute to open source is a gold mine,” said. 云安全供应商 Sysdig 的首席技术官兼创始人 Loris Degionni 也赞同这一观点：“找出为开源做出贡献的员工无疑就找到一座金矿，”他说。 These employees are more capable of delivering features a company wants to use and merge them into community-supported standards, he said. And in a war for talent, companies that embrace open source are more attractive to developers. 他认为，这些参与开源的员工更具备公司想拥有的竞争力并将一些功能融入至社区所支持的标准中。且在人才争夺战中，拥抱开源的公司也更受到开发人员的青睐。 “Lastly, open source is driven by a community of technical experts you may not be able to hire,” he said. “When employees actively contribute and collaborate with these experts, they’ll be better informed of best practices and bring them back to your organization. “最后，开源项目是由你可能无法聘请的技术专家社区推动的”，他说，“当员工积极参与并于这些专家合作时，他们将能更好地深入这些最佳实践，并将这些收获带回到你的组织之中。” “You start to grow technical debt because when the original source changes and you’ve got a different version … It doesn’t take long for you to be the proud user and maintainer of a one-of-a-kind open source project variant.” —Suzanne Ambiel, director, open source marketing and strategy, VMware “当原始数据来源发生变化且你所使用的是不同的版本时，你的技术负债将越来越多...所以你很快就会变成一个开源项目里独一无二变体的”自豪“用户和维护人员。” — Suzanne Ambiel，VMware 开源营销和战略总监 “All of this should be rewarded — developers shouldn’t have to spend their free time honing their skills, as your company will quickly see benefits from their efforts.” “但是这一切终究不会白费--开发人员不应该把业余时间用在磨练他们的技能上，因为你的公司很快就会在他们的努力中看到好处。” An OSPO, Degionni suggested, can help achieve these goals, as well as help prioritize contributions and ensure collaboration. In addition, they can help provide governance that mirrors what companies would have for internally developed applications. Degionni认为，OSPO（开源计划办公室）可以帮助公司实现这些目标，以及帮助确定贡献的优先级并确保合作的进行。除此之外，他们也可以对公司内部开发应用程序方面的治理提供相关帮助。 “Members of the open source team are also in a position to be great internal evangelists for open source technologies, and act as bridges between the organization and the broader community,” he added. “开源团队的成员也可以成为开源技术的伟大内部布道师，并充当组织与更广泛社区之间的桥梁。”他补充道。 In the September survey from The New Stack, Linux Foundation Research and the TODO Group, nearly 53% of organizations with OSPOs said they saw more innovation as a result of having an OSPO, while almost 43% said they saw increased participation in external open source projects. 在 The New Stack、Linux Foundation Research 和 TODO Group 的 9 月调查中，近 53% 的拥有 OSPO的组织表示，由于拥有了OSPO，他们看到了更多创新，而近 43% 的组织表示，他们在外部开源项目的参与度上有所增加。 Part3More OSPO Benefits:A Business Edge Contributing to open source communities doesn’t just help the communities, but the companies that contribute to them, said Tom Hickman, chief innovation officer at ThreatX, a cybersecurity firm. 网络安全公司 ThreatX 的首席创新官 Tom Hickman 表示，为开源社区做出贡献，不仅有助于社区，还有助于为社区做出贡献的公司。 “Growing the community of developers around a project helps the code base, and attracts more developers,” he said. “It can become a virtuous circle.” “围绕一个项目而发展的开发人员社区，有助于代码库的形成，并吸引更多的开发人员参与”，他说，“这可以变成一个良性循环。” Also, companies that contribute to open source projects get twice the productive value from their use of open source than companies that don’t, according to research by Harvard Business School. 此外，根据哈佛商学院的研究，为开源项目作出贡献的公司从使用开源的项目中获得的生产价值，是不参与开源项目公司的两倍。 Many of the biggest companies in the world are contributing to open source, said Chris Aniszczyk, chief technology officer at Cloud Native Computing Foundation. He pointed to the Open Source Contributor Index as a reference for exactly just how much companies are doing. Cloud Native Computing Foundation 的首席技术官 Chris Aniszczyk 说，世界上许多巨头公司都为开源作出了贡献。他还提到，开源贡献者的指数是作为公司是否有所作为的参考。 The tech giants dominate the list: Google, Microsoft, Red Hat, Intel, IBM, Amazon, Facebook, VMware, GitHub and SAP are the top 10 contributors, in that order. But there are also a lot of end users on the top 100 list, said Aniszczyk, including Uber, the BBC, Orange, Netflix, and Square. 科技巨头占据了这份榜单的主导地位：谷歌、微软、红帽、英特尔、IBM、亚马逊、Facebook、VMware、GitHub 和 SAP 依次是排名前 10 的贡献者。但Aniszczyk 表示，但也有很多终端用户公司进入前 100 名，包括 Uber、BBC、Orange、Netflix 和 Square。 “We’ve always known working in upstream projects is not just the right thing to do —it’s the best approach to open source software development and the best way to deliver open source benefits to our customers,” he said. “It’s great to see that IT leaders recognize this as well.” “我们一直知道，在上游项目中工作不仅仅是关正确与否----它是开源软件开发的最佳方法，也是向客户提供开源福利的最佳方式“他说，“很高兴看到IT领导者们也认识到了这一点。” To contribute alongside these giants, companies need to have their own open source strategies, and having an open source program office can help. 为了和这些公司一起作出贡献，公司也需要有自己的开源策略，而拥有一个开源项目办公室则可以为其提供帮助。 “OSPOs provide a critical center of competency in a company when it comes to utilizing open source software,” he said. “在使用开源软件方面，OPSO为公司提供了一个至关重要的能力中心”他说。 It’s similar to the way that companies have security operations centers, he said. 这与公司拥有安全运营中心的方式类似，他说。 “Growing the community of developers around a project helps the code base, and attracts more developers. It can become a virtuous circle.” —Tom Hickman, chief innovation officer, ThreatX “围绕一个项目而发展的开发人员社区，有助于代码库的形成，并吸引更多的开发人员参与，这可以变成一个良性循环。” ——Tom Hickman，ThreatX 首席创新官 “If you don’t make the investment in a security team, you generally don’t expect your software to be secure or be able to respond to security incidents in a timely fashion,” he said. “如果你没有对安全团队进行相应投资，你通常是不会期望你的软件是安全的，也无法及时响应安全事件。”他说。 “The same logic applies to OSPOs and is why you see many leading companies out there such as Apple, Meta, Twitter, Goldman Sachs, Bloomberg, and Google all have OSPOs. They are ahead of the curve.” “同样的逻辑也适用于 OSPO，这就是为什么你会看到许多领先的公司，例如 Apple、Meta、Twitter、Goldman Sachs、Bloomberg 和 Google 都拥有 OSPO。他们走在了趋势的前面。” Support for open source activity within your organization can become a differentiator and marketing opportunity for software vendors. 而对组织内的开源活动的支持态度亦可成为软件供应商们的差异化原因与营销的机会。 According to a Red Hat survey released in February, 82% of IT leaders are more likely to select a vendor who contributes to the open source community. 根据Red Hat2月分发布的一项调查，82%的IT领导者更倾向于选择为开源社区作出贡献的软件供应商。 Respondents said that when vendors support open source communities they are more familiar with open source processes and are more effective if customers have technical challenges. 受访者表示，当供应商支持开源社区时，就表示着他们更熟悉开源的流程并且在客户遇到技术难题时会更加有效。 But it’s not just software vendors who benefit. 但收益的不仅仅是软件供应商们。 According to September’s survey by The New Stack, Linux Foundation Research, and the TODO Group, 57% of organizations with OSPOs use them to further strategic relationships and build partnerships. 根据 The New Stack、Linux Foundation Research 和 TODO Group 9 月份的调查，57% 拥有 OSPO 的组织将使用它们来进一步发展战略关系和建立合作伙伴关系。 Mark Hinkle started an open source program office back when he worked at Citrix a decade ago. He pointed out how having an OSPO in-house benefited the company. 十年前，Mark Hinkle 在 Citrix 工作时创办了一个开源计划办公室。他指出了在内部拥有一个 OSPO将如何使公司受益。 “For us the biggest job was to educate our employees who weren’t familiar with open source to get involved and be good community members,” he said. “We also provided guidance on how to make sure our IP didn’t enter projects without proper understanding and we made sure we didn’t incorporate open source that conflicted with our enterprise software licensing.” “对于我们来说，最大的工作是让不熟悉开源的员工学会并参与其中，成为优秀的社区成员”，他说，“我们还就如何确保我们的IP不会在没有正确理解的情况下进入项目的情况提供了指导，并确保我们没有与我们企业软件许可相冲突的开源项目合作。” The OSPO also helped Citrix identify strategic opportunities for the company to participate in open source projects and trade organizations like The Linux Foundation, he said. 他说，OSPO还帮助Citrix确定了公司参与开源项目和Linux基金会等贸易组织的战略机会。 Today, he’s the CEO and co-founder of TriggerMesh, a cloud native, open source integration platform. 如今，他是云原生开源集成平台 TriggerMesh 的首席执行官兼联合创始人。 There are some significant economic benefits to participating in the open source ecosystem, he said. 他说，参与开源系统对公司来说有着重大的经济效益。 “We participate in Knative to share the development of our underlying platform but we develop value-added services as part of our business,” he said. “By sharing the R and D for the platform, it gives us more resources to develop our own differentiated technology.” “我们参与Knative是为了分享我们基础底层平台的开发，但作为业务的一部分，我们也拥有相关的增值服务。”他说，“通过共享该平台的研发，这为我们提供了更多的资源来改进我们自己的差异化技术。” Part4How to Get Started in Open Source Sixty-three percent of companies in the September survey from The New Stack, Linux Foundation Research and the TODO Group said that having an OSPO was very or extremely critical to the success of their engineering or product teams, up from 54% in the previous annual study. 在 The New Stack、Linux Foundation Research 和 TODO Group 的 9 月份调查中，有 63% 的公司表示，拥有OSPO 对其工程或产品团队的成功至关重要，高于上一年度该项研究数据的 54%。 In particular, 77% said that their open source program had a positive impact on their software practices, such as improved code quality. 其中77% 的人表示他们的开源程序对他们的软件实践产生了积极影响，例如提高了代码质量。 But companies can’t always contribute to every single open source project that they use. 但公司也不可能总是为他们使用的每一个开源项目而花费精力。 “First, thin the herd a little bit,” advised VMware’s Ambiel. “首先，节流一下”，VMware 的 Ambiel 建议道。 Companies should look at the projects that make the most sense for their use cases. This is an area where an OSPO can help set priorities and ensure technical and strategic alignment. 公司应该关注投入使用中最有意义的项目。而这也是OSPO可以帮助确定优先事项并确保技术与战略一致性的领域。 Then, developers should go and check out the projects themselves. Projects typically offer online documentation, often with contributor guides, governance documents, and lists of open issues. 之后，开发人员应该自己去了解一下。项目通常提供相关在线文档，一般包含贡献着指南、治理文档和未解决问题列表。 “For the projects that rise to the top of your strategic list, introduce yourself — say hello,” she said. “Go to the Slack channel or the distribution list and ask where they need help. Maybe they don’t need help and everything is good. Or maybe they can use a new person to review code.” “对于那些上升到你的战略清单顶端的项目，你可以介绍一下自己----打个招呼”，她说。“然后转到Slack频道或者分发列表，询问他们需要帮助的地方。也许他们不需要帮助，一切完好；又或者他们也有可能使用新人来审查核验代码。” An open source program office can not only help make a business case for contributing to the open source community, Ambiel said, but can help companies do it in a way that’s safe, secure and sound. Ambiel 说，开源项目办公室不仅可以帮助制定为开源社区做出贡献的商业案例，还可以帮助公司以安全、可靠和健全的方式来做这件事。 “If I work for a company and want to contribute to open source, I don’t want to accidentally disclose, divulge or undermine any patents,” she said. “An OSPO helps you make smart choices.” “如果我为一家公司工作，并想为开源做出贡献，我不想意外披露、泄露或破坏任何专利，”她说。“而OSPO可以帮助您做出明智的选择。” An OSPO can also help provide leadership and the guiding philosophy about supporting open source, she said. “It can provide guidance, mentorship, coaching and best practices.” 她说，OSPO还可以在开源方面提供领导力和指导理念的支持。“它可以提供引领、指导、辅导和最佳实践的作用。” Commitment to support open source has to start at the top, said Anaïs Urlichs, developer advocate at Aqua Security. Aqua Security的开发人员倡导者Anaïs Urlichs则认为，支持开源的承诺必须从高层开始。 “Too often,” she said, “companies do not value investment into open source, so employees are not encouraged to contribute to it.” 她说，“公司在多数时候往往不重视对开源的投资，所以员工自然而然不被鼓励对此作出贡献。” In those cases, employees with a passion for open source end up contributing during their free time, which is not sustainable. 在这些情况下，员工对于开源的热情也会在空闲时间里对开源的建设而消散殆尽，这对于开源的发展来说是不可持续的。 “If companies rely on open source projects, it is important to make open source contributions part of an engineer’s work schedule,” she said. “Some companies define a time percentage that employees can contribute to open source as part of their normal workday.” “如果公司对开源项目依赖度高，那么将开源贡献纳入工程师的日程安排是很重要的，”她说。“一些公司定义了员工可以为开源建设的时间百分比，将其作为他们正常工作日的一部分。” The New Stack is a wholly owned subsidiary of Insight Partners, an investor in the following companies mentioned in this article: Sysdig, Aqua Security. The New Stack 是 Insight Partners 的全资子公司，Insight Partners 是本文提到的以下公司的投资者：Sysdig、Aqua Security。 相关阅读 | Related Reading 《开源合规指南（企业篇）》正式发布，为推动我国开源合规建设提供参考 “目标->用户->指标”——企业开源运营之道｜瞰道@谭中意 开源之夏邀请函——仅限高校学子开启 开源社简介 开源社成立于 2014 年，是由志愿贡献于开源事业的个人成员，依 “贡献、共识、共治” 原则所组成，始终维持厂商中立、公益、非营利的特点，是最早以 “开源治理、国际接轨、社区发展、开源项目” 为使命的开源社区联合体。开源社积极与支持开源的社区、企业以及政府相关单位紧密合作，以 “立足中国、贡献全球” 为愿景，旨在共创健康可持续发展的开源生态，推动中国开源社区成为全球开源体系的积极参与及贡献者。 2017 年，开源社转型为完全由个人成员组成，参照 ASF 等国际顶级开源基金会的治理模式运作。近八年来，链接了数万名开源人，集聚了上千名社区成员及志愿者、海内外数百位讲师，合作了近百家赞助、媒体、社区伙伴。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/kaiyuanshe/article/details/124976824。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...e Example Project 15.1 准备示例项目 In this chapter, I am going to continue working on the Users project I created in Chapter 13 and enhanced in Chapter 14. No changes to the application are required, but start the application and make sure that there are users in the database. Figure 15-1 shows the state of my database, which contains the users Admin, Alice, Bob, and Joe from the previous chapter. To check the users, start the application and request the /Admin/Index URL and authenticate as the Admin user. 本章打算继续使用第13章创建并在第14章增强的Users项目。对应用程序无需做什么改变，但需要启动应用程序，并确保数据库中有一些用户。图15-1显示了数据库的状态，它含有上一章的用户Admin、Alice、Bob以及Joe。为了检查用户，请启动应用程序，请求/Admin/Index URL，并以Admin用户进行认证。 Figure 15-1. The initial users in the Identity database 图15-1. Identity数据库中的最初用户 I also need some roles for this chapter. I used the RoleAdmin controller to create roles called Users and Employees and assigned the users to those roles, as described in Table 15-2. 本章还需要一些角色。我用RoleAdmin控制器创建了角色Users和Employees，并为这些角色指定了一些用户，如表15-2所示。 Table 15-2. The Types of Web Forms Code Nuggets 表15-2. 角色及成员（作者将此表的标题写错了——译者注） Role 角色 Members 成员 Users Alice, Joe Employees Alice, Bob Figure 15-2 shows the required role configuration displayed by the RoleAdmin controller. 图15-2显示了由RoleAdmin控制器所显示出来的必要的角色配置。 Figure 15-2. Configuring the roles required for this chapter 图15-2. 配置本章所需的角色 15.2 Adding Custom User Properties 15.2 添加自定义用户属性 When I created the AppUser class to represent users in Chapter 13, I noted that the base class defined a basic set of properties to describe the user, such as e-mail address and telephone number. Most applications need to store more information about users, including persistent application preferences and details such as addresses—in short, any data that is useful to running the application and that should last between sessions. In ASP.NET Membership, this was handled through the user profile system, but ASP.NET Identity takes a different approach. 我在第13章创建AppUser类来表示用户时曾做过说明，基类定义了一组描述用户的基本属性，如E-mail地址、电话号码等。大多数应用程序还需要存储用户的更多信息，包括持久化应用程序爱好以及地址等细节——简言之，需要存储对运行应用程序有用并且在各次会话之间应当保持的任何数据。在ASP.NET Membership中，这是通过用户资料（User Profile）系统来处理的，但ASP.NET Identity采取了一种不同的办法。 Because the ASP.NET Identity system uses Entity Framework to store its data by default, defining additional user information is just a matter of adding properties to the user class and letting the Code First feature create the database schema required to store them. Table 15-3 puts custom user properties in context. 因为ASP.NET Identity默认是使用Entity Framework来存储其数据的，定义附加的用户信息只不过是给用户类添加属性的事情，然后让Code First特性去创建需要存储它们的数据库架构即可。表15-3描述了自定义用户属性的情形。 Table 15-3. Putting Cusotm User Properties in Context 表15-3. 自定义用户属性的情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是自定义用户属性？ Custom user properties allow you to store additional information about your users, including their preferences and settings. 自定义用户属性让你能够存储附加的用户信息，包括他们的爱好和设置。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ A persistent store of settings means that the user doesn’t have to provide the same information each time they log in to the application. 设置的持久化存储意味着，用户不必每次登录到应用程序时都提供同样的信息。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 在MVC框架中如何使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is available for use in action methods. 此特性不是由MVC框架直接使用的，但它在动作方法中使用是有效的。 15.2.1 Defining Custom Properties 15.2.1 定义自定义属性 Listing 15-1 shows how I added a simple property to the AppUser class to represent the city in which the user lives. 清单15-1演示了如何给AppUser类添加一个简单的属性，用以表示用户生活的城市。 Listing 15-1. Adding a Property in the AppUser.cs File 清单15-1. 在AppUser.cs文件中添加属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;namespace Users.Models { public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; } }} I have defined an enumeration called Cities that defines values for some large cities and added a property called City to the AppUser class. To allow the user to view and edit their City property, I added actions to the Home controller, as shown in Listing 15-2. 这里定义了一个枚举，名称为Cities，它定义了一些大城市的值，另外给AppUser类添加了一个名称为City的属性。为了让用户能够查看和编辑City属性，给Home控制器添加了几个动作方法，如清单15-2所示。 Listing 15-2. Adding Support for Custom User Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-2. 在HomeController.cs文件中添加对自定义属性的支持 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {return View(GetData("Index"));}[Authorize(Roles = "Users")]public ActionResult OtherAction() {return View("Index", GetData("OtherAction"));}private Dictionary<string, object> GetData(string actionName) {Dictionary<string, object> dict= new Dictionary<string, object>();dict.Add("Action", actionName);dict.Add("User", HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);dict.Add("Authenticated", HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated);dict.Add("Auth Type", HttpContext.User.Identity.AuthenticationType);dict.Add("In Users Role", HttpContext.User.IsInRole("Users"));return dict;} [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}private AppUser CurrentUser {get {return UserManager.FindByName(HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } I added a CurrentUser property that uses the AppUserManager class to retrieve an AppUser instance to represent the current user. I pass the AppUser object as the view model object in the GET version of the UserProps action method, and the POST method uses it to update the value of the new City property. Listing 15-3 shows the UserProps.cshtml view, which displays the City property value and contains a form to change it. 我添加了一个CurrentUser属性，它使用AppUserManager类接收了表示当前用户的AppUser实例。在GET版本的UserProps动作方法中，传递了这个AppUser对象作为视图模型。而在POST版的方法中用它更新了City属性的值。清单15-3显示了UserProps.cshtml视图，它显示了City属性的值，并包含一个修改它的表单。 Listing 15-3. The Contents of the UserProps.cshtml File in the Views/Home Folder 清单15-3. Views/Home文件夹中UserProps.cshtml文件的内容 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";}<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr></table></div> @using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Caution Don’t start the application when you have created the view. In the sections that follow, I demonstrate how to preserve the contents of the database, and if you start the application now, the ASP.NET Identity users will be deleted. 警告：创建了视图之后不要启动应用程序。在以下小节中，将演示如何保留数据库的内容，如果现在启动应用程序，将会删除ASP.NET Identity的用户。 15.2.2 Preparing for Database Migration 15.2.2 准备数据库迁移 The default behavior for the Entity Framework Code First feature is to drop the tables in the database and re-create them whenever classes that drive the schema have changed. You saw this in Chapter 14 when I added support for roles: When the application was started, the database was reset, and the user accounts were lost. Entity Framework Code First特性的默认行为是，一旦修改了派生数据库架构的类，便会删除数据库中的数据表，并重新创建它们。在第14章可以看到这种情况，在我添加角色支持时：当重启应用程序后，数据库被重置，用户账号也丢失。 Don’t start the application yet, but if you were to do so, you would see a similar effect. Deleting data during development is usually not a problem, but doing so in a production setting is usually disastrous because it deletes all of the real user accounts and causes a panic while the backups are restored. In this section, I am going to demonstrate how to use the database migration feature, which updates a Code First schema in a less brutal manner and preserves the existing data it contains. 不要启动应用程序，但如果你这么做了，会看到类似的效果。在开发期间删除数据没什么问题，但如果在产品设置中这么做了，通常是灾难性的，因为它会删除所有真实的用户账号，而备份恢复是很痛苦的事。在本小节中，我打算演示如何使用数据库迁移特性，它能以比较温和的方式更新Code First的架构，并保留架构中的已有数据。 The first step is to issue the following command in the Visual Studio Package Manager Console: 第一个步骤是在Visual Studio的“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中发布以下命令： Enable-Migrations –EnableAutomaticMigrations This enables the database migration support and creates a Migrations folder in the Solution Explorer that contains a Configuration.cs class file, the contents of which are shown in Listing 15-4. 它启用了数据库的迁移支持，并在“Solution Explorer（解决方案资源管理器）”创建一个Migrations文件夹，其中含有一个Configuration.cs类文件，内容如清单15-4所示。 Listing 15-4. The Contents of the Configuration.cs File 清单15-4. Configuration.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using System.Linq;internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext context) {// This method will be called after migrating to the latest version.// 此方法将在迁移到最新版本时调用// You can use the DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate() helper extension method// to avoid creating duplicate seed data. E.g.// 例如，你可以使用DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate()辅助器方法来避免创建重复的种子数据//// context.People.AddOrUpdate(// p => p.FullName,// new Person { FullName = "Andrew Peters" },// new Person { FullName = "Brice Lambson" },// new Person { FullName = "Rowan Miller" }// );//} }} Tip You might be wondering why you are entering a database migration command into the console used to manage NuGet packages. The answer is that the Package Manager Console is really PowerShell, which is a general-purpose tool that is mislabeled by Visual Studio. You can use the console to issue a wide range of helpful commands. See http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518 for details. 提示：你可能会觉得奇怪，为什么要在管理NuGet包的控制台中输入数据库迁移的命令？答案是“Package Manager Console（包管理控制台）”是真正的PowerShell，这是Visual studio冒用的一个通用工具。你可以使用此控制台发送大量的有用命令，详见http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518。 The class will be used to migrate existing content in the database to the new schema, and the Seed method will be called to provide an opportunity to update the existing database records. In Listing 15-5, you can see how I have used the Seed method to set a default value for the new City property I added to the AppUser class. (I have also updated the class file to reflect my usual coding style.) 这个类将用于把数据库中的现有内容迁移到新的数据库架构，Seed方法的调用为更新现有数据库记录提供了机会。在清单15-5中可以看到，我如何用Seed方法为新的City属性设置默认值，City是添加到AppUser类中自定义属性。（为了体现我一贯的编码风格，我对这个类文件也进行了更新。） Listing 15-5. Managing Existing Content in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-5. 在Configuration.cs文件中管理已有内容 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);}foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();} }} You will notice that much of the code that I added to the Seed method is taken from the IdentityDbInit class, which I used to seed the database with an administration user in Chapter 14. This is because the new Configuration class added to support database migrations will replace the seeding function of the IdentityDbInit class, which I’ll update shortly. Aside from ensuring that there is an admin user, the statements in the Seed method that are important are the ones that set the initial value for the City property I added to the AppUser class, as follows: 你可能会注意到，添加到Seed方法中的许多代码取自于IdentityDbInit类，在第14章中我用这个类将管理用户植入了数据库。这是因为这个新添加的、用以支持数据库迁移的Configuration类，将代替IdentityDbInit类的种植功能，我很快便会更新这个类。除了要确保有admin用户之外，在Seed方法中的重要语句是那些为AppUser类的City属性设置初值的语句，如下所示： ...foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) { dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();... You don’t have to set a default value for new properties—I just wanted to demonstrate that the Seed method in the Configuration class can be used to update the existing user records in the database. 你不一定要为新属性设置默认值——这里只是想演示Configuration类中的Seed方法，可以用它更新数据库中的已有用户记录。 Caution Be careful when setting values for properties in the Seed method for real projects because the values will be applied every time you change the schema, overriding any values that the user has set since the last schema update was performed. I set the value of the City property just to demonstrate that it can be done. 警告：在用于真实项目的Seed方法中为属性设置值时要小心，因为你每一次修改架构时，都会运用这些值，这会将自执行上一次架构更新之后，用户设置的任何数据覆盖掉。这里设置City属性的值只是为了演示它能够这么做。 Changing the Database Context Class 修改数据库上下文类 The reason that I added the seeding code to the Configuration class is that I need to change the IdentityDbInit class. At present, the IdentityDbInit class is derived from the descriptively named DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> class, which, as you might imagine, drops the entire database when the Code First classes change. Listing 15-6 shows the changes I made to the IdentityDbInit class to prevent it from affecting the database. 在Configuration类中添加种植代码的原因是我需要修改IdentityDbInit类。此时，IdentityDbInit类派生于描述性命名的DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> 类，和你相像的一样，它会在Code First类改变时删除整个数据库。清单15-6显示了我对IdentityDbInit类所做的修改，以防止它影响数据库。 Listing 15-6. Preventing Database Schema Changes in the AppIdentityDbContext.cs File 清单15-6. 在AppIdentityDbContext.cs文件是阻止数据库架构变化 using System.Data.Entity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppIdentityDbContext : IdentityDbContext<AppUser> {public AppIdentityDbContext() : base("IdentityDb") { }static AppIdentityDbContext() {Database.SetInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext>(new IdentityDbInit());}public static AppIdentityDbContext Create() {return new AppIdentityDbContext();} } public class IdentityDbInit : NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> {} } I have removed the methods defined by the class and changed its base to NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> , which prevents the schema from being altered. 我删除了这个类中所定义的方法，并将它的基类改为NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> ，它可以防止架构修改。 15.2.3 Performing the Migration 15.2.3 执行迁移 All that remains is to generate and apply the migration. First, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情只是生成并运用迁移了。首先，在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中执行以下命令： Add-Migration CityProperty This creates a new migration called CityProperty (I like my migration names to reflect the changes I made). A class new file will be added to the Migrations folder, and its name reflects the time at which the command was run and the name of the migration. My file is called 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs, for example. The contents of this file contain the details of how Entity Framework will change the database during the migration, as shown in Listing 15-7. 这创建了一个名称为CityProperty的新迁移（我比较喜欢让迁移的名称反映出我所做的修改）。这会在文件夹中添加一个新的类文件，而且其命名会反映出该命令执行的时间以及迁移名称，例如，我的这个文件名称为201402262244036_CityProperty.cs。该文件的内容含有迁移期间Entity Framework修改数据库的细节，如清单15-7所示。 Listing 15-7. The Contents of the 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs File 清单15-7. 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations; public partial class Init : DbMigration {public override void Up() {AddColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City", c => c.Int(nullable: false));}public override void Down() {DropColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City");} }} The Up method describes the changes that have to be made to the schema when the database is upgraded, which in this case means adding a City column to the AspNetUsers table, which is the one that is used to store user records in the ASP.NET Identity database. Up方法描述了在数据库升级时，需要对架构所做的修改，在这个例子中，意味着要在AspNetUsers数据表中添加City数据列，该数据表是ASP.NET Identity数据库用来存储用户记录的。 The final step is to perform the migration. Without starting the application, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 最后一步是执行迁移。无需启动应用程序，只需在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中运行以下命令即可： Update-Database –TargetMigration CityProperty The database schema will be modified, and the code in the Configuration.Seed method will be executed. The existing user accounts will have been preserved and enhanced with a City property (which I set to Paris in the Seed method). 这会修改数据库架构，并执行Configuration.Seed方法中的代码。已有用户账号会被保留，且增强了City属性（我在Seed方法中已将其设置为“Paris”）。 15.2.4 Testing the Migration 15.2.4 测试迁移 To test the effect of the migration, start the application, navigate to the /Home/UserProps URL, and authenticate as one of the Identity users (for example, as Alice with the password MySecret). Once authenticated, you will see the current value of the City property for the user and have the opportunity to change it, as shown in Figure 15-3. 为了测试迁移的效果，启动应用程序，导航到/Home/UserProps URL，并以Identity中的用户（例如Alice，口令MySecret）进行认证。一旦已被认证，便会看到该用户City属性的当前值，并可以对其进行修改，如图15-3所示。 Figure 15-3. Displaying and changing a custom user property 图15-3. 显示和个性自定义用户属性 15.2.5 Defining an Additional Property 15.2.5 定义附加属性 Now that database migrations are set up, I am going to define a further property just to demonstrate how subsequent changes are handled and to show a more useful (and less dangerous) example of using the Configuration.Seed method. Listing 15-8 shows how I added a Country property to the AppUser class. 现在，已经建立了数据库迁移，我打算再定义一个属性，这恰恰演示了如何处理持续不断的修改，也为了演示Configuration.Seed方法更有用（至少无害）的示例。清单15-8显示了我在AppUser类上添加了一个Country属性。 Listing 15-8. Adding Another Property in the AppUserModels.cs File 清单15-8. 在AppUserModels.cs文件中添加另一个属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework; namespace Users.Models {public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO} public enum Countries {NONE, UK, FRANCE, USA}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; }public Countries Country { get; set; }public void SetCountryFromCity(Cities city) {switch (city) {case Cities.LONDON:Country = Countries.UK;break;case Cities.PARIS:Country = Countries.FRANCE;break;case Cities.CHICAGO:Country = Countries.USA;break;default:Country = Countries.NONE;break;} }} } I have added an enumeration to define the country names and a helper method that selects a country value based on the City property. Listing 15-9 shows the change I made to the Configuration class so that the Seed method sets the Country property based on the City, but only if the value of Country is NONE (which it will be for all users when the database is migrated because the Entity Framework sets enumeration columns to the first value). 我已经添加了一个枚举，它定义了国家名称。还添加了一个辅助器方法，它可以根据City属性选择一个国家。清单15-9显示了对Configuration类所做的修改，以使Seed方法根据City设置Country属性，但只当Country为NONE时才进行设置（在迁移数据库时，所有用户都是NONE，因为Entity Framework会将枚举列设置为枚举的第一个值）。 Listing 15-9. Modifying the Database Seed in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-9. 在Configuration.cs文件中修改数据库种子 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);} foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {if (dbUser.Country == Countries.NONE) {dbUser.SetCountryFromCity(dbUser.City);} }context.SaveChanges();} }} This kind of seeding is more useful in a real project because it will set a value for the Country property only if one has not already been set—subsequent migrations won’t be affected, and user selections won’t be lost. 这种种植在实际项目中会更有用，因为它只会在Country属性未设置时，才会设置Country属性的值——后继的迁移不会受到影响，因此不会失去用户的选择。 1. Adding Application Support 1. 添加应用程序支持 There is no point defining additional user properties if they are not available in the application, so Listing 15-10 shows the change I made to the Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml file to display the value of the Country property. 应用程序中如果没有定义附加属性的地方，则附加属性就无法使用了，因此，清单15-10显示了我对Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml文件的修改，以显示Country属性的值。 Listing 15-10. Displaying an Additional Property in the UserProps.cshtml File 清单15-10. 在UserProps.cshtml文件中显示附加属性 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";} <div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr> <tr><th>Country</th><td>@Model.Country</td></tr></table></div>@using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Listing 15-11 shows the corresponding change I made to the Home controller to update the Country property when the City value changes. 为了在City值变化时能够更新Country属性，清单15-11显示了我对Home控制器所做的相应修改。 Listing 15-11. Setting Custom Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-11. 在HomeController.cs文件中设置自定义属性 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {// ...other action methods omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化，这里忽略了其他动作方法... [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;user.SetCountryFromCity(city);await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}// ...properties omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化，这里忽略了一些属性...} } 2. Performing the Migration 2. 准备迁移 All that remains is to create and apply a new migration. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情就是创建和运用新的迁移了。在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中输入以下命令： Add-Migration CountryProperty This will generate another file in the Migrations folder that contains the instruction to add the Country column. To apply the migration, execute the following command: 这将在Migrations文件夹中生成另一个文件，它含有添加Country数据表列的指令。为了运用迁移，可执行以下命令： Update-Database –TargetMigration CountryProperty The migration will be performed, and the value of the Country property will be set based on the value of the existing City property for each user. You can check the new user property by starting the application and authenticating and navigating to the /Home/UserProps URL, as shown in Figure 15-4. 这将执行迁移，Country属性的值将根据每个用户当前的City属性进行设置。通过启动应用程序，认证并导航到/Home/UserProps URL，便可以查看新的用户属性，如图15-4所示。 Figure 15-4. Creating an additional user property 图15-4. 创建附加用户属性 Tip Although I am focused on the process of upgrading the database, you can also migrate back to a previous version by specifying an earlier migration. Use the –Force argument make changes that cause data loss, such as removing a column. 提示：虽然我们关注了升级数据库的过程，但你也可以回退到以前的版本，只需指定一个早期的迁移即可。使用-Force参数进行修改，会引起数据丢失，例如删除数据表列。 15.3 Working with Claims 15.3 使用声明（Claims） In older user-management systems, such as ASP.NET Membership, the application was assumed to be the authoritative source of all information about the user, essentially treating the application as a closed world and trusting the data that is contained within it. 在旧的用户管理系统中，例如ASP.NET Membership，应用程序被假设成是用户所有信息的权威来源，本质上将应用程序视为是一个封闭的世界，并且只信任其中所包含的数据。 This is such an ingrained approach to software development that it can be hard to recognize that’s what is happening, but you saw an example of the closed-world technique in Chapter 14 when I authenticated users against the credentials stored in the database and granted access based on the roles associated with those credentials. I did the same thing again in this chapter when I added properties to the user class. Every piece of information that I needed to manage user authentication and authorization came from within my application—and that is a perfectly satisfactory approach for many web applications, which is why I demonstrated these techniques in such depth. 这是软件开发的一种根深蒂固的方法，使人很难认识到这到底意味着什么，第14章你已看到了这种封闭世界技术的例子，根据存储在数据库中的凭据来认证用户，并根据与凭据关联在一起的角色来授权访问。本章前述在用户类上添加属性，也做了同样的事情。我管理用户认证与授权所需的每一个数据片段都来自于我的应用程序——而且这是许多Web应用程序都相当满意的一种方法，这也是我如此深入地演示这些技术的原因。 ASP.NET Identity also supports an alternative approach for dealing with users, which works well when the MVC framework application isn’t the sole source of information about users and which can be used to authorize users in more flexible and fluid ways than traditional roles allow. ASP.NET Identity还支持另一种处理用户的办法，当MVC框架的应用程序不是有关用户的唯一信息源时，这种办法会工作得很好，而且能够比传统的角色授权更为灵活且流畅的方式进行授权。 This alternative approach uses claims, and in this section I’ll describe how ASP.NET Identity supports claims-based authorization. Table 15-4 puts claims in context. 这种可选的办法使用了“Claims（声明）”，因此在本小节中，我将描述ASP.NET Identity如何支持“Claims-Based Authorization（基于声明的授权）”。表15-4描述了声明（Claims）的情形。 提示：“Claim”在英文字典中不完全是“声明”的意思，根据本文的描述，感觉把它说成“声明”也不一定合适，所以在之后的译文中基本都写成中英文并用的形式，即“声明（Claims）”。根据表15-4中的声明（Claims）的定义：声明（Claims）是关于用户的一些信息片段。一个用户的信息片段当然有很多，每一个信息片段就是一项声明（Claim），用户的所有信息片段合起来就是该用户的声明（Claims）。请读者注意该单词的单复数形式——译者注 Table 15-4. Putting Claims in Context 表15-4. 声明（Claims）的情形 Question 问题 Answer 答案 What is it? 什么是声明（Claims）？ Claims are pieces of information about users that you can use to make authorization decisions. Claims can be obtained from external systems as well as from the local Identity database. 声明（Claims）是关于用户的一些信息片段，可以用它们做出授权决定。声明（Claims）可以从外部系统获取，也可以从本地的Identity数据库获取。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ Claims can be used to flexibly authorize access to action methods. Unlike conventional roles, claims allow access to be driven by the information that describes the user. 声明（Claims）可以用来对动作方法进行灵活的授权访问。与传统的角色不同，声明（Claims）让访问能够由描述用户的信息进行驱动。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is integrated into the standard authorization features, such as the Authorize attribute. 这不是直接由MVC框架使用的特性，但它集成到了标准的授权特性之中，例如Authorize注解属性。 Tip you don’t have to use claims in your applications, and as Chapter 14 showed, ASP.NET Identity is perfectly happy providing an application with the authentication and authorization services without any need to understand claims at all. 提示：你在应用程序中不一定要使用声明（Claims），正如第14章所展示的那样，ASP.NET Identity能够为应用程序提供充分的认证与授权服务，而根本不需要理解声明（Claims）。 15.3.1 Understanding Claims 15.3.1 理解声明（Claims） A claim is a piece of information about the user, along with some information about where the information came from. The easiest way to unpack claims is through some practical demonstrations, without which any discussion becomes too abstract to be truly useful. To get started, I added a Claims controller to the example project, the definition of which you can see in Listing 15-12. 一项声明（Claim）是关于用户的一个信息片段（请注意这个英文单词的单复数形式——译者注），并伴有该片段出自何处的某种信息。揭开声明（Claims）含义最容易的方式是做一些实际演示，任何讨论都会过于抽象根本没有真正的用处。为此，我在示例项目中添加了一个Claims控制器，其定义如清单15-12所示。 Listing 15-12. The Contents of the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-12. ClaimsController.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} }} } Tip You may feel a little lost as I define the code for this example. Don’t worry about the details for the moment—just stick with it until you see the output from the action method and view that I define. More than anything else, that will help put claims into perspective. 提示：你或许会对我为此例定义的代码感到有点失望。此刻对此细节不必着急——只要稍事忍耐，当看到该动作方法和视图的输出便会明白。尤为重要的是，这有助于洞察声明（Claims）。 You can get the claims associated with a user in different ways. One approach is to use the Claims property defined by the user class, but in this example, I have used the HttpContext.User.Identity property to demonstrate the way that ASP.NET Identity is integrated with the rest of the ASP.NET platform. As I explained in Chapter 13, the HttpContext.User.Identity property returns an implementation of the IIdentity interface, which is a ClaimsIdentity object when working using ASP.NET Identity. The ClaimsIdentity class is defined in the System.Security.Claims namespace, and Table 15-5 shows the members it defines that are relevant to this chapter. 可以通过不同的方式获得与用户相关联的声明（Claims）。方法之一就是使用由用户类定义的Claims属性，但在这个例子中，我使用了HttpContext.User.Identity属性，目的是演示ASP.NET Identity与ASP.NET平台集成的方式（请注意这句话所表示的含义：用户类的Claims属性属于ASP.NET Identity，而HttpContext.User.Identity属性则属于ASP.NET平台。由此可见，ASP.NET Identity已经融合到了ASP.NET平台之中——译者注）。正如第13章所解释的那样，HttpContext.User.Identity属性返回IIdentity的接口实现，当使用ASP.NET Identity时，该实现是一个ClaimsIdentity对象。ClaimsIdentity类是在System.Security.Claims命名空间中定义的，表15-5显示了它所定义的与本章有关的成员。 Table 15-5. The Members Defined by the ClaimsIdentity Class 表15-5. ClaimsIdentity类所定义的成员 Name 名称 Description 描述 Claims Returns an enumeration of Claim objects representing the claims for the user. 返回表示用户声明（Claims）的Claim对象枚举 AddClaim(claim) Adds a claim to the user identity. 给用户添加一个声明（Claim） AddClaims(claims) Adds an enumeration of Claim objects to the user identity. 给用户添加Claim对象的枚举。 HasClaim(predicate) Returns true if the user identity contains a claim that matches the specified predicate. See the “Applying Claims” section for an example predicate. 如果用户含有与指定谓词匹配的声明（Claim）时，返回true。参见“运用声明（Claims）”中的示例谓词 RemoveClaim(claim) Removes a claim from the user identity. 删除用户的声明（Claim）。 Other members are available, but the ones in the table are those that are used most often in web applications, for reason that will become obvious as I demonstrate how claims fit into the wider ASP.NET platform. 还有一些可用的其它成员，但表中的这些是在Web应用程序中最常用的，随着我演示如何将声明（Claims）融入更宽泛的ASP.NET平台，它们为什么最常用就很显然了。 In Listing 15-12, I cast the IIdentity implementation to the ClaimsIdentity type and pass the enumeration of Claim objects returned by the ClaimsIdentity.Claims property to the View method. A Claim object represents a single piece of data about the user, and the Claim class defines the properties shown in Table 15-6. 在清单15-12中，我将IIdentity实现转换成了ClaimsIdentity类型，并且给View方法传递了ClaimsIdentity.Claims属性所返回的Claim对象的枚举。Claim对象所示表示的是关于用户的一个单一的数据片段，Claim类定义的属性如表15-6所示。 Table 15-6. The Properties Defined by the Claim Class 表15-6. Claim类定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 Issuer Returns the name of the system that provided the claim 返回提供声明（Claim）的系统名称 Subject Returns the ClaimsIdentity object for the user who the claim refers to 返回声明（Claim）所指用户的ClaimsIdentity对象 Type Returns the type of information that the claim represents 返回声明（Claim）所表示的信息类型 Value Returns the piece of information that the claim represents 返回声明（Claim）所表示的信息片段 Listing 15-13 shows the contents of the Index.cshtml file that I created in the Views/Claims folder and that is rendered by the Index action of the Claims controller. The view adds a row to a table for each claim about the user. 清单15-13显示了我在Views/Claims文件夹中创建的Index.cshtml文件的内容，它由Claims控制器中的Index动作方法进行渲染。该视图为用户的每项声明（Claim）添加了一个表格行。 Listing 15-13. The Contents of the Index.cshtml File in the Views/Claims Folder 清单15-13. Views/Claims文件夹中Index.cshtml文件的内容 @using System.Security.Claims@using Users.Infrastructure@model IEnumerable<Claim>@{ ViewBag.Title = "Claims"; }<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Claims</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>Subject</th><th>Issuer</th><th>Type</th><th>Value</th></tr>@foreach (Claim claim in Model.OrderBy(x => x.Type)) {<tr><td>@claim.Subject.Name</td><td>@claim.Issuer</td><td>@Html.ClaimType(claim.Type)</td><td>@claim.Value</td></tr>}</table></div> The value of the Claim.Type property is a URI for a Microsoft schema, which isn’t especially useful. The popular schemas are used as the values for fields in the System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes class, so to make the output from the Index.cshtml view easier to read, I added an HTML helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs file, as shown in Listing 15-14. It is this helper that I use in the Index.cshtml file to format the value of the Claim.Type property. Claim.Type属性的值是一个微软模式（Microsoft Schema）的URI（统一资源标识符），这是特别有用的。System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes类中字段的值使用的是流行模式（Popular Schema），因此为了使Index.cshtml视图的输出更易于阅读，我在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加了一个HTML辅助器，如清单15-14所示。Index.cshtml文件正是使用这个辅助器格式化了Claim.Type属性的值。 Listing 15-14. Adding a Helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs File 清单15-14. 在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加辅助器 using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using System;using System.Linq;using System.Reflection;using System.Security.Claims;namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class IdentityHelpers {public static MvcHtmlString GetUserName(this HtmlHelper html, string id) {AppUserManager mgr= HttpContext.Current.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();return new MvcHtmlString(mgr.FindByIdAsync(id).Result.UserName);} public static MvcHtmlString ClaimType(this HtmlHelper html, string claimType) {FieldInfo[] fields = typeof(ClaimTypes).GetFields();foreach (FieldInfo field in fields) {if (field.GetValue(null).ToString() == claimType) {return new MvcHtmlString(field.Name);} }return new MvcHtmlString(string.Format("{0}",claimType.Split('/', '.').Last()));} }} Note The helper method isn’t at all efficient because it reflects on the fields of the ClaimType class for each claim that is displayed, but it is sufficient for my purposes in this chapter. You won’t often need to display the claim type in real applications. 注：该辅助器并非十分有效，因为它只是针对每个要显示的声明（Claim）映射出ClaimType类的字段，但对我要的目的已经足够了。在实际项目中不会经常需要显示声明（Claim）的类型。 To see why I have created a controller that uses claims without really explaining what they are, start the application, authenticate as the user Alice (with the password MySecret), and request the /Claims/Index URL. Figure 15-5 shows the content that is generated. 为了弄明白我为何要先创建一个使用声明（Claims）的控制器，而没有真正解释声明（Claims）是什么的原因，可以启动应用程序，以用户Alice进行认证（其口令是MySecret），并请求/Claims/Index URL。图15-5显示了生成的内容。 Figure 15-5. The output from the Index action of the Claims controller 图15-5. Claims控制器中Index动作的输出 It can be hard to make out the detail in the figure, so I have reproduced the content in Table 15-7. 这可能还难以认识到此图的细节，为此我在表15-7中重列了其内容。 Table 15-7. The Data Shown in Figure 15-5 表15-7. 图15-5中显示的数据 Subject（科目） Issuer（发行者） Type（类型） Value（值） Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY SecurityStamp Unique ID Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY IdentityProvider ASP.NET Identity Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Employees Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Users Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Name Alice Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY NameIdentifier Alice’s user ID The table shows the most important aspect of claims, which is that I have already been using them when I implemented the traditional authentication and authorization features in Chapter 14. You can see that some of the claims relate to user identity (the Name claim is Alice, and the NameIdentifier claim is Alice’s unique user ID in my ASP.NET Identity database). 此表展示了声明（Claims）最重要的方面，这些是我在第14章中实现传统的认证和授权特性时，一直在使用的信息。可以看出，有些声明（Claims）与用户标识有关（Name声明是Alice，NameIdentifier声明是Alice在ASP.NET Identity数据库中的唯一用户ID号）。 Other claims show membership of roles—there are two Role claims in the table, reflecting the fact that Alice is assigned to both the Users and Employees roles. There is also a claim about how Alice has been authenticated: The IdentityProvider is set to ASP.NET Identity. 其他声明（Claims）显示了角色成员——表中有两个Role声明（Claim），体现出Alice被赋予了Users和Employees两个角色这一事实。还有一个是Alice已被认证的声明（Claim）：IdentityProvider被设置到了ASP.NET Identity。 The difference when this information is expressed as a set of claims is that you can determine where the data came from. The Issuer property for all the claims shown in the table is set to LOCAL AUTHORITY, which indicates that the user’s identity has been established by the application. 当这种信息被表示成一组声明（Claims）时的差别是，你能够确定这些数据是从哪里来的。表中所显示的所有声明的Issuer属性（发布者）都被设置到了LOACL AUTHORITY（本地授权），这说明该用户的标识是由应用程序建立的。 So, now that you have seen some example claims, I can more easily describe what a claim is. A claim is any piece of information about a user that is available to the application, including the user’s identity and role memberships. And, as you have seen, the information I have been defining about my users in earlier chapters is automatically made available as claims by ASP.NET Identity. 因此，现在你已经看到了一些声明（Claims）示例，我可以更容易地描述声明（Claim）是什么了。一项声明（Claim）是可用于应用程序中的有关用户的一个信息片段，包括用户的标识以及角色成员等。而且，正如你所看到的，我在前几章定义的关于用户的信息，被ASP.NET Identity自动地作为声明（Claims）了。 15.3.2 Creating and Using Claims 15.3.2 创建和使用声明（Claims） Claims are interesting for two reasons. The first reason is that an application can obtain claims from multiple sources, rather than just relying on a local database for information about the user. You will see a real example of this when I show you how to authenticate users through a third-party system in the “Using Third-Party Authentication” section, but for the moment I am going to add a class to the example project that simulates a system that provides claims information. Listing 15-15 shows the contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure folder. 声明（Claims）比较有意思的原因有两个。第一个原因是应用程序可以从多个来源获取声明（Claims），而不是只能依靠本地数据库关于用户的信息。你将会看到一个实际的示例，在“使用第三方认证”小节中，将演示如何通过第三方系统来认证用户。不过，此刻我只打算在示例项目中添加一个类，用以模拟一个提供声明（Claims）信息的系统。清单15-15显示了我添加到Infrastructure文件夹中LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-15. The Contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs File 清单15-15. LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class LocationClaimsProvider {public static IEnumerable<Claim> GetClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.Name.ToLower() == "alice") {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "DC 20500"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "DC"));} else {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "NY 10036"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "NY"));}return claims;}private static Claim CreateClaim(string type, string value) {return new Claim(type, value, ClaimValueTypes.String, "RemoteClaims");} }} The GetClaims method takes a ClaimsIdentity argument and uses the Name property to create claims about the user’s ZIP code and state. This class allows me to simulate a system such as a central HR database, which would be the authoritative source of location information about staff, for example. GetClaims方法以ClaimsIdentity为参数，并使用Name属性创建了关于用户ZIP码（邮政编码）和州府的声明（Claims）。上述这个类使我能够模拟一个诸如中心化的HR数据库（人力资源数据库）之类的系统，它可能会成为全体职员的地点信息的权威数据源。 Claims are associated with the user’s identity during the authentication process, and Listing 15-16 shows the changes I made to the Login action method of the Account controller to call the LocationClaimsProvider class. 在认证过程期间，声明（Claims）是与用户标识关联在一起的，清单15-16显示了我对Account控制器中Login动作方法所做的修改，以便调用LocationClaimsProvider类。 Listing 15-16. Associating Claims with a User in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-16. AccountController.cs文件中用户用声明的关联 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... You can see the effect of the location claims by starting the application, authenticating as a user, and requesting the /Claim/Index URL. Figure 15-6 shows the claims for Alice. You may have to sign out and sign back in again to see the change. 为了看看这个地点声明（Claims）的效果，可以启动应用程序，以一个用户进行认证，并请求/Claim/Index URL。图15-6显示了Alice的声明（Claims）。你可能需要退出，然后再次登录才会看到发生的变化。 Figure 15-6. Defining additional claims for users 图15-6. 定义用户的附加声明 Obtaining claims from multiple locations means that the application doesn’t have to duplicate data that is held elsewhere and allows integration of data from external parties. The Claim.Issuer property tells you where a claim originated from, which helps you judge how accurate the data is likely to be and how much weight you should give the data in your application. Location data obtained from a central HR database is likely to be more accurate and trustworthy than data obtained from an external mailing list provider, for example. 从多个地点获取声明（Claims）意味着应用程序不必复制其他地方保持的数据，并且能够与外部的数据集成。Claim.Issuer属性（图15-6中的Issuer数据列——译者注）能够告诉你一个声明（Claim）的发源地，这有助于让你判断数据的精确程度，也有助于让你决定这类数据在应用程序中的权重。例如，从中心化的HR数据库获取的地点数据可能要比外部邮件列表提供器获取的数据更为精确和可信。 1. Applying Claims 1. 运用声明（Claims） The second reason that claims are interesting is that you can use them to manage user access to your application more flexibly than with standard roles. The problem with roles is that they are static, and once a user has been assigned to a role, the user remains a member until explicitly removed. This is, for example, how long-term employees of big corporations end up with incredible access to internal systems: They are assigned the roles they require for each new job they get, but the old roles are rarely removed. (The unexpectedly broad systems access sometimes becomes apparent during the investigation into how someone was able to ship the contents of the warehouse to their home address—true story.) 声明（Claims）有意思的第二个原因是，你可以用它们来管理用户对应用程序的访问，这要比标准的角色管理更为灵活。角色的问题在于它们是静态的，而且一旦用户已经被赋予了一个角色，该用户便是一个成员，直到明确地删除为止。例如，这意味着大公司的长期雇员，对内部系统的访问会十分惊人：他们每次在获得新工作时，都会赋予所需的角色，但旧角色很少被删除。（在调查某人为何能够将仓库里的东西发往他的家庭地址过程中发现，有时会出现异常宽泛的系统访问——真实的故事） Claims can be used to authorize users based directly on the information that is known about them, which ensures that the authorization changes when the data changes. The simplest way to do this is to generate Role claims based on user data that are then used by controllers to restrict access to action methods. Listing 15-17 shows the contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure. 声明（Claims）可以直接根据用户已知的信息对用户进行授权，这能够保证当数据发生变化时，授权也随之而变。此事最简单的做法是根据用户数据来生成Role声明（Claim），然后由控制器用来限制对动作方法的访问。清单15-17显示了我添加到Infrastructure中的ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-17. The Contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs File 清单15-17. ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsRoles {public static IEnumerable<Claim> CreateRolesFromClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince&& x.Issuer == "RemoteClaims" && x.Value == "DC")&& user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.Role&& x.Value == "Employees")) {claims.Add(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, "DCStaff"));}return claims;} }} The gnarly looking CreateRolesFromClaims method uses lambda expressions to determine whether the user has a StateOrProvince claim from the RemoteClaims issuer with a value of DC and a Role claim with a value of Employees. If the user has both claims, then a Role claim is returned for the DCStaff role. Listing 15-18 shows how I call the CreateRolesFromClaims method from the Login action in the Account controller. CreateRolesFromClaims是一个粗糙的考察方法，它使用了Lambda表达式，以检查用户是否具有StateOrProvince声明（Claim），该声明来自于RemoteClaims发行者（Issuer），值为DC。也检查用户是否具有Role声明（Claim），其值为Employees。如果用户这两个声明都有，那么便返回一个DCStaff角色的Role声明。清单15-18显示了如何在Account控制器中的Login动作中调用CreateRolesFromClaims方法。 Listing 15-18. Generating Roles Based on Claims in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-18. 在AccountController.cs中根据声明生成角色 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident)); ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... I can then restrict access to an action method based on membership of the DCStaff role. Listing 15-19 shows a new action method I added to the Claims controller to which I have applied the Authorize attribute. 然后我可以根据DCStaff角色的成员，来限制对一个动作方法的访问。清单15-19显示了在Claims控制器中添加的一个新的动作方法，在该方法上已经运用了Authorize注解属性。 Listing 15-19. Adding a New Action Method to the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-19. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中添加一个新的动作方法 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [Authorize(Roles="DCStaff")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} Users will be able to access OtherAction only if their claims grant them membership to the DCStaff role. Membership of this role is generated dynamically, so a change to the user’s employment status or location information will change their authorization level. 只要用户的声明（Claims）承认他们是DCStaff角色的成员，那么他们便能访问OtherAction动作。该角色的成员是动态生成的，因此，若是用户的雇用状态或地点信息发生变化，也会改变他们的授权等级。 提示：请读者从这个例子中吸取其中的思想精髓。对于读物的理解程度，仁者见仁，智者见智，能领悟多少，全凭各人，译者感觉这里的思想有无数的可能。举例说明：（1）可以根据用户的身份进行授权，比如学生在校时是“学生”，毕业后便是“校友”；（2）可以根据用户所处的部门进行授权，人事部用户属于人事团队，销售部用户属于销售团队，各团队有其自己的应用；（3）下一小节的示例是根据用户的地点授权。简言之：一方面用户的各种声明（Claim）都可以用来进行授权；另一方面用户的声明（Claim）又是可以自定义的。于是可能的运用就无法估计了。总之一句话，这种基于声明的授权（Claims-Based Authorization）有无限可能！要是没有我这里的提示，是否所有读者在此处都会有所体会？——译者注 15.3.3 Authorizing Access Using Claims 15.3.3 使用声明（Claims）授权访问 The previous example is an effective demonstration of how claims can be used to keep authorizations fresh and accurate, but it is a little indirect because I generate roles based on claims data and then enforce my authorization policy based on the membership of that role. A more direct and flexible approach is to enforce authorization directly by creating a custom authorization filter attribute. Listing 15-20 shows the contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs file, which I added to the Infrastructure folder and used to create such a filter. 前面的示例有效地演示了如何用声明（Claims）来保持新鲜和准确的授权，但有点不太直接，因为我要根据声明（Claims）数据来生成了角色，然后强制我的授权策略基于角色成员。一个更直接且灵活的办法是直接强制授权，其做法是创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性。清单15-20演示了ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容，我将它添加在Infrastructure文件夹中，并用它创建了这种过滤器。 Listing 15-20. The Contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs File 清单15-20. ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsAccessAttribute : AuthorizeAttribute {public string Issuer { get; set; }public string ClaimType { get; set; }public string Value { get; set; }protected override bool AuthorizeCore(HttpContextBase context) {return context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated&& context.User.Identity is ClaimsIdentity&& ((ClaimsIdentity)context.User.Identity).HasClaim(x =>x.Issuer == Issuer && x.Type == ClaimType && x.Value == Value);} }} The attribute I have defined is derived from the AuthorizeAttribute class, which makes it easy to create custom authorization policies in MVC framework applications by overriding the AuthorizeCore method. My implementation grants access if the user is authenticated, the IIdentity implementation is an instance of ClaimsIdentity, and the user has a claim with the issuer, type, and value matching the class properties. Listing 15-21 shows how I applied the attribute to the Claims controller to authorize access to the OtherAction method based on one of the location claims created by the LocationClaimsProvider class. 我所定义的这个注解属性派生于AuthorizeAttribute类，通过重写AuthorizeCore方法，很容易在MVC框架应用程序中创建自定义的授权策略。在这个实现中，若用户是已认证的、其IIdentity实现是一个ClaimsIdentity实例，而且该用户有一个带有issuer、type以及value的声明（Claim），它们与这个类的属性是匹配的，则该用户便是允许访问的。清单15-21显示了如何将这个注解属性运用于Claims控制器，以便根据LocationClaimsProvider类创建的地点声明（Claim），对OtherAction方法进行授权访问。 Listing 15-21. Performing Authorization on Claims in the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-21. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中执行基于声明的授权 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Infrastructure;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [ClaimsAccess(Issuer="RemoteClaims", ClaimType=ClaimTypes.PostalCode,Value="DC 20500")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} My authorization filter ensures that only users whose location claims specify a ZIP code of DC 20500 can invoke the OtherAction method. 这个授权过滤器能够确保只有地点声明（Claim）的邮编为DC 20500的用户才能请求OtherAction方法。 15.4 Using Third-Party Authentication 15.4 使用第三方认证 One of the benefits of a claims-based system such as ASP.NET Identity is that any of the claims can come from an external system, even those that identify the user to the application. This means that other systems can authenticate users on behalf of the application, and ASP.NET Identity builds on this idea to make it simple and easy to add support for authenticating users through third parties such as Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter. 基于声明的系统，如ASP.NET Identity，的好处之一是任何声明都可以来自于外部系统，即使是将用户标识到应用程序的那些声明。这意味着其他系统可以代表应用程序来认证用户，而ASP.NET Identity就建立在这样的思想之上，使之能够简单而方便地添加第三方认证用户的支持，如微软、Google、Facebook、Twitter等。 There are some substantial benefits of using third-party authentication: Many users will already have an account, users can elect to use two-factor authentication, and you don’t have to manage user credentials in the application. In the sections that follow, I’ll show you how to set up and use third-party authentication for Google users, which Table 15-8 puts into context. 使用第三方认证有一些实际的好处：许多用户已经有了账号、用户可以选择使用双因子认证、你不必在应用程序中管理用户凭据等等。在以下小节中，我将演示如何为Google用户建立并使用第三方认证，表15-8描述了事情的情形。 Table 15-8. Putting Third-Party Authentication in Context 表15-8. 第三方认证情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是第三方认证？ Authenticating with third parties lets you take advantage of the popularity of companies such as Google and Facebook. 第三方认证使你能够利用流行公司，如Google和Facebook，的优势。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ Users don’t like having to remember passwords for many different sites. Using a provider with large-scale adoption can make your application more appealing to users of the provider’s services. 用户不喜欢记住许多不同网站的口令。使用大范围适应的提供器可使你的应用程序更吸引有提供器服务的用户。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework. 这不是一个直接由MVC框架使用的特性。 Note The reason I have chosen to demonstrate Google authentication is that it is the only option that doesn’t require me to register my application with the authentication service. You can get details of the registration processes required at http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE. 提示：我选择演示Google认证的原因是，它是唯一不需要在其认证服务中注册我应用程序的公司。有关认证服务注册过程的细节，请参阅http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE。 15.4.1 Enabling Google Authentication 15.4.1 启用Google认证 ASP.NET Identity comes with built-in support for authenticating users through their Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter accounts as well more general support for any authentication service that supports OAuth. The first step is to add the NuGet package that includes the Google-specific additions for ASP.NET Identity. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: ASP.NET Identity带有通过Microsoft、Google、Facebook以及Twitter账号认证用户的内建支持，并且对于支持OAuth的认证服务具有更普遍的支持。第一个步骤是添加NuGet包，包中含有用于ASP.NET Identity的Google专用附件。请在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中输入以下命令： Install-Package Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google -version 2.0.2 There are NuGet packages for each of the services that ASP.NET Identity supports, as described in Table 15-9. 对于ASP.NET Identity支持的每一种服务都有相应的NuGet包，如表15-9所示。 Table 15-9. The NuGet Authenticaton Packages 表15-9. NuGet认证包 Name 名称 Description 描述 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google Authenticates users with Google accounts 用Google账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Facebook Authenticates users with Facebook accounts 用Facebook账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Twitter Authenticates users with Twitter accounts 用Twitter账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.MicrosoftAccount Authenticates users with Microsoft accounts 用Microsoft账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.OAuth Authenticates users against any OAuth 2.0 service 根据任一OAuth 2.0服务认证用户 Once the package is installed, I enable support for the authentication service in the OWIN startup class, which is defined in the App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs file in the example project. Listing 15-22 shows the change that I have made. 一旦安装了这个包，便可以在OWIN启动类中启用此项认证服务的支持，启动类的定义在示例项目的App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs文件中。清单15-22显示了所做的修改。 Listing 15-22. Enabling Google Authentication in the IdentityConfig.cs File 清单15-22. 在IdentityConfig.cs文件中启用Google认证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Cookies;using Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google;namespace Users {public class IdentityConfig {public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app) {app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppIdentityDbContext>(AppIdentityDbContext.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppUserManager>(AppUserManager.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppRoleManager>(AppRoleManager.Create); app.UseCookieAuthentication(new CookieAuthenticationOptions {AuthenticationType = DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie,LoginPath = new PathString("/Account/Login"),}); app.UseExternalSignInCookie(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);app.UseGoogleAuthentication();} }} Each of the packages that I listed in Table 15-9 contains an extension method that enables the corresponding service. The extension method for the Google service is called UseGoogleAuthentication, and it is called on the IAppBuilder implementation that is passed to the Configuration method. 表15-9所列的每个包都含有启用相应服务的扩展方法。用于Google服务的扩展方法名称为UseGoogleAuthentication，它通过传递给Configuration方法的IAppBuilder实现进行调用。 Next I added a button to the Views/Account/Login.cshtml file, which allows users to log in via Google. You can see the change in Listing 15-23. 下一步骤是在Views/Account/Login.cshtml文件中添加一个按钮，让用户能够通过Google进行登录。所做的修改如清单15-23所示。 Listing 15-23. Adding a Google Login Button to the Login.cshtml File 清单15-23. 在Login.cshtml文件中添加Google登录按钮 @model Users.Models.LoginModel@{ ViewBag.Title = "Login";}<h2>Log In</h2> @Html.ValidationSummary()@using (Html.BeginForm()) {@Html.AntiForgeryToken();<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><div class="form-group"><label>Name</label>@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><div class="form-group"><label>Password</label>@Html.PasswordFor(x => x.Password, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In</button>}@using (Html.BeginForm("GoogleLogin", "Account")) {<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In via Google</button>} The new button submits a form that targets the GoogleLogin action on the Account controller. You can see this method—and the other changes I made the controller—in Listing 15-24. 新按钮递交一个表单，目标是Account控制器中的GoogleLogin动作。可从清单15-24中看到该方法，以及在控制器中所做的其他修改。 Listing 15-24. Adding Support for Google Authentication to the AccountController.cs File 清单15-24. 在AccountController.cs文件中添加Google认证支持 using System.Threading.Tasks;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.Owin.Security;using System.Security.Claims;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using System.Web; namespace Users.Controllers {[Authorize]public class AccountController : Controller {[AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult Login(string returnUrl) {if (HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated) {return View("Error", new string[] { "Access Denied" });}ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View();}[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident)); AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);} [HttpPost][AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult GoogleLogin(string returnUrl) {var properties = new AuthenticationProperties {RedirectUri = Url.Action("GoogleLoginCallback",new { returnUrl = returnUrl})};HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();}[AllowAnonymous]public async Task<ActionResult> GoogleLoginCallback(string returnUrl) {ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);if (user == null) {user = new AppUser {Email = loginInfo.Email,UserName = loginInfo.DefaultUserName,City = Cities.LONDON, Country = Countries.UK};IdentityResult result = await UserManager.CreateAsync(user);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} else {result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} }}ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false }, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl ?? "/");}[Authorize]public ActionResult Logout() {AuthManager.SignOut();return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");}private IAuthenticationManager AuthManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication;} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } The GoogleLogin method creates an instance of the AuthenticationProperties class and sets the RedirectUri property to a URL that targets the GoogleLoginCallback action in the same controller. The next part is a magic phrase that causes ASP.NET Identity to respond to an unauthorized error by redirecting the user to the Google authentication page, rather than the one defined by the application: GoogleLogin方法创建了AuthenticationProperties类的一个实例，并为RedirectUri属性设置了一个URL，其目标为同一控制器中的GoogleLoginCallback动作。下一个部分是一个神奇阶段，通过将用户重定向到Google认证页面，而不是应用程序所定义的认证页面，让ASP.NET Identity对未授权的错误进行响应： ...HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();... This means that when the user clicks the Log In via Google button, their browser is redirected to the Google authentication service and then redirected back to the GoogleLoginCallback action method once they are authenticated. 这意味着，当用户通过点击Google按钮进行登录时，浏览器被重定向到Google的认证服务，一旦在那里认证之后，便被重定向回GoogleLoginCallback动作方法。 I get details of the external login by calling the GetExternalLoginInfoAsync of the IAuthenticationManager implementation, like this: 我通过调用IAuthenticationManager实现的GetExternalLoginInfoAsync方法，我获得了外部登录的细节，如下所示： ...ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();... The ExternalLoginInfo class defines the properties shown in Table 15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类定义的属性如表15-10所示： Table 15-10. The Properties Defined by the ExternalLoginInfo Class 表15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类所定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 DefaultUserName Returns the username 返回用户名 Email Returns the e-mail address 返回E-mail地址 ExternalIdentity Returns a ClaimsIdentity that identities the user 返回标识该用户的ClaimsIdentity Login Returns a UserLoginInfo that describes the external login 返回描述外部登录的UserLoginInfo I use the FindAsync method defined by the user manager class to locate the user based on the value of the ExternalLoginInfo.Login property, which returns an AppUser object if the user has been authenticated with the application before: 我使用了由用户管理器类所定义的FindAsync方法，以便根据ExternalLoginInfo.Login属性的值对用户进行定位，如果用户之前在应用程序中已经认证，该属性会返回一个AppUser对象： ...AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);... If the FindAsync method doesn’t return an AppUser object, then I know that this is the first time that this user has logged into the application, so I create a new AppUser object, populate it with values, and save it to the database. I also save details of how the user logged in so that I can find them next time: 如果FindAsync方法返回的不是AppUser对象，那么我便知道这是用户首次登录应用程序，于是便创建了一个新的AppUser对象，填充该对象的值，并将其保存到数据库。我还保存了用户如何登录的细节，以便下次能够找到他们： ...result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);... All that remains is to generate an identity the user, copy the claims provided by Google, and create an authentication cookie so that the application knows the user has been authenticated: 剩下的事情只是生成该用户的标识了，拷贝Google提供的声明（Claims），并创建一个认证Cookie，以使应用程序知道此用户已认证： ...ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties { IsPersistent = false }, ident);... 15.4.2 Testing Google Authentication 15.4.2 测试Google认证 There is one further change that I need to make before I can test Google authentication: I need to change the account verification I set up in Chapter 13 because it prevents accounts from being created with e-mail addresses that are not within the example.com domain. Listing 15-25 shows how I removed the verification from the AppUserManager class. 在测试Google认证之前还需要一处修改：需要修改第13章所建立的账号验证，因为它不允许example.com域之外的E-mail地址创建账号。清单15-25显示了如何在AppUserManager类中删除这种验证。 Listing 15-25. Disabling Account Validation in the AppUserManager.cs File 清单15-25. 在AppUserManager.cs文件中取消账号验证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppUserManager : UserManager<AppUser> {public AppUserManager(IUserStore<AppUser> store): base(store) {}public static AppUserManager Create(IdentityFactoryOptions<AppUserManager> options,IOwinContext context) {AppIdentityDbContext db = context.Get<AppIdentityDbContext>();AppUserManager manager = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(db)); manager.PasswordValidator = new CustomPasswordValidator {RequiredLength = 6,RequireNonLetterOrDigit = false,RequireDigit = false,RequireLowercase = true,RequireUppercase = true}; //manager.UserValidator = new CustomUserValidator(manager) {// AllowOnlyAlphanumericUserNames = true,// RequireUniqueEmail = true//};return manager;} }} Tip you can use validation for externally authenticated accounts, but I am just going to disable the feature for simplicity. 提示：也可以使用外部已认证账号的验证，但这里出于简化，取消了这一特性。 To test authentication, start the application, click the Log In via Google button, and provide the credentials for a valid Google account. When you have completed the authentication process, your browser will be redirected back to the application. If you navigate to the /Claims/Index URL, you will be able to see how claims from the Google system have been added to the user’s identity, as shown in Figure 15-7. 为了测试认证，启动应用程序，通过点击“Log In via Google（通过Google登录）”按钮，并提供有效的Google账号凭据。当你完成了认证过程时，浏览器将被重定向回应用程序。如果导航到/Claims/Index URL，便能够看到来自Google系统的声明（Claims），已被添加到用户的标识中了，如图15-7所示。 Figure 15-7. Claims from Google 图15-7. 来自Google的声明（Claims） 15.5 Summary 15.5 小结 In this chapter, I showed you some of the advanced features that ASP.NET Identity supports. I demonstrated the use of custom user properties and how to use database migrations to preserve data when you upgrade the schema to support them. I explained how claims work and how they can be used to create more flexible ways of authorizing users. I finished the chapter by showing you how to authenticate users via Google, which builds on the ideas behind the use of claims. 本章向你演示了ASP.NET Identity所支持的一些高级特性。演示了自定义用户属性的使用，还演示了在升级数据架构时，如何使用数据库迁移保护数据。我解释了声明（Claims）的工作机制，以及如何将它们用于创建更灵活的用户授权方式。最后演示了如何通过Google进行认证结束了本章，这是建立在使用声明（Claims）的思想基础之上的。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/gz19871113/article/details/108591802。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...xample my-project 1.0-SNAPSHOT pom

... the Moby Project: a new open-source project to advance the software containerization movement. Docker “lives” in the Moby Project, which is essentially the upstream for the Docker CE project. Of course all the Docker branded products will continue to be Docker branded. For example, Docker for Mac, Docker for AWS and Docker for Azure are all Docker branded versions of the Moby project that include additional functionality beyond the open source components. 根据官方发布的消息，Moby项目将会是一个新的开放源码项目，用以促进软件容器技术技术的发展。Docker Engine将会成为Moby项目中的一个组件。当然，所有Docker品牌的产品仍将保持其Docker品牌的形象，并且在Moby项目的基础上增加额外的功能。 对于Docker用户和开发者来说，这个改名并不会影响到Docker的使用和发展。Docker公司仍将继续致力于促进容器化技术的发展和应用，以便更好地满足企业和个人的需求。 总结： Docker Engine更名为Moby，代表着Docker将更重视容器化技术的普适性和迁移性。Moby项目将成为一个新的开放源码项目，用以促进软件容器技术技术的发展。对于Docker的用户和开发者来说，这个改名并不会影响到Docker的使用和发展。

...核心配置文件，全称为Project Object Model（项目对象模型）。在这个XML文件中，开发者定义了项目的基本信息（如groupId、artifactId和version）、构建过程中的依赖项、插件配置以及其他构建相关设置。文中提到需要在pom.xml中配置maven-dependency-plugin和maven-assembly-plugin以实现特定的构建目标。 maven-dependency-plugin , maven-dependency-plugin是Maven的一个官方插件，主要用于处理项目的依赖关系。在本文上下文中，通过配置该插件的copy-dependencies目标，可以在项目构建过程中将所有依赖复制到指定目录（例如$ project.build.directory /lib），便于项目运行时查找和加载这些依赖库。 maven-assembly-plugin , maven-assembly-plugin是另一个Maven官方插件，它的主要功能是创建包含项目主程序类及所有依赖项的归档文件，如jar包或zip包。在文章场景下，通过此插件可以生成一个包含所有依赖的“fat jar”（也称作uber jar或jar-with-dependencies），确保在没有外部依赖环境的情况下也能直接运行项目。同时，需在插件配置中指定应用的主类路径，以便于执行时定位启动类。

...了最新的Yocto Project 3.4版本，该版本进一步优化了对嵌入式设备的定制化操作系统构建支持，包括针对不同架构的交叉编译环境配置，这与我们在编译CanFestival时遇到的问题紧密相关（参见：https://www.yoctoproject.org/news/yocto-project-3.4-release-now-available）。 此外，随着汽车行业和工业自动化领域的快速发展，CAN总线应用日益广泛。一项最新的研究报道指出，SocketCAN在实时性、稳定性和安全性方面取得了重大突破，使得像CanFestival这样的开源库在处理基于Linux系统的CAN通信时更加高效（查阅：“Advancements in SocketCAN for Real-time and Secure Automotive Communication”，发布于IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2022年第二季度）。 对于Python环境配置以及多版本共存问题，Python官方社区持续更新其文档以指导开发者正确管理Python版本，尤其是对于需要特定版本进行编译工作的场景，如CanFestival的编译过程所示（链接至Python官网文档：https://docs.python.org/3/using/mac.htmlpython-config）。同时，一篇名为《Python虚拟环境(virtualenv)在嵌入式开发中的实践运用》的技术文章提供了如何在复杂环境中隔离Python环境并确保编译顺利进行的实际案例分析（来源：Embedded Computing Design，2022年春季刊）。 综上所述，延伸阅读材料不仅涵盖了最新技术动态，还通过实际应用场景解读，帮助读者更好地掌握嵌入式开发中源码编译、CAN通信及Python环境管理等关键知识点。

...groovy allprojects { repositories { maven { url "https://repo.spring.io/libs-milestone" } mavenLocal() jcenter() google() mavenCentral() if (project.hasProperty('sonatypeSnapshots')) { maven { url "https://oss.sonatype.org/content/repositories/snapshots/" } } maven { url "file://${projectDir}/../libs" } } } 四、结论 总的来说，Gradle作为一个强大的构建工具，已经成为了大型项目不可或缺的一部分。用Gradle，咱们就能像变魔术一样，让项目的构建流程管理变得更溜、更稳当。这样一来，开发速度嗖嗖提升，产品质量也是妥妥的往上蹭，可带劲儿了！此外，随着Gradle社区的日益壮大和活跃，它的功能会越来越强大，实用性也会越来越高，这无疑让咱们在未来做项目时有了更多可以挖掘和利用的价值，绝对值得咱们进一步去探索和尝试。

...stination_project: my-project destination_database: logs destination_table: odps_log 转换配置 transform_config: - field: column_name type: expression expression: 'substr(column_name, 1, 1)' 提取配置 extraction_config: type: query sql: SELECT FROM source_a_log WHERE time > now() - INTERVAL 1 DAY - name: Extract log data from source B task-type: sink description: Extracts log data from source B and writes it to ODPS. config: 数据源配置 source_type: mysql source_host: 192.168.1.2 source_port: 3306 source_username: root source_password: 123456 source_database: logs source_table: source_b_log 目标表配置 destination_type: odps destination_project: my-project destination_database: logs destination_table: odps_log 转换配置 transform_config: - field: column_name type: expression expression: 'substr(column_name, 1, 1)' 提取配置 extraction_config: type: query sql: SELECT FROM source_b_log WHERE time > now() - INTERVAL 1 DAY 四、结论 通过以上介绍，我相信你已经对如何使用DataX进行日志数据采集同步至ODPS有了一个大致的理解。在实际应用中，你可能还需要根据自己的需求进行更多的定制化开发。但无论如何，DataX都会是你的好帮手。

...一个名为your-project-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar的文件，这就是Maven为你生成的可执行jar包。你可以通过java -jar your-project-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar命令启动你的SpringBoot应用。 小贴士： 如果你想定制打包后的jar名字，可以在标签内添加finalName属性： xml customized-name 4. 深入理解 SpringBoot的Fat Jar SpringBoot的打包方式独特之处在于其支持Fat Jar（胖 jar）。这就意味着所有的相关小帮手（依赖库）都会被塞进同一个“大包裹”（jar文件）里，这样一来，应用程序就能自个儿独立跑起来，完全不需要你再额外费心去设置什么类路径了。这是通过SpringBoot Maven插件实现的。 xml ZIP 5. 遇到的问题与解决方案 5.1 Main-Class找不到？ 有时候，即使你按照上述步骤打包了，但在运行jar时可能会遇到"Could not find or load main class"的问题。这是因为Maven没有正确识别到主类。 解决办法是在pom.xml中显式指定主类： xml org.springframework.boot spring-boot-maven-plugin com.yourcompany.yourproject.YourMainApplicationClass 5.2 运行时依赖缺失？ 如果你发现有些依赖在运行时无法加载，检查一下是否将它们声明为了provided或test范围。这两种类型的依赖在打包时不会被包含进来。你需要根据实际情况调整依赖范围。 好了，以上就是在IDEA中使用Maven对SpringBoot项目进行打包的一些基本操作和常见问题处理。希望这篇文章能帮你解决实际开发中的疑惑，也欢迎你在打包过程中产生更多的思考和探索。毕竟，编程的魅力就在于不断尝试、不断解决问题的过程，不是吗？让我们一起在Java世界里愉快地“打包旅行”吧！

...version=${project.version} 但如果我们没有在POM文件或其他地方定义project.version这个属性，Maven在构建时就会抛出类似“找不到对应属性值”的错误。 2.2 过滤规则冲突错误 另外一种常见问题是，由于过滤规则设置不当导致的冲突。比如，某个应该被过滤的文件意外地被设置为不进行过滤，或者反之，导致预期的内容替换未能发生。 2.3 特殊字符处理错误 在某些场景下，资源文件中可能包含特殊字符，如${}, 如果这些字符不是用来表示Maven属性占位符，但在过滤过程中却被误解析，也会引发错误。 3. 解决Resource Filtering错误的方法 对于上述提到的问题，我们可以采取以下措施来应对： 3.1 定义缺失的属性 对于变量未定义的情况，我们需要确保所有使用的属性都有相应的定义。可以在pom.xml中增加版本信息等属性，如下所示： xml 1.0.0-SNAPSHOT 3.2 正确配置过滤规则 针对过滤规则冲突，应精确指定哪些资源需要过滤，哪些不需要。例如，如果只希望对特定的资源配置过滤，可以细化资源配置： xml src/main/resources /config.properties true 3.3 特殊字符转义 对于含有非属性占位符${}的特殊字符问题，可以在资源文件中使用\进行转义，例如${literal}应写为\\${literal}，以防止被Maven误解析。 4. 总结与思考 在Maven的世界里，Resource Filtering无疑是一项强大且实用的功能，它能够帮助我们实现资源文件的动态化配置，大大增强了项目的灵活性。但同时，我们也需要正确理解和合理使用这一特性，避免陷入Resource Filtering错误的困境。只有当我们把这些玩意儿的工作原理摸得门儿清，把那些可能潜伏的坑都给填平了，才能让它们真正火力全开，帮我们把开发效率往上猛提，保证每一个构建环节都顺滑无比，一点儿磕绊都没有。当你遇到问题时，就得化身成福尔摩斯那样，瞪大眼睛、开动脑筋，仔仔细细地观察、抽丝剥茧地分析。然后，再通过实实在在的代码实例去摸透、动手尝试，一步步解决这个难题。这，就是编程那让人着迷的地方，也是每一位开发者在成长道路上必定会经历的一段精彩旅程。

...e: '/your-project-name/', // 必须与实际部署路径一致 routes: [...] }) 2.2 静态资源路径问题 当Vue项目构建生成的静态资源路径与服务器实际部署路径不匹配时，也会导致404错误。比如，你瞧啊，Vue这家伙，默认会把所有的静态资源都塞到static这个文件夹里，这个文件夹呢，就在dist目录的怀抱里。要是服务器小哥没找准方向，没有正确指向这个藏宝地，那可就麻烦咯，保不准会出现点状况滴。 javascript // vue.config.js 文件中修改输出目录和静态资源目录 module.exports = { publicPath: './', // 根据实际情况调整 assetsDir: 'static', ... } 2.3 服务端配置问题 Nginx等服务器配置不当，未正确处理Vue项目的SPA（Single Page Application）特性，也可能是404报错的元凶。对于SPA应用，通常需要配置Nginx将所有非静态资源请求重定向至index.html： nginx location / { try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html; } 2.4 History模式与Hash模式差异 Vue Router支持History和Hash两种路由模式。在实际生产环境中，如果你的应用使用的是History模式，那么可能会因为服务器设置没配好，一不小心就给你来个404错误。这时候，你就得翻回去瞅瞅上文2.3章节，按照那里说的一步步把服务器配置搞定哈。 javascript // router/index.js 中配置路由模式 const router = new Router({ mode: 'history', // 或者 'hash' routes: [...] }) 3. 解决方案及实践 针对上述提到的各种情况，我们需要逐一排查并采取相应措施： - 检查并修正vue.config.js中的publicPath和assetsDir配置，确保与服务器部署路径匹配。 - 根据项目实际需求，合理设置vue-router的base属性。 - 对于服务器配置，尤其是SPA应用，务必按照SPA特性进行正确的路由重定向配置。 - 如果使用History模式，请确保服务器已做相应配置以支持。 在整个过程中，不断尝试、观察、思考并验证是我们解决问题的关键步骤。同时呢，要像侦探一样对技术细节保持敏锐洞察，还要像哲学家那样深入理解问题的本质，这样才能有效防止这类问题再次冒出来，可别让它再给我们捣乱！ 4. 结语 面对Vue打包后报错404这类问题，无需恐慌，只需耐心细致地从各个层面寻找线索，一步步排除故障。就像侦探查案那样，我们一步步地捣鼓、琢磨、优化，最后肯定能把那个“404迷宫”的大门钥匙给找出来，让它无所遁形。希望本文能够帮助你在解决类似问题时更加得心应手，让我们的Vue项目运行如丝般顺滑！

...除相应内容。 1.在project.config.json 文件中添加 "miniprogramRoot": "/", 2.在项目根目录创建 functions 文件夹 3.右键点击文件夹 选着 新建Node.js云函数 我的云函数名字 叫 checkStr(可以自定义) 点击之后会生成这三个文件 如果没有 请手动添加 config.json {"permissions": {"openapi": ["security.msgSecCheck"]} } index.js // 云函数入口文件 index.jsconst cloud = require('wx-server-sdk')cloud.init()// 云函数入口函数exports.main = async (event, context) => {const wxContext = cloud.getWXContext()try {const result = await cloud.openapi.security.msgSecCheck({content: event.text?event.text:'1'})if (result && result.errCode.toString() === '87014'){return { code: 500, msg: '内容含有违法违规内容', data: result } }else{return { code: 200, msg: 'ok', data: result } }} catch (err) {// 错误处理if (err.errCode.toString() === '87014') {return { code: 500, msg: '内容含有违法违规内容', data: err } }return { code: 502, msg: '调用security接口异常', data: err } }} package.json {"name": "checkStr","version": "1.0.0","description": "","main": "index.js","scripts": {"test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"},"author": "","license": "ISC","dependencies": {"wx-server-sdk": "~2.3.1"} } 4.右键点击 云函数文件夹 checkStr 实例文件夹 点击上传并部署：云端安装依赖（不上传node_modules） 上传成功之后再右键点击当前文件夹 点击本地调试 会跳出来云函数界面 勾选本地调试 5.在页面中使用 wx.cloud.init();wx.cloud.callFunction({name: 'checkStr',data: {text: e.detail.value?e.detail.value:'1' // 这一步是处理输入框值手动清空的时候会被检测出敏感词，不知道什么原因抱歉} }).then((res) => {if (res.result.code == "200") {this.setData({sendValue: e.detail.value})} else {this.setData({sendValue: ''})wx.showToast({title: '包含敏感字哦。',icon: 'none',duration: 3000})} }) 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_42046201/article/details/108998434。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...ame = 'my-project' archiveVersion = '1.0.0' } task bootJar(type: BootJar) { classifier = 'boot' } 在这个例子中，BootJar任务会自动将所有必需的依赖项打入到生成的jar文件中，使得应用具备自包含、独立运行的能力。 总结来说，Gradle打包时正确包含依赖包是一个涉及依赖声明、仓库配置以及特殊依赖处理的过程。经过对Gradle依赖管理机制的深入理解和亲手实践，我们不仅能够轻而易举地搞定那些恼人的依赖问题，更能进一步把项目构建过程玩转得溜溜的，从而大大提升开发效率，让工作效率飞起来。同时，在不断摸爬滚打、亲自上手实践的过程中，我们越发能感受到Gradle设计的超级灵活性和满满的人性化关怀，这也是为啥众多开发者对它爱得深沉，情有独钟的原因所在。

...om/spring-projects/go-spring-boot/spring-boot/v2" ) func main() { app := springboot.New() app.SetPort(8080) router := mux.NewRouter() router.HandleFunc("/api/user/{id}", GetUser).Methods("GET") app.Run(router) } func GetUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r http.Request) { id := mux.Vars(r)["id"] if id == "1" { http.Redirect(w, r, "/api/user/2", http.StatusFound) } else { http.NotFound(w, r) } } 在这个例子中，我们创建了一个新的Go项目，并添加了Spring Boot依赖。然后，我们在main.go文件中定义了一个HTTP服务器，并设置了端口为8080。 接着，我们创建了一个路由处理器函数GetUser，它会接收到来自/api/user/{id}路径的GET请求。如果用户ID是1，那么我们就使用http.Redirect方法将请求重定向到/api/user/2。否则，我们就返回一个404 Not Found的状态码。 最后，我们调用app.Run(router)方法启动服务器，并开始监听来自8080端口的请求。 四、结论 通过上面的例子，你应该已经了解了如何使用Go-Spring实现API端点路由重定向功能。其实呢，这只是个入门级别的小栗子，实际上，你完全可以按照自己的小心思，定制更多五花八门的重定向规则，让它们更贴合你的需求。总的来说，API端点路由重定向这个功能可真是个宝贝疙瘩，它实实在在地帮我们在管理API的各种请求和响应时更加游刃有余。这样一来，咱们的系统就像长了翅膀一样，既灵活又具有超强的扩展性，让咱的工作效率嗖嗖往上涨！ 希望这篇文章能对你有所帮助！如果你有任何问题或者想要进一步了解Go-Spring的相关知识，欢迎随时联系我！

...点击"Create Project"，填写项目名称和描述等信息。 - 定义模型：在新建的项目下，点击"Model" -> "Create Model"，添加从远程集群引用的表，并设计所需的维度和度量。 4. 构建Cube并对跨集群数据进行查询 完成模型定义后，即可构建Cube。Kylin会在后台执行MapReduce任务，读取远程集群的数据并进行预计算。构建完成后，您便可以针对这个Cube进行快速、高效的查询操作，即使这些数据分布在不同的集群上。 bash 在Kylin命令行工具中构建Cube ./bin/kylin.sh org.apache.kylin.tool.BuildCubeCommand --cube-name MyCube --project-name MyProject --build-type BUILD 至此，通过精心配置和一系列操作，您的Kylin环境已经成功支持了跨集群的数据源查询。在这一路走来，我们不断挠头琢磨、摸石头过河、动手实践，不仅硬生生攻克了技术上的难关，更是让Kylin在各种复杂环境下的强大适应力和灵活应变能力展露无遗。 总结起来，配置Kylin支持跨集群查询的关键在于正确设置数据源连接，并在模型设计阶段合理引用这些远程数据源。每一次操作都像是人类智慧的一次小小爆发，每查询成功的背后，都是我们对Kylin功能那股子钻研劲儿和精心打磨的成果。在这整个过程中，我们实实在在地感受到了Kylin这款大数据处理神器的厉害之处，它带来的便捷性和无限可能性，真是让我们大开眼界，赞不绝口啊！

...\ --image-project ubuntu-os-cloud \ --machine-type n1-standard-2 \ --scopes cloud-platform \ --subnet default 然后，你需要将这个新节点加入到Kubernetes集群中，具体操作取决于你的集群管理方式。例如，在Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) 中，新创建的节点会自动加入集群。 4. 使用Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) 除了手动调整，我们还可以利用Kubernetes的自动化工具——Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA)，根据实际负载动态调整Pod的数量。例如： bash 创建HPA对象，针对名为my-app的Deployment，目标CPU利用率保持在50% kubectl autoscale deployment my-app --cpu-percent=50 --min=1 --max=10 这段命令会创建一个HPA，它会自动监控"my-app" Deployment的CPU使用情况，当CPU使用率达到50%时，开始增加Pod数量，直到达到最大值10。 结语 处理Kubernetes节点资源不足的问题，需要我们结合监控、分析和调整策略，同时善用Kubernetes提供的各种自动化工具。在整个这个流程里，持续盯着并摸清楚系统的运行状况可是件顶顶重要的事。为啥呢？因为只有真正把系统给琢磨透了，咱们才能做出最精准、最高效的决定，一点儿也不含糊！记住啊，甭管是咱们亲自上手调整还是让系统自动化管理，归根结底，咱们追求的终极目标就是保证服务能稳稳当当、随时待命。咱得瞅准了，既要让集群资源充分满负荷运转起来，又得小心翼翼地躲开资源紧张可能带来的各种风险和麻烦。

.../pypi.org/project/SpeechRecognition/ 下载缓慢推荐您使用第三方通道下载 pip install -i https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple 模块名 【示例】使用 PocketSphinx 实现语音转换文本 import speech_recognition as sr 获取语音文件audio_file = 'demo_audio.wav' 获取识别语音内容的对象r = sr.Recognizer() 打开语音文件with sr.AudioFile(audio_file) as source:audio = r.record(source) 将语音转化为文本 print('文本内容:', r.recognize_sphinx(audio)) recognize_sphinx() 参数中language='en-US' 默认是英语print('文本内容:', r.recognize_sphinx(audio, language='zh-CN')) 普通话识别问题  speech_recognition 默认识别英文，是不支持中文的，需要在Sphinx语音识别工具包里面下载对应的 普通话包 和 语言模型 。 安装步骤： 下 载 地 址：https://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/Acoustic%20and%20Language%20Models/ 点击 Mandarin下载cmusphinx-zh-cn-5.2.tar.gz并解压. 在python安装目录下找到Lib\site-packages\speech_recognition 点击进入pocketsphinx-data文件夹，会看到一个en-US文件夹，再新建文件夹zh-CN 在这个文件夹中添加进入刚刚解压的文件，需要注意：把解压出来的zh_cn.cd_cont_5000文件夹重命名为acoustic-model、zh_cn.lm.bin命名为language-model.lm.bin、zh_cn.dic中dic改为dict格式。即与en-US文件夹中命名一样。 参考：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_32643313/article/details/99936268 致以感谢 后序 浅显的学习语音识别，不足之处甚多，深究后，将更新文章。 感谢跟随老师的代码在未知领域里探索，希望我能走的更高更远 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_46092061/article/details/113945654。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。