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[Web应用状态管理在Vue中的实现]的搜索结果
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Element-UI
...ElementUI中实现表单数据的实时存储? 一、引言 在构建现代Web应用时,表单管理是一个不可或缺的部分。Element-UI,作为一套基于Vue.js的高质量UI组件库,提供了丰富的组件来简化表单设计和管理。本文将深入探讨如何在ElementUI中实现表单数据的实时存储,包括数据验证、实时更新以及提交功能。通过具体的代码示例,我们将逐步构建一个简单的表单应用,展示ElementUI的强大能力。 二、准备环境 首先,确保你的开发环境中已经安装了Node.js和Vue CLI。接下来,创建一个新的Vue项目: bash vue create my-element-form-app cd my-element-form-app 安装Element-UI和axios(用于后端交互): bash npm install element-ui axios 在main.js中引入并配置Element-UI: javascript import Vue from 'vue' import ElementUI from 'element-ui'; import 'element-ui/lib/theme-chalk/index.css'; import axios from 'axios'; Vue.use(ElementUI); // 配置axios Vue.prototype.$axios = axios; 三、构建表单组件 在src/components目录下创建一个名为FormComponent.vue的新文件,用于构建表单: html 提交 四、后台服务集成 假设你已经有了一个API可以接收表单数据,例如: javascript app.post('/api/submit-form', function(req, res) { const formData = req.body; // 在这里处理表单数据,可能包括数据库操作等 // ... res.send({ status: 'success', message: '表单提交成功' }); }); 五、实时反馈与优化 在实际应用中,用户可能会频繁提交表单或修改表单数据。为了让咱们的用户在使用产品时感觉更爽,我们可以加入一些实时反馈的东西,比如加载动画或者进度条啥的,这样他们就能看到自己的操作正在被处理,不会觉得系统卡顿或者慢吞吞的。另外,我们还要优化前端性能,就是说尽量减少那些没必要的请求,让页面加载得更快,操作起来更流畅。这样一来,用户体验绝对能提升一大截! html 提交 六、结语 通过上述步骤,我们不仅学会了如何在ElementUI中构建一个具有实时存储功能的表单应用,还了解了如何进行数据验证、错误处理以及优化用户体验。ElementUI,这货简直就是程序员们的超级助手啊!它那简洁高效的风格,就像是魔法一样,让开发者们轻轻松松就能打造出既实用又好看的应用程序。想象一下,你就像个魔法师,只需要几行代码,就能变出一个功能齐全、界面超赞的软件,是不是特别过瘾?ElementUI就是这么给力,让你的创意和想象力,都能在实际项目中大放异彩,不再受限于技术瓶颈。所以,如果你是个爱搞创新、追求极致体验的开发者,ElementUI绝对是你不可多得的好伙伴!哎呀,随着你慢慢摸清了Vue.js这个工具箱里的宝贝,你会发现能做的事儿多了去了!就像是解锁了新技能,可以玩转更复杂的网页设计,打造超级酷炫、功能强大的网站应用。想象一下,你就像个魔法师,手里的魔法棒(Vue.js)越用越熟练,能变出的东西就越来越厉害!是不是感觉整个人都充满了创造的激情?快来试试,让你的创意在网页上绽放吧!
2024-09-29 15:44:20
57
时光倒流
VUE
在深入探讨Vue与GIS技术结合的实际应用后,我们发现这一领域的创新与发展正日益活跃。近期,开源社区中关于Vue GIS库的开发和优化动态频现,例如Vuelayers、Vue-Leaflet等项目正在不断更新以提供更丰富、更强大的地图组件功能。其中,Vuelayers已成功实现对OpenLayers 6的支持,使得开发者能够构建更为复杂的Web GIS应用,包括3D地图渲染、大数据量加载以及高级交互功能。 此外,随着地理信息技术在智慧城市、自然资源管理、环境监测等领域的重要性不断提升,Vue与GIS结合的应用案例也层出不穷。比如,在2021年某智慧城市建设中,开发团队就利用Vue与GIS集成技术,构建了一套实时交通监控与分析系统,大大提升了城市管理效率及公共服务质量。 同时,相关教程和研讨会也在积极推广Vue与GIS的融合实践。今年举办的“Vue.js + GIS应用开发线上研讨会”上,多位行业专家分享了他们在Vue框架下设计和实现GIS功能的经验心得,强调了组件化、响应式数据绑定等Vue特性对于GIS应用开发的重要价值,并探讨了未来可能的技术趋势和发展方向。 综上所述,Vue与GIS的结合不仅为现代Web应用程序赋予了新的活力,而且在实际应用场景中展现出广阔的应用前景,值得广大开发者关注和投入研究。
2023-01-25 15:08:59
48
键盘勇士
VUE
在深入学习Vue框架中使用vue-video-player插件实现网页内嵌视频播放功能之后,我们了解到Vue为开发者提供了便捷的原生视频组件支持。为了进一步提升用户体验并紧跟现代Web开发趋势,以下是一些相关的延伸阅读内容: 1. 最新Web视频技术动态:近期,Google开源了其高性能Web视频播放器Shaka Player的最新版本,它专注于适应各种网络条件,并优化了对MPEG-DASH和HLS流的支持。对于需要处理大量视频流或提供自适应播放体验的Vue项目来说,这是一个值得关注的技术动向。 2. Vue.js与无障碍性设计:在实际应用中,确保视频播放器的无障碍性至关重要。W3C已发布了一系列关于Web可访问性的指南,包括如何使视频内容对屏幕阅读器、键盘导航友好以及添加字幕和音频描述等。结合这些标准,在Vue项目中利用vue-video-player实现符合WCAG 2.1标准的视频播放器将大大提高网站包容性和用户体验。 3. 前端性能优化实战:随着高清视频的普及,加载速度和播放流畅度成为衡量用户体验的重要指标。一篇名为《前端性能优化:如何高效加载和播放视频资源》的技术文章深入探讨了如何借助HTTP/3、预加载策略以及Web Workers等前沿技术,在Vue项目中通过vue-video-player实现视频资源的高效加载和无缝播放。 4. Vue.js与PWA的融合:Progressive Web App(渐进式网页应用)能显著提高网页应用的离线体验。在Vue项目中集成Service Worker后,即便在网络不稳定或断网的情况下,通过vue-video-player嵌入的视频仍有可能被缓存并离线播放,从而为用户提供一致且优质的观看体验。 综上所述,针对Vue项目中的视频播放需求,除了掌握vue-video-player的基本用法外,持续关注前沿技术和最佳实践,结合无障碍设计原则及性能优化方案,将有助于打造更加专业且用户友好的视频播放功能。
2023-09-29 09:58:35
54
码农
VUE
Vue.js是一个小型的JavaScript框架,它用于创建互动Web视图。Vue.js的名称源自法语单词“vue”,表示“视图”或“视图”。 Vue.js使用信息绑定和模块化的思想,能够快速创建出复杂的前端应用。在Vue.js中,我们可以通过自定义组件来实现将应用各部分分割成单独的、可重复使用的部分。Vue.js还提供命令,它们可以用来简化DOM操作,使我们可以更加专注于信息和业务逻辑。 // Vue.js组件示例 Vue.component('my-component', { template: ' Hello, world! ' }); Vue.js已成为广受欢迎的前端框架之一,它相对于Angular和React具有更小的体积和更快的速度。Vue.js的作者尤雨溪(Yuxi You)曾经说过,将“vue”作为框架的名称是因为这个单词非常简洁、易于拼写和搜索。 虽然“vue”在法语中的意思是“视图”,但在Vue.js中,它则代表着一种前端开发的新思想:将应用拆分成可复用的组件,通过信息绑定和命令实现信息驱动的视图渲染。Vue.js的这种简洁、易用、高效的特性,也正是其在开发者中赢得广泛关注和好评的原因之一。
2023-12-22 14:31:59
63
逻辑鬼才
Element-UI
在深入探讨Vue2.x与Element-UI中el-table和el-select组件优化的问题后,我们了解到DOM元素数量对页面性能的影响至关重要。实际上,前端性能优化不仅限于单个组件的精简优化,更关乎整体应用架构的设计以及最新技术的应用。 近期,Vue3.x版本发布并逐渐被广大开发者采纳,它凭借全新的Composition API、响应式系统改进以及更好的性能表现,为解决此类问题提供了新思路。Vue3.x中的Teleport功能可以将大量DOM元素移出主渲染树,从而降低复杂组件对页面渲染速度的影响。同时,Vue3.x搭配最新的虚拟滚动库如vue-virtual-scroller,能够更高效地实现列表滚动渲染,大大提升大型表格或列表场景下的用户体验。 此外,随着Web Components标准的发展和完善,未来更多高性能的原生Web组件有望取代部分第三方UI库的功能,进一步减少不必要的性能开销。例如,Chrome团队正在研发一款名为“Lit Element”的轻量级Web组件库,它具有出色的性能和内存管理机制,有助于我们在构建复杂表格及选择器时获得更好的性能表现。 综上所述,在面对类似问题时,我们除了持续关注和实践上述针对Vue2.x的具体优化方案,还应积极跟进前端开发领域的最新动态和技术趋势,以便更好地应对各种性能挑战,提供更加流畅的用户体验。
2023-05-13 13:31:23
491
风轻云淡_t
VUE
Vue Router , Vue Router是Vue.js官方提供的路由管理器,它为单页应用(SPA)提供了强大的路由功能。在Vue项目中,Vue Router通过定义和配置不同的路由规则,帮助实现页面之间的跳转、参数传递等功能,并支持多种模式如History和Hash模式,以适应不同服务器环境下的部署需求。 Single Page Application (SPA) , SPA是一种现代Web应用开发模式,特点是用户与应用交互过程中,大部分内容和视图变化无需重新加载整个页面,而是通过异步请求更新局部视图或数据。Vue.js构建的应用通常采用SPA形式,只需加载一次HTML文件后,后续的导航和交互都在同一页面内完成,极大地提高了用户体验和应用性能。 Nginx , Nginx是一款高性能的HTTP和反向代理服务器,同时也是一个IMAP/POP3/SMTP代理服务器。在本文语境下,Nginx被用来托管和配置Vue项目部署后的静态资源服务。通过正确配置Nginx,可以处理Vue项目的SPA特性,将所有非静态资源请求重定向至index.html,从而避免因路由机制导致的404错误问题。
2023-10-10 14:51:55
76
青山绿水_
SpringBoot
...程中,异常处理是确保应用程序稳定性和健壮性的关键部分。尤其在SpringBoot中,异常处理显得尤为重要,因为一个良好的异常处理机制能够提升用户体验,减少错误信息的混乱,甚至可以帮助我们更好地定位问题所在。在这篇文章中,我将带你一起探索如何在SpringBoot项目中优雅地处理异常。 1. 理解SpringBoot中的异常处理 在开始之前,让我们先了解一下SpringBoot是如何处理异常的。Spring Boot自带了一些基础的异常处理功能。比如说,如果你不小心访问了一个不存在的网址,它就会给你弹出一个默认的错误页面,告诉你出问题了。然而,这样的处理方式并不总是符合我们的需求。我们需要更灵活、更定制化的异常处理方案来适应不同的业务场景。 2. 使用@ControllerAdvice和@ExceptionHandler 首先,我们要介绍的是@ControllerAdvice和@ExceptionHandler这两个注解。它们是SpringBoot中处理全局异常的利器。 - @ControllerAdvice:这是一个用于定义全局异常处理器的注解。通过将这个注解应用到一个类上,你可以定义一些方法来捕获并处理特定类型的异常。 - @ExceptionHandler:这是与@ControllerAdvice结合使用的注解,用来指定哪些方法应该处理特定类型的异常。 示例代码: java import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus; import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ControllerAdvice; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ExceptionHandler; @ControllerAdvice public class GlobalExceptionHandler { @ExceptionHandler(value = {NullPointerException.class}) public ResponseEntity handleNullPointerException(NullPointerException ex) { System.out.println("Caught NullPointerException"); return new ResponseEntity<>("Null Pointer Exception occurred", HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST); } @ExceptionHandler(value = {IllegalArgumentException.class}) public ResponseEntity handleIllegalArgumentException(IllegalArgumentException ex) { System.out.println("Caught IllegalArgumentException"); return new ResponseEntity<>("Illegal Argument Exception occurred", HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST); } } 在这个例子中,我们定义了一个全局异常处理器,它能捕捉两种类型的异常:NullPointerException 和 IllegalArgumentException。当这两种异常发生时,程序会返回相应的错误信息和状态码给客户端。 3. 自定义异常类 有时候,标准的Java异常不足以满足我们的需求。这时,自定义异常类就派上用场了。自定义异常类不仅可以让代码更具可读性,还能帮助我们更好地组织和分类异常。 示例代码: java public class CustomException extends RuntimeException { private int errorCode; public CustomException(int errorCode, String message) { super(message); this.errorCode = errorCode; } // Getter and Setter for errorCode } 然后,在控制器层中抛出这些自定义异常: java @RestController public class MyController { @GetMapping("/test") public String test() { throw new CustomException(1001, "This is a custom exception"); } } 4. 使用ErrorController接口 除了上述方法外,SpringBoot还提供了ErrorController接口,允许我们自定义错误处理逻辑。通过实现该接口,我们可以控制当错误发生时应返回的具体内容。 示例代码: java import org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.error.ErrorController; import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus; import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; @Controller public class CustomErrorController implements ErrorController { @Override public String getErrorPath() { return "/error"; } @RequestMapping("/error") public ResponseEntity handleError() { return new ResponseEntity<>("Custom error page", HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND); } } 在这个例子中,我们定义了一个新的错误处理页面,当发生错误时,用户将会看到一个友好的提示页面而不是默认的错误页面。 --- 以上就是我在处理SpringBoot项目中的异常时的一些经验分享。希望这些技巧能帮助你在实际开发中更加得心应手。当然,每个项目都有其独特之处,所以灵活运用这些知识才是王道。在处理异常的过程中,记得保持代码的简洁性和可维护性,这样你的项目才能走得更远!
2024-11-11 16:16:22
147
初心未变
VUE
Vue CLI , Vue CLI是Vue.js官方提供的一个基于Node.js的命令行工具,全称为Vue Command Line Interface。它为开发者提供了一种快速搭建Vue.js项目脚手架的方式,并集成了许多常用的开发工具和配置选项,如webpack、Babel等,使得开发者能够快速初始化、开发、构建和部署Vue.js项目。 fs-extra模块 , fs-extra是Node.js的一个第三方扩展库,是对原生fs模块功能的增强和补充。在文章语境中,fs-extra用于提供更丰富的文件系统操作API,例如检查文件是否存在、读写文件、复制移动文件或目录等。通过在Vue项目中安装并使用fs-extra,开发者可以方便地在JavaScript代码中执行复杂的本地文件系统操作,从而实现启动exe文件的功能。 Node.js子进程 , 在Node.js环境中,子进程是一个独立于父进程运行的进程实例,由父进程创建并控制。通过child_process模块,开发者可以在Node.js应用中创建并管理子进程,以便执行外部命令或程序(如Windows环境下的exe文件)。在本文中,Vue组件利用Node.js的子进程功能来启动本地的exe文件,当用户在前端界面触发相应操作时,后台可以通过创建子进程的方式来调用并执行exe文件。
2023-06-30 09:47:16
56
逻辑鬼才
VUE
在深入探讨Vue.js中实现千位分隔符和货币格式化的应用之后,我们发现前端开发对于数据可视化的清晰度与专业性要求越来越高。近期,Vue.js社区围绕数字格式化进行了多方面的优化与创新。例如,Vue 3.x引入了全新的Composition API,使得开发者能够更灵活地处理复杂的数据转换逻辑,包括但不限于数字格式化、本地化货币显示等。 近日,有开发者分享了一种利用最新的@vue/composition-api库结合ECMAScript Internationalization API(Intl)实现的国际化数字格式化方案。通过Intl.NumberFormat组件,不仅能轻松实现千位分隔符的自动添加,还能根据不同地区习惯进行货币符号及小数点格式的自适应调整,大大提升了全球化应用程序的用户体验。 此外,针对财务报表、大数据分析等场景下的复杂数据显示需求,一些开源项目如v-money、vue-number-format等也提供了丰富且易用的封装组件,它们不仅支持基础的千位分隔和货币格式设定,还允许用户自定义样式、添加精度控制以及响应式更新等功能,为Vue.js开发者在实际项目中提升数字显示的专业性和可读性提供了更多选择。 总之,在Vue.js的世界里,无论是内置工具还是社区资源,都为我们提供了丰富的手段来应对各类数字格式化的需求,不断推动着Web应用程序在数据展示层面的精细化与专业化发展。
2023-12-25 14:14:35
46
电脑达人
VUE
在Vue.js框架中实现图片排版不仅展现了其组件化和数据绑定的高效性,也充分利用了现代CSS布局技术如Flexbox的优势。实际上,随着Web开发技术的不断进步,Vue生态下的UI库如Element UI、Vuetify等,更是将图片排版和其他复杂布局封装成了易用的组件,开发者可以便捷地引入并快速实现美观且响应式的图片画廊或轮播图效果。 近期,Vue 3.x版本的发布进一步优化了性能,并提供了Composition API使得代码组织更为灵活。同时,Vue团队倡导的“无障碍”(a11y)理念,在图片排版上亦有所体现,鼓励开发者关注图片alt属性的设置,以提升网站对视障用户的友好度。 此外,对于大规模图片项目的管理和优化,诸如使用Vue配合Webpack进行图片懒加载、预加载等技术方案,已成为前端开发者的必备技能。例如,Vue官方文档推荐的vue-lazyload插件,就可以轻松实现图片的按需加载,有效提高了页面加载速度和用户体验。 深入探究,Vue与现代CSS Grid布局结合,能够创造出更多样化的布局形态,包括复杂的网格系统、瀑布流布局等。在实际项目中,熟练掌握这些技术将极大地丰富前端界面设计的可能性,让Vue在图片排版乃至整个Web应用构建领域大放异彩。 综上所述,Vue框架及其生态系统为前端图片处理提供了强大的支持,从基本的图片排版到更高级的图片优化策略,都展现出Vue作为主流前端框架的强大实力和广泛适用性。
2023-10-22 16:29:35
173
算法侠
转载文章
...辑。 此外,随着移动应用对数据安全及隐私保护要求的提高,uni-app在处理用户上传图片时也需注重合规性。比如,明确告知用户图片用途、存储期限,并在必要时对上传图片进行压缩或加密处理,降低因图片过大导致的性能瓶颈,同时也避免了潜在的数据泄露风险。 深入解读uni-app的图片上传机制,不难发现其与Web开发中的FormData、Blob对象以及移动端特有的临时文件路径管理有诸多相似之处。开发者可借鉴Web前端领域成熟的解决方案,结合uni-app生态内丰富的插件资源,实现更高效、安全且用户体验良好的图片上传功能。 综上所述,uni-app图片上传功能的完善既依赖于开发者对框架本身特性的掌握,也离不开对行业规范、技术趋势的敏锐洞察与灵活运用。通过持续学习与实践,开发者能够更好地应对各种场景下可能出现的问题,并打造出体验优良、适应多端环境的应用产品。
2023-03-05 15:38:13
59
转载
Element-UI
... 1. 引言 在开发Vue.js项目的过程中,ElementUI作为一款成熟的UI框架,其丰富的组件和便捷的API深受开发者喜爱。在实际用起来的时候,我们时不时会碰到这么个情况:ElementUI自备的图标库不够齐全,这多少会影响到我们在设计时对某些特定需求的实现,就像是巧妇难为无米之炊,让人感觉有点小尴尬。本文将围绕这一主题,探讨如何面对并解决ElementUI图标库不全或缺失的情况,并通过实例代码来展示一些可能的解决方案。 2. ElementUI内置图标库概览 ElementUI默认提供了一套基于iconfont的图标库,涵盖了大部分常用图标。例如,我们可以轻松插入一个搜索图标: html 但现实情况是,随着业务复杂度的提升,我们有时需要使用到更多定制化或独特的图标,而这些图标并不一定包含在ElementUI的内置库中。 3. 面对图标缺失的挑战 当我们发现ElementUI的图标库无法满足需求时,首先不要慌张(毕竟,人类的创造力无限大!)。下面列出两种常见且实用的应对策略: 3.1 使用第三方图标库补充 - 引入其他字体图标库:比如FontAwesome、Material Icons等。它们提供了更为丰富多样的图标资源。以引入FontAwesome为例: html - 结合使用:同时利用ElementUI内置图标和其他图标库,根据具体需求选择合适的图标。 3.2 自定义SVG图标 - SVG图标的优势:矢量图可以任意缩放而不失真,适合现代Web开发的需求。 - 添加自定义SVG图标: 创建一个名为my-icon.vue的自定义组件: vue 然后在需要使用自定义SVG图标的组件中引入并使用: html 4. 探讨与总结 面对ElementUI图标库的局限性,我们不仅要有“求变”的思维,更要有“应变”的能力。你知道吗,我们可以通过把那些第三方图标库里的宝贝整合起来,再加上咱们自定义的SVG图标设计,这样一来,就能很好地填补ElementUI自带图标库不够用的地方。这样,甭管在什么复杂的业务场景下,咱都能轻松找到合适的图标,满足各种需求,让界面更加丰富多彩!在这个过程中,摸透并活灵活现地运用各种图标资源,无疑就像是对开发者技术功力的一次大升级和全方位挑战。 最后,尽管每个项目都有其独特性,但在追求用户体验和视觉效果的路上,不断探索、尝试和创新,是我们每一位前端开发者共同的乐趣所在。让我们一起携手前行,让每一个小图标都成为项目中熠熠生辉的亮点吧!
2023-10-21 11:46:34
471
柳暗花明又一村
AngularJS
...用AngularJS实现在SPA中的国际化支持之后,我们可以进一步探索现代Web开发领域中其他前沿技术和框架对国际化的处理方式。例如,Angular(AngularJS的后续版本)采用了@ngx-translate库以提供更强大、灵活的国际化解决方案,其不仅保持了与AngularJS类似的API设计,还引入了更多高级特性,如按需加载语言包和监听语言变化事件。 同时,React社区也有诸如react-intl这样的流行库,它通过格式化JSX消息描述符实现国际化,并结合Intl API提供了丰富的日期、数字及货币格式化功能,让开发者能够更好地处理全球化场景下的各种复杂需求。 另外,Vue.js则在其官方插件vue-i18n中实现了全面的国际化支持,它允许开发者在单文件组件内轻松管理多语言内容,同时也提供了动态切换语言、复用翻译字符串等实用功能。 此外,随着Web Components和Shadow DOM技术的发展,越来越多的前端框架开始关注如何在组件级别实现国际化,这为构建适应全球用户的微前端架构提供了有力支持。因此,持续关注这些技术的最新进展与最佳实践,将有助于我们不断提升Web应用的国际化水平,从而在全球市场中获得竞争优势。
2023-06-23 10:38:49
376
晚秋落叶
Nginx
在当今互联网环境下,Web服务器的优化配置与前端项目的高效部署已成为提升用户体验、保障服务稳定性的关键环节。近期,Nginx官方发布了其最新版本,引入了更多增强功能和性能改进,对于正在使用Vue.js等现代前端框架构建应用的开发者来说,深入理解并掌握新版本Nginx的各项特性至关重要。 例如,新版本Nginx强化了HTTP/2协议支持,使得静态资源加载速度进一步提升,这对于Vue项目这类单页面应用尤其重要,能有效降低首次加载时间,提高用户交互体验。同时,新版Nginx增强了缓存策略管理,提供了更细粒度的控制,有助于实现动态内容的合理缓存,减轻后端压力。 此外,针对版本更新时的重定向问题,Nginx的新功能如map模块和return指令的灵活运用,可以更加智能地根据客户端特征(如浏览器版本、地理位置等)进行精细化的URL重写与跳转策略制定,确保用户能够无缝过渡到新版本页面,避免因访问旧版内容引发的兼容性或数据一致性问题。 因此,建议开发团队密切关注Nginx的最新动态和技术文档,并结合自身项目特点,持续优化部署方案,以满足日益增长的用户需求,提供更为流畅、稳定的线上服务。同时,学习和借鉴业界最佳实践,如Netflix开源的 Zuul 项目,以及Google在前端路由与版本控制方面的创新理念,都将为解决此类问题带来新的启示和解决方案。
2023-11-04 10:35:42
124
草原牧歌_t
Java
Vue.js , Vue.js 是一个开源的渐进式JavaScript框架,用于构建用户界面。它采用声明式渲染和组件化开发方式,允许开发者通过简单的模板语法创建可复用的组件,并以高效、灵活的方式管理组件间的复杂状态。在文章中,作者提到了使用Vue.js进行项目开发时遇到的问题以及如何借助其内置工具proxyTable解决数据转发中的504错误。 proxyTable , proxyTable是Vue-CLI(Vue命令行工具)提供的一个开发环境配置项,主要用于代理请求。在实际开发过程中,由于浏览器的安全策略(如同源策略),前端应用直接访问后台服务器可能存在跨域问题。proxyTable能够帮助开发者在本地开发环境中设置一个中间层,将前端发出的API请求透明地转发到实际的后端服务器,并返回响应结果,从而实现跨域请求以及方便地模拟服务器数据接口。 504 Gateway Timeout , HTTP状态码504表示网关超时错误,即作为代理或网关的服务(如Nginx)在等待从上游服务器(如应用服务器)接收响应时,超过了预设的等待时间阈值而未能收到完整的响应内容。在文章的情境下,当使用Vue.js中的proxyTable转发数据时,如果出现504错误,通常意味着服务端处理请求耗时过长,或者网络连接存在问题,导致请求未能在规定时间内完成。
2023-03-05 23:22:24
343
星辰大海_t
Element-UI
...e-item标签来实现这一功能,用户可以根据需要展开或收起各个部分,从而获取所需的信息。 ElementUI , 这是一款基于Vue.js的Web应用UI组件库,提供了丰富的用户界面组件,方便开发者快速构建美观且功能完善的Web应用。ElementUI拥有详细的文档和大量的示例代码,能够帮助开发者高效地集成和使用各种UI组件。在本文中,ElementUI被用来实现页面上的折叠效果,通过简单的代码即可完成复杂的用户交互设计。 v-model , 这是Vue.js中的一个语法糖,用于在表单输入元素(如文本框、复选框等)和组件之间创建双向数据绑定。通过v-model,Vue可以自动同步数据模型和视图之间的值,使得开发者无需手动编写事件处理器来更新数据。在本文中,v-model被用来动态控制Collapse折叠组件的展开和收起状态,允许用户通过点击按钮等方式改变折叠项的状态。
2024-10-29 15:57:21
76
心灵驿站
转载文章
...T Identity实现应用程序的用户管理,以及实现应用程序的认证与授权等相关技术,译者希望本系列教程能成为掌握ASP.NET Identity技术的一份完整而有价值的资料。读者若是能够按照文章的描述,一边阅读、一边实践、一边理解,定能有意想不到的巨大收获!希望本系列博文能够得到广大园友的高度推荐。 15 Advanced ASP.NET Identity 15 ASP.NET Identity高级技术 In this chapter, I finish my description of ASP.NET Identity by showing you some of the advanced features it offers. I demonstrate how you can extend the database schema by defining custom properties on the user class and how to use database migrations to apply those properties without deleting the data in the ASP.NET Identity database. I also explain how ASP.NET Identity supports the concept of claims and demonstrates how they can be used to flexibly authorize access to action methods. I finish the chapter—and the book—by showing you how ASP.NET Identity makes it easy to authenticate users through third parties. I demonstrate authentication with Google accounts, but ASP.NET Identity has built-in support for Microsoft, Facebook, and Twitter accounts as well. Table 15-1 summarizes this chapter. 本章将完成对ASP.NET Identity的描述,向你展示它所提供的一些高级特性。我将演示,你可以扩展ASP.NET Identity的数据库架构,其办法是在用户类上定义一些自定义属性。也会演示如何使用数据库迁移,这样可以运用自定义属性,而不必删除ASP.NET Identity数据库中的数据。还会解释ASP.NET Identity如何支持声明(Claims)概念,并演示如何将它们灵活地用来对动作方法进行授权访问。最后向你展示ASP.NET Identity很容易通过第三方部件来认证用户,以此结束本章以及本书。将要演示的是使用Google账号认证,但ASP.NET Identity对于Microsoft、Facebook以及Twitter账号,都有内建的支持。表15-1是本章概要。 Table 15-1. Chapter Summary 表15-1. 本章概要 Problem 问题 Solution 解决方案 Listing 清单号 Store additional information about users. 存储用户的附加信息 Define custom user properties. 定义自定义用户属性 1–3, 8–11 Update the database schema without deleting user data. 更新数据库架构而不删除用户数据 Perform a database migration. 执行数据库迁移 4–7 Perform fine-grained authorization. 执行细粒度授权 Use claims. 使用声明(Claims) 12–14 Add claims about a user. 添加用户的声明(Claims) Use the ClaimsIdentity.AddClaims method. 使用ClaimsIdentity.AddClaims方法 15–19 Authorize access based on claim values. 基于声明(Claims)值授权访问 Create a custom authorization filter attribute. 创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性 20–21 Authenticate through a third party. 通过第三方认证 Install the NuGet package for the authentication provider, redirect requests to that provider, and specify a callback URL that creates the user account. 安装认证提供器的NuGet包,将请求重定向到该提供器,并指定一个创建用户账号的回调URL。 22–25 15.1 Preparing the Example Project 15.1 准备示例项目 In this chapter, I am going to continue working on the Users project I created in Chapter 13 and enhanced in Chapter 14. No changes to the application are required, but start the application and make sure that there are users in the database. Figure 15-1 shows the state of my database, which contains the users Admin, Alice, Bob, and Joe from the previous chapter. To check the users, start the application and request the /Admin/Index URL and authenticate as the Admin user. 本章打算继续使用第13章创建并在第14章增强的Users项目。对应用程序无需做什么改变,但需要启动应用程序,并确保数据库中有一些用户。图15-1显示了数据库的状态,它含有上一章的用户Admin、Alice、Bob以及Joe。为了检查用户,请启动应用程序,请求/Admin/Index URL,并以Admin用户进行认证。 Figure 15-1. The initial users in the Identity database 图15-1. Identity数据库中的最初用户 I also need some roles for this chapter. I used the RoleAdmin controller to create roles called Users and Employees and assigned the users to those roles, as described in Table 15-2. 本章还需要一些角色。我用RoleAdmin控制器创建了角色Users和Employees,并为这些角色指定了一些用户,如表15-2所示。 Table 15-2. The Types of Web Forms Code Nuggets 表15-2. 角色及成员(作者将此表的标题写错了——译者注) Role 角色 Members 成员 Users Alice, Joe Employees Alice, Bob Figure 15-2 shows the required role configuration displayed by the RoleAdmin controller. 图15-2显示了由RoleAdmin控制器所显示出来的必要的角色配置。 Figure 15-2. Configuring the roles required for this chapter 图15-2. 配置本章所需的角色 15.2 Adding Custom User Properties 15.2 添加自定义用户属性 When I created the AppUser class to represent users in Chapter 13, I noted that the base class defined a basic set of properties to describe the user, such as e-mail address and telephone number. Most applications need to store more information about users, including persistent application preferences and details such as addresses—in short, any data that is useful to running the application and that should last between sessions. In ASP.NET Membership, this was handled through the user profile system, but ASP.NET Identity takes a different approach. 我在第13章创建AppUser类来表示用户时曾做过说明,基类定义了一组描述用户的基本属性,如E-mail地址、电话号码等。大多数应用程序还需要存储用户的更多信息,包括持久化应用程序爱好以及地址等细节——简言之,需要存储对运行应用程序有用并且在各次会话之间应当保持的任何数据。在ASP.NET Membership中,这是通过用户资料(User Profile)系统来处理的,但ASP.NET Identity采取了一种不同的办法。 Because the ASP.NET Identity system uses Entity Framework to store its data by default, defining additional user information is just a matter of adding properties to the user class and letting the Code First feature create the database schema required to store them. Table 15-3 puts custom user properties in context. 因为ASP.NET Identity默认是使用Entity Framework来存储其数据的,定义附加的用户信息只不过是给用户类添加属性的事情,然后让Code First特性去创建需要存储它们的数据库架构即可。表15-3描述了自定义用户属性的情形。 Table 15-3. Putting Cusotm User Properties in Context 表15-3. 自定义用户属性的情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是自定义用户属性? Custom user properties allow you to store additional information about your users, including their preferences and settings. 自定义用户属性让你能够存储附加的用户信息,包括他们的爱好和设置。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它? A persistent store of settings means that the user doesn’t have to provide the same information each time they log in to the application. 设置的持久化存储意味着,用户不必每次登录到应用程序时都提供同样的信息。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 在MVC框架中如何使用它? This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is available for use in action methods. 此特性不是由MVC框架直接使用的,但它在动作方法中使用是有效的。 15.2.1 Defining Custom Properties 15.2.1 定义自定义属性 Listing 15-1 shows how I added a simple property to the AppUser class to represent the city in which the user lives. 清单15-1演示了如何给AppUser类添加一个简单的属性,用以表示用户生活的城市。 Listing 15-1. Adding a Property in the AppUser.cs File 清单15-1. 在AppUser.cs文件中添加属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;namespace Users.Models { public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; } }} I have defined an enumeration called Cities that defines values for some large cities and added a property called City to the AppUser class. To allow the user to view and edit their City property, I added actions to the Home controller, as shown in Listing 15-2. 这里定义了一个枚举,名称为Cities,它定义了一些大城市的值,另外给AppUser类添加了一个名称为City的属性。为了让用户能够查看和编辑City属性,给Home控制器添加了几个动作方法,如清单15-2所示。 Listing 15-2. Adding Support for Custom User Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-2. 在HomeController.cs文件中添加对自定义属性的支持 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {return View(GetData("Index"));}[Authorize(Roles = "Users")]public ActionResult OtherAction() {return View("Index", GetData("OtherAction"));}private Dictionary<string, object> GetData(string actionName) {Dictionary<string, object> dict= new Dictionary<string, object>();dict.Add("Action", actionName);dict.Add("User", HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);dict.Add("Authenticated", HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated);dict.Add("Auth Type", HttpContext.User.Identity.AuthenticationType);dict.Add("In Users Role", HttpContext.User.IsInRole("Users"));return dict;} [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}private AppUser CurrentUser {get {return UserManager.FindByName(HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } I added a CurrentUser property that uses the AppUserManager class to retrieve an AppUser instance to represent the current user. I pass the AppUser object as the view model object in the GET version of the UserProps action method, and the POST method uses it to update the value of the new City property. Listing 15-3 shows the UserProps.cshtml view, which displays the City property value and contains a form to change it. 我添加了一个CurrentUser属性,它使用AppUserManager类接收了表示当前用户的AppUser实例。在GET版本的UserProps动作方法中,传递了这个AppUser对象作为视图模型。而在POST版的方法中用它更新了City属性的值。清单15-3显示了UserProps.cshtml视图,它显示了City属性的值,并包含一个修改它的表单。 Listing 15-3. The Contents of the UserProps.cshtml File in the Views/Home Folder 清单15-3. Views/Home文件夹中UserProps.cshtml文件的内容 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";}<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr></table></div> @using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Caution Don’t start the application when you have created the view. In the sections that follow, I demonstrate how to preserve the contents of the database, and if you start the application now, the ASP.NET Identity users will be deleted. 警告:创建了视图之后不要启动应用程序。在以下小节中,将演示如何保留数据库的内容,如果现在启动应用程序,将会删除ASP.NET Identity的用户。 15.2.2 Preparing for Database Migration 15.2.2 准备数据库迁移 The default behavior for the Entity Framework Code First feature is to drop the tables in the database and re-create them whenever classes that drive the schema have changed. You saw this in Chapter 14 when I added support for roles: When the application was started, the database was reset, and the user accounts were lost. Entity Framework Code First特性的默认行为是,一旦修改了派生数据库架构的类,便会删除数据库中的数据表,并重新创建它们。在第14章可以看到这种情况,在我添加角色支持时:当重启应用程序后,数据库被重置,用户账号也丢失。 Don’t start the application yet, but if you were to do so, you would see a similar effect. Deleting data during development is usually not a problem, but doing so in a production setting is usually disastrous because it deletes all of the real user accounts and causes a panic while the backups are restored. In this section, I am going to demonstrate how to use the database migration feature, which updates a Code First schema in a less brutal manner and preserves the existing data it contains. 不要启动应用程序,但如果你这么做了,会看到类似的效果。在开发期间删除数据没什么问题,但如果在产品设置中这么做了,通常是灾难性的,因为它会删除所有真实的用户账号,而备份恢复是很痛苦的事。在本小节中,我打算演示如何使用数据库迁移特性,它能以比较温和的方式更新Code First的架构,并保留架构中的已有数据。 The first step is to issue the following command in the Visual Studio Package Manager Console: 第一个步骤是在Visual Studio的“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中发布以下命令: Enable-Migrations –EnableAutomaticMigrations This enables the database migration support and creates a Migrations folder in the Solution Explorer that contains a Configuration.cs class file, the contents of which are shown in Listing 15-4. 它启用了数据库的迁移支持,并在“Solution Explorer(解决方案资源管理器)”创建一个Migrations文件夹,其中含有一个Configuration.cs类文件,内容如清单15-4所示。 Listing 15-4. The Contents of the Configuration.cs File 清单15-4. Configuration.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using System.Linq;internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext context) {// This method will be called after migrating to the latest version.// 此方法将在迁移到最新版本时调用// You can use the DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate() helper extension method// to avoid creating duplicate seed data. E.g.// 例如,你可以使用DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate()辅助器方法来避免创建重复的种子数据//// context.People.AddOrUpdate(// p => p.FullName,// new Person { FullName = "Andrew Peters" },// new Person { FullName = "Brice Lambson" },// new Person { FullName = "Rowan Miller" }// );//} }} Tip You might be wondering why you are entering a database migration command into the console used to manage NuGet packages. The answer is that the Package Manager Console is really PowerShell, which is a general-purpose tool that is mislabeled by Visual Studio. You can use the console to issue a wide range of helpful commands. See http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518 for details. 提示:你可能会觉得奇怪,为什么要在管理NuGet包的控制台中输入数据库迁移的命令?答案是“Package Manager Console(包管理控制台)”是真正的PowerShell,这是Visual studio冒用的一个通用工具。你可以使用此控制台发送大量的有用命令,详见http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518。 The class will be used to migrate existing content in the database to the new schema, and the Seed method will be called to provide an opportunity to update the existing database records. In Listing 15-5, you can see how I have used the Seed method to set a default value for the new City property I added to the AppUser class. (I have also updated the class file to reflect my usual coding style.) 这个类将用于把数据库中的现有内容迁移到新的数据库架构,Seed方法的调用为更新现有数据库记录提供了机会。在清单15-5中可以看到,我如何用Seed方法为新的City属性设置默认值,City是添加到AppUser类中自定义属性。(为了体现我一贯的编码风格,我对这个类文件也进行了更新。) Listing 15-5. Managing Existing Content in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-5. 在Configuration.cs文件中管理已有内容 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);}foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();} }} You will notice that much of the code that I added to the Seed method is taken from the IdentityDbInit class, which I used to seed the database with an administration user in Chapter 14. This is because the new Configuration class added to support database migrations will replace the seeding function of the IdentityDbInit class, which I’ll update shortly. Aside from ensuring that there is an admin user, the statements in the Seed method that are important are the ones that set the initial value for the City property I added to the AppUser class, as follows: 你可能会注意到,添加到Seed方法中的许多代码取自于IdentityDbInit类,在第14章中我用这个类将管理用户植入了数据库。这是因为这个新添加的、用以支持数据库迁移的Configuration类,将代替IdentityDbInit类的种植功能,我很快便会更新这个类。除了要确保有admin用户之外,在Seed方法中的重要语句是那些为AppUser类的City属性设置初值的语句,如下所示: ...foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) { dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();... You don’t have to set a default value for new properties—I just wanted to demonstrate that the Seed method in the Configuration class can be used to update the existing user records in the database. 你不一定要为新属性设置默认值——这里只是想演示Configuration类中的Seed方法,可以用它更新数据库中的已有用户记录。 Caution Be careful when setting values for properties in the Seed method for real projects because the values will be applied every time you change the schema, overriding any values that the user has set since the last schema update was performed. I set the value of the City property just to demonstrate that it can be done. 警告:在用于真实项目的Seed方法中为属性设置值时要小心,因为你每一次修改架构时,都会运用这些值,这会将自执行上一次架构更新之后,用户设置的任何数据覆盖掉。这里设置City属性的值只是为了演示它能够这么做。 Changing the Database Context Class 修改数据库上下文类 The reason that I added the seeding code to the Configuration class is that I need to change the IdentityDbInit class. At present, the IdentityDbInit class is derived from the descriptively named DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> class, which, as you might imagine, drops the entire database when the Code First classes change. Listing 15-6 shows the changes I made to the IdentityDbInit class to prevent it from affecting the database. 在Configuration类中添加种植代码的原因是我需要修改IdentityDbInit类。此时,IdentityDbInit类派生于描述性命名的DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> 类,和你相像的一样,它会在Code First类改变时删除整个数据库。清单15-6显示了我对IdentityDbInit类所做的修改,以防止它影响数据库。 Listing 15-6. Preventing Database Schema Changes in the AppIdentityDbContext.cs File 清单15-6. 在AppIdentityDbContext.cs文件是阻止数据库架构变化 using System.Data.Entity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppIdentityDbContext : IdentityDbContext<AppUser> {public AppIdentityDbContext() : base("IdentityDb") { }static AppIdentityDbContext() {Database.SetInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext>(new IdentityDbInit());}public static AppIdentityDbContext Create() {return new AppIdentityDbContext();} } public class IdentityDbInit : NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> {} } I have removed the methods defined by the class and changed its base to NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> , which prevents the schema from being altered. 我删除了这个类中所定义的方法,并将它的基类改为NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> ,它可以防止架构修改。 15.2.3 Performing the Migration 15.2.3 执行迁移 All that remains is to generate and apply the migration. First, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情只是生成并运用迁移了。首先,在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中执行以下命令: Add-Migration CityProperty This creates a new migration called CityProperty (I like my migration names to reflect the changes I made). A class new file will be added to the Migrations folder, and its name reflects the time at which the command was run and the name of the migration. My file is called 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs, for example. The contents of this file contain the details of how Entity Framework will change the database during the migration, as shown in Listing 15-7. 这创建了一个名称为CityProperty的新迁移(我比较喜欢让迁移的名称反映出我所做的修改)。这会在文件夹中添加一个新的类文件,而且其命名会反映出该命令执行的时间以及迁移名称,例如,我的这个文件名称为201402262244036_CityProperty.cs。该文件的内容含有迁移期间Entity Framework修改数据库的细节,如清单15-7所示。 Listing 15-7. The Contents of the 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs File 清单15-7. 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations; public partial class Init : DbMigration {public override void Up() {AddColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City", c => c.Int(nullable: false));}public override void Down() {DropColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City");} }} The Up method describes the changes that have to be made to the schema when the database is upgraded, which in this case means adding a City column to the AspNetUsers table, which is the one that is used to store user records in the ASP.NET Identity database. Up方法描述了在数据库升级时,需要对架构所做的修改,在这个例子中,意味着要在AspNetUsers数据表中添加City数据列,该数据表是ASP.NET Identity数据库用来存储用户记录的。 The final step is to perform the migration. Without starting the application, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 最后一步是执行迁移。无需启动应用程序,只需在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中运行以下命令即可: Update-Database –TargetMigration CityProperty The database schema will be modified, and the code in the Configuration.Seed method will be executed. The existing user accounts will have been preserved and enhanced with a City property (which I set to Paris in the Seed method). 这会修改数据库架构,并执行Configuration.Seed方法中的代码。已有用户账号会被保留,且增强了City属性(我在Seed方法中已将其设置为“Paris”)。 15.2.4 Testing the Migration 15.2.4 测试迁移 To test the effect of the migration, start the application, navigate to the /Home/UserProps URL, and authenticate as one of the Identity users (for example, as Alice with the password MySecret). Once authenticated, you will see the current value of the City property for the user and have the opportunity to change it, as shown in Figure 15-3. 为了测试迁移的效果,启动应用程序,导航到/Home/UserProps URL,并以Identity中的用户(例如Alice,口令MySecret)进行认证。一旦已被认证,便会看到该用户City属性的当前值,并可以对其进行修改,如图15-3所示。 Figure 15-3. Displaying and changing a custom user property 图15-3. 显示和个性自定义用户属性 15.2.5 Defining an Additional Property 15.2.5 定义附加属性 Now that database migrations are set up, I am going to define a further property just to demonstrate how subsequent changes are handled and to show a more useful (and less dangerous) example of using the Configuration.Seed method. Listing 15-8 shows how I added a Country property to the AppUser class. 现在,已经建立了数据库迁移,我打算再定义一个属性,这恰恰演示了如何处理持续不断的修改,也为了演示Configuration.Seed方法更有用(至少无害)的示例。清单15-8显示了我在AppUser类上添加了一个Country属性。 Listing 15-8. Adding Another Property in the AppUserModels.cs File 清单15-8. 在AppUserModels.cs文件中添加另一个属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework; namespace Users.Models {public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO} public enum Countries {NONE, UK, FRANCE, USA}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; }public Countries Country { get; set; }public void SetCountryFromCity(Cities city) {switch (city) {case Cities.LONDON:Country = Countries.UK;break;case Cities.PARIS:Country = Countries.FRANCE;break;case Cities.CHICAGO:Country = Countries.USA;break;default:Country = Countries.NONE;break;} }} } I have added an enumeration to define the country names and a helper method that selects a country value based on the City property. Listing 15-9 shows the change I made to the Configuration class so that the Seed method sets the Country property based on the City, but only if the value of Country is NONE (which it will be for all users when the database is migrated because the Entity Framework sets enumeration columns to the first value). 我已经添加了一个枚举,它定义了国家名称。还添加了一个辅助器方法,它可以根据City属性选择一个国家。清单15-9显示了对Configuration类所做的修改,以使Seed方法根据City设置Country属性,但只当Country为NONE时才进行设置(在迁移数据库时,所有用户都是NONE,因为Entity Framework会将枚举列设置为枚举的第一个值)。 Listing 15-9. Modifying the Database Seed in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-9. 在Configuration.cs文件中修改数据库种子 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);} foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {if (dbUser.Country == Countries.NONE) {dbUser.SetCountryFromCity(dbUser.City);} }context.SaveChanges();} }} This kind of seeding is more useful in a real project because it will set a value for the Country property only if one has not already been set—subsequent migrations won’t be affected, and user selections won’t be lost. 这种种植在实际项目中会更有用,因为它只会在Country属性未设置时,才会设置Country属性的值——后继的迁移不会受到影响,因此不会失去用户的选择。 1. Adding Application Support 1. 添加应用程序支持 There is no point defining additional user properties if they are not available in the application, so Listing 15-10 shows the change I made to the Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml file to display the value of the Country property. 应用程序中如果没有定义附加属性的地方,则附加属性就无法使用了,因此,清单15-10显示了我对Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml文件的修改,以显示Country属性的值。 Listing 15-10. Displaying an Additional Property in the UserProps.cshtml File 清单15-10. 在UserProps.cshtml文件中显示附加属性 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";} <div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr> <tr><th>Country</th><td>@Model.Country</td></tr></table></div>@using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Listing 15-11 shows the corresponding change I made to the Home controller to update the Country property when the City value changes. 为了在City值变化时能够更新Country属性,清单15-11显示了我对Home控制器所做的相应修改。 Listing 15-11. Setting Custom Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-11. 在HomeController.cs文件中设置自定义属性 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {// ...other action methods omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化,这里忽略了其他动作方法... [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;user.SetCountryFromCity(city);await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}// ...properties omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化,这里忽略了一些属性...} } 2. Performing the Migration 2. 准备迁移 All that remains is to create and apply a new migration. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情就是创建和运用新的迁移了。在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中输入以下命令: Add-Migration CountryProperty This will generate another file in the Migrations folder that contains the instruction to add the Country column. To apply the migration, execute the following command: 这将在Migrations文件夹中生成另一个文件,它含有添加Country数据表列的指令。为了运用迁移,可执行以下命令: Update-Database –TargetMigration CountryProperty The migration will be performed, and the value of the Country property will be set based on the value of the existing City property for each user. You can check the new user property by starting the application and authenticating and navigating to the /Home/UserProps URL, as shown in Figure 15-4. 这将执行迁移,Country属性的值将根据每个用户当前的City属性进行设置。通过启动应用程序,认证并导航到/Home/UserProps URL,便可以查看新的用户属性,如图15-4所示。 Figure 15-4. Creating an additional user property 图15-4. 创建附加用户属性 Tip Although I am focused on the process of upgrading the database, you can also migrate back to a previous version by specifying an earlier migration. Use the –Force argument make changes that cause data loss, such as removing a column. 提示:虽然我们关注了升级数据库的过程,但你也可以回退到以前的版本,只需指定一个早期的迁移即可。使用-Force参数进行修改,会引起数据丢失,例如删除数据表列。 15.3 Working with Claims 15.3 使用声明(Claims) In older user-management systems, such as ASP.NET Membership, the application was assumed to be the authoritative source of all information about the user, essentially treating the application as a closed world and trusting the data that is contained within it. 在旧的用户管理系统中,例如ASP.NET Membership,应用程序被假设成是用户所有信息的权威来源,本质上将应用程序视为是一个封闭的世界,并且只信任其中所包含的数据。 This is such an ingrained approach to software development that it can be hard to recognize that’s what is happening, but you saw an example of the closed-world technique in Chapter 14 when I authenticated users against the credentials stored in the database and granted access based on the roles associated with those credentials. I did the same thing again in this chapter when I added properties to the user class. Every piece of information that I needed to manage user authentication and authorization came from within my application—and that is a perfectly satisfactory approach for many web applications, which is why I demonstrated these techniques in such depth. 这是软件开发的一种根深蒂固的方法,使人很难认识到这到底意味着什么,第14章你已看到了这种封闭世界技术的例子,根据存储在数据库中的凭据来认证用户,并根据与凭据关联在一起的角色来授权访问。本章前述在用户类上添加属性,也做了同样的事情。我管理用户认证与授权所需的每一个数据片段都来自于我的应用程序——而且这是许多Web应用程序都相当满意的一种方法,这也是我如此深入地演示这些技术的原因。 ASP.NET Identity also supports an alternative approach for dealing with users, which works well when the MVC framework application isn’t the sole source of information about users and which can be used to authorize users in more flexible and fluid ways than traditional roles allow. ASP.NET Identity还支持另一种处理用户的办法,当MVC框架的应用程序不是有关用户的唯一信息源时,这种办法会工作得很好,而且能够比传统的角色授权更为灵活且流畅的方式进行授权。 This alternative approach uses claims, and in this section I’ll describe how ASP.NET Identity supports claims-based authorization. Table 15-4 puts claims in context. 这种可选的办法使用了“Claims(声明)”,因此在本小节中,我将描述ASP.NET Identity如何支持“Claims-Based Authorization(基于声明的授权)”。表15-4描述了声明(Claims)的情形。 提示:“Claim”在英文字典中不完全是“声明”的意思,根据本文的描述,感觉把它说成“声明”也不一定合适,所以在之后的译文中基本都写成中英文并用的形式,即“声明(Claims)”。根据表15-4中的声明(Claims)的定义:声明(Claims)是关于用户的一些信息片段。一个用户的信息片段当然有很多,每一个信息片段就是一项声明(Claim),用户的所有信息片段合起来就是该用户的声明(Claims)。请读者注意该单词的单复数形式——译者注 Table 15-4. Putting Claims in Context 表15-4. 声明(Claims)的情形 Question 问题 Answer 答案 What is it? 什么是声明(Claims)? Claims are pieces of information about users that you can use to make authorization decisions. Claims can be obtained from external systems as well as from the local Identity database. 声明(Claims)是关于用户的一些信息片段,可以用它们做出授权决定。声明(Claims)可以从外部系统获取,也可以从本地的Identity数据库获取。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它? Claims can be used to flexibly authorize access to action methods. Unlike conventional roles, claims allow access to be driven by the information that describes the user. 声明(Claims)可以用来对动作方法进行灵活的授权访问。与传统的角色不同,声明(Claims)让访问能够由描述用户的信息进行驱动。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它? This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is integrated into the standard authorization features, such as the Authorize attribute. 这不是直接由MVC框架使用的特性,但它集成到了标准的授权特性之中,例如Authorize注解属性。 Tip you don’t have to use claims in your applications, and as Chapter 14 showed, ASP.NET Identity is perfectly happy providing an application with the authentication and authorization services without any need to understand claims at all. 提示:你在应用程序中不一定要使用声明(Claims),正如第14章所展示的那样,ASP.NET Identity能够为应用程序提供充分的认证与授权服务,而根本不需要理解声明(Claims)。 15.3.1 Understanding Claims 15.3.1 理解声明(Claims) A claim is a piece of information about the user, along with some information about where the information came from. The easiest way to unpack claims is through some practical demonstrations, without which any discussion becomes too abstract to be truly useful. To get started, I added a Claims controller to the example project, the definition of which you can see in Listing 15-12. 一项声明(Claim)是关于用户的一个信息片段(请注意这个英文单词的单复数形式——译者注),并伴有该片段出自何处的某种信息。揭开声明(Claims)含义最容易的方式是做一些实际演示,任何讨论都会过于抽象根本没有真正的用处。为此,我在示例项目中添加了一个Claims控制器,其定义如清单15-12所示。 Listing 15-12. The Contents of the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-12. ClaimsController.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} }} } Tip You may feel a little lost as I define the code for this example. Don’t worry about the details for the moment—just stick with it until you see the output from the action method and view that I define. More than anything else, that will help put claims into perspective. 提示:你或许会对我为此例定义的代码感到有点失望。此刻对此细节不必着急——只要稍事忍耐,当看到该动作方法和视图的输出便会明白。尤为重要的是,这有助于洞察声明(Claims)。 You can get the claims associated with a user in different ways. One approach is to use the Claims property defined by the user class, but in this example, I have used the HttpContext.User.Identity property to demonstrate the way that ASP.NET Identity is integrated with the rest of the ASP.NET platform. As I explained in Chapter 13, the HttpContext.User.Identity property returns an implementation of the IIdentity interface, which is a ClaimsIdentity object when working using ASP.NET Identity. The ClaimsIdentity class is defined in the System.Security.Claims namespace, and Table 15-5 shows the members it defines that are relevant to this chapter. 可以通过不同的方式获得与用户相关联的声明(Claims)。方法之一就是使用由用户类定义的Claims属性,但在这个例子中,我使用了HttpContext.User.Identity属性,目的是演示ASP.NET Identity与ASP.NET平台集成的方式(请注意这句话所表示的含义:用户类的Claims属性属于ASP.NET Identity,而HttpContext.User.Identity属性则属于ASP.NET平台。由此可见,ASP.NET Identity已经融合到了ASP.NET平台之中——译者注)。正如第13章所解释的那样,HttpContext.User.Identity属性返回IIdentity的接口实现,当使用ASP.NET Identity时,该实现是一个ClaimsIdentity对象。ClaimsIdentity类是在System.Security.Claims命名空间中定义的,表15-5显示了它所定义的与本章有关的成员。 Table 15-5. The Members Defined by the ClaimsIdentity Class 表15-5. ClaimsIdentity类所定义的成员 Name 名称 Description 描述 Claims Returns an enumeration of Claim objects representing the claims for the user. 返回表示用户声明(Claims)的Claim对象枚举 AddClaim(claim) Adds a claim to the user identity. 给用户添加一个声明(Claim) AddClaims(claims) Adds an enumeration of Claim objects to the user identity. 给用户添加Claim对象的枚举。 HasClaim(predicate) Returns true if the user identity contains a claim that matches the specified predicate. See the “Applying Claims” section for an example predicate. 如果用户含有与指定谓词匹配的声明(Claim)时,返回true。参见“运用声明(Claims)”中的示例谓词 RemoveClaim(claim) Removes a claim from the user identity. 删除用户的声明(Claim)。 Other members are available, but the ones in the table are those that are used most often in web applications, for reason that will become obvious as I demonstrate how claims fit into the wider ASP.NET platform. 还有一些可用的其它成员,但表中的这些是在Web应用程序中最常用的,随着我演示如何将声明(Claims)融入更宽泛的ASP.NET平台,它们为什么最常用就很显然了。 In Listing 15-12, I cast the IIdentity implementation to the ClaimsIdentity type and pass the enumeration of Claim objects returned by the ClaimsIdentity.Claims property to the View method. A Claim object represents a single piece of data about the user, and the Claim class defines the properties shown in Table 15-6. 在清单15-12中,我将IIdentity实现转换成了ClaimsIdentity类型,并且给View方法传递了ClaimsIdentity.Claims属性所返回的Claim对象的枚举。Claim对象所示表示的是关于用户的一个单一的数据片段,Claim类定义的属性如表15-6所示。 Table 15-6. The Properties Defined by the Claim Class 表15-6. Claim类定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 Issuer Returns the name of the system that provided the claim 返回提供声明(Claim)的系统名称 Subject Returns the ClaimsIdentity object for the user who the claim refers to 返回声明(Claim)所指用户的ClaimsIdentity对象 Type Returns the type of information that the claim represents 返回声明(Claim)所表示的信息类型 Value Returns the piece of information that the claim represents 返回声明(Claim)所表示的信息片段 Listing 15-13 shows the contents of the Index.cshtml file that I created in the Views/Claims folder and that is rendered by the Index action of the Claims controller. The view adds a row to a table for each claim about the user. 清单15-13显示了我在Views/Claims文件夹中创建的Index.cshtml文件的内容,它由Claims控制器中的Index动作方法进行渲染。该视图为用户的每项声明(Claim)添加了一个表格行。 Listing 15-13. The Contents of the Index.cshtml File in the Views/Claims Folder 清单15-13. Views/Claims文件夹中Index.cshtml文件的内容 @using System.Security.Claims@using Users.Infrastructure@model IEnumerable<Claim>@{ ViewBag.Title = "Claims"; }<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Claims</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>Subject</th><th>Issuer</th><th>Type</th><th>Value</th></tr>@foreach (Claim claim in Model.OrderBy(x => x.Type)) {<tr><td>@claim.Subject.Name</td><td>@claim.Issuer</td><td>@Html.ClaimType(claim.Type)</td><td>@claim.Value</td></tr>}</table></div> The value of the Claim.Type property is a URI for a Microsoft schema, which isn’t especially useful. The popular schemas are used as the values for fields in the System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes class, so to make the output from the Index.cshtml view easier to read, I added an HTML helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs file, as shown in Listing 15-14. It is this helper that I use in the Index.cshtml file to format the value of the Claim.Type property. Claim.Type属性的值是一个微软模式(Microsoft Schema)的URI(统一资源标识符),这是特别有用的。System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes类中字段的值使用的是流行模式(Popular Schema),因此为了使Index.cshtml视图的输出更易于阅读,我在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加了一个HTML辅助器,如清单15-14所示。Index.cshtml文件正是使用这个辅助器格式化了Claim.Type属性的值。 Listing 15-14. Adding a Helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs File 清单15-14. 在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加辅助器 using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using System;using System.Linq;using System.Reflection;using System.Security.Claims;namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class IdentityHelpers {public static MvcHtmlString GetUserName(this HtmlHelper html, string id) {AppUserManager mgr= HttpContext.Current.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();return new MvcHtmlString(mgr.FindByIdAsync(id).Result.UserName);} public static MvcHtmlString ClaimType(this HtmlHelper html, string claimType) {FieldInfo[] fields = typeof(ClaimTypes).GetFields();foreach (FieldInfo field in fields) {if (field.GetValue(null).ToString() == claimType) {return new MvcHtmlString(field.Name);} }return new MvcHtmlString(string.Format("{0}",claimType.Split('/', '.').Last()));} }} Note The helper method isn’t at all efficient because it reflects on the fields of the ClaimType class for each claim that is displayed, but it is sufficient for my purposes in this chapter. You won’t often need to display the claim type in real applications. 注:该辅助器并非十分有效,因为它只是针对每个要显示的声明(Claim)映射出ClaimType类的字段,但对我要的目的已经足够了。在实际项目中不会经常需要显示声明(Claim)的类型。 To see why I have created a controller that uses claims without really explaining what they are, start the application, authenticate as the user Alice (with the password MySecret), and request the /Claims/Index URL. Figure 15-5 shows the content that is generated. 为了弄明白我为何要先创建一个使用声明(Claims)的控制器,而没有真正解释声明(Claims)是什么的原因,可以启动应用程序,以用户Alice进行认证(其口令是MySecret),并请求/Claims/Index URL。图15-5显示了生成的内容。 Figure 15-5. The output from the Index action of the Claims controller 图15-5. Claims控制器中Index动作的输出 It can be hard to make out the detail in the figure, so I have reproduced the content in Table 15-7. 这可能还难以认识到此图的细节,为此我在表15-7中重列了其内容。 Table 15-7. The Data Shown in Figure 15-5 表15-7. 图15-5中显示的数据 Subject(科目) Issuer(发行者) Type(类型) Value(值) Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY SecurityStamp Unique ID Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY IdentityProvider ASP.NET Identity Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Employees Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Users Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Name Alice Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY NameIdentifier Alice’s user ID The table shows the most important aspect of claims, which is that I have already been using them when I implemented the traditional authentication and authorization features in Chapter 14. You can see that some of the claims relate to user identity (the Name claim is Alice, and the NameIdentifier claim is Alice’s unique user ID in my ASP.NET Identity database). 此表展示了声明(Claims)最重要的方面,这些是我在第14章中实现传统的认证和授权特性时,一直在使用的信息。可以看出,有些声明(Claims)与用户标识有关(Name声明是Alice,NameIdentifier声明是Alice在ASP.NET Identity数据库中的唯一用户ID号)。 Other claims show membership of roles—there are two Role claims in the table, reflecting the fact that Alice is assigned to both the Users and Employees roles. There is also a claim about how Alice has been authenticated: The IdentityProvider is set to ASP.NET Identity. 其他声明(Claims)显示了角色成员——表中有两个Role声明(Claim),体现出Alice被赋予了Users和Employees两个角色这一事实。还有一个是Alice已被认证的声明(Claim):IdentityProvider被设置到了ASP.NET Identity。 The difference when this information is expressed as a set of claims is that you can determine where the data came from. The Issuer property for all the claims shown in the table is set to LOCAL AUTHORITY, which indicates that the user’s identity has been established by the application. 当这种信息被表示成一组声明(Claims)时的差别是,你能够确定这些数据是从哪里来的。表中所显示的所有声明的Issuer属性(发布者)都被设置到了LOACL AUTHORITY(本地授权),这说明该用户的标识是由应用程序建立的。 So, now that you have seen some example claims, I can more easily describe what a claim is. A claim is any piece of information about a user that is available to the application, including the user’s identity and role memberships. And, as you have seen, the information I have been defining about my users in earlier chapters is automatically made available as claims by ASP.NET Identity. 因此,现在你已经看到了一些声明(Claims)示例,我可以更容易地描述声明(Claim)是什么了。一项声明(Claim)是可用于应用程序中的有关用户的一个信息片段,包括用户的标识以及角色成员等。而且,正如你所看到的,我在前几章定义的关于用户的信息,被ASP.NET Identity自动地作为声明(Claims)了。 15.3.2 Creating and Using Claims 15.3.2 创建和使用声明(Claims) Claims are interesting for two reasons. The first reason is that an application can obtain claims from multiple sources, rather than just relying on a local database for information about the user. You will see a real example of this when I show you how to authenticate users through a third-party system in the “Using Third-Party Authentication” section, but for the moment I am going to add a class to the example project that simulates a system that provides claims information. Listing 15-15 shows the contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure folder. 声明(Claims)比较有意思的原因有两个。第一个原因是应用程序可以从多个来源获取声明(Claims),而不是只能依靠本地数据库关于用户的信息。你将会看到一个实际的示例,在“使用第三方认证”小节中,将演示如何通过第三方系统来认证用户。不过,此刻我只打算在示例项目中添加一个类,用以模拟一个提供声明(Claims)信息的系统。清单15-15显示了我添加到Infrastructure文件夹中LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-15. The Contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs File 清单15-15. LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class LocationClaimsProvider {public static IEnumerable<Claim> GetClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.Name.ToLower() == "alice") {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "DC 20500"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "DC"));} else {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "NY 10036"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "NY"));}return claims;}private static Claim CreateClaim(string type, string value) {return new Claim(type, value, ClaimValueTypes.String, "RemoteClaims");} }} The GetClaims method takes a ClaimsIdentity argument and uses the Name property to create claims about the user’s ZIP code and state. This class allows me to simulate a system such as a central HR database, which would be the authoritative source of location information about staff, for example. GetClaims方法以ClaimsIdentity为参数,并使用Name属性创建了关于用户ZIP码(邮政编码)和州府的声明(Claims)。上述这个类使我能够模拟一个诸如中心化的HR数据库(人力资源数据库)之类的系统,它可能会成为全体职员的地点信息的权威数据源。 Claims are associated with the user’s identity during the authentication process, and Listing 15-16 shows the changes I made to the Login action method of the Account controller to call the LocationClaimsProvider class. 在认证过程期间,声明(Claims)是与用户标识关联在一起的,清单15-16显示了我对Account控制器中Login动作方法所做的修改,以便调用LocationClaimsProvider类。 Listing 15-16. Associating Claims with a User in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-16. AccountController.cs文件中用户用声明的关联 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... You can see the effect of the location claims by starting the application, authenticating as a user, and requesting the /Claim/Index URL. Figure 15-6 shows the claims for Alice. You may have to sign out and sign back in again to see the change. 为了看看这个地点声明(Claims)的效果,可以启动应用程序,以一个用户进行认证,并请求/Claim/Index URL。图15-6显示了Alice的声明(Claims)。你可能需要退出,然后再次登录才会看到发生的变化。 Figure 15-6. Defining additional claims for users 图15-6. 定义用户的附加声明 Obtaining claims from multiple locations means that the application doesn’t have to duplicate data that is held elsewhere and allows integration of data from external parties. The Claim.Issuer property tells you where a claim originated from, which helps you judge how accurate the data is likely to be and how much weight you should give the data in your application. Location data obtained from a central HR database is likely to be more accurate and trustworthy than data obtained from an external mailing list provider, for example. 从多个地点获取声明(Claims)意味着应用程序不必复制其他地方保持的数据,并且能够与外部的数据集成。Claim.Issuer属性(图15-6中的Issuer数据列——译者注)能够告诉你一个声明(Claim)的发源地,这有助于让你判断数据的精确程度,也有助于让你决定这类数据在应用程序中的权重。例如,从中心化的HR数据库获取的地点数据可能要比外部邮件列表提供器获取的数据更为精确和可信。 1. Applying Claims 1. 运用声明(Claims) The second reason that claims are interesting is that you can use them to manage user access to your application more flexibly than with standard roles. The problem with roles is that they are static, and once a user has been assigned to a role, the user remains a member until explicitly removed. This is, for example, how long-term employees of big corporations end up with incredible access to internal systems: They are assigned the roles they require for each new job they get, but the old roles are rarely removed. (The unexpectedly broad systems access sometimes becomes apparent during the investigation into how someone was able to ship the contents of the warehouse to their home address—true story.) 声明(Claims)有意思的第二个原因是,你可以用它们来管理用户对应用程序的访问,这要比标准的角色管理更为灵活。角色的问题在于它们是静态的,而且一旦用户已经被赋予了一个角色,该用户便是一个成员,直到明确地删除为止。例如,这意味着大公司的长期雇员,对内部系统的访问会十分惊人:他们每次在获得新工作时,都会赋予所需的角色,但旧角色很少被删除。(在调查某人为何能够将仓库里的东西发往他的家庭地址过程中发现,有时会出现异常宽泛的系统访问——真实的故事) Claims can be used to authorize users based directly on the information that is known about them, which ensures that the authorization changes when the data changes. The simplest way to do this is to generate Role claims based on user data that are then used by controllers to restrict access to action methods. Listing 15-17 shows the contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure. 声明(Claims)可以直接根据用户已知的信息对用户进行授权,这能够保证当数据发生变化时,授权也随之而变。此事最简单的做法是根据用户数据来生成Role声明(Claim),然后由控制器用来限制对动作方法的访问。清单15-17显示了我添加到Infrastructure中的ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-17. The Contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs File 清单15-17. ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsRoles {public static IEnumerable<Claim> CreateRolesFromClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince&& x.Issuer == "RemoteClaims" && x.Value == "DC")&& user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.Role&& x.Value == "Employees")) {claims.Add(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, "DCStaff"));}return claims;} }} The gnarly looking CreateRolesFromClaims method uses lambda expressions to determine whether the user has a StateOrProvince claim from the RemoteClaims issuer with a value of DC and a Role claim with a value of Employees. If the user has both claims, then a Role claim is returned for the DCStaff role. Listing 15-18 shows how I call the CreateRolesFromClaims method from the Login action in the Account controller. CreateRolesFromClaims是一个粗糙的考察方法,它使用了Lambda表达式,以检查用户是否具有StateOrProvince声明(Claim),该声明来自于RemoteClaims发行者(Issuer),值为DC。也检查用户是否具有Role声明(Claim),其值为Employees。如果用户这两个声明都有,那么便返回一个DCStaff角色的Role声明。清单15-18显示了如何在Account控制器中的Login动作中调用CreateRolesFromClaims方法。 Listing 15-18. Generating Roles Based on Claims in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-18. 在AccountController.cs中根据声明生成角色 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident)); ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... I can then restrict access to an action method based on membership of the DCStaff role. Listing 15-19 shows a new action method I added to the Claims controller to which I have applied the Authorize attribute. 然后我可以根据DCStaff角色的成员,来限制对一个动作方法的访问。清单15-19显示了在Claims控制器中添加的一个新的动作方法,在该方法上已经运用了Authorize注解属性。 Listing 15-19. Adding a New Action Method to the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-19. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中添加一个新的动作方法 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [Authorize(Roles="DCStaff")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} Users will be able to access OtherAction only if their claims grant them membership to the DCStaff role. Membership of this role is generated dynamically, so a change to the user’s employment status or location information will change their authorization level. 只要用户的声明(Claims)承认他们是DCStaff角色的成员,那么他们便能访问OtherAction动作。该角色的成员是动态生成的,因此,若是用户的雇用状态或地点信息发生变化,也会改变他们的授权等级。 提示:请读者从这个例子中吸取其中的思想精髓。对于读物的理解程度,仁者见仁,智者见智,能领悟多少,全凭各人,译者感觉这里的思想有无数的可能。举例说明:(1)可以根据用户的身份进行授权,比如学生在校时是“学生”,毕业后便是“校友”;(2)可以根据用户所处的部门进行授权,人事部用户属于人事团队,销售部用户属于销售团队,各团队有其自己的应用;(3)下一小节的示例是根据用户的地点授权。简言之:一方面用户的各种声明(Claim)都可以用来进行授权;另一方面用户的声明(Claim)又是可以自定义的。于是可能的运用就无法估计了。总之一句话,这种基于声明的授权(Claims-Based Authorization)有无限可能!要是没有我这里的提示,是否所有读者在此处都会有所体会?——译者注 15.3.3 Authorizing Access Using Claims 15.3.3 使用声明(Claims)授权访问 The previous example is an effective demonstration of how claims can be used to keep authorizations fresh and accurate, but it is a little indirect because I generate roles based on claims data and then enforce my authorization policy based on the membership of that role. A more direct and flexible approach is to enforce authorization directly by creating a custom authorization filter attribute. Listing 15-20 shows the contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs file, which I added to the Infrastructure folder and used to create such a filter. 前面的示例有效地演示了如何用声明(Claims)来保持新鲜和准确的授权,但有点不太直接,因为我要根据声明(Claims)数据来生成了角色,然后强制我的授权策略基于角色成员。一个更直接且灵活的办法是直接强制授权,其做法是创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性。清单15-20演示了ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容,我将它添加在Infrastructure文件夹中,并用它创建了这种过滤器。 Listing 15-20. The Contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs File 清单15-20. ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsAccessAttribute : AuthorizeAttribute {public string Issuer { get; set; }public string ClaimType { get; set; }public string Value { get; set; }protected override bool AuthorizeCore(HttpContextBase context) {return context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated&& context.User.Identity is ClaimsIdentity&& ((ClaimsIdentity)context.User.Identity).HasClaim(x =>x.Issuer == Issuer && x.Type == ClaimType && x.Value == Value);} }} The attribute I have defined is derived from the AuthorizeAttribute class, which makes it easy to create custom authorization policies in MVC framework applications by overriding the AuthorizeCore method. My implementation grants access if the user is authenticated, the IIdentity implementation is an instance of ClaimsIdentity, and the user has a claim with the issuer, type, and value matching the class properties. Listing 15-21 shows how I applied the attribute to the Claims controller to authorize access to the OtherAction method based on one of the location claims created by the LocationClaimsProvider class. 我所定义的这个注解属性派生于AuthorizeAttribute类,通过重写AuthorizeCore方法,很容易在MVC框架应用程序中创建自定义的授权策略。在这个实现中,若用户是已认证的、其IIdentity实现是一个ClaimsIdentity实例,而且该用户有一个带有issuer、type以及value的声明(Claim),它们与这个类的属性是匹配的,则该用户便是允许访问的。清单15-21显示了如何将这个注解属性运用于Claims控制器,以便根据LocationClaimsProvider类创建的地点声明(Claim),对OtherAction方法进行授权访问。 Listing 15-21. Performing Authorization on Claims in the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-21. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中执行基于声明的授权 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Infrastructure;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [ClaimsAccess(Issuer="RemoteClaims", ClaimType=ClaimTypes.PostalCode,Value="DC 20500")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} My authorization filter ensures that only users whose location claims specify a ZIP code of DC 20500 can invoke the OtherAction method. 这个授权过滤器能够确保只有地点声明(Claim)的邮编为DC 20500的用户才能请求OtherAction方法。 15.4 Using Third-Party Authentication 15.4 使用第三方认证 One of the benefits of a claims-based system such as ASP.NET Identity is that any of the claims can come from an external system, even those that identify the user to the application. This means that other systems can authenticate users on behalf of the application, and ASP.NET Identity builds on this idea to make it simple and easy to add support for authenticating users through third parties such as Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter. 基于声明的系统,如ASP.NET Identity,的好处之一是任何声明都可以来自于外部系统,即使是将用户标识到应用程序的那些声明。这意味着其他系统可以代表应用程序来认证用户,而ASP.NET Identity就建立在这样的思想之上,使之能够简单而方便地添加第三方认证用户的支持,如微软、Google、Facebook、Twitter等。 There are some substantial benefits of using third-party authentication: Many users will already have an account, users can elect to use two-factor authentication, and you don’t have to manage user credentials in the application. In the sections that follow, I’ll show you how to set up and use third-party authentication for Google users, which Table 15-8 puts into context. 使用第三方认证有一些实际的好处:许多用户已经有了账号、用户可以选择使用双因子认证、你不必在应用程序中管理用户凭据等等。在以下小节中,我将演示如何为Google用户建立并使用第三方认证,表15-8描述了事情的情形。 Table 15-8. Putting Third-Party Authentication in Context 表15-8. 第三方认证情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是第三方认证? Authenticating with third parties lets you take advantage of the popularity of companies such as Google and Facebook. 第三方认证使你能够利用流行公司,如Google和Facebook,的优势。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它? Users don’t like having to remember passwords for many different sites. Using a provider with large-scale adoption can make your application more appealing to users of the provider’s services. 用户不喜欢记住许多不同网站的口令。使用大范围适应的提供器可使你的应用程序更吸引有提供器服务的用户。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它? This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework. 这不是一个直接由MVC框架使用的特性。 Note The reason I have chosen to demonstrate Google authentication is that it is the only option that doesn’t require me to register my application with the authentication service. You can get details of the registration processes required at http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE. 提示:我选择演示Google认证的原因是,它是唯一不需要在其认证服务中注册我应用程序的公司。有关认证服务注册过程的细节,请参阅http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE。 15.4.1 Enabling Google Authentication 15.4.1 启用Google认证 ASP.NET Identity comes with built-in support for authenticating users through their Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter accounts as well more general support for any authentication service that supports OAuth. The first step is to add the NuGet package that includes the Google-specific additions for ASP.NET Identity. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: ASP.NET Identity带有通过Microsoft、Google、Facebook以及Twitter账号认证用户的内建支持,并且对于支持OAuth的认证服务具有更普遍的支持。第一个步骤是添加NuGet包,包中含有用于ASP.NET Identity的Google专用附件。请在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中输入以下命令: Install-Package Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google -version 2.0.2 There are NuGet packages for each of the services that ASP.NET Identity supports, as described in Table 15-9. 对于ASP.NET Identity支持的每一种服务都有相应的NuGet包,如表15-9所示。 Table 15-9. The NuGet Authenticaton Packages 表15-9. NuGet认证包 Name 名称 Description 描述 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google Authenticates users with Google accounts 用Google账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Facebook Authenticates users with Facebook accounts 用Facebook账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Twitter Authenticates users with Twitter accounts 用Twitter账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.MicrosoftAccount Authenticates users with Microsoft accounts 用Microsoft账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.OAuth Authenticates users against any OAuth 2.0 service 根据任一OAuth 2.0服务认证用户 Once the package is installed, I enable support for the authentication service in the OWIN startup class, which is defined in the App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs file in the example project. Listing 15-22 shows the change that I have made. 一旦安装了这个包,便可以在OWIN启动类中启用此项认证服务的支持,启动类的定义在示例项目的App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs文件中。清单15-22显示了所做的修改。 Listing 15-22. Enabling Google Authentication in the IdentityConfig.cs File 清单15-22. 在IdentityConfig.cs文件中启用Google认证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Cookies;using Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google;namespace Users {public class IdentityConfig {public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app) {app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppIdentityDbContext>(AppIdentityDbContext.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppUserManager>(AppUserManager.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppRoleManager>(AppRoleManager.Create); app.UseCookieAuthentication(new CookieAuthenticationOptions {AuthenticationType = DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie,LoginPath = new PathString("/Account/Login"),}); app.UseExternalSignInCookie(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);app.UseGoogleAuthentication();} }} Each of the packages that I listed in Table 15-9 contains an extension method that enables the corresponding service. The extension method for the Google service is called UseGoogleAuthentication, and it is called on the IAppBuilder implementation that is passed to the Configuration method. 表15-9所列的每个包都含有启用相应服务的扩展方法。用于Google服务的扩展方法名称为UseGoogleAuthentication,它通过传递给Configuration方法的IAppBuilder实现进行调用。 Next I added a button to the Views/Account/Login.cshtml file, which allows users to log in via Google. You can see the change in Listing 15-23. 下一步骤是在Views/Account/Login.cshtml文件中添加一个按钮,让用户能够通过Google进行登录。所做的修改如清单15-23所示。 Listing 15-23. Adding a Google Login Button to the Login.cshtml File 清单15-23. 在Login.cshtml文件中添加Google登录按钮 @model Users.Models.LoginModel@{ ViewBag.Title = "Login";}<h2>Log In</h2> @Html.ValidationSummary()@using (Html.BeginForm()) {@Html.AntiForgeryToken();<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><div class="form-group"><label>Name</label>@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><div class="form-group"><label>Password</label>@Html.PasswordFor(x => x.Password, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In</button>}@using (Html.BeginForm("GoogleLogin", "Account")) {<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In via Google</button>} The new button submits a form that targets the GoogleLogin action on the Account controller. You can see this method—and the other changes I made the controller—in Listing 15-24. 新按钮递交一个表单,目标是Account控制器中的GoogleLogin动作。可从清单15-24中看到该方法,以及在控制器中所做的其他修改。 Listing 15-24. Adding Support for Google Authentication to the AccountController.cs File 清单15-24. 在AccountController.cs文件中添加Google认证支持 using System.Threading.Tasks;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.Owin.Security;using System.Security.Claims;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using System.Web; namespace Users.Controllers {[Authorize]public class AccountController : Controller {[AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult Login(string returnUrl) {if (HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated) {return View("Error", new string[] { "Access Denied" });}ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View();}[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident)); AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);} [HttpPost][AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult GoogleLogin(string returnUrl) {var properties = new AuthenticationProperties {RedirectUri = Url.Action("GoogleLoginCallback",new { returnUrl = returnUrl})};HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();}[AllowAnonymous]public async Task<ActionResult> GoogleLoginCallback(string returnUrl) {ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);if (user == null) {user = new AppUser {Email = loginInfo.Email,UserName = loginInfo.DefaultUserName,City = Cities.LONDON, Country = Countries.UK};IdentityResult result = await UserManager.CreateAsync(user);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} else {result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} }}ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false }, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl ?? "/");}[Authorize]public ActionResult Logout() {AuthManager.SignOut();return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");}private IAuthenticationManager AuthManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication;} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } The GoogleLogin method creates an instance of the AuthenticationProperties class and sets the RedirectUri property to a URL that targets the GoogleLoginCallback action in the same controller. The next part is a magic phrase that causes ASP.NET Identity to respond to an unauthorized error by redirecting the user to the Google authentication page, rather than the one defined by the application: GoogleLogin方法创建了AuthenticationProperties类的一个实例,并为RedirectUri属性设置了一个URL,其目标为同一控制器中的GoogleLoginCallback动作。下一个部分是一个神奇阶段,通过将用户重定向到Google认证页面,而不是应用程序所定义的认证页面,让ASP.NET Identity对未授权的错误进行响应: ...HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();... This means that when the user clicks the Log In via Google button, their browser is redirected to the Google authentication service and then redirected back to the GoogleLoginCallback action method once they are authenticated. 这意味着,当用户通过点击Google按钮进行登录时,浏览器被重定向到Google的认证服务,一旦在那里认证之后,便被重定向回GoogleLoginCallback动作方法。 I get details of the external login by calling the GetExternalLoginInfoAsync of the IAuthenticationManager implementation, like this: 我通过调用IAuthenticationManager实现的GetExternalLoginInfoAsync方法,我获得了外部登录的细节,如下所示: ...ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();... The ExternalLoginInfo class defines the properties shown in Table 15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类定义的属性如表15-10所示: Table 15-10. The Properties Defined by the ExternalLoginInfo Class 表15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类所定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 DefaultUserName Returns the username 返回用户名 Email Returns the e-mail address 返回E-mail地址 ExternalIdentity Returns a ClaimsIdentity that identities the user 返回标识该用户的ClaimsIdentity Login Returns a UserLoginInfo that describes the external login 返回描述外部登录的UserLoginInfo I use the FindAsync method defined by the user manager class to locate the user based on the value of the ExternalLoginInfo.Login property, which returns an AppUser object if the user has been authenticated with the application before: 我使用了由用户管理器类所定义的FindAsync方法,以便根据ExternalLoginInfo.Login属性的值对用户进行定位,如果用户之前在应用程序中已经认证,该属性会返回一个AppUser对象: ...AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);... If the FindAsync method doesn’t return an AppUser object, then I know that this is the first time that this user has logged into the application, so I create a new AppUser object, populate it with values, and save it to the database. I also save details of how the user logged in so that I can find them next time: 如果FindAsync方法返回的不是AppUser对象,那么我便知道这是用户首次登录应用程序,于是便创建了一个新的AppUser对象,填充该对象的值,并将其保存到数据库。我还保存了用户如何登录的细节,以便下次能够找到他们: ...result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);... All that remains is to generate an identity the user, copy the claims provided by Google, and create an authentication cookie so that the application knows the user has been authenticated: 剩下的事情只是生成该用户的标识了,拷贝Google提供的声明(Claims),并创建一个认证Cookie,以使应用程序知道此用户已认证: ...ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties { IsPersistent = false }, ident);... 15.4.2 Testing Google Authentication 15.4.2 测试Google认证 There is one further change that I need to make before I can test Google authentication: I need to change the account verification I set up in Chapter 13 because it prevents accounts from being created with e-mail addresses that are not within the example.com domain. Listing 15-25 shows how I removed the verification from the AppUserManager class. 在测试Google认证之前还需要一处修改:需要修改第13章所建立的账号验证,因为它不允许example.com域之外的E-mail地址创建账号。清单15-25显示了如何在AppUserManager类中删除这种验证。 Listing 15-25. Disabling Account Validation in the AppUserManager.cs File 清单15-25. 在AppUserManager.cs文件中取消账号验证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppUserManager : UserManager<AppUser> {public AppUserManager(IUserStore<AppUser> store): base(store) {}public static AppUserManager Create(IdentityFactoryOptions<AppUserManager> options,IOwinContext context) {AppIdentityDbContext db = context.Get<AppIdentityDbContext>();AppUserManager manager = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(db)); manager.PasswordValidator = new CustomPasswordValidator {RequiredLength = 6,RequireNonLetterOrDigit = false,RequireDigit = false,RequireLowercase = true,RequireUppercase = true}; //manager.UserValidator = new CustomUserValidator(manager) {// AllowOnlyAlphanumericUserNames = true,// RequireUniqueEmail = true//};return manager;} }} Tip you can use validation for externally authenticated accounts, but I am just going to disable the feature for simplicity. 提示:也可以使用外部已认证账号的验证,但这里出于简化,取消了这一特性。 To test authentication, start the application, click the Log In via Google button, and provide the credentials for a valid Google account. When you have completed the authentication process, your browser will be redirected back to the application. If you navigate to the /Claims/Index URL, you will be able to see how claims from the Google system have been added to the user’s identity, as shown in Figure 15-7. 为了测试认证,启动应用程序,通过点击“Log In via Google(通过Google登录)”按钮,并提供有效的Google账号凭据。当你完成了认证过程时,浏览器将被重定向回应用程序。如果导航到/Claims/Index URL,便能够看到来自Google系统的声明(Claims),已被添加到用户的标识中了,如图15-7所示。 Figure 15-7. Claims from Google 图15-7. 来自Google的声明(Claims) 15.5 Summary 15.5 小结 In this chapter, I showed you some of the advanced features that ASP.NET Identity supports. I demonstrated the use of custom user properties and how to use database migrations to preserve data when you upgrade the schema to support them. I explained how claims work and how they can be used to create more flexible ways of authorizing users. I finished the chapter by showing you how to authenticate users via Google, which builds on the ideas behind the use of claims. 本章向你演示了ASP.NET Identity所支持的一些高级特性。演示了自定义用户属性的使用,还演示了在升级数据架构时,如何使用数据库迁移保护数据。我解释了声明(Claims)的工作机制,以及如何将它们用于创建更灵活的用户授权方式。最后演示了如何通过Google进行认证结束了本章,这是建立在使用声明(Claims)的思想基础之上的。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/gz19871113/article/details/108591802。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
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...pringBoot Vue 效果 步骤 点击下载 在输入框输入下载的文件名称 点击暂停 再次点击开始 下载完成 代码 SpringBoot pom <!-- 做断点下载使用--><dependency><groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId><artifactId>httpcore</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId><artifactId>httpclient</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>commons-io</groupId><artifactId>commons-io</artifactId><version>2.8.0</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId><artifactId>lombok</artifactId><optional>true</optional></dependency> controller package com.kang.controller;import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.;import java.net.URLEncoder;import java.util.Optional;/ @Description 文件切片下载 @ClassName DownLoadController @Author 康世行 @Date 20:58 2023/2/22 @Version 1.0/@Controller@Slf4jpublic class DownLoadController {private final static String utf8 = "utf-8";@RequestMapping("/down")public void downLoadFile(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException {// 设置编码格式response.setCharacterEncoding(utf8);//获取文件路径String fileName=request.getParameter("fileName");String drive=request.getParameter("drive");//参数校验log.info(fileName,drive);//完整路径(路径拼接待优化-前端传输优化-后端从新格式化 )String pathAll=drive+":\\"+fileName;log.info("pathAll{}",pathAll);Optional<String> pathFlag = Optional.ofNullable(pathAll);File file=null;if (pathFlag.isPresent()){//根据文件名,读取file流file = new File(pathAll);log.info("文件路径是{}",pathAll);if (!file.exists()){log.warn("文件不存在");return;} }else {//请输入文件名log.warn("请输入文件名!");return;}InputStream is = null;OutputStream os = null;try {//分片下载long fSize = file.length();//获取长度response.setContentType("application/x-download");String file_Name = URLEncoder.encode(file.getName(),"UTF-8");response.addHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+fileName);//根据前端传来的Range 判断支不支持分片下载response.setHeader("Accept-Range","bytes");//获取文件大小//response.setHeader("fSize",String.valueOf(fSize));response.setHeader("fName",file_Name);//定义断点long pos = 0,last = fSize-1,sum = 0;//判断前端需不需要分片下载if (null != request.getHeader("Range")){response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT);String numRange = request.getHeader("Range").replaceAll("bytes=","");String[] strRange = numRange.split("-");if (strRange.length == 2){pos = Long.parseLong(strRange[0].trim());last = Long.parseLong(strRange[1].trim());//若结束字节超出文件大小 取文件大小if (last>fSize-1){last = fSize-1;} }else {//若只给一个长度 开始位置一直到结束pos = Long.parseLong(numRange.replaceAll("-","").trim());} }long rangeLenght = last-pos+1;String contentRange = new StringBuffer("bytes").append(pos).append("-").append(last).append("/").append(fSize).toString();response.setHeader("Content-Range",contentRange);// response.setHeader("Content-Lenght",String.valueOf(rangeLenght));os = new BufferedOutputStream(response.getOutputStream());is = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));is.skip(pos);//跳过已读的文件(重点,跳过之前已经读过的文件)byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];int lenght = 0;//相等证明读完while (sum < rangeLenght){lenght = is.read(buffer,0, (rangeLenght-sum)<=buffer.length? (int) (rangeLenght - sum) :buffer.length);sum = sum+lenght;os.write(buffer,0,lenght);}log.info("下载完成");}finally {if (is!= null){is.close();}if (os!=null){os.close();} }} } 启动成功 Vue <html xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org"><head><meta charset="utf-8"/><title>狂神说Java-ES仿京东实战</title><link rel="stylesheet" th:href="@{/css/style.css}"/></head><body class="pg"><div class="page" id="app"><div id="mallPage" class=" mallist tmall- page-not-market "><!-- 头部搜索 --><div id="header" class=" header-list-app"><div class="headerLayout"><div class="headerCon "><!-- Logo--><h1 id="mallLogo"><img th:src="@{/images/jdlogo.png}" alt=""></h1><div class="header-extra"><!--搜索--><div id="mallSearch" class="mall-search"><form name="searchTop" class="mallSearch-form clearfix"><fieldset><legend>天猫搜索</legend><div class="mallSearch-input clearfix"><div class="s-combobox" id="s-combobox-685"><div class="s-combobox-input-wrap"><input v-model="keyword" type="text" autocomplete="off" value="java" id="mq"class="s-combobox-input" aria-haspopup="true"></div></div><button type="submit" @click.prevent="searchKey" id="searchbtn">搜索</button></div></fieldset></form><ul class="relKeyTop"><li><a>狂神说Java</a></li><li><a>狂神说前端</a></li><li><a>狂神说Linux</a></li><li><a>狂神说大数据</a></li><li><a>狂神聊理财</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><el-button @click="download" id="download">下载</el-button><!-- <el-button @click="concurrenceDownload" >并发下载测试</el-button>--><el-button @click="stop">停止</el-button><el-button @click="start">开始</el-button>{ {fileFinalOffset} }{ {contentList} }<el-progress type="circle" :percentage="percentage"></el-progress></div><!--前端使用Vue,实现前后端分离--><script th:src="@{/js/axios.min.js}"></script><script th:src="@{/js/vue.min.js}"></script><!-- 引入样式 --><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/element-ui/lib/theme-chalk/index.css"><!-- 引入组件库 --><script src="https://unpkg.com/element-ui/lib/index.js"></script><script>new Vue({ el: 'app',data: {keyword: '', //搜索关键字results: [] ,//搜索结果percentage: 0, // 下载进度filesCurrentPage:0,//文件开始偏移量fileFinalOffset:0, //文件最后偏移量stopRecursiveTags:true, //停止递归标签,默认是true 继续进行递归contentList: [], // 文件流数组breakpointResumeTags:false, //断点续传标签,默认是false 不进行断点续传temp:[],fileMap:new Map(),timer:null, //定时器名称},methods: {//根据关键字搜索商品信息searchKey(){var keyword=this.keyword;axios.get('/search/JD/search/'+keyword+"/1/10").then(res=>{this.results=res.data;//绑定数据console.log(this.results)console.table(this.results)})},//停止下载stop(){//改变递归标签为falsethis.stopRecursiveTags=false;},//开始下载start(){//重置递归标签为true 最后进行合并this.stopRecursiveTags=true;//重置断点续传标签this.breakpointResumeTags=true;//重新调用下载方法this.download();},// 分段下载需要后端配合download() {// 下载地址const url = "/down?fileName="+this.keyword.trim()+"&drive=E";console.log(url)const chunkSize = 1024 1024 50; // 单个分段大小,这里测试用100Mlet filesTotalSize = chunkSize; // 安装包总大小,默认100Mlet filesPages = 1; // 总共分几段下载//计算百分比之前先清空上次的if(this.percentage==100){this.percentage=0;}let sentAxios = (num) => {let rande = chunkSize;//判断是否开启了断点续传(断点续传没法并行-需要上次请求的结果作为参数)if (this.breakpointResumeTags){rande = ${Number(this.fileFinalOffset)+1}-${num chunkSize + 1};}else {if (num) {rande = ${(num - 1) chunkSize + 2}-${num chunkSize + 1};} else {// 第一次0-1方便获取总数,计算下载进度,每段下载字节范围区间rande = "0-1";} }let headers = {range: rande,};axios({method: "get",url: url.trim(),async: true,data: {},headers: headers,responseType: "blob"}).then((response) => {if (response.status == 200 || response.status == 206) {//检查了下才发现,后端对文件流做了一层封装,所以将content指向response.data即可const content = response.data;//截取文件总长度和最后偏移量let result= response.headers["content-range"].split("/");// 获取文件总大小,方便计算下载百分比filesTotalSize =result[1];//获取最后一片文件位置,用于断点续传this.fileFinalOffset=result[0].split("-")[1]// 计算总共页数,向上取整filesPages = Math.ceil(filesTotalSize / chunkSize);// 文件流数组this.contentList.push(content);// 递归获取文件数据(判断是否要继续递归)if (this.filesCurrentPage < filesPages&&this.stopRecursiveTags==true) {this.filesCurrentPage++;//计算下载百分比 当前下载的片数/总片数this.percentage=Number((this.contentList.length/filesPages)100).toFixed(2);sentAxios(this.filesCurrentPage);//结束递归return;}//递归标签为true 才进行下载if (this.stopRecursiveTags){// 文件名称const fileName =decodeURIComponent(response.headers["fname"]);//构造一个blob对象来处理数据const blob = new Blob(this.contentList);//对于<a>标签,只有 Firefox 和 Chrome(内核) 支持 download 属性//IE10以上支持blob但是依然不支持downloadif ("download" in document.createElement("a")) {//支持a标签download的浏览器const link = document.createElement("a"); //创建a标签link.download = fileName; //a标签添加属性link.style.display = "none";link.href = URL.createObjectURL(blob);document.body.appendChild(link);link.click(); //执行下载URL.revokeObjectURL(link.href); //释放urldocument.body.removeChild(link); //释放标签} else {//其他浏览器navigator.msSaveBlob(blob, fileName);} }} else {//调用暂停方法,记录当前下载位置console.log("下载失败")} }).catch(function (error) {console.log(error);});};// 第一次获取数据方便获取总数sentAxios(this.filesCurrentPage);this.$message({message: '文件开始下载!',type: 'success'});} }})</script></body></html> 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/kangshihang1998/article/details/129407214。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2023-01-19 08:12:45
546
转载
VUE
在深入理解Vue中v-bind:class指令如何根据条件动态添加或移除class后,我们发现Vue框架的响应式机制在CSS类管理上的强大之处。为了进一步掌握这一技术,可关注Vue.js官方文档的最新更新和最佳实践,了解Vue3.0版本中对v-bind:class指令的优化改进。 近期一篇来自Vue.js官方博客的文章“Vue 3中的新特性:Conditional Classes with v-bind:class”详细解读了如何利用新的语法糖更好地实现条件class绑定,并通过实例代码展示了与旧版Vue的差异和优势。此外,文章还探讨了v-bind:class结合模板refs、计算属性以及组合式API(Composition API)等Vue高级特性的应用场景,帮助开发者提升组件化开发效率。 另外,InfoQ的一篇报道《Vue.js在大型项目中的CSS类管理策略》也值得一看,文中不仅回顾了v-bind:class的基本用法,还分享了一些实际项目中如何结合模块化、CSS预处理器等工具进行复杂场景下的class动态管理,这对于面临大规模应用架构挑战的前端开发者具有很高的参考价值。 最后,Vue社区的一些教程如"Vue Conditional Classes: The Complete Guide",提供了大量实战案例,引导读者逐步掌握条件class的各种绑定技巧,包括但不限于基于状态切换、事件驱动、以及与其他Vue指令如v-if、v-for等协同工作的方法,为读者深化Vue技能树提供有力支撑。
2023-07-15 17:19:02
197
键盘勇士
VUE
Vue.js , Vue.js是一款渐进式JavaScript框架,用于构建用户界面。它采用组件化开发模式,允许开发者将UI拆分成独立可复用的组件,并提供了响应式的数据绑定和组件生命周期管理等功能,帮助开发者更高效、简洁地构建单页应用或复杂前端项目。 生命周期钩子 , 在Vue.js中,生命周期钩子是组件从创建到销毁过程中特定阶段自动调用的函数。这些钩子函数让开发者能够在组件的不同生命周期阶段执行特定的操作,如初始化数据、监听事件、更新DOM以及进行清理工作等。例如,beforeDestroy(或Vue 2.x版本中的beforeUnmount)就是其中一个生命周期钩子,它会在组件实例销毁之前被调用。 内存泄漏 , 内存泄漏是编程中常见的资源管理问题,指的是程序在申请内存后,无法释放已不再使用的内存空间。在Web应用中,如果组件卸载后仍存在未被清理的引用(如定时器、事件监听器等),则可能导致这部分内存无法被垃圾回收机制回收,进而持续占用系统资源,影响应用性能及稳定性。Vue.js通过提供生命周期钩子来帮助开发者及时进行清理操作,以防止出现这类内存泄漏问题。
2023-12-03 18:12:48
66
逻辑鬼才
JQuery
...代前端开发中的CSS管理与JavaScript库的最新动态。 近年来,随着Web开发技术的快速发展,诸如Tailwind CSS等实用工具逐渐兴起,它们以原子化、实用优先的类名集合,为开发者提供了更加高效、一致的样式解决方案。例如,使用Tailwind CSS时,无需像JQuery那样逐个修改元素样式,只需添加预定义的类名即可实现丰富的UI设计和响应式布局。 同时,Vue.js、React等主流前端框架自带或推荐配套的CSS-in-JS方案,如styled-components、emotion-js等,将CSS直接编写在JavaScript中,通过组件化的方式管理样式,使得样式与业务逻辑高度耦合,大大提升了开发效率和代码维护性。 此外,JQuery虽然在DOM操作和事件处理上仍具有广泛的应用场景,但在现代前端项目中,原生JavaScript(如querySelector、addEventListener等)以及上述提及的新技术逐渐替代了部分JQuery的功能。近期,JQuery团队也宣布重心转向对遗留代码的支持和维护,鼓励开发者采用更现代化的技术栈。 总之,在不断迭代更新的前端领域,理解和掌握各类CSS管理和JavaScript库的最新趋势和技术方案,对于提升项目质量和开发效率至关重要。开发者应当根据项目需求及技术选型,灵活运用不同工具,实现最佳实践。
2023-12-10 16:36:43
417
程序媛
JQuery
...着开发者。最近,随着Web技术的快速发展,诸如Vue.js、React和Angular等现代前端框架日渐流行,但jQuery仍然在许多项目中扮演着重要角色,特别是在简化DOM操作、事件处理以及Ajax请求等方面。 实际上,在音乐网站及多媒体应用开发中,jQuery结合HTML5 Audio/Video API可以构建出功能丰富的播放器组件。例如,除了基础的播放、暂停和音量控制,还可以实现进度条拖拽、播放列表管理、循环播放模式切换等功能。同时,jQuery插件生态系统如jPlayer、MediaElement.js等为音乐播放器提供了更强大的定制化解决方案。 此外,值得注意的是,尽管现代浏览器原生支持音频播放功能,但在不同浏览器间的兼容性和用户体验一致性上,jQuery能够提供有效的辅助。例如,通过封装复杂的跨浏览器兼容性代码,确保音乐播放功能在各种环境下都能顺畅运行。 近期,jQuery团队仍在不断更新维护,旨在保持其在现有项目中的稳定性和对最新Web标准的支持。因此,无论是对于正在使用或考虑采用jQuery进行音乐网站开发的开发者来说,深入理解并掌握这一库的应用技巧,无疑将极大地提升项目的开发效率与用户体验。同时,关注前沿技术动态,灵活结合各类前端工具与框架,也将成为优化音乐网站性能的关键所在。
2023-09-30 11:47:52
298
数据库专家
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