背景

由于工厂设备种类多、分阶段建设，工控程序开发通常面临对接多种PLC厂商设备和不同系列与型号。因此出现了一种专门与不同PLC通讯的软件协议-OPC（OLE for Process Control），而各厂家在OPC基础上进行了不同程度的扩展，为了应对标准化和跨平台的趋势，和了更好的推广OPC，OPC基金会近些年在之前OPC成功应用的基础上推出了一个新的OPC标准-OPC UA。处于通讯效率上的考虑，很多厂家生产了OPCUA设备模块，内置处理器，性价比不错。不过这不是本文关注的重点。

概念

OPC UA（OPC Unified Architecture）是指OPC统一体系架构，是一种基于服务的、跨越平台的解决方案。

特点

1. 扩展了OPC的应用平台。传统的基于COM/DCOM 的OPC技术只能基于Windows操作系统，OPC UA支持拓展到Linux和Unix平台。这使得基于OPC UA的标准产品可以更好地实现工厂级的数据采集和管理；
2. 不再基于DCOM通讯，不需要进行DCOM安全设置；
3. OPC UA定义了统一数据和服务模型，使数据组织更为灵活，可以实现报警与事件、数据存取、历史数据存取、控制命令、复杂数据的交互通信；
4. OPC UA比OPC DA更安全。OPC UA传递的数据是可以加密的，并对通信连接和数据本身都可以实现安全控制。新的安全模型保证了数据从原始设备到MES,ERP系统,从本地到远程的各级自动化和信息化系统的可靠传递；
5. OPC UA可以穿越防火墙，实现Internet 通讯。

依赖

我们通常不会从头写，可以基于OpcUa.core.dll库和OpcUa.Client.dll库，而且附上这2个库的源代码。

配置OpcUA Server

您可以安装任何一款支持OPCUA的服务端软件进行以下配置（此为示例配置，您可根据你的实际情况进行配置）
1、OpcUa Server Url：opc.tcp://192.168.100.1:4840。
2、OpcUa EndPoint：[UaServer@cMT-EAB9] [None] [#None] [opc.tcp://192.168.100.1:4840/G01]
3、PLC Device Name：Siemens S7-1200/S7-1500
4、Account：user1
5、Password：自己设置
6、在PLC中开了2个数据块，分别为DB4长度110个字、DB5长度122个字。
7、对应第4块创建标签，第一个名称为DB4.0-99，地址为DB4DBW0.100，数据类型为Short，长度100，即定义长度最长为100的Short数组。第二个名称为DB4.100-109，地址为DB4DBW100.10，数据类型为Short，方便快速读取。
5、对应第5块创建3个标签，第一个名称为DB5.0-99，地址为DB5DBW0.100，数据类型为Short，第二个名称为DB5.100-121， 地址为DB5DBW100.22，数据类型为Short，即定义长度最长为100的Short数组。方便快速读取。第三个标签名称为DB5DBW64，地址为DB5DBW64，数据类型为Short。
具体如下图：

关键代码

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;using Opc.Ua.Helper;
using Mesnac.Equips;namespace Mesnac.Equip.OPC.OpcUa.OPCUA
{public class Equip : BaseEquip{#region 字段定义private bool _isOpen = false;           //是否已打开设备private bool _isClosing = false;        //是否正在关闭设备private OPCUAClass myOpcHelper;          //OPCUA设备访问辅助对象private Dictionary<string, string> dicTags = null;          //保存标签集合private Dictionary<string, object> readResult = null;       //设备标签数据缓存private int stepLen = 250;                  //标签变量的步长设置private string groupNamePrefix = "DB";      //数据块号前缀private string childTagFlag = "~";          //子元素标签标志符private System.Threading.Thread innerReadThread = null;  //内部读取线程对象private int innerReadRate = 1000;           //内部读取频率#endregion#region 属性定义/// <summary>/// OPCUA Server Url/// </summary>public string OpcUaServerUrl{get{//return (this.Main.ConnType as Mesnac.Equips.Connection.OPCUA.ConnType).OpcUaServerUrl;return "opc.tcp://192.168.1.102:4840";//return "opc.tcp://192.168.100.1:4840";//return "opc.tcp://192.168.100.2:4840";}}/// <summary>/// 要连接的OPCUA服务器上的服务名/// </summary>public string OpcUaServiceName{get{//return (this.Main.ConnType as Mesnac.Equips.Connection.OPCUA.ConnType).OpcUaServiceName;return "[UaServer@cMT-9F1F]  [None]  [#None]  [opc.tcp://192.168.1.102:4840/G01]";//return "[UaServer@cMT-EAB9]  [None]  [#None]  [opc.tcp://192.168.100.1:4840/G01]";//return "[UaServer@cMT-EA5B]  [None]  [#None]  [opc.tcp://192.168.100.2:4840/G02]";//return "[UaServer@cMT-EA5B]  [None]  [#None]  [opc.tcp://192.168.100.2:4840/G01]";}}/// <summary>/// 要连接的OPCUA服务器上指定服务名下的PLC的名称/// </summary>public string PLCName{get{//return (this.Main.ConnType as Mesnac.Equips.Connection.OPCUA.ConnType).PLCName;//return "Feeding";return "Siemens_192.168.2.1";//return "Rockwell_192.168.1.10";}}/// <summary>/// OPCUA服务器的访问账户/// </summary>public string Account{get{//return (this.Main.ConnType as Mesnac.Equips.Connection.OPCUA.ConnType).Account;return "user1";}}/// <summary>/// OPCUA服务器的访问密码/// </summary>public string Password{get{//return (this.Main.ConnType as Mesnac.Equips.Connection.OPCUA.ConnType).Password;return "1";}}#endregion#region BaseEquip成员实现/// <summary>/// 打开连接设备/// </summary>/// <returns>成功返回true，失败返回false</returns>public override bool Open(){lock (this){this._isClosing = false;if (this._isOpen == true && this.myOpcHelper != null){return true;}this.State = false;this.myOpcHelper = new OPCUAClass();this.dicTags = this.myOpcHelper.ConnectOPCUA(this.OpcUaServerUrl, this.Account, this.Password, this.OpcUaServiceName, this.PLCName);   //连接OPCServerif (this.dicTags == null || this.dicTags.Count == 0){this.myOpcHelper = null;Console.WriteLine("OPC连接失败!");this.State = false;return false;}else{this.State = true;this._isOpen = true;#region 初始化读取结果this.readResult = new Dictionary<string, object>();foreach (Equips.BaseInfo.Group group in this.Group.Values){if (!group.IsAutoRead){continue;}int groupMinStart = group.Start;int groupMaxEnd = group.Start + group.Len;int groupMaxLen = group.Len;foreach (Equips.BaseInfo.Group g in this.Group.Values){if (!g.IsAutoRead){continue;}if (g.Block == group.Block){if (g.Start < group.Start){groupMinStart = g.Start;}if (g.Start + g.Len > groupMaxEnd){groupMaxEnd = g.Start + g.Len;}}}groupMaxLen = groupMaxEnd - groupMinStart;int tagCount = groupMaxLen % this.stepLen == 0 ? groupMaxLen / this.stepLen : groupMaxLen / this.stepLen + 1;int currLen = 0;for (int i = 0; i < tagCount; i++){string tagName = String.Empty;if (tagCount == 1){tagName = String.Format("{0}-{1}", groupMinStart, groupMinStart + groupMaxLen - 1);currLen = groupMaxLen;}else if (i == tagCount - 1){tagName = String.Format("{0}-{1}", groupMinStart + (i * this.stepLen), groupMinStart + (i * this.stepLen) + (groupMaxLen % this.stepLen == 0 ? this.stepLen : groupMaxLen % this.stepLen) - 1);currLen = groupMaxLen % this.stepLen;}else{tagName = String.Format("{0}-{1}", groupMinStart + (i * this.stepLen), groupMinStart + (i * this.stepLen) + this.stepLen - 1);currLen = this.stepLen;}string tagFullName = String.Format("{0}{1}.{2}", groupNamePrefix, group.Block, tagName);if (!this.readResult.ContainsKey(tagFullName)){bool exists = false;#region 判断读取结果标签组的范围是否包括了此标签 比如tagFullName DB5.220-299,在readResult中存在 DB5.200-299，则认为已存在，不需要再添加string[] beginend = null;int begin = 0;int end = 0;string[] startstop = tagFullName.Replace(String.Format("{0}{1}.", groupNamePrefix, group.Block), String.Empty).Split(new char[] { '-' });int start = 0;int stop = 0;bool parseResult = false;if (startstop.Length == 2){parseResult = int.TryParse(startstop[0], out start);if (parseResult){parseResult = int.TryParse(startstop[1], out stop);}}if (parseResult){int existsMinBegin = 0;     //已存在标签的最小开始索引int existsMaxEnd = 0;       //已存在标签的最大结束索引bool isContinue = true;     //标签值是否连续string[] existsTags = this.readResult.Keys.ToArray<string>();foreach (string tag in existsTags){if (tag.StartsWith(String.Format("{0}{1}.", groupNamePrefix, group.Block)) && tag.Contains(".") && tag.Contains("-")){string[] tagname = tag.Split(new char[] { '.' });if (tagname.Length == 2){beginend = tagname[1].Split(new char[] { '-' });if (beginend.Length == 2){parseResult = int.TryParse(beginend[0], out begin);if (parseResult){parseResult = int.TryParse(beginend[1], out end);}#region 计算最小开始索引和最大结束索引if (begin < existsMinBegin){existsMinBegin = begin;#region 判断标签值是否连续if (existsMaxEnd != 0 && begin != existsMaxEnd + 1){isContinue = false;}#endregion}if (end > existsMaxEnd){existsMaxEnd = end;}#endregion}}if (parseResult){if (start >= begin && stop <= end){exists = true;break;}if (isContinue){if (start >= existsMinBegin && stop <= existsMaxEnd){exists = true;break;}}}}}}#endregionif (!exists){ushort[] groupData = new ushort[currLen];this.readResult[tagFullName] = groupData;Console.WriteLine(tagFullName);}}}//int tagCount = group.Len % this.stepLen == 0 ? group.Len / this.stepLen : group.Len / this.stepLen + 1;//int currLen = 0;//for (int i = 0; i < tagCount; i++)//{//    string tagName = String.Empty;//    if (tagCount == 1)//    {//        tagName = String.Format("{0}-{1}", group.Start, group.Start + group.Len - 1);//        currLen = group.Len;//    }//    else if (i == tagCount - 1)//    {//        tagName = String.Format("{0}-{1}", group.Start + (i * this.stepLen), group.Start + (i * this.stepLen) + (group.Len % this.stepLen == 0 ? this.stepLen : group.Len % this.stepLen) - 1);//        currLen = group.Len % this.stepLen;//    }//    else//    {//        tagName = String.Format("{0}-{1}", group.Start + (i * this.stepLen), group.Start + (i * this.stepLen) + this.stepLen - 1);//        currLen = this.stepLen;//    }//    string tagFullName = String.Format("{0}{1}.{2}", groupNamePrefix, group.Block, tagName);//    if (!this.readResult.ContainsKey(tagFullName))//    {//        short[] groupData = new short[currLen];//        this.readResult[tagFullName] = groupData;//    }//}}#endregion#region 开启内部定时读取if (this.innerReadThread == null){this.innerReadRate = this.Main.ReadHz / 2;this.innerReadThread = new System.Threading.Thread(this.InnerAutoRead);this.innerReadThread.Start();}#endregion}return this.State;}}/// <summary>/// 从设备读取数据/// </summary>/// <param name="block">要读取的块号</param>/// <param name="start">要读取的起始字</param>/// <param name="len">要读取的长度</param>/// <param name="buff">读取成功后的输出数据</param>/// <returns>成功返回true，失败返回false</returns>public override bool Read(string block, int start, int len, out object[] buff){lock (this){buff = null;if (this._isClosing){return false;}string readstrflag = String.Format("{0}{1}.{2}-{3}", this.groupNamePrefix, block, start, start + len - 1);System.Text.StringBuilder sbtaglength = new System.Text.StringBuilder();string startTag = String.Empty;string groupName = String.Format("{0}{1}", this.groupNamePrefix, block);        //要读取的OPCServer块List<ushort> groupData = new List<ushort>();List<string> groupTagNames = new List<string>();int startIndex = 0;try{if (!Open()){return false;}//return true;string[] keys = this.readResult.Keys.ToArray<string>();foreach (string key in keys){if (key.StartsWith(groupName) && key.Replace(String.Format("{0}.", groupName), String.Empty).Contains("-")){groupTagNames.Add(key);}}groupTagNames.Sort();       //对块标签进行排序foreach (string key in groupTagNames){if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(startTag)){startTag = key.Replace(String.Format("{0}.", groupName), String.Empty);}ushort[] values;if (this.readResult[key] is ushort[]){values = this.readResult[key] as ushort[];}else{values = new ushort[] { (ushort)this.readResult[key] };}sbtaglength.Append(String.Format("tagName={0}, buff length = {1}", key, values.Length));groupData.AddRange(values);}buff = new object[len];if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(startTag)){string strStartIndex = startTag.Substring(0, startTag.IndexOf("-"));int.TryParse(strStartIndex, out startIndex);startIndex = start - startIndex;Array.Copy(groupData.ToArray(), startIndex, buff, 0, buff.Length);}else{}return true;}catch (Exception ex){Console.WriteLine(String.Join(";", groupTagNames.ToArray<string>()));Console.WriteLine("data length = " + groupData.Count);Console.WriteLine(this.Name + "读取失败[" + readstrflag + "]:" + ex.Message);Console.WriteLine(sbtaglength.ToString());this.State = false;return false;}}}/// <summary>/// 写入数据到设备/// </summary>/// <param name="block">要写入的块号</param>/// <param name="start">要写入的起始字</param>/// <param name="buff">要写如的数据</param>/// <returns>成功返回true，失败返回false</returns>public override bool Write(int block, int start, object[] buff){bool result = true;lock (this){try{if (this._isClosing){return false;}if (!Open()){return false;}bool isWrite = false;#region 按标签变量写入string itemId = "";foreach (Equips.BaseInfo.Group group in this.Group.Values){if (group.Block == block.ToString()){foreach (Equips.BaseInfo.Data data in group.Data.Values){if (group.Start + data.Start == start && data.Len == buff.Length){if (this.dicTags.ContainsKey(data.Name)){itemId = this.dicTags[data.Name];}break;}}}}if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(itemId)){UInt16[] intBuff = new UInt16[buff.Length];for (int i = 0; i < intBuff.Length; i++){intBuff[i] = 0;if (!UInt16.TryParse(buff[i].ToString(), out intBuff[i])){Console.WriteLine("在写入OPCUA标签时把buff中的元素转为UInt16类型失败!");}}result = this.myOpcHelper.WriteUInt16(itemId, intBuff);if (!result){Console.WriteLine(String.Format("标签变量[{0}]写入失败!", itemId));return false;}else{Console.WriteLine("按标签变量写入..." + itemId);isWrite = true;}}if (isWrite){return true;}#endregion#region 按块写入#region 先读取相应标签数数据string startTag = String.Empty;string groupName = String.Format("{0}{1}", this.groupNamePrefix, block);        //要读取的OPCServer块List<ushort> groupData = new List<ushort>();string[] keys = readResult.Keys.Where(o => o.StartsWith(groupName) && o.Contains("-")).OrderBy(c => c).ToArray<string>();foreach (string key in keys){if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(startTag)){startTag = key.Replace(String.Format("{0}.", groupName), String.Empty);}string[] beginEnd = key.Replace(String.Format("{0}.", groupName), String.Empty).Split(new char[] { '-' });if (beginEnd.Length != 2){Console.WriteLine(String.Format("标签变量[{0}]未按约定方式命名，请按[DB块号].[起始字-结束字]方式标签变量进行命名！", String.Format("{0}.{1}", key)));return false;}int begin = 0;int end = 0;int.TryParse(beginEnd[0], out begin);int.TryParse(beginEnd[1], out end);#region 写入之前，先读取一下PLC的值if ((start >= begin && start <= end) || ((start + buff.Length - 1) >= begin && (start + buff.Length - 1) <= end) || (start < begin && (start + buff.Length - 1) > end)){this.ReadTag(key);if (this.readResult.ContainsKey(key) && this.readResult[key] is Array){Console.WriteLine("read = " + key);groupData.AddRange(this.readResult[key] as ushort[]);}else{Console.WriteLine(String.Format("读取结果中不包含标签变量[{0}]的值!", String.Format("{0}", key)));}}else{if (this.readResult.ContainsKey(key) && this.readResult[key] is Array){Console.WriteLine("no read = " + key);groupData.AddRange(this.readResult[key] as ushort[]);}}#endregion}#endregionif (String.IsNullOrEmpty(startTag)){Console.WriteLine("写入失败，未在OPCUAserver中找到对应的标签,block = {0}, start = {1}, len = {2}", block, start, buff.Length);return false;}#region 更新标签中对应的数据后，再写回OPCServerint startIndex = 0;string strStartIndex = startTag.Substring(0, startTag.IndexOf("-"));int.TryParse(strStartIndex, out startIndex);startIndex = start - startIndex;ushort[] newDataBuffer = groupData.ToArray();for (int i = 0; i < buff.Length; i++){ushort svalue = 0;ushort.TryParse(buff[i].ToString(), out svalue);newDataBuffer[startIndex + i] = svalue;}int index = 0;string[] keys2 = readResult.Keys.Where(o => o.StartsWith(groupName) && o.Contains("-")).OrderBy(c => c).ToArray<string>();foreach (string key2 in keys2){string[] beginEnd = key2.Replace(String.Format("{0}.", groupName), String.Empty).Split(new char[] { '-' });if (beginEnd.Length != 2){Console.WriteLine(String.Format("标签变量[{0}]未按约定方式命名，请按[DB块号].[起始字-结束字]方式标签变量进行命名！", String.Format("{0}", key2)));return false;}int begin = 0;int end = 0;int.TryParse(beginEnd[0], out begin);int.TryParse(beginEnd[1], out end);if ((start >= begin && start <= end) || ((start + buff.Length - 1) >= begin && (start + buff.Length - 1) <= end) || (start < begin && (start + buff.Length - 1) > end)){//Console.WriteLine("---------------------------------------------------------");//Console.WriteLine("start = " + start);//Console.WriteLine("start + buff.Length - 1 = " + (start + buff.Length -1));//Console.WriteLine("begin = " + begin);//Console.WriteLine("end = " + end);//Console.WriteLine("---------------------------------------------------------");if (!this.dicTags.ContainsKey(key2)){Console.WriteLine(String.Format("写入失败：标签变量[{0}]在OpcUA Server中未定义!", String.Format("{0}", key2)));return false;}int len = (this.readResult[key2] as ushort[]).Length;ushort[] tagDataBuff = new ushort[len];//Console.WriteLine("newDataBuff");//Console.WriteLine(String.Join(",", newDataBuffer));//Console.WriteLine("index = " + index);//Console.WriteLine("tagDataBuff.Length = " + tagDataBuff.Length);//Array.Copy(newDataBuffer, begin, tagDataBuff, 0, tagDataBuff.Length);int existsMinBegin = this.GetExistsMinBeginByBlock(block.ToString());Array.Copy(newDataBuffer, begin - existsMinBegin, tagDataBuff, 0, tagDataBuff.Length);index += tagDataBuff.Length;//Console.WriteLine("Write " + key2);//Console.WriteLine(String.Join(",", tagDataBuff));//Console.WriteLine("写入标签：" + this.dicTags[key2]);result = this.myOpcHelper.WriteUInt16(this.dicTags[key2], tagDataBuff);if (!result){Console.WriteLine(String.Format("向标签变量[{0}]中写入值失败!", String.Format("{0}", key2)));return false;}else{this.ReadTag(key2);Console.WriteLine("写入...");}//Console.WriteLine("---------------------------------------------------------");}}#endregion#endregionreturn result;}catch (Exception ex){Console.WriteLine(this.Name + "写入失败:" + ex.Message);return false;}}}/// <summary>/// 关闭方法，断开与设备的连接释放资源/// </summary>public override void Close(){try{this._isClosing = true;System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(this.Main.ReadHz);if (this.innerReadThread != null){this.innerReadThread.Abort();this.innerReadThread = null;}}catch (Exception ex){Console.WriteLine("关闭内部读取OPCUA线程异常：" + ex.Message);}try{if (this.myOpcHelper != null){this.myOpcHelper.Close();this.myOpcHelper = null;this.State = false;this._isOpen = false;}}catch (Exception ex){Console.WriteLine("关于与OPCUA服务连接异常：" + ex.Message);}}#endregion#region 辅助方法/// <summary>/// 获取某个数据块标签的最小开始索引/// </summary>/// <param name="block">块号</param>/// <returns>返回数据块标签的最小开始索引</returns>private int GetExistsMinBeginByBlock(string block){int existsMinBegin = 99999;     //已存在标签的最小开始索引int existsMaxEnd = 0;       //已存在标签的最大结束索引bool isContinue = true;     //标签值是否连续string[] existsTags = this.readResult.Keys.ToArray<string>();string[] beginend = null;bool parseResult = false;int begin = 0;int end = 0;foreach (string tag in existsTags){if (tag.StartsWith(String.Format("{0}{1}.", groupNamePrefix, block)) && tag.Contains(".") && tag.Contains("-")){string[] tagname = tag.Split(new char[] { '.' });if (tagname.Length == 2){beginend = tagname[1].Split(new char[] { '-' });if (beginend.Length == 2){parseResult = int.TryParse(beginend[0], out begin);if (parseResult){parseResult = int.TryParse(beginend[1], out end);}#region 计算最小开始索引和最大结束索引if (begin < existsMinBegin){existsMinBegin = begin;#region 判断标签值是否连续if (existsMaxEnd != 0 && begin != existsMaxEnd + 1){isContinue = false;}#endregion}if (end > existsMaxEnd){existsMaxEnd = end;}#endregion}}if (parseResult){//}}}return existsMinBegin;}/// <summary>/// 读取标签/// </summary>/// <param name="tagName"></param>private void ReadTag(string tagName){UInt16[] buff = null;if (this.dicTags.ContainsKey(tagName)){if (this.myOpcHelper.ReadUInt16(this.dicTags[tagName], out buff)){//Console.WriteLine("tagName={0}, buff length = {1}", tagName, buff.Length);if (this.readResult.ContainsKey(tagName)){this.readResult[tagName] = buff;}else{this.readResult.Add(tagName, buff);}}else{Console.WriteLine("Mesnac.Equip.OPC.OpcUa.OPCUA.Equip.ReadTag Exception 读取标签：[{0}]失败!", tagName);}}else{Console.WriteLine("Mesnac.Equip.OPC.OpcUa.OPCUA.Equip.ReadTag Exception OPCUA Server中未定义此标签：[{0}]!", tagName);}}/// <summary>/// 内部自动读取方法/// </summary>private void InnerAutoRead(){while (this._isOpen && this._isClosing == false){try{if (this.myOpcHelper == null){this._isClosing = true;this.State = false;return;}lock (this){string[] keys = this.readResult.Keys.ToArray<string>();foreach (string key in keys){this.ReadTag(key);}}System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(this.innerReadRate);}catch (Exception ex){Console.WriteLine("Mesnac.Equip.OPC.OpcUa.OPCUA.Equip.InnerAutoRead Exception : " + ex.Message);}}this.innerReadThread = null;}#endregion#region 析构方法~Equip(){this.Close();}#endregion}
}

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