[ZFS Zettabyte File S...]的搜索结果

...//过滤器 max_file_size: '999999999mb', //文件最大尺寸 mime_types: [ //允许上传的文件类型 { title: "Zip", extensions: "zip" }, { title: "PE", extensions: "pe" } ] }, //自定义参数 （键值对形式） 此处可以定义参数 multipart_params: { type: "misoft" }, // FLASH的配置 flash_swf_url: "../Scripts/plupload/Moxie.swf", // Silverligh的配置 silverlight_xap_url: "../Scripts/plupload/Moxie.xap", multi_selection: false //true:ctrl多文件上传, false 单文件上传 }); //在实例对象上调用init()方法进行初始化 uploader.init(); uploader.bind('FilesAdded', function (uploader, files) { $("<%=fileSource.ClientID %>").val(files[0].name); $.ajax( { type: 'post', url: 'HardDiskSpace.aspx/GetHardDiskFreeSpace', data: {}, dataType: 'json', contentType: 'application/json;charset=utf-8', success: function (result) { //选择文件以后检测服务器剩余磁盘空间是否够用 if (files.length > 0) { if (parseInt(files[0].size) > parseInt(result.d)) { $('error-msg').text("文件容量大于剩余磁盘空间,请联系管理员!"); } else { $('error-msg').text(""); } } }, error: function (xhr, err, obj) { $('error-msg').text("检测服务器剩余磁盘空间失败"); } }); }); uploader.bind('UploadProgress', function (uploader, file) { var percent = file.percent; progressBar.progress(percent); }); uploader.bind('FileUploaded', function (up, file, callBack) { var data = $.parseJSON(callBack.response); if (data.statusCode === "1") { $("<%=hfPackagePath.ClientID %>").val(data.filePath); var id = $("<%=hfCourseID.ClientID %>").val(); __doPostBack("save", id); } else { hideLoading(); $('error-msg').text(data.message); } }); uploader.bind('Error', function (up, err) { alert("文件上传失败,错误信息: " + err.message); }); /Plupload/ 后台 UploadCoursePackage.ashx 的代码也重要，主要是文件分片跟不分片的处理方式不一样 using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Web; using System.IO; namespace WebUI.Handlers { /// <summary> /// UploadCoursePackage 的摘要说明 /// </summary> public class UploadCoursePackage : IHttpHandler { public void ProcessRequest(HttpContext context) { context.Response.ContentType = "text/plain"; int statuscode = 1; string message = string.Empty; string filepath = string.Empty; if (context.Request.Files.Count > 0) { try { string resourceDirectoryName = System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["resourceDirectory"]; string path = context.Server.MapPath("~/" + resourceDirectoryName); if (!Directory.Exists(path)) Directory.CreateDirectory(path); int chunk = context.Request.Params["chunk"] != null ? int.Parse(context.Request.Params["chunk"]) : 0; //获取当前的块ID，如果不是分块上传的。chunk则为0 string fileName = context.Request.Params["name"]; //这里写的比较潦草。判断文件名是否为空。 string type = context.Request.Params["type"]; //在前面JS中不是定义了自定义参数multipart_params的值么。其中有个值是type:"misoft"，此处就可以获取到这个值了。获取到的type="misoft"; string ext = Path.GetExtension(fileName); //fileName = string.Format("{0}{1}", Guid.NewGuid().ToString(), ext); filepath = resourceDirectoryName + "/" + fileName; fileName = Path.Combine(path, fileName); //对文件流进行存储 需要注意的是 files目录必须存在（此处可以做个判断） 根据上面的chunk来判断是块上传还是普通上传 上传方式不一样 ，导致的保存方式也会不一样 FileStream fs = new FileStream(fileName, chunk == 0 ? FileMode.OpenOrCreate : FileMode.Append); //write our input stream to a buffer Byte[] buffer = null; if (context.Request.ContentType == "application/octet-stream" && context.Request.ContentLength > 0) { buffer = new Byte[context.Request.InputStream.Length]; context.Request.InputStream.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length); } else if (context.Request.ContentType.Contains("multipart/form-data") && context.Request.Files.Count > 0 && context.Request.Files[0].ContentLength > 0) { buffer = new Byte[context.Request.Files[0].InputStream.Length]; context.Request.Files[0].InputStream.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length); } //write the buffer to a file. if (buffer != null) fs.Write(buffer, 0, buffer.Length); fs.Close(); statuscode = 1; message = "上传成功"; } catch (Exception ex) { statuscode = -1001; message = "保存时发生错误，请确保文件有效且格式正确"; Util.LogHelper logger = new Util.LogHelper(); string path = context.Server.MapPath("~/Logs"); logger.WriteLog(ex.Message, path); } } else { statuscode = -404; message = "上传失败，未接收到资源文件"; } string msg = "{\"statusCode\":\"" + statuscode + "\",\"message\":\"" + message + "\",\"filePath\":\"" + filepath + "\"}"; context.Response.Write(msg); } public bool IsReusable { get { return false; } } } } 再附送一个检测服务器端硬盘剩余空间的功能吧 using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.IO; using System.Linq; using System.Web; using System.Web.Script.Services; using System.Web.Services; using System.Web.UI; using System.Web.UI.WebControls; namespace WebUI { public partial class CheckHardDiskFreeSpace : System.Web.UI.Page { protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { } /// <summary> /// 获取磁盘剩余容量 /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> [WebMethod] public static string GetHardDiskFreeSpace() { const string strHardDiskName = @"F:\"; var freeSpace = string.Empty; var drives = DriveInfo.GetDrives(); var myDrive = (from drive in drives where drive.Name == strHardDiskName select drive).FirstOrDefault(); if (myDrive != null) { freeSpace = myDrive.TotalFreeSpace+""; } return freeSpace; } } } 效果展示：       详细配置信息可以参考这篇文章：http://blog.ncmem.com/wordpress/2019/08/12/plupload%e4%b8%8a%e4%bc%a0%e6%95%b4%e4%b8%aa%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6%e5%a4%b9-2/ 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_45525177/article/details/100654639。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...理速度，降低延迟。 ZFS（Zettabyte File System） , ZFS是一种高度先进的文件系统，由Sun Microsystems开发并由Oracle公司进一步优化和完善。它专为大型存储环境设计，具备数据完整性检查、错误校验、自动修复以及高级数据压缩等功能。在Oracle闪存技术中，ZFS通过其独特的存储池管理机制和数据块层级化存储策略，极大地提高了闪存设备上数据读取的效率和整体存储系统的性能。 并发处理能力 , 并发处理能力是指一个系统在同一时间内可以处理多个任务或请求的能力。在数据库领域，尤其是Oracle这样的企业级数据库系统中，高并发处理能力意味着系统能同时响应大量用户的查询请求或事务处理，而不至于造成堵塞或性能瓶颈。Oracle闪存技术通过优化数据访问路径和提高I/O速度，增强了系统并发处理任务的能力，使得在高负载环境下也能保持高效稳定的服务水平。

...iguration File MySQL服务器实例配置文件 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Generated by the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard 由MySQL服务器实例配置向导生成 Installation Instructions 安装说明 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- On Linux you can copy this file to /etc/my.cnf to set global options, mysql-data-dir/my.cnf to set server-specific options (@localstatedir@ for this installation) or to ~/.my.cnf to set user-specific options. 在Linux上，您可以将该文件复制到/etc/my.cnf来设置全局选项，mysql-data-dir/my.cnf来设置特定于服务器的选项(此安装的@localstatedir@)，或者~/.my.cnf来设置特定于用户的选项。 On Windows you should keep this file in the installation directory of your server (e.g. C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y). To make sure the server reads the config file use the startup option "--defaults-file". 在Windows上你应该保持这个文件在服务器的安装目录(例如C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL服务器X.Y)。要确保服务器读取配置文件，请使用启动选项“——default -file”。 To run the server from the command line, execute this in a command line shell, e.g. mysqld --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini" 要从命令行运行服务器，请在命令行shell中执行，例如mysqld——default -file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL server X.Y\my.ini" To install the server as a Windows service manually, execute this in a command line shell, e.g. mysqld --install MySQLXY --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini" 要手动将服务器安装为Windows服务，请在命令行shell中执行此操作，例如mysqld——install MySQLXY——default -file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL server X.Y\my.ini" And then execute this in a command line shell to start the server, e.g. net start MySQLXY 然后在命令行shell中执行这个命令来启动服务器，例如net start MySQLXY Guidelines for editing this file编辑此文件的指南 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- In this file, you can use all long options that the program supports. If you want to know the options a program supports, start the program with the "--help" option. 在这个文件中，您可以使用程序支持的所有长选项。如果您想知道程序支持的选项，请使用“——help”选项启动程序。 More detailed information about the individual options can also be found in the manual. For advice on how to change settings please see https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/server-configuration-defaults.html 有关各个选项的更详细信息也可以在手册中找到。有关如何更改设置的建议，请参见https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/server-configuration-defaults.html CLIENT SECTION 客户端部分 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The following options will be read by MySQL client applications. Note that only client applications shipped by MySQL are guaranteed to read this section. If you want your own MySQL client program to honor these values, you need to specify it as an option during the MySQL client library initialization. MySQL客户机应用程序将读取以下选项。注意，只有MySQL提供的客户端应用程序才能阅读本节。如果您希望自己的MySQL客户机程序遵守这些值，您需要在初始化MySQL客户机库时将其指定为一个选项。 [client] pipe= socket=MYSQL port=3306 [mysql] no-beep default-character-set= SERVER SECTION 服务器部分 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The following options will be read by the MySQL Server. Make sure that you have installed the server correctly (see above) so it reads this file. MySQL服务器将读取以下选项。确保您已经正确安装了服务器(参见上面)，以便它读取这个文件。 server_type=3 [mysqld] The next three options are mutually exclusive to SERVER_PORT below. 下面的三个选项对SERVER_PORT是互斥的。skip-networking enable-named-pipe 共享内存 skip-networking enable-named-pipe shared-memory shared-memory-base-name=MYSQL The Pipe the MySQL Server will use socket=MYSQL The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server will listen on port=3306 Path to installation directory. All paths are usually resolved relative to this. basedir="C:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.0/" Path to the database root datadir=C:/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.0/Data The default character set that will be used when a new schema or table is created and no character set is defined 创建新模式或表时使用的默认字符集，并且没有定义字符集 character-set-server= The default authentication plugin to be used when connecting to the server 连接到服务器时使用的默认身份验证插件 default_authentication_plugin=caching_sha2_password The default storage engine that will be used when create new tables when 当创建新表时将使用的默认存储引擎 default-storage-engine=INNODB Set the SQL mode to strict 将SQL模式设置为strict sql-mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION" General and Slow logging. 一般和缓慢的日志。 log-output=NONE general-log=0 general_log_file="DESKTOP-NF9QETB.log" slow-query-log=0 slow_query_log_file="DESKTOP-NF9QETB-slow.log" long_query_time=10 Binary Logging. 二进制日志。 log-bin Error Logging. 错误日志记录。 log-error="DESKTOP-NF9QETB.err" Server Id. server-id=1 Indicates how table and database names are stored on disk and used in MySQL. 指示表名和数据库名如何存储在磁盘上并在MySQL中使用。 Value = 0: Table and database names are stored on disk using the lettercase specified in the CREATE TABLE or CREATE DATABASE statement. Name comparisons are case sensitive. You should not set this variable to 0 if you are running MySQL on a system that has case-insensitive file names (such as Windows or macOS). Value = 0:表名和数据库名使用CREATE Table或CREATE database语句中指定的lettercase存储在磁盘上。名称比较区分大小写。如果您在一个具有不区分大小写文件名(如Windows或macOS)的系统上运行MySQL，则不应将该变量设置为0。 Value = 1: Table names are stored in lowercase on disk and name comparisons are not case-sensitive. MySQL converts all table names to lowercase on storage and lookup. This behavior also applies to database names and table aliases. 表名以小写存储在磁盘上，并且名称比较不区分大小写。MySQL在存储和查找时将所有表名转换为小写。此行为也适用于数据库名称和表别名。 Value = 3, Table and database names are stored on disk using the lettercase specified in the CREATE TABLE or CREATE DATABASE statement, but MySQL converts them to lowercase on lookup. Name comparisons are not case sensitive. This works only on file systems that are not case-sensitive! InnoDB table names and view names are stored in lowercase, as for Value = 1.表名和数据库名使用CREATE Table或CREATE database语句中指定的lettercase存储在磁盘上，但是MySQL在查找时将它们转换为小写。名称比较不区分大小写。这只适用于不区分大小写的文件系统!InnoDB表名和视图名以小写存储，Value = 1。 NOTE: lower_case_table_names can only be configured when initializing the server. Changing the lower_case_table_names setting after the server is initialized is prohibited. lower_case_table_names=1 Secure File Priv. 权限安全文件 secure-file-priv="C:/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.0/Uploads" The maximum amount of concurrent sessions the MySQL server will allow. One of these connections will be reserved for a user with SUPER privileges to allow the administrator to login even if the connection limit has been reached. MySQL服务器允许的最大并发会话量。这些连接中的一个将保留给具有超级特权的用户，以便允许管理员登录，即使已经达到连接限制。 max_connections=151 The number of open tables for all threads. Increasing this value increases the number of file descriptors that mysqld requires. Therefore you have to make sure to set the amount of open files allowed to at least 4096 in the variable "open-files-limit" in 为所有线程打开的表的数量。增加这个值会增加mysqld需要的文件描述符的数量。因此，您必须确保在[mysqld_safe]节中的变量“open-files-limit”中将允许打开的文件数量至少设置为4096 section [mysqld_safe] table_open_cache=2000 Maximum size for internal (in-memory) temporary tables. If a table grows larger than this value, it is automatically converted to disk based table This limitation is for a single table. There can be many of them. 内部(内存)临时表的最大大小。如果一个表比这个值大，那么它将自动转换为基于磁盘的表。可以有很多。 tmp_table_size=94M How many threads we should keep in a cache for reuse. When a client disconnects, the client's threads are put in the cache if there aren't more than thread_cache_size threads from before. This greatly reduces the amount of thread creations needed if you have a lot of new connections. (Normally this doesn't give a notable performance improvement if you have a good thread implementation.) 我们应该在缓存中保留多少线程以供重用。当客户机断开连接时，如果之前的线程数不超过thread_cache_size，则将客户机的线程放入缓存。如果您有很多新连接，这将大大减少所需的线程创建量(通常，如果您有一个良好的线程实现，这不会带来显著的性能改进)。 thread_cache_size=10 MyISAM Specific options The maximum size of the temporary file MySQL is allowed to use while recreating the index (during REPAIR, ALTER TABLE or LOAD DATA INFILE. If the file-size would be bigger than this, the index will be created through the key cache (which is slower). MySQL允许在重新创建索引时(在修复、修改表或加载数据时)使用临时文件的最大大小。如果文件大小大于这个值，那么索引将通过键缓存创建(这比较慢)。 myisam_max_sort_file_size=100G If the temporary file used for fast index creation would be bigger than using the key cache by the amount specified here, then prefer the key cache method. This is mainly used to force long character keys in large tables to use the slower key cache method to create the index. myisam_sort_buffer_size=179M Size of the Key Buffer, used to cache index blocks for MyISAM tables. Do not set it larger than 30% of your available memory, as some memory is also required by the OS to cache rows. Even if you're not using MyISAM tables, you should still set it to 8-64M as it will also be used for internal temporary disk tables. 如果用于快速创建索引的临时文件比这里指定的使用键缓存的文件大，则首选键缓存方法。这主要用于强制大型表中的长字符键使用较慢的键缓存方法来创建索引。 key_buffer_size=8M Size of the buffer used for doing full table scans of MyISAM tables. Allocated per thread, if a full scan is needed. 用于对MyISAM表执行全表扫描的缓冲区的大小。如果需要完整的扫描，则为每个线程分配。 read_buffer_size=256K read_rnd_buffer_size=512K INNODB Specific options INNODB特定选项 innodb_data_home_dir= Use this option if you have a MySQL server with InnoDB support enabled but you do not plan to use it. This will save memory and disk space and speed up some things. 如果您启用了一个支持InnoDB的MySQL服务器，但是您不打算使用它，那么可以使用这个选项。这将节省内存和磁盘空间，并加快一些事情。skip-innodb skip-innodb If set to 1, InnoDB will flush (fsync) the transaction logs to the disk at each commit, which offers full ACID behavior. If you are willing to compromise this safety, and you are running small transactions, you may set this to 0 or 2 to reduce disk I/O to the logs. Value 0 means that the log is only written to the log file and the log file flushed to disk approximately once per second. Value 2 means the log is written to the log file at each commit, but the log file is only flushed to disk approximately once per second. 如果设置为1,InnoDB将在每次提交时将事务日志刷新(fsync)到磁盘，这将提供完整的ACID行为。如果您愿意牺牲这种安全性，并且正在运行小型事务，您可以将其设置为0或2，以将磁盘I/O减少到日志。值0表示日志仅写入日志文件，日志文件大约每秒刷新一次磁盘。值2表示日志在每次提交时写入日志文件，但是日志文件大约每秒只刷新一次磁盘。 innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1 The size of the buffer InnoDB uses for buffering log data. As soon as it is full, InnoDB will have to flush it to disk. As it is flushed once per second anyway, it does not make sense to have it very large (even with long transactions).InnoDB用于缓冲日志数据的缓冲区大小。一旦它满了，InnoDB就必须将它刷新到磁盘。由于它无论如何每秒刷新一次，所以将它设置为非常大的值是没有意义的(即使是长事务)。 innodb_log_buffer_size=5M InnoDB, unlike MyISAM, uses a buffer pool to cache both indexes and row data. The bigger you set this the less disk I/O is needed to access data in tables. On a dedicated database server you may set this parameter up to 80% of the machine physical memory size. Do not set it too large, though, because competition of the physical memory may cause paging in the operating system. Note that on 32bit systems you might be limited to 2-3.5G of user level memory per process, so do not set it too high. 与MyISAM不同，InnoDB使用缓冲池来缓存索引和行数据。设置的值越大，访问表中的数据所需的磁盘I/O就越少。在专用数据库服务器上，可以将该参数设置为机器物理内存大小的80%。但是，不要将它设置得太大，因为物理内存的竞争可能会导致操作系统中的分页。注意，在32位系统上，每个进程的用户级内存可能被限制在2-3.5G，所以不要设置得太高。 innodb_buffer_pool_size=20M Size of each log file in a log group. You should set the combined size of log files to about 25%-100% of your buffer pool size to avoid unneeded buffer pool flush activity on log file overwrite. However, note that a larger logfile size will increase the time needed for the recovery process. 日志组中每个日志文件的大小。您应该将日志文件的合并大小设置为缓冲池大小的25%-100%，以避免在覆盖日志文件时出现不必要的缓冲池刷新活动。但是，请注意，较大的日志文件大小将增加恢复过程所需的时间。 innodb_log_file_size=48M Number of threads allowed inside the InnoDB kernel. The optimal value depends highly on the application, hardware as well as the OS scheduler properties. A too high value may lead to thread thrashing. InnoDB内核中允许的线程数。最优值在很大程度上取决于应用程序、硬件以及OS调度程序属性。过高的值可能导致线程抖动。 innodb_thread_concurrency=9 The increment size (in MB) for extending the size of an auto-extend InnoDB system tablespace file when it becomes full. 增量大小(以MB为单位)，用于在表空间满时扩展自动扩展的InnoDB系统表空间文件的大小。 innodb_autoextend_increment=128 The number of regions that the InnoDB buffer pool is divided into. For systems with buffer pools in the multi-gigabyte range, dividing the buffer pool into separate instances can improve concurrency, by reducing contention as different threads read and write to cached pages. InnoDB缓冲池划分的区域数。对于具有多gb缓冲池的系统，将缓冲池划分为单独的实例可以提高并发性，因为不同的线程对缓存页面的读写会减少争用。 innodb_buffer_pool_instances=8 Determines the number of threads that can enter InnoDB concurrently. 确定可以同时进入InnoDB的线程数 innodb_concurrency_tickets=5000 Specifies how long in milliseconds (ms) a block inserted into the old sublist must stay there after its first access before it can be moved to the new sublist. 指定插入到旧子列表中的块必须在第一次访问之后停留多长时间(毫秒)，然后才能移动到新子列表。 innodb_old_blocks_time=1000 It specifies the maximum number of .ibd files that MySQL can keep open at one time. The minimum value is 10. 它指定MySQL一次可以打开的.ibd文件的最大数量。最小值是10。 innodb_open_files=300 When this variable is enabled, InnoDB updates statistics during metadata statements. 当启用此变量时，InnoDB会在元数据语句期间更新统计信息。 innodb_stats_on_metadata=0 When innodb_file_per_table is enabled (the default in 5.6.6 and higher), InnoDB stores the data and indexes for each newly created table in a separate .ibd file, rather than in the system tablespace. 当启用innodb_file_per_table(5.6.6或更高版本的默认值)时，InnoDB将每个新创建的表的数据和索引存储在单独的.ibd文件中，而不是系统表空间中。 innodb_file_per_table=1 Use the following list of values: 0 for crc32, 1 for strict_crc32, 2 for innodb, 3 for strict_innodb, 4 for none, 5 for strict_none. 使用以下值列表:0表示crc32, 1表示strict_crc32, 2表示innodb, 3表示strict_innodb, 4表示none, 5表示strict_none。 innodb_checksum_algorithm=0 The number of outstanding connection requests MySQL can have. This option is useful when the main MySQL thread gets many connection requests in a very short time. It then takes some time (although very little) for the main thread to check the connection and start a new thread. The back_log value indicates how many requests can be stacked during this short time before MySQL momentarily stops answering new requests. You need to increase this only if you expect a large number of connections in a short period of time. MySQL可以有多少未完成连接请求。当MySQL主线程在很短的时间内收到许多连接请求时，这个选项非常有用。然后，主线程需要一些时间(尽管很少)来检查连接并启动一个新线程。back_log值表示在MySQL暂时停止响应新请求之前的短时间内可以堆多少个请求。只有当您预期在短时间内会有大量连接时，才需要增加这个值。 back_log=80 If this is set to a nonzero value, all tables are closed every flush_time seconds to free up resources and synchronize unflushed data to disk. This option is best used only on systems with minimal resources. 如果将该值设置为非零值，则每隔flush_time秒关闭所有表，以释放资源并将未刷新的数据同步到磁盘。这个选项最好只在资源最少的系统上使用。 flush_time=0 The minimum size of the buffer that is used for plain index scans, range index scans, and joins that do not use 用于普通索引扫描、范围索引扫描和不使用索引执行全表扫描的连接的缓冲区的最小大小。 indexes and thus perform full table scans. join_buffer_size=200M The maximum size of one packet or any generated or intermediate string, or any parameter sent by the mysql_stmt_send_long_data() C API function. 由mysql_stmt_send_long_data() C API函数发送的一个包或任何生成的或中间字符串或任何参数的最大大小 max_allowed_packet=500M If more than this many successive connection requests from a host are interrupted without a successful connection, the server blocks that host from performing further connections. 如果在没有成功连接的情况下中断了来自主机的多个连续连接请求，则服务器将阻止主机执行进一步的连接。 max_connect_errors=100 Changes the number of file descriptors available to mysqld. You should try increasing the value of this option if mysqld gives you the error "Too many open files". 更改mysqld可用的文件描述符的数量。如果mysqld给您的错误是“打开的文件太多”，您应该尝试增加这个选项的值。 open_files_limit=4161 If you see many sort_merge_passes per second in SHOW GLOBAL STATUS output, you can consider increasing the sort_buffer_size value to speed up ORDER BY or GROUP BY operations that cannot be improved with query optimization or improved indexing. 如果在SHOW GLOBAL STATUS输出中每秒看到许多sort_merge_passes，可以考虑增加sort_buffer_size值，以加快ORDER BY或GROUP BY操作的速度，这些操作无法通过查询优化或改进索引来改进。 sort_buffer_size=1M The number of table definitions (from .frm files) that can be stored in the definition cache. If you use a large number of tables, you can create a large table definition cache to speed up opening of tables. The table definition cache takes less space and does not use file descriptors, unlike the normal table cache. The minimum and default values are both 400. 可以存储在定义缓存中的表定义的数量(来自.frm文件)。如果使用大量表，可以创建一个大型表定义缓存来加速表的打开。与普通的表缓存不同，表定义缓存占用更少的空间，并且不使用文件描述符。最小值和默认值都是400。 table_definition_cache=1400 Specify the maximum size of a row-based binary log event, in bytes. Rows are grouped into events smaller than this size if possible. The value should be a multiple of 256. 指定基于行的二进制日志事件的最大大小，单位为字节。如果可能，将行分组为小于此大小的事件。这个值应该是256的倍数。 binlog_row_event_max_size=8K If the value of this variable is greater than 0, a replication slave synchronizes its master.info file to disk. (using fdatasync()) after every sync_master_info events. 如果该变量的值大于0，则复制奴隶将其主.info文件同步到磁盘。(在每个sync_master_info事件之后使用fdatasync())。 sync_master_info=10000 If the value of this variable is greater than 0, the MySQL server synchronizes its relay log to disk. (using fdatasync()) after every sync_relay_log writes to the relay log. 如果这个变量的值大于0,MySQL服务器将其中继日志同步到磁盘。(在每个sync_relay_log写入到中继日志之后使用fdatasync())。 sync_relay_log=10000 If the value of this variable is greater than 0, a replication slave synchronizes its relay-log.info file to disk. (using fdatasync()) after every sync_relay_log_info transactions. 如果该变量的值大于0，则复制奴隶将其中继日志.info文件同步到磁盘。(在每个sync_relay_log_info事务之后使用fdatasync())。 sync_relay_log_info=10000 Load mysql plugins at start."plugin_x ; plugin_y". 开始时加载mysql插件。“plugin_x;plugin_y” plugin_load The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server X Protocol will listen on. MySQL服务器X协议将监听TCP/IP端口。 loose_mysqlx_port=33060 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/mywpython/article/details/89499852。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...: list) { System.out.println(lang); } // 删除元素 list.remove("C++"); 3. Date和Calendar类处理日期时间 处理日期和时间时，我们会用到Date和Calendar类： java // 创建Date对象表示当前时间 Date now = new Date(); // 使用Calendar类获取特定日期信息 Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance(); cal.setTime(now); int year = cal.get(Calendar.YEAR); int month = cal.get(Calendar.MONTH); int day = cal.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH); System.out.printf("Current date is: %d-%d-%d", year, month + 1, day); 4. File类实现文件操作 File类提供了与文件系统交互的能力： java // 创建File对象 File file = new File("test.txt"); // 判断文件是否存在 boolean exists = file.exists(); // 创建新文件 file.createNewFile(); // 删除文件 file.delete(); 以上仅是Java众多常用类和方法的冰山一角，每个方法背后都蕴含着丰富的设计理念和技术细节。在实际敲代码的时候，咱们得根据实际情况灵活耍弄这些工具，不断动脑筋、动手尝试、一步步改进，才能真正把这些工具的精要吃透。同时，千万要记住，随着科技的日新月异，Java库可是一直在不断丰富和进化，时常有各种新鲜出炉、实用性爆棚的类和方法加入进来。这就是Java语言让人着迷的地方——它始终紧跟时代的步伐，始终保持年轻活力，为开发者们提供最高效、最省心省力的解决办法。

.../获取所有图片的链接System.out.println(elements1);} }} 在分类页中有一个隐藏的问题图片： 正常的图片链接都是以“/”开头，以“.htm”结尾，而每个分类下的第三张图片的链接都是“http://pic.netbian.com/”，如果不过滤的话会报如下错误： 所以这里必须要判断一下: Elements elements = document.select("main .list li a");for (Element element : elements) {String href = element.attr("href");//判断是否是以“/”开头if (href.startsWith("/")) {String picUrl = "http://www.netbian.com" + href;Document document1 = Jsoup.connect(picUrl).get();Elements elements1 = document1.select(".endpage .pic p a img");System.out.println(elements1);} } 到这里，页面就已经分析好了，问题基本上已经解决了，接下来我们需要将图片存到我们的系统里，这里我将图片保存到我的电脑桌面上，并按照分类来存储图片。 首先是要获取桌面路径，在utils包下创建Download类，添加getDesktop方法，代码如下： public static File getDesktop(){FileSystemView fsv = FileSystemView.getFileSystemView();File path=fsv.getHomeDirectory(); return path;} 接着我们再该类中添加下载图片的方法： //urlPath为网络图片的路径，savePath为要保存的本地路径（这里指定为桌面下的images文件夹）public static void download(String urlPath,String savePath) throws Exception {// 构造URLURL url = new URL(urlPath);// 打开连接URLConnection con = url.openConnection();//设置请求超时为5scon.setConnectTimeout(51000);// 输入流InputStream is = con.getInputStream();// 1K的数据缓冲byte[] bs = new byte[1024];// 读取到的数据长度int len;// 输出的文件流File sf=new File(savePath);int randomNo=(int)(Math.random()1000000);String filename=urlPath.substring(urlPath.lastIndexOf("/")+1,urlPath.length());//获取服务器上图片的名称filename=new java.text.SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd-HH-mm-ss").format(new Date())+randomNo+filename;//时间+随机数防止重复OutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(sf.getPath()+"\\"+filename);// 开始读取while ((len = is.read(bs)) != -1) {os.write(bs, 0, len);}// 完毕，关闭所有链接os.close();is.close();} 写好后，我们再完善一下JsouPic中的getPic方法。 public static void getPic(String kind) throws Exception {//get请求方式进行请求Document root_doc = Jsoup.connect("http://www.netbian.com/" + kind + "/").get();//获取分页标签，用于获取总页数Elements els = root_doc.select("main .page a");Integer page = Integer.parseInt(els.eq(els.size() - 2).text());for (int i = 1; i < page; i++) {Document document = null;//这里判断的是当前页号是否为1，如果为1就不拼页号，否则拼上对应的页号if (i == 1) {document = Jsoup.connect("http://www.netbian.com/" + kind + "/index.htm").get();} else {document = Jsoup.connect("http://www.netbian.com/" + kind + "/index_" + i + ".htm").get();}File desktop = Download.getDesktop();Download.checkPath(desktop.getPath() + "\\images\\" + kind);//获取每个分页链接里面a标签的链接，进入链接页面获取当前图拼的大尺寸图片Elements elements = document.select("main .list li a");for (Element element : elements) {String href = element.attr("href");if (href.startsWith("/")) {String picUrl = "http://www.netbian.com" + href;Document document1 = Jsoup.connect(picUrl).get();Elements elements1 = document1.select(".endpage .pic p a img");Download.download(elements1.attr("src"), desktop.getPath() + "\\images\\" + kind);} }} } 在Download类中，我添加了checkPath方法，用于判断目录是否存在，不存在就创建一个。 public static void checkPath(String savePath) throws Exception {File file = new File(savePath);if (!file.exists()){file.mkdirs();} } 最后在mainapp包内创建PullPic类，并添加主方法。 package com.asahi.mainapp;import com.asahi.common.Kind;import com.asahi.common.PrintLog;import com.asahi.utils.JsoupPic;import java.util.Scanner;public class PullPic {public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {new PullPic().downloadPic();}public void downloadPic() throws Exception {System.out.println("启动程序>>\n请输入所爬取的分类：");Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);String kind = scanner.next();while(!Kind.contains(kind)){System.out.println("分类不存在，请重新输入：");kind = scanner.next();}System.out.println("分类输入正确！");System.out.println("开始下载>>");JsoupPic.getPic(kind);} } 三、成果展示 最终的运行结果如下： 最终的代码已上传到我的github中，点击“我的github”进行查看。 在学习Java爬虫的过程中，我收获了很多，一开始做的时候确实遇到了很多困难，这次写的获取图片也是最基础的，还可以继续深入。本来我想写一个通过多线程来获取图片来着，也尝试着去写了一下，越写越跑偏，暂时先放着不处理吧，等以后有时间再来弄，我想问题应该不大，只是考虑的东西有很多。希望大家多多指点不足，有哪些需要改进的地方，我也好多学习学习๑乛◡乛๑。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_39693281/article/details/108463868。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...stributed File System）和MapReduce。 三、如何使用Hadoop进行数据分析和挖掘？ 1. 使用Hadoop进行数据清洗 数据清洗是指去除数据中的错误、重复或者不必要的信息，使数据变得更加规范化。Hadoop这哥们儿，可是帮了我们大忙了，它手头上有一些贼好用的工具，像是Hive、Pig这些家伙，专门用来对付那些乱七八糟的数据清洗工作，让我们省了不少力气。 以下是一段使用Hive进行数据清洗的示例代码： sql CREATE TABLE cleaned_data AS SELECT FROM raw_data WHERE column_name = 'value'; 2. 使用Hadoop进行数据预处理 数据预处理是指将原始数据转换成适合机器学习模型训练的数据。你知道吗？Hadoop这个家伙可贴心了，它给我们准备了一整套实用工具，专门用来帮咱们把数据“打扮”得漂漂亮亮的。就比如Spark MLlib和Mahout这些小助手，它们可是预处理数据的一把好手！ 以下是一段使用Spark MLlib进行数据预处理的示例代码： python from pyspark.ml.feature import VectorAssembler 创建向量器 vectorizer = VectorAssembler(inputCols=["col1", "col2"], outputCol="features") 对数据进行向量化 dataset = vectorizer.transform(data) 3. 使用Hadoop进行数据分析 数据分析是指通过统计学的方法对数据进行分析，从而得到有用的信息。Hadoop这个家伙可厉害了，它配备了一套数据分析的好帮手，比如说Hive和Pig这两个小工具。有了它们，咱们就能更轻松地对数据进行挖掘和分析啦！ 以下是一段使用Hive进行数据分析的示例代码： sql SELECT COUNT() FROM data WHERE column_name = 'value'; 4. 使用Hadoop进行数据挖掘 数据挖掘是指从大量数据中发现未知的模式和关系。Hadoop这个家伙，可帮了我们大忙啦，它带来了一些超实用的工具，比如Mahout和Weka这些小能手，专门帮助咱们进行数据挖掘的工作。就像是在海量数据里淘金的神器，让复杂的数据挖掘任务变得轻松又简单！ 以下是一段使用Mahout进行数据挖掘的示例代码： java from org.apache.mahout.cf.taste.impl.model.file.FileDataModel import FileDataModel from org.apache.mahout.cf.taste.impl.neighborhood.NearestNUserNeighborhood import NearestNUserNeighborhood from org.apache.mahout.cf.taste.impl.recommender.GenericUserBasedRecommender import GenericUserBasedRecommender from org.apache.mahout.cf.taste.impl.similarity.PearsonCorrelationSimilarity import PearsonCorrelationSimilarity from org.apache.mahout.cf.taste.impl.util.FastIDSet import FastIDSet 加载数据 model = FileDataModel.load(new File("data.dat")) 设置邻居数量 neighborhoodSize = 10 创建相似度测量 similarity = new PearsonCorrelationSimilarity(model) 创建邻居模型 neighborhood = new NearestNUserNeighborhood(neighborhoodSize, similarity, model.getUserIDs()) 创建推荐器 recommender = new GenericUserBasedRecommender(model, neighborhood, similarity) 获取推荐列表 long time = System.currentTimeMillis() for (String userID : model.getUserIDs()) { List recommendations = recommender.recommend(userID, 10); for (RecommendedItem recommendation : recommendations) { System.out.println(recommendation); } } System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() - time); 四、结论 综上所述，Hadoop是一个强大的大

...[-appendToFile <localsrc> ... <dst>] 追加[-cat [-ignoreCrc] <src> ...] 查看[-checksum <src> ...][-chgrp [-R] GROUP PATH...] 改组[-chmod [-R] <MODE[,MODE]... | OCTALMODE> PATH...] 改权限[-chown [-R] [OWNER][:[GROUP]] PATH...] 改所有者[-copyFromLocal [-f] [-p] [-l] [-d] [-t <thread count>] <localsrc> ... <dst>] 上传[-copyToLocal [-f] [-p] [-ignoreCrc] [-crc] <src> ... <localdst>] 下载[-count [-q] [-h] [-v] [-t [<storage type>]] [-u] [-x] [-e] <path> ...][-cp [-f] [-p | -p[topax]] [-d] <src> ... <dst>] 复制[-createSnapshot <snapshotDir> [<snapshotName>]][-deleteSnapshot <snapshotDir> <snapshotName>][-df [-h] [<path> ...]][-du [-s] [-h] [-v] [-x] <path> ...] 统计磁盘文件大小[-expunge][-find <path> ... <expression> ...][-get [-f] [-p] [-ignoreCrc] [-crc] <src> ... <localdst>] 下载[-getfacl [-R] <path>][-getfattr [-R] {-n name | -d} [-e en] <path>][-getmerge [-nl] [-skip-empty-file] <src> <localdst>][-head <file>][-help [cmd ...]][-ls [-C] [-d] [-h] [-q] [-R] [-t] [-S] [-r] [-u] [-e] [<path> ...]] 查看列表[-mkdir [-p] <path> ...] 创建[-moveFromLocal <localsrc> ... <dst>] 剪切到hdfs[-moveToLocal <src> <localdst>] 剪切到本地[-mv <src> ... <dst>] 移动[-put [-f] [-p] [-l] [-d] <localsrc> ... <dst>] 上传[-renameSnapshot <snapshotDir> <oldName> <newName>][-rm [-f] [-r|-R] [-skipTrash] [-safely] <src> ...] 删除[-rmdir [--ignore-fail-on-non-empty] <dir> ...][-setfacl [-R] [{-b|-k} {-m|-x <acl_spec>} <path>]|[--set <acl_spec> <path>]][-setfattr {-n name [-v value] | -x name} <path>][-setrep [-R] [-w] <rep> <path> ...] 设置副本数[-stat [format] <path> ...][-tail [-f] <file>][-test -[defsz] <path>][-text [-ignoreCrc] <src> ...][-touch [-a] [-m] [-t TIMESTAMP ] [-c] <path> ...][-touchz <path> ...][-truncate [-w] <length> <path> ...][-usage [cmd ...]]Generic options supported are:-conf <configuration file> specify an application configuration file-D <property=value> define a value for a given property-fs <file:///|hdfs://namenode:port> specify default filesystem URL to use, overrides 'fs.defaultFS' property from configurations.-jt <local|resourcemanager:port> specify a ResourceManager-files <file1,...> specify a comma-separated list of files to be copied to the map reduce cluster-libjars <jar1,...> specify a comma-separated list of jar files to be included in the classpath-archives <archive1,...> specify a comma-separated list of archives to be unarchived on the compute machinesThe general command line syntax is:command [genericOptions] [commandOptions] 查看详细命令 hadoop fs -help 命令（如cat） 更改hdfs的权限 vi core-site.xml <property><name>hadoop.http.staticuser.user</name><value>root</value></property> HDFS客户端API操作 Windows环境配置 将Windows依赖放到文件夹， 配置环境变量，添加HADOOP_HOME ，编辑Path添加%HADOOP_HOME%/bin 拷贝hadoop.dll和winutils.exe到C:\Windows\System32 创建java项目 配置 编辑pom.xml <dependencies><dependency><groupId>junit</groupId><artifactId>junit</artifactId><version>4.12</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId><artifactId>log4j-slf4j-impl</artifactId><version>2.12.0</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.apache.hadoop</groupId><artifactId>hadoop-client</artifactId><version>3.1.3</version></dependency></dependencies> 在src/main/resources中建立log4j2.xml 打印日志到控制台 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Configuration status="WARN"><Appenders><Console name="Console" target="SYSTEM_OUT"><PatternLayout pattern="%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%t] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n"/></Console></Appenders><Loggers><Root level="error"><AppenderRef ref="Console"/></Root></Loggers></Configuration> 编写代码 在/src/main/java/cn.zcx.hdfs创建TestHDFS类 public class TestHDFS {// 创建全局变量private FileSystem fs;private Configuration conf;private URI uri;private String user;// 从本地上传文件@Testpublic void testUpload() throws IOException {fs.copyFromLocalFile(false,true,new Path("F:\\Download\\使用前说明.txt"),new Path("/testhdfs"));}/ @Before 方法在@Test方法执行之前执行 /@Beforepublic void init() throws IOException, InterruptedException {uri = URI.create("hdfs://master:8020");conf = new Configuration();user = "root";fs = FileSystem.get(uri,conf,user);}/ @After方法在@Test方法结束后执行 /@Afterpublic void close() throws IOException {fs.close();}@Testpublic void testHDFS() throws IOException, InterruptedException {//1. 创建文件系统对象/URI uri = URI.create("hdfs://master:8020");Configuration conf = new Configuration();String user = "root";FileSystem fs = FileSystem.get(uri,conf,user);System.out.println("fs: " + fs);/// 2. 创建一个目录boolean b = fs.mkdirs(new Path("/testhdfs"));System.out.println(b);// 3. 关闭fs.close();} } 参数优先级 xxx-default.xml < xxx-site.xml < IDEA中resource中创建xxx-site.xml < 在代码中通过更改Configuration 参数 文件下载 @Testpublic void testDownload() throws IOException {fs.copyToLocalFile(false,new Path("/testhdfs/使用前说明.txt"),new Path("F:\\Download\\"),true);} 文件更改移动 //改名or移动（路径改变就可以）@Testpublic void testRename() throws IOException {boolean b = fs.rename(new Path("/testhdfs/使用前说明.txt"),new Path("/testhdfs/zcx.txt"));System.out.println(b);} 查看文件详细信息 // 查看文件详情@Testpublic void testListFiles() throws IOException {RemoteIterator<LocatedFileStatus> listFiles = fs.listFiles(new Path("/"), true);//迭代操作while (listFiles.hasNext()){LocatedFileStatus fileStatus = listFiles.next();//获取文件详情System.out.println("文件路径："+fileStatus.getPath());System.out.println("文件权限："+fileStatus.getPermission());System.out.println("文件主人："+fileStatus.getOwner());System.out.println("文件组："+fileStatus.getGroup());System.out.println("文件大小："+fileStatus.getLen());System.out.println("文件副本数："+fileStatus.getReplication());System.out.println("文件块位置："+ Arrays.toString(fileStatus.getBlockLocations()));System.out.println("===============================");} } 文件删除 第二参数，true递归删除 //文件删除@Testpublic void testDelete() throws IOException {boolean b = fs.delete(new Path("/testhdfs/"), true);System.out.println(b);} NN与2NN工作原理 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Python1One/article/details/108546050。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...t@gtm ~] systemctl stop firewalld.service[root@gtm ~] systemctl disable firewalld.service selinux设置: [root@gtm ~]vim /etc/selinux/config 设置SELINUX=disabled，保存退出。 This file controls the state of SELinux on the system. SELINUX= can take one of these three values: enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced. permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing. disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.SELINUX=disabled SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values: targeted - Targeted processes are protected, minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected. mls - Multi Level Security protection. 安装依赖包 所有主机上都执行 yum install -y flex bison readline-devel zlib-devel openjade docbook-style-dsssl gcc 创建用户 所有主机上都执行 [root@gtm ~] useradd postgres[root@gtm ~] passwd postgres[root@gtm ~] su - postgres[root@gtm ~] mkdir ~/.ssh[root@gtm ~] chmod 700 ~/.ssh 配置SSH免密登录 仅仅在gtm节点配置如下操作： [root@gtm ~] su - postgres[postgres@gtm ~] ssh-keygen -t rsa[postgres@gtm ~] cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys[postgres@gtm ~] chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys 将刚生成的认证文件拷贝到xl1到xl2中，使得gtm节点可以免密码登录xl1~xl2的任意一个节点： [postgres@gtm ~] scp ~/.ssh/authorized_keys postgres@xl1:~/.ssh/[postgres@gtm ~] scp ~/.ssh/authorized_keys postgres@xl2:~/.ssh/ 对所有提示都不要输入，直接enter下一步。直到最后，因为第一次要求输入目标机器的用户密码，输入即可。 下载源码 下载地址：https://www.postgres-xl.org/download/ [root@slave ~] ll postgres-xl-10r1.1.tar.gz-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 28121666 May 30 05:21 postgres-xl-10r1.1.tar.gz 编译、安装Postgres-XL 所有节点都安装，编译需要一点时间，最好同时进行编译。 [root@slave ~] tar xvf postgres-xl-10r1.1.tar.gz[root@slave ~] ./configure --prefix=/home/postgres/pgxl/[root@slave ~] make[root@slave ~] make install[root@slave ~] cd contrib/ --安装必要的工具,在gtm节点上安装即可[root@slave ~] make[root@slave ~] make install 配置环境变量 所有节点都要配置 进入postgres用户，修改其环境变量，开始编辑 [root@gtm ~]su - postgres[postgres@gtm ~]vi .bashrc --不是.bash_profile 在打开的文件末尾，新增如下变量配置： export PGHOME=/home/postgres/pgxlexport LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$PGHOME/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATHexport PATH=$PGHOME/bin:$PATH 按住esc，然后输入:wq!保存退出。输入以下命令对更改重启生效。 [postgres@gtm ~] source .bashrc --不是.bash_profile 输入以下语句，如果输出变量结果，代表生效 [postgres@gtm ~] echo $PGHOME 应该输出/home/postgres/pgxl代表生效 配置集群 生成pgxc_ctl.conf配置文件 [postgres@gtm ~] pgxc_ctl prepare/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.ERROR: File "/home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf" not found or not a regular file. No such file or directoryInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.confFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl 配置pgxc_ctl.conf 新建/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf文件，编辑如下： 对着模板文件一个一个修改，否则会造成初始化过程出现各种神奇问题。 pgxcInstallDir=$PGHOMEpgxlDATA=$PGHOME/data pgxcOwner=postgres---- GTM Master -----------------------------------------gtmName=gtmgtmMasterServer=gtmgtmMasterPort=6666gtmMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtmgtmSlave=y Specify y if you configure GTM Slave. Otherwise, GTM slave will not be configured and all the following variables will be reset.gtmSlaveName=gtmSlavegtmSlaveServer=gtm value none means GTM slave is not available. Give none if you don't configure GTM Slave.gtmSlavePort=20001 Not used if you don't configure GTM slave.gtmSlaveDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtmSlave Not used if you don't configure GTM slave.---- GTM-Proxy Master -------gtmProxyDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtm_proxygtmProxy=y gtmProxyNames=(gtm_pxy1 gtm_pxy2) gtmProxyServers=(xl1 xl2) gtmProxyPorts=(6666 6666) gtmProxyDirs=($gtmProxyDir $gtmProxyDir) ---- Coordinators ---------coordMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/coordcoordNames=(coord1 coord2) coordPorts=(5432 5432) poolerPorts=(6667 6667) coordPgHbaEntries=(0.0.0.0/0)coordMasterServers=(xl1 xl2) coordMasterDirs=($coordMasterDir $coordMasterDir)coordMaxWALsernder=0 没设置备份节点，设置为0coordMaxWALSenders=($coordMaxWALsernder $coordMaxWALsernder) 数量保持和coordMasterServers一致coordSlave=n---- Datanodes ----------datanodeMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/dn_masterprimaryDatanode=xl1 主数据节点datanodeNames=(node1 node2)datanodePorts=(5433 5433) datanodePoolerPorts=(6668 6668) datanodePgHbaEntries=(0.0.0.0/0)datanodeMasterServers=(xl1 xl2)datanodeMasterDirs=($datanodeMasterDir $datanodeMasterDir)datanodeMaxWalSender=4datanodeMaxWALSenders=($datanodeMaxWalSender $datanodeMaxWalSender) 集群初始化，启动，停止 初始化 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all 输出结果： /bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlStopping all the coordinator masters.Stopping coordinator master coord1.Stopping coordinator master coord2.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existpg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2" does not existDone.Stopping all the datanode masters.Stopping datanode master datanode1.Stopping datanode master datanode2.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.Stop GTM masterwaiting for server to shut down.... doneserver stopped[postgres@gtm ~]$ echo $PGHOME/home/postgres/pgxl[postgres@gtm ~]$ ll /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc/nodes/gtm/gtm.^C[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlInitialize GTM masterERROR: target directory (/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/gtm) exists and not empty. Skip GTM initilializationDone.Start GTM masterserver startingInitialize all the coordinator masters.Initialize coordinator master coord1.ERROR: target coordinator master coord1 is running now. Skip initilialization.Initialize coordinator master coord2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting coordinator master.Starting coordinator master coord1ERROR: target coordinator master coord1 is already running now. Skip initialization.Starting coordinator master coord22019-05-30 21:09:25.562 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:09:25.562 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:09:25.563 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:09:25.601 EDT [2149] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:09:22 EDT2019-05-30 21:09:25.605 EDT [2148] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:09:25.612 EDT [2156] LOG: cluster monitor startedDone.Initialize all the datanode masters.Initialize the datanode master datanode1.Initialize the datanode master datanode2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting all the datanode masters.Starting datanode master datanode1.WARNING: datanode master datanode1 is running now. Skipping.Starting datanode master datanode2.2019-05-30 21:09:33.352 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:09:33.352 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:09:33.355 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:09:33.392 EDT [2404] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:09:33.392 EDT [2404] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf stop all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlStopping all the coordinator masters.Stopping coordinator master coord1.Stopping coordinator master coord2.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existDone.Stopping all the datanode masters.Stopping datanode master datanode1.Stopping datanode master datanode2.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.Stop GTM masterwaiting for server to shut down.... doneserver stopped[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlPGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC stop coordinator master coord1Stopping coordinator master coord1.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existDone.PGXC stop datanode master datanode1Stopping datanode master datanode1.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.PGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterNot running: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Not running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC exit[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlInitialize GTM masterERROR: target directory (/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/gtm) exists and not empty. Skip GTM initilializationDone.Start GTM masterserver startingInitialize all the coordinator masters.Initialize coordinator master coord1.Initialize coordinator master coord2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting coordinator master.Starting coordinator master coord1Starting coordinator master coord22019-05-30 21:13:03.998 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:03.998 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.000 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:13:04.038 EDT [25138] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:13:00 EDT2019-05-30 21:13:04.042 EDT [25137] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:13:04.049 EDT [25145] LOG: cluster monitor started2019-05-30 21:13:04.020 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.020 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.021 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:13:04.057 EDT [2731] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:13:00 EDT2019-05-30 21:13:04.061 EDT [2730] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:13:04.062 EDT [2738] LOG: cluster monitor startedDone.Initialize all the datanode masters.Initialize the datanode master datanode1.Initialize the datanode master datanode2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting all the datanode masters.Starting datanode master datanode1.Starting datanode master datanode2.2019-05-30 21:13:12.077 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.077 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:13:12.114 EDT [25392] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:13:12.114 EDT [25392] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".2019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.081 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:13:12.117 EDT [2985] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:13:12.117 EDT [2985] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done. 启动 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf start all 关闭 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf stop all 查看集群状态 [postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl monitor all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlRunning: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Running: datanode master datanode2 配置集群信息 分别在数据节点、协调器节点上分别执行以下命令： 注：本节点只执行修改操作即可(alert node)，其他节点执行创建命令(create node)。因为本节点已经包含本节点的信息。 create node coord1 with (type=coordinator,host=xl1, port=5432);create node coord2 with (type=coordinator,host=xl2, port=5432);alter node coord1 with (type=coordinator,host=xl1, port=5432);alter node coord2 with (type=coordinator,host=xl2, port=5432);create node datanode1 with (type=datanode, host=xl1,port=15432,primary=true,PREFERRED);create node datanode2 with (type=datanode, host=xl2,port=15432);alter node datanode1 with (type=datanode, host=xl1,port=15432,primary=true,PREFERRED);alter node datanode2 with (type=datanode, host=xl2,port=15432);select pgxc_pool_reload(); 分别登陆数据节点、协调器节点验证 postgres= select from pgxc_node;node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 1885696643coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -1197102633datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -905831925datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | f | 888802358(4 rows) 测试 插入数据 在数据节点1，执行相关操作。 通过协调器端口登录PG [postgres@xl1 ~]$ psql -p 5432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= create database lei;CREATE DATABASEpostgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= create table test1(id int,name text);CREATE TABLElei= insert into test1(id,name) select generate_series(1,8),'测试';INSERT 0 8lei= select from test1;id | name----+------1 | 测试2 | 测试5 | 测试6 | 测试8 | 测试3 | 测试4 | 测试7 | 测试(8 rows) 注：默认创建的表为分布式表，也就是每个数据节点值存储表的部分数据。关于表类型具体说明，下面有说明。 通过15432端口登录数据节点，查看数据 有5条数据 [postgres@xl1 ~]$ psql -p 15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= select from test1;id | name----+------1 | 测试2 | 测试5 | 测试6 | 测试8 | 测试(5 rows) 登录到节点2，查看数据 有3条数据 [postgres@xl2 ~]$ psql -p15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= select from test1;id | name----+------3 | 测试4 | 测试7 | 测试(3 rows) 两个节点的数据加起来整个8条，没有问题。 至此Postgre-XL集群搭建完成。 创建数据库、表时可能会出现以下错误： ERROR: Failed to get pooled connections 是因为pg_hba.conf配置不对，所有节点加上host all all 192.168.20.0/0 trust并重启集群即可。 ERROR: No Datanode defined in cluster 首先确认是否创建了数据节点，也就是create node相关的命令。如果创建了则执行select pgxc_pool_reload();使其生效即可。 集群管理与应用 表类型说明 REPLICATION表：各个datanode节点中，表的数据完全相同，也就是说，插入数据时，会分别在每个datanode节点插入相同数据。读数据时，只需要读任意一个datanode节点上的数据。 建表语法： CREATE TABLE repltab (col1 int, col2 int) DISTRIBUTE BY REPLICATION; DISTRIBUTE ：会将插入的数据，按照拆分规则，分配到不同的datanode节点中存储，也就是sharding技术。每个datanode节点只保存了部分数据，通过coordinate节点可以查询完整的数据视图。 CREATE TABLE disttab(col1 int, col2 int, col3 text) DISTRIBUTE BY HASH(col1); 模拟数据插入 任意登录一个coordinate节点进行建表操作 [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl1 -p 5432 -U postgrespostgres= INSERT INTO disttab SELECT generate_series(1,100), generate_series(101, 200), 'foo';INSERT 0 100postgres= INSERT INTO repltab SELECT generate_series(1,100), generate_series(101, 200);INSERT 0 100 查看数据分布结果： DISTRIBUTE表分布结果 postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+-------1148549230 | 42-927910690 | 58(2 rows) REPLICATION表分布结果 postgres= SELECT count() FROM repltab;count -------100(1 row) 查看另一个datanode2中repltab表结果 [postgres@datanode2 pgxl9.5]$ psql -p 15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= SELECT count() FROM repltab;count -------100(1 row) 结论：REPLICATION表中，datanode1,datanode2中表是全部数据，一模一样。而DISTRIBUTE表，数据散落近乎平均分配到了datanode1,datanode2节点中。 新增数据节点与数据重分布 在线新增节点、并重新分布数据。 新增datanode节点 在gtm集群管理节点上执行pgxc_ctl命令 [postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.confFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlPGXC 在服务器xl3上，新增一个master角色的datanode节点，名称是datanode3 端口号暂定5430，pool master暂定6669 ，指定好数据目录位置，从两个节点升级到3个节点，之后要写3个none none应该是datanodeSpecificExtraConfig或者datanodeSpecificExtraPgHba配置PGXC add datanode master datanode3 xl3 15432 6671 /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode3 none none none 等待新增完成后，查询集群节点状态： postgres= select from pgxc_node;node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | f | 888802358datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -905831925datanode3 | D | 15432 | xl3 | f | f | -705831925coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 1885696643coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -1197102633(4 rows) 节点新增完毕 数据重新分布 由于新增节点后无法自动完成数据重新分布，需要手动操作。 DISTRIBUTE表分布在了node1,node2节点上，如下： postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+-------1148549230 | 42-927910690 | 58(2 rows) 新增一个节点后，将sharding表数据重新分配到三个节点上，将repl表复制到新节点 重分布sharding表postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab ADD NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 复制数据到新节点postgres= ALTER TABLE repltab ADD NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 查看新的数据分布： postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+--------700122826 | 36-927910690 | 321148549230 | 32(3 rows) 登录datanode3(新增的时候，放在了xl3服务器上，端口15432)节点查看数据： [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl3 -p 15432 -U postgrespsql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= select count() from repltab;count -------100(1 row) 很明显,通过 ALTER TABLE tt ADD NODE (dn)命令，可以将DISTRIBUTE表数据重新分布到新节点，重分布过程中会中断所有事务。可以将REPLICATION表数据复制到新节点。 从datanode节点中回收数据 postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab DELETE NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= ALTER TABLE repltab DELETE NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 删除数据节点 Postgresql-XL并没有检查将被删除的datanode节点是否有replicated/distributed表的数据，为了数据安全，在删除之前需要检查下被删除节点上的数据，有数据的话，要回收掉分配到其他节点，然后才能安全删除。删除数据节点分为四步骤： 1.查询要删除节点dn3的oid postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id -------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11819 | coord1 | C | 5432 | datanode1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | datanode2 | f | f | -119710263316385 | node1 | D | 5433 | datanode1 | f | t | 114854923016386 | node2 | D | 5433 | datanode2 | f | f | -92791069016397 | dn3 | D | 5430 | datanode1 | f | f | -700122826(5 rows) 2.查询dn3对应的oid中是否有数据 testdb= SELECT FROM pgxc_class WHERE nodeoids::integer[] @> ARRAY[16397];pcrelid | pclocatortype | pcattnum | pchashalgorithm | pchashbuckets | nodeoids ---------+---------------+----------+-----------------+---------------+-------------------16388 | H | 1 | 1 | 4096 | 16397 16385 1638616394 | R | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16397 16385 16386(2 rows) 3.有数据的先回收数据 postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab DELETE NODE (dn3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= ALTER TABLE repltab DELETE NODE (dn3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= SELECT FROM pgxc_class WHERE nodeoids::integer[] @> ARRAY[16397];pcrelid | pclocatortype | pcattnum | pchashalgorithm | pchashbuckets | nodeoids ---------+---------------+----------+-----------------+---------------+----------(0 rows) 4.安全删除dn3 PGXC$ remove datanode master dn3 clean 故障节点FAILOVER 1.查看当前集群状态 [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl1 -p 5432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11739 | coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -119710263316387 | datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -90583192516388 | datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | t | 888802358(4 rows) 2.模拟datanode1节点故障 直接关闭即可 PGXC stop -m immediate datanode master datanode1Stopping datanode master datanode1.Done. 3.测试查询 只要查询涉及到datanode1上的数据，那么该查询就会报错 postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;WARNING: failed to receive file descriptors for connectionsERROR: Failed to get pooled connectionsHINT: This may happen because one or more nodes are currently unreachable, either because of node or network failure.Its also possible that the target node may have hit the connection limit or the pooler is configured with low connections.Please check if all nodes are running fine and also review max_connections and max_pool_size configuration parameterspostgres= SELECT xc_node_id, FROM disttab WHERE col1 = 3;xc_node_id | col1 | col2 | col3------------+------+------+-------905831925 | 3 | 103 | foo(1 row) 测试发现，查询范围如果涉及到故障的node1节点，会报错，而查询的数据范围不在node1上的话，仍然可以查询。 4.手动切换 要想切换，必须要提前配置slave节点。 PGXC$ failover datanode node1 切换完成后，查询集群 postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id -------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11819 | coord1 | C | 5432 | datanode1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | datanode2 | f | f | -119710263316386 | node2 | D | 15432 | datanode2 | f | f | -92791069016385 | node1 | D | 15433 | datanode2 | f | t | 1148549230(4 rows) 发现datanode1节点的ip和端口都已经替换为配置的slave了。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qianglei6077/article/details/94379331。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

... 在C中，文件流（FileStream）是System.IO命名空间下的一种类，它允许我们以流的形式对文件进行高效、灵活的读写操作。主要分为两种基本类型： - 读取流（Read Stream）：如FileReadStream，用于从文件中读取数据。 - 写入流（Write Stream）：如FileWriteStream，用于向文件中写入数据。 2. 创建和打开文件流 首先，创建或打开一个文件流需要指定文件路径以及访问模式。下面是一个创建并打开一个文件进行写入操作的例子： csharp using System; using System.IO; class Program { static void Main() { // 指定文件路径和访问模式 string filePath = @"C:\Temp\example.txt"; FileMode mode = FileMode.Create; // 创建并打开一个文件流 using FileStream fs = new FileStream(filePath, mode); // 写入数据到文件流 byte[] content = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("Hello, File Stream!"); fs.Write(content, 0, content.Length); Console.WriteLine($"Data written to file: {filePath}"); } } 上述代码首先定义了文件路径和访问模式，然后创建了一个FileStream对象。这里使用FileMode.Create表示如果文件不存在则创建，存在则覆盖原有内容。接着，我们将字符串转换为字节数组并写入文件流。 3. 文件流的读取操作 读取文件流的操作同样直观易懂。以下是一个读取文本文件并将内容打印到控制台的例子： csharp static void ReadFileStream(string filePath) { using FileStream fs = new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Open); using StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.UTF8); // 读取文件内容 string line; while ((line = reader.ReadLine()) != null) { Console.WriteLine(line); // 这里可以添加其他处理逻辑，例如解析或分析文件内容 } } 在这个示例中，我们打开了一个已存在的文件流，并通过StreamReader逐行读取其中的内容。这在处理配置文件、日志文件等场景非常常见。 4. 文件流的高级应用与注意事项 文件流在处理大文件时尤为高效，因为它允许我们按块或按需读取或写入数据，而非一次性加载整个文件。但同时，也需要注意以下几个关键点： - 资源管理：务必使用using语句确保流在使用完毕后能及时关闭，避免资源泄漏。 - 异常处理：在文件流操作中，可能会遇到各种IO错误，如文件不存在、权限不足等，因此要合理捕获和处理这些异常。 - 缓冲区大小的选择：根据实际情况调整缓冲区大小，可以显著提高读写效率。 综上所述，C中的文件流处理功能强大而灵活，无论是简单的文本文件操作还是复杂的大数据处理，都能提供稳定且高效的解决方案。在实际操作中，我们得根据业务的具体需要，真正吃透文件流的各种功能特性，并且能够灵活运用到飞起，这样才能让文件流的威力发挥到极致。

...\ -Dderby.system.home=/path/to/derby/data \ -Dderby.stream.error.file=/var/log/impala/derby.log \ com.cloudera.impala.service.ImpalaService 在这个例子中，我们添加了几个JVM选项来调整Impala的行为。比如，我们就拿MAX_THREADS这个选项来说吧，它就像是个看门人，专门负责把控同时进行的任务数量，不让它们超额。再来说说COMPACTION_THREAD_COUNT这个小家伙，它的职责呢，就是限制同一时间能有多少个压缩任务挤在一起干活，防止大家伙儿一起上阵导致场面过于混乱。 4. 性能优化 当你增加了并发连接时，你也应该考虑性能优化。例如，你可以考虑增加内存，以避免因内存不足而导致的性能问题。你也可以使用更快的硬件，如SSD，以提高I/O性能。 5. 结论 Impala是一个强大的工具，可以帮助你在Hadoop生态系统中进行高效的数据处理和分析。只要你把Impala设置得恰到好处，就能让它同时处理更多的连接请求，这样一来，甭管你的需求有多大，都能妥妥地得到满足。虽然这需要一些努力和知识，但最终的结果将是值得的。

...t java.io.File;import java.io.FileInputStream;import java.io.InputStreamReader;import java.util.HashMap;import java.util.Map;import java.util.regex.Matcher;import java.util.regex.Pattern;import org.htmlparser.Node;import org.htmlparser.NodeFilter;import org.htmlparser.Parser;import org.htmlparser.filters.NodeClassFilter;import org.htmlparser.filters.OrFilter;import org.htmlparser.tags.LinkTag;import org.htmlparser.tags.TableTag;import org.htmlparser.util.NodeList;import org.jsoup.Jsoup;import org.jsoup.nodes.Document;import org.jsoup.nodes.Element;import org.jsoup.select.Elements;public class HtmlLook {private static String ENCODE = "UTF-8";public static void main(String[] args) {String szContent = openFile( "d:/index.html");try {Document doc = Jsoup.parse(szContent);Elements elList=doc.getElementsByAttributeValue("id","vulDataTable");szContent=elList.outerHtml();Parser parser = Parser.createParser(szContent, ENCODE);NodeFilter[] filters = new NodeFilter[2];filters[0] = new NodeClassFilter(TableTag.class); filters[1] = new NodeClassFilter(LinkTag.class);NodeFilter filter =new OrFilter (filters);NodeList list = parser.extractAllNodesThatMatch(filter);String ldName="";String ldJianjie="";for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) { Node node = list.elementAt(i); if(node instanceof LinkTag){String nodeHtml=node.toHtml();if(nodeHtml.contains("onclick")&&nodeHtml.contains("vul-")){if(!"".equals(ldName)&&!"".equals(ldJianjie)){//提交数据System.out.println("---commit---漏洞名称-------"+ldName);System.out.println("---commit---漏洞简介-------"+ldJianjie);ldName="";ldJianjie="";}String level="";if(nodeHtml.contains("vul-vh")){level="高危漏洞";}else if(nodeHtml.contains("vul-vm")){level="中危漏洞";}else if(nodeHtml.contains("vul-vl")){level="低危漏洞";}ldName=getLinkTagContent(nodeHtml)+"-----"+level+"------";// System.out.println("---漏洞名称-----"+getLinkTagContent(nodeHtml)+"-----"+level+"------");} }else{ldJianjie=getTableTagContent(node.toHtml());} } } catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();} }/ 提取文件里面的文本信息 @param szFileName @return/public static String openFile(String szFileName) {try {BufferedReader bis = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(new File(szFileName)), ENCODE));String szContent = "";String szTemp;while ((szTemp = bis.readLine()) != null) {szContent += szTemp + "\n";}bis.close();return szContent;} catch (Exception e) {return "";} }/ 提取标签<a>a</a>内的内容 return a;/public static String getLinkTagContent(String link){String content="";Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile("<a[^>]>(.?)</a>");Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(link);if(matcher.find()){content=matcher.group(1);}return content;}/ 解析Table标签内的东西 @param table/public static String getTableTagContent(String table){Map<String,String> conMap=new HashMap<String,String>();String content="";Document doc = Jsoup.parse(table);Elements elList=doc.getElementsByAttributeValue("class","cmn_table plumb");Element el=elList.first();Elements trLists = el.select("tr");for (int i = 0; i < trLists.size(); i++) {Elements tds = trLists.get(i).select("td");String key="";String val="";for (int j = 0; j < tds.size(); j++) {String text = tds.get(j).text();if(j==0){key=text; }else{val=text; } }conMap.put(key, val);content+="|"+key+"-"+val;// System.out.println(key+"-"+val);}return content;} } 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/zhaoguoshuai91/article/details/51802116。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...e user profile system, but ASP.NET Identity takes a different approach. 我在第13章创建AppUser类来表示用户时曾做过说明，基类定义了一组描述用户的基本属性，如E-mail地址、电话号码等。大多数应用程序还需要存储用户的更多信息，包括持久化应用程序爱好以及地址等细节——简言之，需要存储对运行应用程序有用并且在各次会话之间应当保持的任何数据。在ASP.NET Membership中，这是通过用户资料（User Profile）系统来处理的，但ASP.NET Identity采取了一种不同的办法。 Because the ASP.NET Identity system uses Entity Framework to store its data by default, defining additional user information is just a matter of adding properties to the user class and letting the Code First feature create the database schema required to store them. Table 15-3 puts custom user properties in context. 因为ASP.NET Identity默认是使用Entity Framework来存储其数据的，定义附加的用户信息只不过是给用户类添加属性的事情，然后让Code First特性去创建需要存储它们的数据库架构即可。表15-3描述了自定义用户属性的情形。 Table 15-3. Putting Cusotm User Properties in Context 表15-3. 自定义用户属性的情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是自定义用户属性？ Custom user properties allow you to store additional information about your users, including their preferences and settings. 自定义用户属性让你能够存储附加的用户信息，包括他们的爱好和设置。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ A persistent store of settings means that the user doesn’t have to provide the same information each time they log in to the application. 设置的持久化存储意味着，用户不必每次登录到应用程序时都提供同样的信息。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 在MVC框架中如何使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is available for use in action methods. 此特性不是由MVC框架直接使用的，但它在动作方法中使用是有效的。 15.2.1 Defining Custom Properties 15.2.1 定义自定义属性 Listing 15-1 shows how I added a simple property to the AppUser class to represent the city in which the user lives. 清单15-1演示了如何给AppUser类添加一个简单的属性，用以表示用户生活的城市。 Listing 15-1. Adding a Property in the AppUser.cs File 清单15-1. 在AppUser.cs文件中添加属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;namespace Users.Models { public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; } }} I have defined an enumeration called Cities that defines values for some large cities and added a property called City to the AppUser class. To allow the user to view and edit their City property, I added actions to the Home controller, as shown in Listing 15-2. 这里定义了一个枚举，名称为Cities，它定义了一些大城市的值，另外给AppUser类添加了一个名称为City的属性。为了让用户能够查看和编辑City属性，给Home控制器添加了几个动作方法，如清单15-2所示。 Listing 15-2. Adding Support for Custom User Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-2. 在HomeController.cs文件中添加对自定义属性的支持 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {return View(GetData("Index"));}[Authorize(Roles = "Users")]public ActionResult OtherAction() {return View("Index", GetData("OtherAction"));}private Dictionary<string, object> GetData(string actionName) {Dictionary<string, object> dict= new Dictionary<string, object>();dict.Add("Action", actionName);dict.Add("User", HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);dict.Add("Authenticated", HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated);dict.Add("Auth Type", HttpContext.User.Identity.AuthenticationType);dict.Add("In Users Role", HttpContext.User.IsInRole("Users"));return dict;} [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}private AppUser CurrentUser {get {return UserManager.FindByName(HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } I added a CurrentUser property that uses the AppUserManager class to retrieve an AppUser instance to represent the current user. I pass the AppUser object as the view model object in the GET version of the UserProps action method, and the POST method uses it to update the value of the new City property. Listing 15-3 shows the UserProps.cshtml view, which displays the City property value and contains a form to change it. 我添加了一个CurrentUser属性，它使用AppUserManager类接收了表示当前用户的AppUser实例。在GET版本的UserProps动作方法中，传递了这个AppUser对象作为视图模型。而在POST版的方法中用它更新了City属性的值。清单15-3显示了UserProps.cshtml视图，它显示了City属性的值，并包含一个修改它的表单。 Listing 15-3. The Contents of the UserProps.cshtml File in the Views/Home Folder 清单15-3. Views/Home文件夹中UserProps.cshtml文件的内容 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";}<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr></table></div> @using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Caution Don’t start the application when you have created the view. In the sections that follow, I demonstrate how to preserve the contents of the database, and if you start the application now, the ASP.NET Identity users will be deleted. 警告：创建了视图之后不要启动应用程序。在以下小节中，将演示如何保留数据库的内容，如果现在启动应用程序，将会删除ASP.NET Identity的用户。 15.2.2 Preparing for Database Migration 15.2.2 准备数据库迁移 The default behavior for the Entity Framework Code First feature is to drop the tables in the database and re-create them whenever classes that drive the schema have changed. You saw this in Chapter 14 when I added support for roles: When the application was started, the database was reset, and the user accounts were lost. Entity Framework Code First特性的默认行为是，一旦修改了派生数据库架构的类，便会删除数据库中的数据表，并重新创建它们。在第14章可以看到这种情况，在我添加角色支持时：当重启应用程序后，数据库被重置，用户账号也丢失。 Don’t start the application yet, but if you were to do so, you would see a similar effect. Deleting data during development is usually not a problem, but doing so in a production setting is usually disastrous because it deletes all of the real user accounts and causes a panic while the backups are restored. In this section, I am going to demonstrate how to use the database migration feature, which updates a Code First schema in a less brutal manner and preserves the existing data it contains. 不要启动应用程序，但如果你这么做了，会看到类似的效果。在开发期间删除数据没什么问题，但如果在产品设置中这么做了，通常是灾难性的，因为它会删除所有真实的用户账号，而备份恢复是很痛苦的事。在本小节中，我打算演示如何使用数据库迁移特性，它能以比较温和的方式更新Code First的架构，并保留架构中的已有数据。 The first step is to issue the following command in the Visual Studio Package Manager Console: 第一个步骤是在Visual Studio的“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中发布以下命令： Enable-Migrations –EnableAutomaticMigrations This enables the database migration support and creates a Migrations folder in the Solution Explorer that contains a Configuration.cs class file, the contents of which are shown in Listing 15-4. 它启用了数据库的迁移支持，并在“Solution Explorer（解决方案资源管理器）”创建一个Migrations文件夹，其中含有一个Configuration.cs类文件，内容如清单15-4所示。 Listing 15-4. The Contents of the Configuration.cs File 清单15-4. Configuration.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using System.Linq;internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext context) {// This method will be called after migrating to the latest version.// 此方法将在迁移到最新版本时调用// You can use the DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate() helper extension method// to avoid creating duplicate seed data. E.g.// 例如，你可以使用DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate()辅助器方法来避免创建重复的种子数据//// context.People.AddOrUpdate(// p => p.FullName,// new Person { FullName = "Andrew Peters" },// new Person { FullName = "Brice Lambson" },// new Person { FullName = "Rowan Miller" }// );//} }} Tip You might be wondering why you are entering a database migration command into the console used to manage NuGet packages. The answer is that the Package Manager Console is really PowerShell, which is a general-purpose tool that is mislabeled by Visual Studio. You can use the console to issue a wide range of helpful commands. See http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518 for details. 提示：你可能会觉得奇怪，为什么要在管理NuGet包的控制台中输入数据库迁移的命令？答案是“Package Manager Console（包管理控制台）”是真正的PowerShell，这是Visual studio冒用的一个通用工具。你可以使用此控制台发送大量的有用命令，详见http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518。 The class will be used to migrate existing content in the database to the new schema, and the Seed method will be called to provide an opportunity to update the existing database records. In Listing 15-5, you can see how I have used the Seed method to set a default value for the new City property I added to the AppUser class. (I have also updated the class file to reflect my usual coding style.) 这个类将用于把数据库中的现有内容迁移到新的数据库架构，Seed方法的调用为更新现有数据库记录提供了机会。在清单15-5中可以看到，我如何用Seed方法为新的City属性设置默认值，City是添加到AppUser类中自定义属性。（为了体现我一贯的编码风格，我对这个类文件也进行了更新。） Listing 15-5. Managing Existing Content in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-5. 在Configuration.cs文件中管理已有内容 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);}foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();} }} You will notice that much of the code that I added to the Seed method is taken from the IdentityDbInit class, which I used to seed the database with an administration user in Chapter 14. This is because the new Configuration class added to support database migrations will replace the seeding function of the IdentityDbInit class, which I’ll update shortly. Aside from ensuring that there is an admin user, the statements in the Seed method that are important are the ones that set the initial value for the City property I added to the AppUser class, as follows: 你可能会注意到，添加到Seed方法中的许多代码取自于IdentityDbInit类，在第14章中我用这个类将管理用户植入了数据库。这是因为这个新添加的、用以支持数据库迁移的Configuration类，将代替IdentityDbInit类的种植功能，我很快便会更新这个类。除了要确保有admin用户之外，在Seed方法中的重要语句是那些为AppUser类的City属性设置初值的语句，如下所示： ...foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) { dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();... You don’t have to set a default value for new properties—I just wanted to demonstrate that the Seed method in the Configuration class can be used to update the existing user records in the database. 你不一定要为新属性设置默认值——这里只是想演示Configuration类中的Seed方法，可以用它更新数据库中的已有用户记录。 Caution Be careful when setting values for properties in the Seed method for real projects because the values will be applied every time you change the schema, overriding any values that the user has set since the last schema update was performed. I set the value of the City property just to demonstrate that it can be done. 警告：在用于真实项目的Seed方法中为属性设置值时要小心，因为你每一次修改架构时，都会运用这些值，这会将自执行上一次架构更新之后，用户设置的任何数据覆盖掉。这里设置City属性的值只是为了演示它能够这么做。 Changing the Database Context Class 修改数据库上下文类 The reason that I added the seeding code to the Configuration class is that I need to change the IdentityDbInit class. At present, the IdentityDbInit class is derived from the descriptively named DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> class, which, as you might imagine, drops the entire database when the Code First classes change. Listing 15-6 shows the changes I made to the IdentityDbInit class to prevent it from affecting the database. 在Configuration类中添加种植代码的原因是我需要修改IdentityDbInit类。此时，IdentityDbInit类派生于描述性命名的DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> 类，和你相像的一样，它会在Code First类改变时删除整个数据库。清单15-6显示了我对IdentityDbInit类所做的修改，以防止它影响数据库。 Listing 15-6. Preventing Database Schema Changes in the AppIdentityDbContext.cs File 清单15-6. 在AppIdentityDbContext.cs文件是阻止数据库架构变化 using System.Data.Entity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppIdentityDbContext : IdentityDbContext<AppUser> {public AppIdentityDbContext() : base("IdentityDb") { }static AppIdentityDbContext() {Database.SetInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext>(new IdentityDbInit());}public static AppIdentityDbContext Create() {return new AppIdentityDbContext();} } public class IdentityDbInit : NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> {} } I have removed the methods defined by the class and changed its base to NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> , which prevents the schema from being altered. 我删除了这个类中所定义的方法，并将它的基类改为NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> ，它可以防止架构修改。 15.2.3 Performing the Migration 15.2.3 执行迁移 All that remains is to generate and apply the migration. First, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情只是生成并运用迁移了。首先，在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中执行以下命令： Add-Migration CityProperty This creates a new migration called CityProperty (I like my migration names to reflect the changes I made). A class new file will be added to the Migrations folder, and its name reflects the time at which the command was run and the name of the migration. My file is called 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs, for example. The contents of this file contain the details of how Entity Framework will change the database during the migration, as shown in Listing 15-7. 这创建了一个名称为CityProperty的新迁移（我比较喜欢让迁移的名称反映出我所做的修改）。这会在文件夹中添加一个新的类文件，而且其命名会反映出该命令执行的时间以及迁移名称，例如，我的这个文件名称为201402262244036_CityProperty.cs。该文件的内容含有迁移期间Entity Framework修改数据库的细节，如清单15-7所示。 Listing 15-7. The Contents of the 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs File 清单15-7. 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations; public partial class Init : DbMigration {public override void Up() {AddColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City", c => c.Int(nullable: false));}public override void Down() {DropColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City");} }} The Up method describes the changes that have to be made to the schema when the database is upgraded, which in this case means adding a City column to the AspNetUsers table, which is the one that is used to store user records in the ASP.NET Identity database. Up方法描述了在数据库升级时，需要对架构所做的修改，在这个例子中，意味着要在AspNetUsers数据表中添加City数据列，该数据表是ASP.NET Identity数据库用来存储用户记录的。 The final step is to perform the migration. Without starting the application, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 最后一步是执行迁移。无需启动应用程序，只需在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中运行以下命令即可： Update-Database –TargetMigration CityProperty The database schema will be modified, and the code in the Configuration.Seed method will be executed. The existing user accounts will have been preserved and enhanced with a City property (which I set to Paris in the Seed method). 这会修改数据库架构，并执行Configuration.Seed方法中的代码。已有用户账号会被保留，且增强了City属性（我在Seed方法中已将其设置为“Paris”）。 15.2.4 Testing the Migration 15.2.4 测试迁移 To test the effect of the migration, start the application, navigate to the /Home/UserProps URL, and authenticate as one of the Identity users (for example, as Alice with the password MySecret). Once authenticated, you will see the current value of the City property for the user and have the opportunity to change it, as shown in Figure 15-3. 为了测试迁移的效果，启动应用程序，导航到/Home/UserProps URL，并以Identity中的用户（例如Alice，口令MySecret）进行认证。一旦已被认证，便会看到该用户City属性的当前值，并可以对其进行修改，如图15-3所示。 Figure 15-3. Displaying and changing a custom user property 图15-3. 显示和个性自定义用户属性 15.2.5 Defining an Additional Property 15.2.5 定义附加属性 Now that database migrations are set up, I am going to define a further property just to demonstrate how subsequent changes are handled and to show a more useful (and less dangerous) example of using the Configuration.Seed method. Listing 15-8 shows how I added a Country property to the AppUser class. 现在，已经建立了数据库迁移，我打算再定义一个属性，这恰恰演示了如何处理持续不断的修改，也为了演示Configuration.Seed方法更有用（至少无害）的示例。清单15-8显示了我在AppUser类上添加了一个Country属性。 Listing 15-8. Adding Another Property in the AppUserModels.cs File 清单15-8. 在AppUserModels.cs文件中添加另一个属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework; namespace Users.Models {public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO} public enum Countries {NONE, UK, FRANCE, USA}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; }public Countries Country { get; set; }public void SetCountryFromCity(Cities city) {switch (city) {case Cities.LONDON:Country = Countries.UK;break;case Cities.PARIS:Country = Countries.FRANCE;break;case Cities.CHICAGO:Country = Countries.USA;break;default:Country = Countries.NONE;break;} }} } I have added an enumeration to define the country names and a helper method that selects a country value based on the City property. Listing 15-9 shows the change I made to the Configuration class so that the Seed method sets the Country property based on the City, but only if the value of Country is NONE (which it will be for all users when the database is migrated because the Entity Framework sets enumeration columns to the first value). 我已经添加了一个枚举，它定义了国家名称。还添加了一个辅助器方法，它可以根据City属性选择一个国家。清单15-9显示了对Configuration类所做的修改，以使Seed方法根据City设置Country属性，但只当Country为NONE时才进行设置（在迁移数据库时，所有用户都是NONE，因为Entity Framework会将枚举列设置为枚举的第一个值）。 Listing 15-9. Modifying the Database Seed in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-9. 在Configuration.cs文件中修改数据库种子 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);} foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {if (dbUser.Country == Countries.NONE) {dbUser.SetCountryFromCity(dbUser.City);} }context.SaveChanges();} }} This kind of seeding is more useful in a real project because it will set a value for the Country property only if one has not already been set—subsequent migrations won’t be affected, and user selections won’t be lost. 这种种植在实际项目中会更有用，因为它只会在Country属性未设置时，才会设置Country属性的值——后继的迁移不会受到影响，因此不会失去用户的选择。 1. Adding Application Support 1. 添加应用程序支持 There is no point defining additional user properties if they are not available in the application, so Listing 15-10 shows the change I made to the Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml file to display the value of the Country property. 应用程序中如果没有定义附加属性的地方，则附加属性就无法使用了，因此，清单15-10显示了我对Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml文件的修改，以显示Country属性的值。 Listing 15-10. Displaying an Additional Property in the UserProps.cshtml File 清单15-10. 在UserProps.cshtml文件中显示附加属性 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";} <div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr> <tr><th>Country</th><td>@Model.Country</td></tr></table></div>@using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Listing 15-11 shows the corresponding change I made to the Home controller to update the Country property when the City value changes. 为了在City值变化时能够更新Country属性，清单15-11显示了我对Home控制器所做的相应修改。 Listing 15-11. Setting Custom Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-11. 在HomeController.cs文件中设置自定义属性 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {// ...other action methods omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化，这里忽略了其他动作方法... [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;user.SetCountryFromCity(city);await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}// ...properties omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化，这里忽略了一些属性...} } 2. Performing the Migration 2. 准备迁移 All that remains is to create and apply a new migration. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情就是创建和运用新的迁移了。在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中输入以下命令： Add-Migration CountryProperty This will generate another file in the Migrations folder that contains the instruction to add the Country column. To apply the migration, execute the following command: 这将在Migrations文件夹中生成另一个文件，它含有添加Country数据表列的指令。为了运用迁移，可执行以下命令： Update-Database –TargetMigration CountryProperty The migration will be performed, and the value of the Country property will be set based on the value of the existing City property for each user. You can check the new user property by starting the application and authenticating and navigating to the /Home/UserProps URL, as shown in Figure 15-4. 这将执行迁移，Country属性的值将根据每个用户当前的City属性进行设置。通过启动应用程序，认证并导航到/Home/UserProps URL，便可以查看新的用户属性，如图15-4所示。 Figure 15-4. Creating an additional user property 图15-4. 创建附加用户属性 Tip Although I am focused on the process of upgrading the database, you can also migrate back to a previous version by specifying an earlier migration. Use the –Force argument make changes that cause data loss, such as removing a column. 提示：虽然我们关注了升级数据库的过程，但你也可以回退到以前的版本，只需指定一个早期的迁移即可。使用-Force参数进行修改，会引起数据丢失，例如删除数据表列。 15.3 Working with Claims 15.3 使用声明（Claims） In older user-management systems, such as ASP.NET Membership, the application was assumed to be the authoritative source of all information about the user, essentially treating the application as a closed world and trusting the data that is contained within it. 在旧的用户管理系统中，例如ASP.NET Membership，应用程序被假设成是用户所有信息的权威来源，本质上将应用程序视为是一个封闭的世界，并且只信任其中所包含的数据。 This is such an ingrained approach to software development that it can be hard to recognize that’s what is happening, but you saw an example of the closed-world technique in Chapter 14 when I authenticated users against the credentials stored in the database and granted access based on the roles associated with those credentials. I did the same thing again in this chapter when I added properties to the user class. Every piece of information that I needed to manage user authentication and authorization came from within my application—and that is a perfectly satisfactory approach for many web applications, which is why I demonstrated these techniques in such depth. 这是软件开发的一种根深蒂固的方法，使人很难认识到这到底意味着什么，第14章你已看到了这种封闭世界技术的例子，根据存储在数据库中的凭据来认证用户，并根据与凭据关联在一起的角色来授权访问。本章前述在用户类上添加属性，也做了同样的事情。我管理用户认证与授权所需的每一个数据片段都来自于我的应用程序——而且这是许多Web应用程序都相当满意的一种方法，这也是我如此深入地演示这些技术的原因。 ASP.NET Identity also supports an alternative approach for dealing with users, which works well when the MVC framework application isn’t the sole source of information about users and which can be used to authorize users in more flexible and fluid ways than traditional roles allow. ASP.NET Identity还支持另一种处理用户的办法，当MVC框架的应用程序不是有关用户的唯一信息源时，这种办法会工作得很好，而且能够比传统的角色授权更为灵活且流畅的方式进行授权。 This alternative approach uses claims, and in this section I’ll describe how ASP.NET Identity supports claims-based authorization. Table 15-4 puts claims in context. 这种可选的办法使用了“Claims（声明）”，因此在本小节中，我将描述ASP.NET Identity如何支持“Claims-Based Authorization（基于声明的授权）”。表15-4描述了声明（Claims）的情形。 提示：“Claim”在英文字典中不完全是“声明”的意思，根据本文的描述，感觉把它说成“声明”也不一定合适，所以在之后的译文中基本都写成中英文并用的形式，即“声明（Claims）”。根据表15-4中的声明（Claims）的定义：声明（Claims）是关于用户的一些信息片段。一个用户的信息片段当然有很多，每一个信息片段就是一项声明（Claim），用户的所有信息片段合起来就是该用户的声明（Claims）。请读者注意该单词的单复数形式——译者注 Table 15-4. Putting Claims in Context 表15-4. 声明（Claims）的情形 Question 问题 Answer 答案 What is it? 什么是声明（Claims）？ Claims are pieces of information about users that you can use to make authorization decisions. Claims can be obtained from external systems as well as from the local Identity database. 声明（Claims）是关于用户的一些信息片段，可以用它们做出授权决定。声明（Claims）可以从外部系统获取，也可以从本地的Identity数据库获取。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ Claims can be used to flexibly authorize access to action methods. Unlike conventional roles, claims allow access to be driven by the information that describes the user. 声明（Claims）可以用来对动作方法进行灵活的授权访问。与传统的角色不同，声明（Claims）让访问能够由描述用户的信息进行驱动。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is integrated into the standard authorization features, such as the Authorize attribute. 这不是直接由MVC框架使用的特性，但它集成到了标准的授权特性之中，例如Authorize注解属性。 Tip you don’t have to use claims in your applications, and as Chapter 14 showed, ASP.NET Identity is perfectly happy providing an application with the authentication and authorization services without any need to understand claims at all. 提示：你在应用程序中不一定要使用声明（Claims），正如第14章所展示的那样，ASP.NET Identity能够为应用程序提供充分的认证与授权服务，而根本不需要理解声明（Claims）。 15.3.1 Understanding Claims 15.3.1 理解声明（Claims） A claim is a piece of information about the user, along with some information about where the information came from. The easiest way to unpack claims is through some practical demonstrations, without which any discussion becomes too abstract to be truly useful. To get started, I added a Claims controller to the example project, the definition of which you can see in Listing 15-12. 一项声明（Claim）是关于用户的一个信息片段（请注意这个英文单词的单复数形式——译者注），并伴有该片段出自何处的某种信息。揭开声明（Claims）含义最容易的方式是做一些实际演示，任何讨论都会过于抽象根本没有真正的用处。为此，我在示例项目中添加了一个Claims控制器，其定义如清单15-12所示。 Listing 15-12. The Contents of the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-12. ClaimsController.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} }} } Tip You may feel a little lost as I define the code for this example. Don’t worry about the details for the moment—just stick with it until you see the output from the action method and view that I define. More than anything else, that will help put claims into perspective. 提示：你或许会对我为此例定义的代码感到有点失望。此刻对此细节不必着急——只要稍事忍耐，当看到该动作方法和视图的输出便会明白。尤为重要的是，这有助于洞察声明（Claims）。 You can get the claims associated with a user in different ways. One approach is to use the Claims property defined by the user class, but in this example, I have used the HttpContext.User.Identity property to demonstrate the way that ASP.NET Identity is integrated with the rest of the ASP.NET platform. As I explained in Chapter 13, the HttpContext.User.Identity property returns an implementation of the IIdentity interface, which is a ClaimsIdentity object when working using ASP.NET Identity. The ClaimsIdentity class is defined in the System.Security.Claims namespace, and Table 15-5 shows the members it defines that are relevant to this chapter. 可以通过不同的方式获得与用户相关联的声明（Claims）。方法之一就是使用由用户类定义的Claims属性，但在这个例子中，我使用了HttpContext.User.Identity属性，目的是演示ASP.NET Identity与ASP.NET平台集成的方式（请注意这句话所表示的含义：用户类的Claims属性属于ASP.NET Identity，而HttpContext.User.Identity属性则属于ASP.NET平台。由此可见，ASP.NET Identity已经融合到了ASP.NET平台之中——译者注）。正如第13章所解释的那样，HttpContext.User.Identity属性返回IIdentity的接口实现，当使用ASP.NET Identity时，该实现是一个ClaimsIdentity对象。ClaimsIdentity类是在System.Security.Claims命名空间中定义的，表15-5显示了它所定义的与本章有关的成员。 Table 15-5. The Members Defined by the ClaimsIdentity Class 表15-5. ClaimsIdentity类所定义的成员 Name 名称 Description 描述 Claims Returns an enumeration of Claim objects representing the claims for the user. 返回表示用户声明（Claims）的Claim对象枚举 AddClaim(claim) Adds a claim to the user identity. 给用户添加一个声明（Claim） AddClaims(claims) Adds an enumeration of Claim objects to the user identity. 给用户添加Claim对象的枚举。 HasClaim(predicate) Returns true if the user identity contains a claim that matches the specified predicate. See the “Applying Claims” section for an example predicate. 如果用户含有与指定谓词匹配的声明（Claim）时，返回true。参见“运用声明（Claims）”中的示例谓词 RemoveClaim(claim) Removes a claim from the user identity. 删除用户的声明（Claim）。 Other members are available, but the ones in the table are those that are used most often in web applications, for reason that will become obvious as I demonstrate how claims fit into the wider ASP.NET platform. 还有一些可用的其它成员，但表中的这些是在Web应用程序中最常用的，随着我演示如何将声明（Claims）融入更宽泛的ASP.NET平台，它们为什么最常用就很显然了。 In Listing 15-12, I cast the IIdentity implementation to the ClaimsIdentity type and pass the enumeration of Claim objects returned by the ClaimsIdentity.Claims property to the View method. A Claim object represents a single piece of data about the user, and the Claim class defines the properties shown in Table 15-6. 在清单15-12中，我将IIdentity实现转换成了ClaimsIdentity类型，并且给View方法传递了ClaimsIdentity.Claims属性所返回的Claim对象的枚举。Claim对象所示表示的是关于用户的一个单一的数据片段，Claim类定义的属性如表15-6所示。 Table 15-6. The Properties Defined by the Claim Class 表15-6. Claim类定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 Issuer Returns the name of the system that provided the claim 返回提供声明（Claim）的系统名称 Subject Returns the ClaimsIdentity object for the user who the claim refers to 返回声明（Claim）所指用户的ClaimsIdentity对象 Type Returns the type of information that the claim represents 返回声明（Claim）所表示的信息类型 Value Returns the piece of information that the claim represents 返回声明（Claim）所表示的信息片段 Listing 15-13 shows the contents of the Index.cshtml file that I created in the Views/Claims folder and that is rendered by the Index action of the Claims controller. The view adds a row to a table for each claim about the user. 清单15-13显示了我在Views/Claims文件夹中创建的Index.cshtml文件的内容，它由Claims控制器中的Index动作方法进行渲染。该视图为用户的每项声明（Claim）添加了一个表格行。 Listing 15-13. The Contents of the Index.cshtml File in the Views/Claims Folder 清单15-13. Views/Claims文件夹中Index.cshtml文件的内容 @using System.Security.Claims@using Users.Infrastructure@model IEnumerable<Claim>@{ ViewBag.Title = "Claims"; }<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Claims</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>Subject</th><th>Issuer</th><th>Type</th><th>Value</th></tr>@foreach (Claim claim in Model.OrderBy(x => x.Type)) {<tr><td>@claim.Subject.Name</td><td>@claim.Issuer</td><td>@Html.ClaimType(claim.Type)</td><td>@claim.Value</td></tr>}</table></div> The value of the Claim.Type property is a URI for a Microsoft schema, which isn’t especially useful. The popular schemas are used as the values for fields in the System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes class, so to make the output from the Index.cshtml view easier to read, I added an HTML helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs file, as shown in Listing 15-14. It is this helper that I use in the Index.cshtml file to format the value of the Claim.Type property. Claim.Type属性的值是一个微软模式（Microsoft Schema）的URI（统一资源标识符），这是特别有用的。System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes类中字段的值使用的是流行模式（Popular Schema），因此为了使Index.cshtml视图的输出更易于阅读，我在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加了一个HTML辅助器，如清单15-14所示。Index.cshtml文件正是使用这个辅助器格式化了Claim.Type属性的值。 Listing 15-14. Adding a Helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs File 清单15-14. 在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加辅助器 using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using System;using System.Linq;using System.Reflection;using System.Security.Claims;namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class IdentityHelpers {public static MvcHtmlString GetUserName(this HtmlHelper html, string id) {AppUserManager mgr= HttpContext.Current.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();return new MvcHtmlString(mgr.FindByIdAsync(id).Result.UserName);} public static MvcHtmlString ClaimType(this HtmlHelper html, string claimType) {FieldInfo[] fields = typeof(ClaimTypes).GetFields();foreach (FieldInfo field in fields) {if (field.GetValue(null).ToString() == claimType) {return new MvcHtmlString(field.Name);} }return new MvcHtmlString(string.Format("{0}",claimType.Split('/', '.').Last()));} }} Note The helper method isn’t at all efficient because it reflects on the fields of the ClaimType class for each claim that is displayed, but it is sufficient for my purposes in this chapter. You won’t often need to display the claim type in real applications. 注：该辅助器并非十分有效，因为它只是针对每个要显示的声明（Claim）映射出ClaimType类的字段，但对我要的目的已经足够了。在实际项目中不会经常需要显示声明（Claim）的类型。 To see why I have created a controller that uses claims without really explaining what they are, start the application, authenticate as the user Alice (with the password MySecret), and request the /Claims/Index URL. Figure 15-5 shows the content that is generated. 为了弄明白我为何要先创建一个使用声明（Claims）的控制器，而没有真正解释声明（Claims）是什么的原因，可以启动应用程序，以用户Alice进行认证（其口令是MySecret），并请求/Claims/Index URL。图15-5显示了生成的内容。 Figure 15-5. The output from the Index action of the Claims controller 图15-5. Claims控制器中Index动作的输出 It can be hard to make out the detail in the figure, so I have reproduced the content in Table 15-7. 这可能还难以认识到此图的细节，为此我在表15-7中重列了其内容。 Table 15-7. The Data Shown in Figure 15-5 表15-7. 图15-5中显示的数据 Subject（科目） Issuer（发行者） Type（类型） Value（值） Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY SecurityStamp Unique ID Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY IdentityProvider ASP.NET Identity Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Employees Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Users Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Name Alice Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY NameIdentifier Alice’s user ID The table shows the most important aspect of claims, which is that I have already been using them when I implemented the traditional authentication and authorization features in Chapter 14. You can see that some of the claims relate to user identity (the Name claim is Alice, and the NameIdentifier claim is Alice’s unique user ID in my ASP.NET Identity database). 此表展示了声明（Claims）最重要的方面，这些是我在第14章中实现传统的认证和授权特性时，一直在使用的信息。可以看出，有些声明（Claims）与用户标识有关（Name声明是Alice，NameIdentifier声明是Alice在ASP.NET Identity数据库中的唯一用户ID号）。 Other claims show membership of roles—there are two Role claims in the table, reflecting the fact that Alice is assigned to both the Users and Employees roles. There is also a claim about how Alice has been authenticated: The IdentityProvider is set to ASP.NET Identity. 其他声明（Claims）显示了角色成员——表中有两个Role声明（Claim），体现出Alice被赋予了Users和Employees两个角色这一事实。还有一个是Alice已被认证的声明（Claim）：IdentityProvider被设置到了ASP.NET Identity。 The difference when this information is expressed as a set of claims is that you can determine where the data came from. The Issuer property for all the claims shown in the table is set to LOCAL AUTHORITY, which indicates that the user’s identity has been established by the application. 当这种信息被表示成一组声明（Claims）时的差别是，你能够确定这些数据是从哪里来的。表中所显示的所有声明的Issuer属性（发布者）都被设置到了LOACL AUTHORITY（本地授权），这说明该用户的标识是由应用程序建立的。 So, now that you have seen some example claims, I can more easily describe what a claim is. A claim is any piece of information about a user that is available to the application, including the user’s identity and role memberships. And, as you have seen, the information I have been defining about my users in earlier chapters is automatically made available as claims by ASP.NET Identity. 因此，现在你已经看到了一些声明（Claims）示例，我可以更容易地描述声明（Claim）是什么了。一项声明（Claim）是可用于应用程序中的有关用户的一个信息片段，包括用户的标识以及角色成员等。而且，正如你所看到的，我在前几章定义的关于用户的信息，被ASP.NET Identity自动地作为声明（Claims）了。 15.3.2 Creating and Using Claims 15.3.2 创建和使用声明（Claims） Claims are interesting for two reasons. The first reason is that an application can obtain claims from multiple sources, rather than just relying on a local database for information about the user. You will see a real example of this when I show you how to authenticate users through a third-party system in the “Using Third-Party Authentication” section, but for the moment I am going to add a class to the example project that simulates a system that provides claims information. Listing 15-15 shows the contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure folder. 声明（Claims）比较有意思的原因有两个。第一个原因是应用程序可以从多个来源获取声明（Claims），而不是只能依靠本地数据库关于用户的信息。你将会看到一个实际的示例，在“使用第三方认证”小节中，将演示如何通过第三方系统来认证用户。不过，此刻我只打算在示例项目中添加一个类，用以模拟一个提供声明（Claims）信息的系统。清单15-15显示了我添加到Infrastructure文件夹中LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-15. The Contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs File 清单15-15. LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class LocationClaimsProvider {public static IEnumerable<Claim> GetClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.Name.ToLower() == "alice") {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "DC 20500"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "DC"));} else {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "NY 10036"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "NY"));}return claims;}private static Claim CreateClaim(string type, string value) {return new Claim(type, value, ClaimValueTypes.String, "RemoteClaims");} }} The GetClaims method takes a ClaimsIdentity argument and uses the Name property to create claims about the user’s ZIP code and state. This class allows me to simulate a system such as a central HR database, which would be the authoritative source of location information about staff, for example. GetClaims方法以ClaimsIdentity为参数，并使用Name属性创建了关于用户ZIP码（邮政编码）和州府的声明（Claims）。上述这个类使我能够模拟一个诸如中心化的HR数据库（人力资源数据库）之类的系统，它可能会成为全体职员的地点信息的权威数据源。 Claims are associated with the user’s identity during the authentication process, and Listing 15-16 shows the changes I made to the Login action method of the Account controller to call the LocationClaimsProvider class. 在认证过程期间，声明（Claims）是与用户标识关联在一起的，清单15-16显示了我对Account控制器中Login动作方法所做的修改，以便调用LocationClaimsProvider类。 Listing 15-16. Associating Claims with a User in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-16. AccountController.cs文件中用户用声明的关联 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... You can see the effect of the location claims by starting the application, authenticating as a user, and requesting the /Claim/Index URL. Figure 15-6 shows the claims for Alice. You may have to sign out and sign back in again to see the change. 为了看看这个地点声明（Claims）的效果，可以启动应用程序，以一个用户进行认证，并请求/Claim/Index URL。图15-6显示了Alice的声明（Claims）。你可能需要退出，然后再次登录才会看到发生的变化。 Figure 15-6. Defining additional claims for users 图15-6. 定义用户的附加声明 Obtaining claims from multiple locations means that the application doesn’t have to duplicate data that is held elsewhere and allows integration of data from external parties. The Claim.Issuer property tells you where a claim originated from, which helps you judge how accurate the data is likely to be and how much weight you should give the data in your application. Location data obtained from a central HR database is likely to be more accurate and trustworthy than data obtained from an external mailing list provider, for example. 从多个地点获取声明（Claims）意味着应用程序不必复制其他地方保持的数据，并且能够与外部的数据集成。Claim.Issuer属性（图15-6中的Issuer数据列——译者注）能够告诉你一个声明（Claim）的发源地，这有助于让你判断数据的精确程度，也有助于让你决定这类数据在应用程序中的权重。例如，从中心化的HR数据库获取的地点数据可能要比外部邮件列表提供器获取的数据更为精确和可信。 1. Applying Claims 1. 运用声明（Claims） The second reason that claims are interesting is that you can use them to manage user access to your application more flexibly than with standard roles. The problem with roles is that they are static, and once a user has been assigned to a role, the user remains a member until explicitly removed. This is, for example, how long-term employees of big corporations end up with incredible access to internal systems: They are assigned the roles they require for each new job they get, but the old roles are rarely removed. (The unexpectedly broad systems access sometimes becomes apparent during the investigation into how someone was able to ship the contents of the warehouse to their home address—true story.) 声明（Claims）有意思的第二个原因是，你可以用它们来管理用户对应用程序的访问，这要比标准的角色管理更为灵活。角色的问题在于它们是静态的，而且一旦用户已经被赋予了一个角色，该用户便是一个成员，直到明确地删除为止。例如，这意味着大公司的长期雇员，对内部系统的访问会十分惊人：他们每次在获得新工作时，都会赋予所需的角色，但旧角色很少被删除。（在调查某人为何能够将仓库里的东西发往他的家庭地址过程中发现，有时会出现异常宽泛的系统访问——真实的故事） Claims can be used to authorize users based directly on the information that is known about them, which ensures that the authorization changes when the data changes. The simplest way to do this is to generate Role claims based on user data that are then used by controllers to restrict access to action methods. Listing 15-17 shows the contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure. 声明（Claims）可以直接根据用户已知的信息对用户进行授权，这能够保证当数据发生变化时，授权也随之而变。此事最简单的做法是根据用户数据来生成Role声明（Claim），然后由控制器用来限制对动作方法的访问。清单15-17显示了我添加到Infrastructure中的ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-17. The Contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs File 清单15-17. ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsRoles {public static IEnumerable<Claim> CreateRolesFromClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince&& x.Issuer == "RemoteClaims" && x.Value == "DC")&& user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.Role&& x.Value == "Employees")) {claims.Add(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, "DCStaff"));}return claims;} }} The gnarly looking CreateRolesFromClaims method uses lambda expressions to determine whether the user has a StateOrProvince claim from the RemoteClaims issuer with a value of DC and a Role claim with a value of Employees. If the user has both claims, then a Role claim is returned for the DCStaff role. Listing 15-18 shows how I call the CreateRolesFromClaims method from the Login action in the Account controller. CreateRolesFromClaims是一个粗糙的考察方法，它使用了Lambda表达式，以检查用户是否具有StateOrProvince声明（Claim），该声明来自于RemoteClaims发行者（Issuer），值为DC。也检查用户是否具有Role声明（Claim），其值为Employees。如果用户这两个声明都有，那么便返回一个DCStaff角色的Role声明。清单15-18显示了如何在Account控制器中的Login动作中调用CreateRolesFromClaims方法。 Listing 15-18. Generating Roles Based on Claims in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-18. 在AccountController.cs中根据声明生成角色 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident)); ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... I can then restrict access to an action method based on membership of the DCStaff role. Listing 15-19 shows a new action method I added to the Claims controller to which I have applied the Authorize attribute. 然后我可以根据DCStaff角色的成员，来限制对一个动作方法的访问。清单15-19显示了在Claims控制器中添加的一个新的动作方法，在该方法上已经运用了Authorize注解属性。 Listing 15-19. Adding a New Action Method to the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-19. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中添加一个新的动作方法 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [Authorize(Roles="DCStaff")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} Users will be able to access OtherAction only if their claims grant them membership to the DCStaff role. Membership of this role is generated dynamically, so a change to the user’s employment status or location information will change their authorization level. 只要用户的声明（Claims）承认他们是DCStaff角色的成员，那么他们便能访问OtherAction动作。该角色的成员是动态生成的，因此，若是用户的雇用状态或地点信息发生变化，也会改变他们的授权等级。 提示：请读者从这个例子中吸取其中的思想精髓。对于读物的理解程度，仁者见仁，智者见智，能领悟多少，全凭各人，译者感觉这里的思想有无数的可能。举例说明：（1）可以根据用户的身份进行授权，比如学生在校时是“学生”，毕业后便是“校友”；（2）可以根据用户所处的部门进行授权，人事部用户属于人事团队，销售部用户属于销售团队，各团队有其自己的应用；（3）下一小节的示例是根据用户的地点授权。简言之：一方面用户的各种声明（Claim）都可以用来进行授权；另一方面用户的声明（Claim）又是可以自定义的。于是可能的运用就无法估计了。总之一句话，这种基于声明的授权（Claims-Based Authorization）有无限可能！要是没有我这里的提示，是否所有读者在此处都会有所体会？——译者注 15.3.3 Authorizing Access Using Claims 15.3.3 使用声明（Claims）授权访问 The previous example is an effective demonstration of how claims can be used to keep authorizations fresh and accurate, but it is a little indirect because I generate roles based on claims data and then enforce my authorization policy based on the membership of that role. A more direct and flexible approach is to enforce authorization directly by creating a custom authorization filter attribute. Listing 15-20 shows the contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs file, which I added to the Infrastructure folder and used to create such a filter. 前面的示例有效地演示了如何用声明（Claims）来保持新鲜和准确的授权，但有点不太直接，因为我要根据声明（Claims）数据来生成了角色，然后强制我的授权策略基于角色成员。一个更直接且灵活的办法是直接强制授权，其做法是创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性。清单15-20演示了ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容，我将它添加在Infrastructure文件夹中，并用它创建了这种过滤器。 Listing 15-20. The Contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs File 清单15-20. ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsAccessAttribute : AuthorizeAttribute {public string Issuer { get; set; }public string ClaimType { get; set; }public string Value { get; set; }protected override bool AuthorizeCore(HttpContextBase context) {return context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated&& context.User.Identity is ClaimsIdentity&& ((ClaimsIdentity)context.User.Identity).HasClaim(x =>x.Issuer == Issuer && x.Type == ClaimType && x.Value == Value);} }} The attribute I have defined is derived from the AuthorizeAttribute class, which makes it easy to create custom authorization policies in MVC framework applications by overriding the AuthorizeCore method. My implementation grants access if the user is authenticated, the IIdentity implementation is an instance of ClaimsIdentity, and the user has a claim with the issuer, type, and value matching the class properties. Listing 15-21 shows how I applied the attribute to the Claims controller to authorize access to the OtherAction method based on one of the location claims created by the LocationClaimsProvider class. 我所定义的这个注解属性派生于AuthorizeAttribute类，通过重写AuthorizeCore方法，很容易在MVC框架应用程序中创建自定义的授权策略。在这个实现中，若用户是已认证的、其IIdentity实现是一个ClaimsIdentity实例，而且该用户有一个带有issuer、type以及value的声明（Claim），它们与这个类的属性是匹配的，则该用户便是允许访问的。清单15-21显示了如何将这个注解属性运用于Claims控制器，以便根据LocationClaimsProvider类创建的地点声明（Claim），对OtherAction方法进行授权访问。 Listing 15-21. Performing Authorization on Claims in the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-21. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中执行基于声明的授权 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Infrastructure;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [ClaimsAccess(Issuer="RemoteClaims", ClaimType=ClaimTypes.PostalCode,Value="DC 20500")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} My authorization filter ensures that only users whose location claims specify a ZIP code of DC 20500 can invoke the OtherAction method. 这个授权过滤器能够确保只有地点声明（Claim）的邮编为DC 20500的用户才能请求OtherAction方法。 15.4 Using Third-Party Authentication 15.4 使用第三方认证 One of the benefits of a claims-based system such as ASP.NET Identity is that any of the claims can come from an external system, even those that identify the user to the application. This means that other systems can authenticate users on behalf of the application, and ASP.NET Identity builds on this idea to make it simple and easy to add support for authenticating users through third parties such as Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter. 基于声明的系统，如ASP.NET Identity，的好处之一是任何声明都可以来自于外部系统，即使是将用户标识到应用程序的那些声明。这意味着其他系统可以代表应用程序来认证用户，而ASP.NET Identity就建立在这样的思想之上，使之能够简单而方便地添加第三方认证用户的支持，如微软、Google、Facebook、Twitter等。 There are some substantial benefits of using third-party authentication: Many users will already have an account, users can elect to use two-factor authentication, and you don’t have to manage user credentials in the application. In the sections that follow, I’ll show you how to set up and use third-party authentication for Google users, which Table 15-8 puts into context. 使用第三方认证有一些实际的好处：许多用户已经有了账号、用户可以选择使用双因子认证、你不必在应用程序中管理用户凭据等等。在以下小节中，我将演示如何为Google用户建立并使用第三方认证，表15-8描述了事情的情形。 Table 15-8. Putting Third-Party Authentication in Context 表15-8. 第三方认证情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是第三方认证？ Authenticating with third parties lets you take advantage of the popularity of companies such as Google and Facebook. 第三方认证使你能够利用流行公司，如Google和Facebook，的优势。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ Users don’t like having to remember passwords for many different sites. Using a provider with large-scale adoption can make your application more appealing to users of the provider’s services. 用户不喜欢记住许多不同网站的口令。使用大范围适应的提供器可使你的应用程序更吸引有提供器服务的用户。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework. 这不是一个直接由MVC框架使用的特性。 Note The reason I have chosen to demonstrate Google authentication is that it is the only option that doesn’t require me to register my application with the authentication service. You can get details of the registration processes required at http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE. 提示：我选择演示Google认证的原因是，它是唯一不需要在其认证服务中注册我应用程序的公司。有关认证服务注册过程的细节，请参阅http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE。 15.4.1 Enabling Google Authentication 15.4.1 启用Google认证 ASP.NET Identity comes with built-in support for authenticating users through their Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter accounts as well more general support for any authentication service that supports OAuth. The first step is to add the NuGet package that includes the Google-specific additions for ASP.NET Identity. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: ASP.NET Identity带有通过Microsoft、Google、Facebook以及Twitter账号认证用户的内建支持，并且对于支持OAuth的认证服务具有更普遍的支持。第一个步骤是添加NuGet包，包中含有用于ASP.NET Identity的Google专用附件。请在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中输入以下命令： Install-Package Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google -version 2.0.2 There are NuGet packages for each of the services that ASP.NET Identity supports, as described in Table 15-9. 对于ASP.NET Identity支持的每一种服务都有相应的NuGet包，如表15-9所示。 Table 15-9. The NuGet Authenticaton Packages 表15-9. NuGet认证包 Name 名称 Description 描述 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google Authenticates users with Google accounts 用Google账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Facebook Authenticates users with Facebook accounts 用Facebook账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Twitter Authenticates users with Twitter accounts 用Twitter账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.MicrosoftAccount Authenticates users with Microsoft accounts 用Microsoft账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.OAuth Authenticates users against any OAuth 2.0 service 根据任一OAuth 2.0服务认证用户 Once the package is installed, I enable support for the authentication service in the OWIN startup class, which is defined in the App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs file in the example project. Listing 15-22 shows the change that I have made. 一旦安装了这个包，便可以在OWIN启动类中启用此项认证服务的支持，启动类的定义在示例项目的App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs文件中。清单15-22显示了所做的修改。 Listing 15-22. Enabling Google Authentication in the IdentityConfig.cs File 清单15-22. 在IdentityConfig.cs文件中启用Google认证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Cookies;using Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google;namespace Users {public class IdentityConfig {public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app) {app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppIdentityDbContext>(AppIdentityDbContext.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppUserManager>(AppUserManager.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppRoleManager>(AppRoleManager.Create); app.UseCookieAuthentication(new CookieAuthenticationOptions {AuthenticationType = DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie,LoginPath = new PathString("/Account/Login"),}); app.UseExternalSignInCookie(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);app.UseGoogleAuthentication();} }} Each of the packages that I listed in Table 15-9 contains an extension method that enables the corresponding service. The extension method for the Google service is called UseGoogleAuthentication, and it is called on the IAppBuilder implementation that is passed to the Configuration method. 表15-9所列的每个包都含有启用相应服务的扩展方法。用于Google服务的扩展方法名称为UseGoogleAuthentication，它通过传递给Configuration方法的IAppBuilder实现进行调用。 Next I added a button to the Views/Account/Login.cshtml file, which allows users to log in via Google. You can see the change in Listing 15-23. 下一步骤是在Views/Account/Login.cshtml文件中添加一个按钮，让用户能够通过Google进行登录。所做的修改如清单15-23所示。 Listing 15-23. Adding a Google Login Button to the Login.cshtml File 清单15-23. 在Login.cshtml文件中添加Google登录按钮 @model Users.Models.LoginModel@{ ViewBag.Title = "Login";}<h2>Log In</h2> @Html.ValidationSummary()@using (Html.BeginForm()) {@Html.AntiForgeryToken();<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><div class="form-group"><label>Name</label>@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><div class="form-group"><label>Password</label>@Html.PasswordFor(x => x.Password, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In</button>}@using (Html.BeginForm("GoogleLogin", "Account")) {<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In via Google</button>} The new button submits a form that targets the GoogleLogin action on the Account controller. You can see this method—and the other changes I made the controller—in Listing 15-24. 新按钮递交一个表单，目标是Account控制器中的GoogleLogin动作。可从清单15-24中看到该方法，以及在控制器中所做的其他修改。 Listing 15-24. Adding Support for Google Authentication to the AccountController.cs File 清单15-24. 在AccountController.cs文件中添加Google认证支持 using System.Threading.Tasks;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.Owin.Security;using System.Security.Claims;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using System.Web; namespace Users.Controllers {[Authorize]public class AccountController : Controller {[AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult Login(string returnUrl) {if (HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated) {return View("Error", new string[] { "Access Denied" });}ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View();}[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident)); AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);} [HttpPost][AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult GoogleLogin(string returnUrl) {var properties = new AuthenticationProperties {RedirectUri = Url.Action("GoogleLoginCallback",new { returnUrl = returnUrl})};HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();}[AllowAnonymous]public async Task<ActionResult> GoogleLoginCallback(string returnUrl) {ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);if (user == null) {user = new AppUser {Email = loginInfo.Email,UserName = loginInfo.DefaultUserName,City = Cities.LONDON, Country = Countries.UK};IdentityResult result = await UserManager.CreateAsync(user);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} else {result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} }}ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false }, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl ?? "/");}[Authorize]public ActionResult Logout() {AuthManager.SignOut();return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");}private IAuthenticationManager AuthManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication;} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } The GoogleLogin method creates an instance of the AuthenticationProperties class and sets the RedirectUri property to a URL that targets the GoogleLoginCallback action in the same controller. The next part is a magic phrase that causes ASP.NET Identity to respond to an unauthorized error by redirecting the user to the Google authentication page, rather than the one defined by the application: GoogleLogin方法创建了AuthenticationProperties类的一个实例，并为RedirectUri属性设置了一个URL，其目标为同一控制器中的GoogleLoginCallback动作。下一个部分是一个神奇阶段，通过将用户重定向到Google认证页面，而不是应用程序所定义的认证页面，让ASP.NET Identity对未授权的错误进行响应： ...HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();... This means that when the user clicks the Log In via Google button, their browser is redirected to the Google authentication service and then redirected back to the GoogleLoginCallback action method once they are authenticated. 这意味着，当用户通过点击Google按钮进行登录时，浏览器被重定向到Google的认证服务，一旦在那里认证之后，便被重定向回GoogleLoginCallback动作方法。 I get details of the external login by calling the GetExternalLoginInfoAsync of the IAuthenticationManager implementation, like this: 我通过调用IAuthenticationManager实现的GetExternalLoginInfoAsync方法，我获得了外部登录的细节，如下所示： ...ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();... The ExternalLoginInfo class defines the properties shown in Table 15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类定义的属性如表15-10所示： Table 15-10. The Properties Defined by the ExternalLoginInfo Class 表15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类所定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 DefaultUserName Returns the username 返回用户名 Email Returns the e-mail address 返回E-mail地址 ExternalIdentity Returns a ClaimsIdentity that identities the user 返回标识该用户的ClaimsIdentity Login Returns a UserLoginInfo that describes the external login 返回描述外部登录的UserLoginInfo I use the FindAsync method defined by the user manager class to locate the user based on the value of the ExternalLoginInfo.Login property, which returns an AppUser object if the user has been authenticated with the application before: 我使用了由用户管理器类所定义的FindAsync方法，以便根据ExternalLoginInfo.Login属性的值对用户进行定位，如果用户之前在应用程序中已经认证，该属性会返回一个AppUser对象： ...AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);... If the FindAsync method doesn’t return an AppUser object, then I know that this is the first time that this user has logged into the application, so I create a new AppUser object, populate it with values, and save it to the database. I also save details of how the user logged in so that I can find them next time: 如果FindAsync方法返回的不是AppUser对象，那么我便知道这是用户首次登录应用程序，于是便创建了一个新的AppUser对象，填充该对象的值，并将其保存到数据库。我还保存了用户如何登录的细节，以便下次能够找到他们： ...result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);... All that remains is to generate an identity the user, copy the claims provided by Google, and create an authentication cookie so that the application knows the user has been authenticated: 剩下的事情只是生成该用户的标识了，拷贝Google提供的声明（Claims），并创建一个认证Cookie，以使应用程序知道此用户已认证： ...ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties { IsPersistent = false }, ident);... 15.4.2 Testing Google Authentication 15.4.2 测试Google认证 There is one further change that I need to make before I can test Google authentication: I need to change the account verification I set up in Chapter 13 because it prevents accounts from being created with e-mail addresses that are not within the example.com domain. Listing 15-25 shows how I removed the verification from the AppUserManager class. 在测试Google认证之前还需要一处修改：需要修改第13章所建立的账号验证，因为它不允许example.com域之外的E-mail地址创建账号。清单15-25显示了如何在AppUserManager类中删除这种验证。 Listing 15-25. Disabling Account Validation in the AppUserManager.cs File 清单15-25. 在AppUserManager.cs文件中取消账号验证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppUserManager : UserManager<AppUser> {public AppUserManager(IUserStore<AppUser> store): base(store) {}public static AppUserManager Create(IdentityFactoryOptions<AppUserManager> options,IOwinContext context) {AppIdentityDbContext db = context.Get<AppIdentityDbContext>();AppUserManager manager = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(db)); manager.PasswordValidator = new CustomPasswordValidator {RequiredLength = 6,RequireNonLetterOrDigit = false,RequireDigit = false,RequireLowercase = true,RequireUppercase = true}; //manager.UserValidator = new CustomUserValidator(manager) {// AllowOnlyAlphanumericUserNames = true,// RequireUniqueEmail = true//};return manager;} }} Tip you can use validation for externally authenticated accounts, but I am just going to disable the feature for simplicity. 提示：也可以使用外部已认证账号的验证，但这里出于简化，取消了这一特性。 To test authentication, start the application, click the Log In via Google button, and provide the credentials for a valid Google account. When you have completed the authentication process, your browser will be redirected back to the application. If you navigate to the /Claims/Index URL, you will be able to see how claims from the Google system have been added to the user’s identity, as shown in Figure 15-7. 为了测试认证，启动应用程序，通过点击“Log In via Google（通过Google登录）”按钮，并提供有效的Google账号凭据。当你完成了认证过程时，浏览器将被重定向回应用程序。如果导航到/Claims/Index URL，便能够看到来自Google系统的声明（Claims），已被添加到用户的标识中了，如图15-7所示。 Figure 15-7. Claims from Google 图15-7. 来自Google的声明（Claims） 15.5 Summary 15.5 小结 In this chapter, I showed you some of the advanced features that ASP.NET Identity supports. I demonstrated the use of custom user properties and how to use database migrations to preserve data when you upgrade the schema to support them. I explained how claims work and how they can be used to create more flexible ways of authorizing users. I finished the chapter by showing you how to authenticate users via Google, which builds on the ideas behind the use of claims. 本章向你演示了ASP.NET Identity所支持的一些高级特性。演示了自定义用户属性的使用，还演示了在升级数据架构时，如何使用数据库迁移保护数据。我解释了声明（Claims）的工作机制，以及如何将它们用于创建更灵活的用户授权方式。最后演示了如何通过Google进行认证结束了本章，这是建立在使用声明（Claims）的思想基础之上的。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/gz19871113/article/details/108591802。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...IKI_OBJECTFILES = ${addprefix $(OBJECTDIR)/,${call oname, $(CONTIKI_SOURCEFILES)} }PROJECT_OBJECTFILES = ${addprefix $(OBJECTDIR)/,${call oname, $(PROJECT_SOURCEFILES)} } 定义CONTIKI_OBJECTFILES变量 　　首先用oname函数，将CONTIKI_SOURCEFILES所对应的源文件名，改为目标文件名，如process.c将会变为process.o 　　再在文件名前边加上前缀$(OBJECTDIR)/，前边我们知道这个变量为obj_native，故process.c会变为obj_native/process.o 　　这个变量应该是代表即将生成的Contiki操作系统的目标文件名 定义PROJECT_OBJECTFILES变量 　　功能同上 　　这个变量应该是代表即将生成的项目中的目标文件名 　　PROJECT_SOURCEFILES这个变量为空，所以PROJECT_OBJECTFILES也为空。 Provide way to create $(OBJECTDIR) if it has been removed by make clean$(OBJECTDIR):mkdir $@ $@是自动化变量，表示规则中的目标文件集。我们知道OBJECTDIR为obj_native，所以$@为obj_native。 mkdir $@生成obj_native目录。 但是这个依赖关系链，怎么会涉及到obj_native的？ 调试了一下： 在生成CONTIKI_OBJECTFILES所代表的文件时，目录不存在，会先找依赖关系生成目录，再生成具体文件。 所以mkdir obj_native会被执行。 （2） ifdef APPSAPPDS = ${wildcard ${foreach DIR, $(APPDIRS), ${addprefix $(DIR)/, $(APPS)} }} \${wildcard ${addprefix $(CONTIKI)/apps/, $(APPS)} \${addprefix $(CONTIKI)/platform/$(TARGET)/apps/, $(APPS)} \$(APPS)}APPINCLUDES = ${foreach APP, $(APPS), ${wildcard ${foreach DIR, $(APPDS), $(DIR)/Makefile.$(APP)} }}-include $(APPINCLUDES)APP_SOURCES = ${foreach APP, $(APPS), $($(APP)_src)}DSC_SOURCES = ${foreach APP, $(APPS), $($(APP)_dsc)}CONTIKI_SOURCEFILES += $(APP_SOURCES) $(DSC_SOURCES)endif The project's makefile can also define in the APPS variable a list of applications from the apps/ directory that should be included in the Contiki system. hello-world这个例子没有定义APPS变量，故这段不会执行。 我们假设定义了APPS变量，其值为APPS += antelope unit-test。 相关知识点： wildcard函数： 返回所有符合pattern的文件名，以空格隔开。 $(wildcard pattern) The argument pattern is a file name pattern, typically containing wildcard characters (as in shell file name patterns). The result of wildcard is a space-separated list of the names of existing files that match the pattern. foreach函数: The syntax of the foreach function is: $(foreach var,list,text) The first two arguments, var and list, are expanded before anything else is done; note that the last argument, text, is not expanded at the same time. Then for each word of the expanded value of list, the variable named by the expanded value of var is set to that word, and text is expanded. Presumably text contains references to that variable, so its expansion will be different each time. The result is that text is expanded as many times as there are whitespace-separated words in list. The multiple expansions of text are concatenated, with spaces between them, to make the result of foreach. 每次从list中取出一个词（空格分隔）,赋给var变量，然后text（一般有var变量）被拓展开来。 只要list中还有空格分隔符就会一直循环下去，每一次text返回的结果都会以空格分隔开。 ${wildcard ${foreach DIR, $(APPDIRS), ${addprefix $(DIR)/, $(APPS)} }} 先分析${foreach DIR, $(APPDIRS), ${addprefix $(DIR)/, $(APPS)} } 其中DIR是变量（var），$(APPDIRS)是列表(list)，这个例子中没有定义APPDIRS这个变量，估计是用于定义除了$CONTIKI/apps/之外的apps目录。 ${addprefix $(DIR)/, $(APPS)}是text。我们假设定义了APPDIRS为a b。 那么第一次：DIR 会被赋值为a，${addprefix $(DIR)/, $(APPS)}，又我们假定APPS为antelope unit-test，所以最终会被拓展为a/antelope a/unit-test。 　　　　　DIR 会被赋值为b，${addprefix $(DIR)/, $(APPS)}，又我们假定APPS为antelope unit-test，所以最终会被拓展为b/antelope b/unit-test。 最终这两次结果会以空格分隔开，即a/antelope a/unit-test b/antelope b/unit-test ${wildcard a/antelope a/unit-test b/antelope b/unit-test} 返回空，因为找不到符合这样的目录。 所以最终这句语句，实现的功能是，返回$APPDIRS目录中，所有符合$APPS的目录。 ${wildcard ${addprefix $(CONTIKI)/apps/, $(APPS)} 这句语句返回$(CONTIKI)/apps/目录下所有符合$APPS的目录，即contiki-release-2-7/apps/antelope contiki-release-2-7/apps/unit-test ${addprefix $(CONTIKI)/platform/$(TARGET)/apps/, $(APPS)} 这句语句返回$(CONTIKI)/platform/$(TARGET)/apps/目录下所有$APPS的目录，即contiki-release-2-7/platform/native/apps/antelope contiki-release-2-7/platform/native/apps/unit-test。 在contiki-release-2-7/platform/native目录下，并没有apps目录，后边有差错处理机制。 $(APPS) 在当前目录下的所有$APPS目录，即antelope unit-test。 在hello-world例子中，并没有这些目录。 所以APPDS变量是包含所有与$APPS有关的目录。 APPINCLUDES变量是所有需要导入的APP Makefile文件。 在所有APPDS目录下，所有Makefile.$(APPS)文件。 在我们的假设条件APPS = antelope unit-test， APPDIRS = 只会导入contiki-release-2-7/apps/antelope/Makefile.antelope contiki-release-2-7/apps/unit-test/Makefile.unit-test 其余的均不存在，所以在include指令前要有符号-，即出错继续执行后续指令。 contiki-release-2-7/apps/antelope/Makefile.antelope： 分别定义了两个变量，antelope_src用于保存antelope这个app的src文件，antelope_dsc用于保存antelope这个app的dsc文件。 contiki-release-2-7/apps/unit-test/Makefile.unit-test： 分别定义了两个变量，unit-test_src用于保存unit-test这个app的src文件，unit-tes_dsc用于保存unit-test这个app的dsc文件。 变量APP_SOURCES APP_SOURCES = ${foreach APP, $(APPS), $($(APP)_src)} 取出所有APPS中的src文件变量,这个例子是$(antelope_src) 和$(unit-test_src) 变量APP_SOURCES DSC_SOURCES = ${foreach APP, $(APPS), $($(APP)_dsc)} 取出所有APPS中的dsc文件变量,这个例子是$(antelope_dsc) 和$(unit-test_dsc) CONTIKI_SOURCEFILES += $(APP_SOURCES) $(DSC_SOURCES) 这段话的最终目的: 将$APPS相关的所有源文件添加进CONTIKI_SOURCEFILES变量中。 (3) target_makefile := $(wildcard $(CONTIKI)/platform/$(TARGET)/Makefile.$(TARGET) ${foreach TDIR, $(TARGETDIRS), $(TDIR)/$(TARGET)/Makefile.$(TARGET)}) Check if the target makefile exists, and create the object directory if necessary.ifeq ($(strip $(target_makefile)),)${error The target platform "$(TARGET)" does not exist (maybe it was misspelled?)}elseifneq (1, ${words $(target_makefile)})${error More than one TARGET Makefile found: $(target_makefile)}endifinclude $(target_makefile)endif 这断代码主要做的就是，找到在所有TAGET目录下找到符合的Makefile.$(TARGET)文件，放到target_makefile变量中。 再检查是否存在或者重复。并做相应的错误提示信息。 ${error The target platform "$(TARGET)" does not exist (maybe it was misspelled?)} ${error More than one TARGET Makefile found: $(target_makefile)} 我们这个例子中 TARGET = native 并且 TARGETDIRS为空 所以最后会导入$(CONTIKI)/platform/native/Makefile.native 接下去要开始分析target和cpu的makefile文件了。 转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/songdechiu/p/6012718.html 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_34399060/article/details/94095820。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...hadoop.fs.FileSystem; import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path; import java.io.IOException; public class AccessControlReader { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { Path path = new Path("/path/to/source/file"); FileSystem fs = FileSystem.get(new Configuration()); // 获取ACL信息 String acl = fs.getAclStatus(path).toString(); System.out.println("Source ACL: " + acl); } } 这段代码展示了如何使用Hadoop API读取Linux系统的ACL信息。可以看到，Hadoop已经为我们封装好了相关的API，调用起来非常方便。 （2）转换为目标系统的格式 接下来，我们需要将读取到的访问控制信息转换为目标系统的格式。比如，将Linux的ACL转换为Windows的NTFS权限。 java // 示例代码：模拟ACL到NTFS的转换 public class AclToNtfsConverter { public static void convert(String linuxAcl) { // 这里可以编写具体的转换逻辑 System.out.println("Converting ACL to NTFS: " + linuxAcl); } } 虽然这里只是一个简单的打印函数，但实际上你可以根据实际需求编写复杂的转换算法。 （3）应用到目标系统 最后一步是将转换后的权限应用到目标系统上。这一步同样可以通过Hadoop提供的API来完成。 java // 示例代码：应用NTFS权限 public class NtfsPermissionApplier { public static void applyPermissions(Path targetPath, String ntfsPermissions) { try { // 模拟应用权限的过程 System.out.println("Applying NTFS permissions to " + targetPath.toString() + ": " + ntfsPermissions); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } 通过这三个步骤，我们就完成了从源系统到目标系统的访问控制协议迁移。 --- 四、实战演练 一个完整的案例 为了让大家更直观地理解，我准备了一个完整的案例。好啦，想象一下，我们现在要干的事儿就是把一个文件从一台Linux服务器搬去Windows服务器，而且还得保证这个文件在新家里的“门禁权限”跟原来一模一样，不能搞错！ 4.1 准备工作 首先，确保你的开发环境中已经安装了Hadoop，并且配置好相关的依赖库。此外，还需要准备两台机器，一台装有Linux系统，另一台装有Windows系统。 4.2 编写代码 接下来，我们编写代码来实现迁移过程。首先是读取Linux系统的ACL信息。 java // 读取Linux ACL Path sourcePath = new Path("/source/file.txt"); FileSystem linuxFs = FileSystem.get(new Configuration()); String linuxAcl = linuxFs.getAclStatus(sourcePath).toString(); System.out.println("Linux ACL: " + linuxAcl); 然后，我们将这些ACL信息转换为NTFS格式。 java // 模拟ACL到NTFS的转换 AclToNtfsConverter.convert(linuxAcl); 最后，将转换后的权限应用到Windows系统上。 java // 应用NTFS权限 Path targetPath = new Path("\\\\windows-server\\file.txt"); NtfsPermissionApplier.applyPermissions(targetPath, "Full Control"); 4.3 执行结果 执行完上述代码后，你会发现文件已经被成功迁移到了Windows系统，并且保留了原有的访问控制设置。是不是很神奇？ --- 五、总结与展望 通过这篇文章，我相信你对Hadoop支持文件的跨访问控制协议迁移有了更深的理解。Hadoop不仅是一个强大的工具，更是一种思维方式的转变。它就像个聪明的老师，不仅教我们怎么用分布式的思路去搞定问题，还时不时敲打我们：嘿，别忘了数据的安全和规矩可不能丢啊！ 未来，随着技术的发展，Hadoop的功能会越来越强大。我希望你能继续探索更多有趣的话题，一起在这个充满挑战的世界里不断前行！ 加油吧，程序员们！

..._userdict(file_name) file_name 为文件类对象或自定义词典的路径 词典格式和 dict.txt 一样，一个词占一行；每一行分三部分：词语、词频（可省略）、词性（可省略），用空格隔开，顺序不可颠倒。file_name 若为路径或二进制方式打开的文件，则文件必须为 UTF-8 编码。 词频省略时使用自动计算的能保证分出该词的词频。 例如： 创新办 3 i云计算 5凱特琳 nz台中 更改分词器（默认为 jieba.dt）的 tmp_dir 和 cache_file 属性，可分别指定缓存文件所在的文件夹及其文件名，用于受限的文件系统。 范例： 自定义词典：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/userdict.txt 用法示例：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/test_userdict.py 之前： 李小福 / 是 / 创新 / 办 / 主任 / 也 / 是 / 云 / 计算 / 方面 / 的 / 专家 / 加载自定义词库后：　李小福 / 是 / 创新办 / 主任 / 也 / 是 / 云计算 / 方面 / 的 / 专家 / 调整词典 使用 add_word(word, freq=None, tag=None) 和 del_word(word) 可在程序中动态修改词典。 使用 suggest_freq(segment, tune=True) 可调节单个词语的词频，使其能（或不能）被分出来。 注意：自动计算的词频在使用 HMM 新词发现功能时可能无效。 代码示例： >>> print('/'.join(jieba.cut('如果放到post中将出错。', HMM=False)))如果/放到/post/中将/出错/。>>> jieba.suggest_freq(('中', '将'), True)494>>> print('/'.join(jieba.cut('如果放到post中将出错。', HMM=False)))如果/放到/post/中/将/出错/。>>> print('/'.join(jieba.cut('「台中」正确应该不会被切开', HMM=False)))「/台/中/」/正确/应该/不会/被/切开>>> jieba.suggest_freq('台中', True)69>>> print('/'.join(jieba.cut('「台中」正确应该不会被切开', HMM=False)))「/台中/」/正确/应该/不会/被/切开 “通过用户自定义词典来增强歧义纠错能力” — https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/issues/14 关键词提取 基于 TF-IDF 算法的关键词抽取 import jieba.analyse jieba.analyse.extract_tags(sentence, topK=20, withWeight=False, allowPOS=()) sentence 为待提取的文本 topK 为返回几个 TF/IDF 权重最大的关键词，默认值为 20 withWeight 为是否一并返回关键词权重值，默认值为 False allowPOS 仅包括指定词性的词，默认值为空，即不筛选 jieba.analyse.TFIDF(idf_path=None) 新建 TFIDF 实例，idf_path 为 IDF 频率文件 代码示例 （关键词提取） https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/extract_tags.py 关键词提取所使用逆向文件频率（IDF）文本语料库可以切换成自定义语料库的路径 用法： jieba.analyse.set_idf_path(file_name) file_name为自定义语料库的路径 自定义语料库示例：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/extra_dict/idf.txt.big 用法示例：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/extract_tags_idfpath.py 关键词提取所使用停止词（Stop Words）文本语料库可以切换成自定义语料库的路径 用法： jieba.analyse.set_stop_words(file_name) file_name为自定义语料库的路径 自定义语料库示例：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/extra_dict/stop_words.txt 用法示例：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/extract_tags_stop_words.py 关键词一并返回关键词权重值示例 用法示例：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/extract_tags_with_weight.py 基于 TextRank 算法的关键词抽取 jieba.analyse.textrank(sentence, topK=20, withWeight=False, allowPOS=(‘ns’, ‘n’, ‘vn’, ‘v’)) 直接使用，接口相同，注意默认过滤词性。 jieba.analyse.TextRank() 新建自定义 TextRank 实例 算法论文： TextRank: Bringing Order into Texts 基本思想: 将待抽取关键词的文本进行分词 以固定窗口大小(默认为5，通过span属性调整)，词之间的共现关系，构建图 计算图中节点的PageRank，注意是无向带权图 使用示例: 见 test/demo.py 词性标注 jieba.posseg.POSTokenizer(tokenizer=None) 新建自定义分词器，tokenizer 参数可指定内部使用的 jieba.Tokenizer 分词器。jieba.posseg.dt 为默认词性标注分词器。 标注句子分词后每个词的词性，采用和 ictclas 兼容的标记法。 除了jieba默认分词模式，提供paddle模式下的词性标注功能。paddle模式采用延迟加载方式，通过enable_paddle()安装paddlepaddle-tiny，并且import相关代码； 用法示例 >>> import jieba>>> import jieba.posseg as pseg>>> words = pseg.cut("我爱北京天安门") jieba默认模式>>> jieba.enable_paddle() 启动paddle模式。 0.40版之后开始支持，早期版本不支持>>> words = pseg.cut("我爱北京天安门",use_paddle=True) paddle模式>>> for word, flag in words:... print('%s %s' % (word, flag))...我 r爱 v北京 ns天安门 ns paddle模式词性标注对应表如下： paddle模式词性和专名类别标签集合如下表，其中词性标签 24 个（小写字母），专名类别标签 4 个（大写字母）。 标签 含义 标签 含义 标签 含义 标签 含义 n 普通名词 f 方位名词 s 处所名词 t 时间 nr 人名 ns 地名 nt 机构名 nw 作品名 nz 其他专名 v 普通动词 vd 动副词 vn 名动词 a 形容词 ad 副形词 an 名形词 d 副词 m 数量词 q 量词 r 代词 p 介词 c 连词 u 助词 xc 其他虚词 w 标点符号 PER 人名 LOC 地名 ORG 机构名 TIME 时间 并行分词 原理：将目标文本按行分隔后，把各行文本分配到多个 Python 进程并行分词，然后归并结果，从而获得分词速度的可观提升 基于 python 自带的 multiprocessing 模块，目前暂不支持 Windows 用法： jieba.enable_parallel(4) 开启并行分词模式，参数为并行进程数 jieba.disable_parallel() 关闭并行分词模式 例子：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/parallel/test_file.py 实验结果：在 4 核 3.4GHz Linux 机器上，对金庸全集进行精确分词，获得了 1MB/s 的速度，是单进程版的 3.3 倍。 注意：并行分词仅支持默认分词器 jieba.dt 和 jieba.posseg.dt。 Tokenize：返回词语在原文的起止位置 注意，输入参数只接受 unicode 默认模式 result = jieba.tokenize(u'永和服装饰品有限公司')for tk in result:print("word %s\t\t start: %d \t\t end:%d" % (tk[0],tk[1],tk[2])) word 永和 start: 0 end:2word 服装 start: 2 end:4word 饰品 start: 4 end:6word 有限公司 start: 6 end:10 搜索模式 result = jieba.tokenize(u'永和服装饰品有限公司', mode='search')for tk in result:print("word %s\t\t start: %d \t\t end:%d" % (tk[0],tk[1],tk[2])) word 永和 start: 0 end:2word 服装 start: 2 end:4word 饰品 start: 4 end:6word 有限 start: 6 end:8word 公司 start: 8 end:10word 有限公司 start: 6 end:10 ChineseAnalyzer for Whoosh 搜索引擎 引用： from jieba.analyse import ChineseAnalyzer 用法示例：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/test_whoosh.py 命令行分词 使用示例：python -m jieba news.txt > cut_result.txt 命令行选项（翻译）： 使用: python -m jieba [options] filename结巴命令行界面。固定参数:filename 输入文件可选参数:-h, --help 显示此帮助信息并退出-d [DELIM], --delimiter [DELIM]使用 DELIM 分隔词语，而不是用默认的' / '。若不指定 DELIM，则使用一个空格分隔。-p [DELIM], --pos [DELIM]启用词性标注；如果指定 DELIM，词语和词性之间用它分隔，否则用 _ 分隔-D DICT, --dict DICT 使用 DICT 代替默认词典-u USER_DICT, --user-dict USER_DICT使用 USER_DICT 作为附加词典，与默认词典或自定义词典配合使用-a, --cut-all 全模式分词（不支持词性标注）-n, --no-hmm 不使用隐含马尔可夫模型-q, --quiet 不输出载入信息到 STDERR-V, --version 显示版本信息并退出如果没有指定文件名，则使用标准输入。 --help 选项输出： $> python -m jieba --helpJieba command line interface.positional arguments:filename input fileoptional arguments:-h, --help show this help message and exit-d [DELIM], --delimiter [DELIM]use DELIM instead of ' / ' for word delimiter; or aspace if it is used without DELIM-p [DELIM], --pos [DELIM]enable POS tagging; if DELIM is specified, use DELIMinstead of '_' for POS delimiter-D DICT, --dict DICT use DICT as dictionary-u USER_DICT, --user-dict USER_DICTuse USER_DICT together with the default dictionary orDICT (if specified)-a, --cut-all full pattern cutting (ignored with POS tagging)-n, --no-hmm don't use the Hidden Markov Model-q, --quiet don't print loading messages to stderr-V, --version show program's version number and exitIf no filename specified, use STDIN instead. 延迟加载机制 jieba 采用延迟加载，import jieba 和 jieba.Tokenizer() 不会立即触发词典的加载，一旦有必要才开始加载词典构建前缀字典。如果你想手工初始 jieba，也可以手动初始化。 import jiebajieba.initialize() 手动初始化（可选） 在 0.28 之前的版本是不能指定主词典的路径的，有了延迟加载机制后，你可以改变主词典的路径: jieba.set_dictionary('data/dict.txt.big') 例子： https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/test_change_dictpath.py 其他词典 占用内存较小的词典文件 https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/raw/master/extra_dict/dict.txt.small 支持繁体分词更好的词典文件 https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/raw/master/extra_dict/dict.txt.big 下载你所需要的词典，然后覆盖 jieba/dict.txt 即可；或者用 jieba.set_dictionary('data/dict.txt.big') 其他语言实现 结巴分词 Java 版本 作者：piaolingxue 地址：https://github.com/huaban/jieba-analysis 结巴分词 C++ 版本 作者：yanyiwu 地址：https://github.com/yanyiwu/cppjieba 结巴分词 Rust 版本 作者：messense, MnO2 地址：https://github.com/messense/jieba-rs 结巴分词 Node.js 版本 作者：yanyiwu 地址：https://github.com/yanyiwu/nodejieba 结巴分词 Erlang 版本 作者：falood 地址：https://github.com/falood/exjieba 结巴分词 R 版本 作者：qinwf 地址：https://github.com/qinwf/jiebaR 结巴分词 iOS 版本 作者：yanyiwu 地址：https://github.com/yanyiwu/iosjieba 结巴分词 PHP 版本 作者：fukuball 地址：https://github.com/fukuball/jieba-php 结巴分词 .NET(C) 版本 作者：anderscui 地址：https://github.com/anderscui/jieba.NET/ 结巴分词 Go 版本 作者: wangbin 地址: https://github.com/wangbin/jiebago 作者: yanyiwu 地址: https://github.com/yanyiwu/gojieba 结巴分词Android版本 作者 Dongliang.W 地址：https://github.com/452896915/jieba-android 友情链接 https://github.com/baidu/lac 百度中文词法分析（分词+词性+专名）系统 https://github.com/baidu/AnyQ 百度FAQ自动问答系统 https://github.com/baidu/Senta 百度情感识别系统 系统集成 Solr: https://github.com/sing1ee/jieba-solr 分词速度 1.5 MB / Second in Full Mode 400 KB / Second in Default Mode 测试环境: Intel® Core™ i7-2600 CPU @ 3.4GHz；《围城》.txt 常见问题 1. 模型的数据是如何生成的？ 详见： https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/issues/7 2. “台中”总是被切成“台 中”？（以及类似情况） P(台中) ＜ P(台)×P(中)，“台中”词频不够导致其成词概率较低 解决方法：强制调高词频 jieba.add_word('台中') 或者 jieba.suggest_freq('台中', True) 3. “今天天气 不错”应该被切成“今天 天气 不错”？（以及类似情况） 解决方法：强制调低词频 jieba.suggest_freq(('今天', '天气'), True) 或者直接删除该词 jieba.del_word('今天天气') 4. 切出了词典中没有的词语，效果不理想？ 解决方法：关闭新词发现 jieba.cut('丰田太省了', HMM=False) jieba.cut('我们中出了一个叛徒', HMM=False) 更多问题请点击：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/issues?sort=updated&state=closed 修订历史 https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/Changelog jieba “Jieba” (Chinese for “to stutter”) Chinese text segmentation: built to be the best Python Chinese word segmentation module. Features Support three types of segmentation mode: Accurate Mode attempts to cut the sentence into the most accurate segmentations, which is suitable for text analysis. Full Mode gets all the possible words from the sentence. Fast but not accurate. Search Engine Mode, based on the Accurate Mode, attempts to cut long words into several short words, which can raise the recall rate. Suitable for search engines. Supports Traditional Chinese Supports customized dictionaries MIT License Online demo http://jiebademo.ap01.aws.af.cm/ (Powered by Appfog) Usage Fully automatic installation: easy_install jieba or pip install jieba Semi-automatic installation: Download http://pypi.python.org/pypi/jieba/ , run python setup.py install after extracting. Manual installation: place the jieba directory in the current directory or python site-packages directory. import jieba. Algorithm Based on a prefix dictionary structure to achieve efficient word graph scanning. Build a directed acyclic graph (DAG) for all possible word combinations. Use dynamic programming to find the most probable combination based on the word frequency. For unknown words, a HMM-based model is used with the Viterbi algorithm. Main Functions Cut The jieba.cut function accepts three input parameters: the first parameter is the string to be cut; the second parameter is cut_all, controlling the cut mode; the third parameter is to control whether to use the Hidden Markov Model. jieba.cut_for_search accepts two parameter: the string to be cut; whether to use the Hidden Markov Model. This will cut the sentence into short words suitable for search engines. The input string can be an unicode/str object, or a str/bytes object which is encoded in UTF-8 or GBK. Note that using GBK encoding is not recommended because it may be unexpectly decoded as UTF-8. jieba.cut and jieba.cut_for_search returns an generator, from which you can use a for loop to get the segmentation result (in unicode). jieba.lcut and jieba.lcut_for_search returns a list. jieba.Tokenizer(dictionary=DEFAULT_DICT) creates a new customized Tokenizer, which enables you to use different dictionaries at the same time. jieba.dt is the default Tokenizer, to which almost all global functions are mapped. Code example: segmentation encoding=utf-8import jiebaseg_list = jieba.cut("我来到北京清华大学", cut_all=True)print("Full Mode: " + "/ ".join(seg_list)) 全模式seg_list = jieba.cut("我来到北京清华大学", cut_all=False)print("Default Mode: " + "/ ".join(seg_list)) 默认模式seg_list = jieba.cut("他来到了网易杭研大厦")print(", ".join(seg_list))seg_list = jieba.cut_for_search("小明硕士毕业于中国科学院计算所，后在日本京都大学深造") 搜索引擎模式print(", ".join(seg_list)) Output: [Full Mode]: 我/ 来到/ 北京/ 清华/ 清华大学/ 华大/ 大学[Accurate Mode]: 我/ 来到/ 北京/ 清华大学[Unknown Words Recognize] 他, 来到, 了, 网易, 杭研, 大厦 (In this case, "杭研" is not in the dictionary, but is identified by the Viterbi algorithm)[Search Engine Mode]： 小明, 硕士, 毕业, 于, 中国, 科学, 学院, 科学院, 中国科学院, 计算, 计算所, 后, 在, 日本, 京都, 大学, 日本京都大学, 深造 Add a custom dictionary Load dictionary Developers can specify their own custom dictionary to be included in the jieba default dictionary. Jieba is able to identify new words, but you can add your own new words can ensure a higher accuracy. Usage： jieba.load_userdict(file_name) file_name is a file-like object or the path of the custom dictionary The dictionary format is the same as that of dict.txt: one word per line; each line is divided into three parts separated by a space: word, word frequency, POS tag. If file_name is a path or a file opened in binary mode, the dictionary must be UTF-8 encoded. The word frequency and POS tag can be omitted respectively. The word frequency will be filled with a suitable value if omitted. For example: 创新办 3 i云计算 5凱特琳 nz台中 Change a Tokenizer’s tmp_dir and cache_file to specify the path of the cache file, for using on a restricted file system. Example: 云计算 5李小福 2创新办 3[Before]： 李小福 / 是 / 创新 / 办 / 主任 / 也 / 是 / 云 / 计算 / 方面 / 的 / 专家 /[After]：　李小福 / 是 / 创新办 / 主任 / 也 / 是 / 云计算 / 方面 / 的 / 专家 / Modify dictionary Use add_word(word, freq=None, tag=None) and del_word(word) to modify the dictionary dynamically in programs. Use suggest_freq(segment, tune=True) to adjust the frequency of a single word so that it can (or cannot) be segmented. Note that HMM may affect the final result. Example: >>> print('/'.join(jieba.cut('如果放到post中将出错。', HMM=False)))如果/放到/post/中将/出错/。>>> jieba.suggest_freq(('中', '将'), True)494>>> print('/'.join(jieba.cut('如果放到post中将出错。', HMM=False)))如果/放到/post/中/将/出错/。>>> print('/'.join(jieba.cut('「台中」正确应该不会被切开', HMM=False)))「/台/中/」/正确/应该/不会/被/切开>>> jieba.suggest_freq('台中', True)69>>> print('/'.join(jieba.cut('「台中」正确应该不会被切开', HMM=False)))「/台中/」/正确/应该/不会/被/切开 Keyword Extraction import jieba.analyse jieba.analyse.extract_tags(sentence, topK=20, withWeight=False, allowPOS=()) sentence: the text to be extracted topK: return how many keywords with the highest TF/IDF weights. The default value is 20 withWeight: whether return TF/IDF weights with the keywords. The default value is False allowPOS: filter words with which POSs are included. Empty for no filtering. jieba.analyse.TFIDF(idf_path=None) creates a new TFIDF instance, idf_path specifies IDF file path. Example (keyword extraction) https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/extract_tags.py Developers can specify their own custom IDF corpus in jieba keyword extraction Usage： jieba.analyse.set_idf_path(file_name) file_name is the path for the custom corpus Custom Corpus Sample：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/extra_dict/idf.txt.big Sample Code：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/extract_tags_idfpath.py Developers can specify their own custom stop words corpus in jieba keyword extraction Usage： jieba.analyse.set_stop_words(file_name) file_name is the path for the custom corpus Custom Corpus Sample：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/extra_dict/stop_words.txt Sample Code：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/extract_tags_stop_words.py There’s also a TextRank implementation available. Use: jieba.analyse.textrank(sentence, topK=20, withWeight=False, allowPOS=('ns', 'n', 'vn', 'v')) Note that it filters POS by default. jieba.analyse.TextRank() creates a new TextRank instance. Part of Speech Tagging jieba.posseg.POSTokenizer(tokenizer=None) creates a new customized Tokenizer. tokenizer specifies the jieba.Tokenizer to internally use. jieba.posseg.dt is the default POSTokenizer. Tags the POS of each word after segmentation, using labels compatible with ictclas. Example: >>> import jieba.posseg as pseg>>> words = pseg.cut("我爱北京天安门")>>> for w in words:... print('%s %s' % (w.word, w.flag))...我 r爱 v北京 ns天安门 ns Parallel Processing Principle: Split target text by line, assign the lines into multiple Python processes, and then merge the results, which is considerably faster. Based on the multiprocessing module of Python. Usage: jieba.enable_parallel(4) Enable parallel processing. The parameter is the number of processes. jieba.disable_parallel() Disable parallel processing. Example: https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/parallel/test_file.py Result: On a four-core 3.4GHz Linux machine, do accurate word segmentation on Complete Works of Jin Yong, and the speed reaches 1MB/s, which is 3.3 times faster than the single-process version. Note that parallel processing supports only default tokenizers, jieba.dt and jieba.posseg.dt. Tokenize: return words with position The input must be unicode Default mode result = jieba.tokenize(u'永和服装饰品有限公司')for tk in result:print("word %s\t\t start: %d \t\t end:%d" % (tk[0],tk[1],tk[2])) word 永和 start: 0 end:2word 服装 start: 2 end:4word 饰品 start: 4 end:6word 有限公司 start: 6 end:10 Search mode result = jieba.tokenize(u'永和服装饰品有限公司',mode='search')for tk in result:print("word %s\t\t start: %d \t\t end:%d" % (tk[0],tk[1],tk[2])) word 永和 start: 0 end:2word 服装 start: 2 end:4word 饰品 start: 4 end:6word 有限 start: 6 end:8word 公司 start: 8 end:10word 有限公司 start: 6 end:10 ChineseAnalyzer for Whoosh from jieba.analyse import ChineseAnalyzer Example: https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/test_whoosh.py Command Line Interface $> python -m jieba --helpJieba command line interface.positional arguments:filename input fileoptional arguments:-h, --help show this help message and exit-d [DELIM], --delimiter [DELIM]use DELIM instead of ' / ' for word delimiter; or aspace if it is used without DELIM-p [DELIM], --pos [DELIM]enable POS tagging; if DELIM is specified, use DELIMinstead of '_' for POS delimiter-D DICT, --dict DICT use DICT as dictionary-u USER_DICT, --user-dict USER_DICTuse USER_DICT together with the default dictionary orDICT (if specified)-a, --cut-all full pattern cutting (ignored with POS tagging)-n, --no-hmm don't use the Hidden Markov Model-q, --quiet don't print loading messages to stderr-V, --version show program's version number and exitIf no filename specified, use STDIN instead. Initialization By default, Jieba don’t build the prefix dictionary unless it’s necessary. This takes 1-3 seconds, after which it is not initialized again. If you want to initialize Jieba manually, you can call: import jiebajieba.initialize() (optional) You can also specify the dictionary (not supported before version 0.28) : jieba.set_dictionary('data/dict.txt.big') Using Other Dictionaries It is possible to use your own dictionary with Jieba, and there are also two dictionaries ready for download: A smaller dictionary for a smaller memory footprint: https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/raw/master/extra_dict/dict.txt.small There is also a bigger dictionary that has better support for traditional Chinese (繁體): https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/raw/master/extra_dict/dict.txt.big By default, an in-between dictionary is used, called dict.txt and included in the distribution. In either case, download the file you want, and then call jieba.set_dictionary('data/dict.txt.big') or just replace the existing dict.txt. Segmentation speed 1.5 MB / Second in Full Mode 400 KB / Second in Default Mode Test Env: Intel® Core™ i7-2600 CPU @ 3.4GHz；《围城》.txt 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/yegeli/article/details/107246661。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...: no such file or directory”和“ENOTDIR: Not a directory”这类错误时，开发者需要深入理解错误产生的根源，并采取有效措施进行预防和解决。实际上，随着Node.js的不断迭代更新，其对文件系统的处理也日益完善。例如，在最新版本中，引入了更多API来帮助开发者更精细地控制文件操作。 近期，Node.js官方团队发布了v14.x LTS版本，其中就包含了fs模块的新特性，诸如fs Promises API，它为文件系统操作提供了Promise支持，使得异步操作更为简洁直观，同时也减少了上述错误发生的几率。开发者可以利用fs.promises.access()方法在执行读写操作前先检查文件或目录是否存在，以避免不必要的错误。 此外，社区中也有不少针对Node.js文件系统操作的最佳实践与深度解析文章。例如，知名技术博客网站《FreeCodeCamp》发布了一篇名为《Mastering File System Operations in Node.js》的文章，详细解读了如何在实际项目中正确、高效地处理文件与目录问题，包括错误处理机制的优化以及如何借助第三方库（如graceful-fs）来增强Node.js默认文件系统模块的功能，从而降低出现"ENOENT"、“ENOTDIR”等错误的可能性。 因此，对于Node.js开发者来说，除了掌握基本的错误排查技巧外，紧跟官方更新动态，学习并运用最新的API及最佳实践，能够显著提升代码质量与应用稳定性。同时，结合实际案例深入研究，将有助于在复杂场景下更好地应对文件系统相关的各类挑战。

...del = new FileDataModel(new File("data.csv")); // 初始化推荐器 UserSimilarity similarity = new PearsonCorrelationSimilarity(model); UserNeighborhood neighborhood = new NearestNUserNeighborhood(5, similarity, model); Recommender recommender = new GenericUserBasedRecommender(model, neighborhood, similarity); // 设置迭代次数限制 int maxIterations = 100; for (int i = 0; i < maxIterations; i++) { try { // 进行推荐 List recommendations = recommender.recommend(userId, howMany); System.out.println("Recommendations: " + recommendations); } catch (TooManyIterationsException e) { System.err.println("Warning: " + e.getMessage()); break; } } 在这个例子中，我们为推荐过程设置了最大迭代次数限制，并且捕获了TooManyIterationsException异常，以便及时做出反应。 4.2 示例2：使用SVD++算法进行矩阵分解 java // 数据准备 FileDataModel model = new FileDataModel(new File("ratings.dat")); // SVD++参数设置 int rank = 50; double lambda = 0.065; int iterations = 20; try { // 创建SVD++实例 Recommender recommender = new SVDRecommender( model, new SVDPlusPlusSolver(rank, lambda), iterations ); // 进行预测 List recommendations = recommender.recommend(userId, howMany); System.out.println("Recommendations: " + recommendations); } catch (TooManyIterationsException e) { System.err.println("警告：迭代次数超出预期，检查数据或算法参数！"); } 这里，我们使用了SVD++算法来进行用户行为预测。同样地，我们设置了最大迭代次数，并处理了可能发生的异常情况。 5. 结论 与Mahout同行 通过上述内容，我相信你对Mahout中的TooManyIterationsException有了更深入的理解。嘿，别担心遇到问题，这没啥大不了的。重要的是你要弄清楚问题到底出在哪里，然后找到合适的方法去搞定它。希望这篇文章能帮助你在使用Mahout的过程中更加得心应手，享受机器学习带来的乐趣！ --- 这就是我的分享，如果你有任何疑问或想要进一步讨论的话题，请随时留言。让我们一起探索更多关于Mahout的秘密吧！

...Operating system error number 24 in a file operation. 这让我有点懵，因为我之前从未遇到过类似的错误。所以，我决定深入研究一下这个问题，看看能不能找到解决方案。 --- 2. 错误日志解读 从表面现象到本质原因 首先，我需要弄清楚这个错误到底意味着什么。我翻了翻官方文档，又逛了逛一些社区论坛，感觉这错误八成跟操作系统里的文件操作有关系。具体来说，错误号24在Linux系统中表示“Too many open files”（打开的文件太多）。 这让我立刻联想到，可能是因为MySQL的某些进程打开了过多的文件句柄，导致操作系统限制了它进一步的操作。为了验证这一点，我执行了一个简单的命令来检查当前系统的文件描述符限制： bash ulimit -n 结果显示默认值为1024。这意味着每个进程最多只能同时打开1024个文件。说实话，咱们的MySQL实例现在正忙着应付一大堆同时连进来的需求，还得折腾临时表呢。这么一看，那个限制就跟挠痒痒似的——太不够用了！ 接下来，我查看了MySQL的配置文件my.cnf，发现确实没有显式设置文件描述符的上限。于是，我修改了配置文件，将open_files_limit参数调整为更大的值： ini [mysqld] open_files_limit=65535 然后重启了MySQL服务，再次检查日志，果然，错误消失了！ --- 3. 实践中的代码调试与优化 当然，仅仅解决问题还不够，我还想进一步优化整个系统的性能。于是，我编写了一些脚本来监控MySQL的运行状态，特别是文件描述符的使用情况。 以下是一个简单的Python脚本，用于统计MySQL当前使用的文件描述符数量： python import psutil import subprocess def get_mysql_open_files(): 获取所有MySQL进程ID mysql_pids = [] result = subprocess.run(['pgrep', 'mysqld'], capture_output=True, text=True) for line in result.stdout.splitlines(): mysql_pids.append(int(line)) total_open_files = 0 for pid in mysql_pids: try: proc = psutil.Process(pid) open_files = len(proc.open_files()) print(f"Process {pid} has opened {open_files} files.") total_open_files += open_files except Exception as e: print(f"Error checking process {pid}: {e}") print(f"Total open files by MySQL processes: {total_open_files}") if __name__ == "__main__": get_mysql_open_files() 运行这个脚本后，我发现某些特定的查询会导致文件描述符迅速增加。经过分析，这些问题主要出现在涉及大文件读写的场景中。所以呢，我觉得咱们开发的小伙伴们得好好捯饬捯饬这些查询语句啦！比如说，能不能少建那些没用的临时表啊？再比如，能不能换个更快的存储引擎啥的？反正就是得让这个程序跑得更顺畅些，别老是卡在那里干瞪眼不是？ --- 4. 总结与反思 从问题中学到的东西 回顾这次经历，我深刻体会到，处理数据库问题时，不能仅凭直觉行事，而是要结合实际数据和技术手段，逐步排查问题的根本原因。同时，我也认识到，预防胜于治疗。如果能在日常运维中提前做好监控和预警，就可以避免很多突发状况。 最后，我想分享一点个人感悟：技术之路永无止境，每一次遇到难题都是一次成长的机会。说实话，有时候真的会觉得头大，甚至怀疑自己是不是走错了路。但我觉得啊，这就好比在黑暗里找钥匙，你得不停地摸索、试错才行。只要别轻易放弃，一直在学、一直在练，总有一天你会发现，“！原来它在这儿呢！”就跟我在处理这个MySQL报错的时候似的，最后不光把问题搞定了，还顺带学了不少实用的招儿呢！ 如果你也遇到了类似的情况，不妨试试上面提到的方法，也许能帮到你！

...错：“Config file not found in Nacos”。这下脑子更乱了，心里直嘀咕：“完啦，Nacos服务器该不会是罢工了吧？” 一想到这儿，赶紧三步并作两步跑去查看Nacos的状态，结果一看，嘿，人家还挺精神地在那里工作呢！ “不对劲啊，难道是我自己的代码出了问题？”我开始怀疑自己是不是哪里写错了。为了验证这个假设，我先尝试重启服务，但还是不行。然后我又跑到Nacos的配置管理页面瞅了一眼，嘿，发现配置文件确实已经上传成功了，路径啥的一点问题都没有，挺顺利的！这让我更加困惑了。 “真是奇怪，到底是哪里出问题了呢？”我决定一步步排查这个问题。 --- 二、初步排查 配置路径和权限 首先，我想到的第一个可能性就是配置路径的问题。其实 Nacos 是靠路径来找配置文件的，要是路径搞错了，那它就压根找不到文件，更别提读出来了。 我打开代码，仔细检查了Nacos客户端的初始化部分： java NacosConfigService configService = NacosFactory.createConfigService("http://localhost:8848"); 这段代码看起来没问题啊，路径明明指向的是本地的Nacos服务器。而且我之前测试的时候也是这么写的，一直都没问题。 “会不会是配置路径格式变了？”我又重新检查了一遍Nacos的配置管理页面，确认路径确实正确无误。然后我又检查了权限设置，确保服务有权限访问这些配置。 “权限应该没问题吧，毕竟之前都好好的。”我自言自语道。不过嘛，我总觉得不放心，就随手叫上咱们的运维小伙伴帮我看了一下Nacos服务端的配置权限。没想到一看还真发现了点小问题，仔细一排查才发现权限其实没啥大事儿，一切正常！ “看来不是路径和权限的问题，那问题到底出在哪呢？”我有点沮丧，但还是不死心，继续往下查。 --- 三、深入排查 网络连接与超时设置 接下来，我开始怀疑是不是网络连接出了问题。毕竟Nacos是基于网络通信的，如果网络不通畅，那自然会导致读取失败。 我先检查了Nacos服务端的日志，发现并没有什么异常。再瞧瞧服务端的那个监听端口，嘿，8848端口不仅开着呢，而且服务还稳稳地在跑着，一点问题没有！ “难道是客户端的网络问题？”我心中一动，赶紧查看了服务端的防火墙规则，确认没有阻断任何请求。接着我又尝试ping了一下Nacos服务端的IP地址，结果发现网络连通性很好。 “网络应该没问题啊，那会不会是超时时间设置得太短了？”我灵机一动，想到之前在其他项目中遇到过类似的问题，可能是客户端等待响应的时间太短，导致请求超时。 于是我修改了Nacos客户端的配置，增加了超时时间： java Properties properties = new Properties(); properties.put(PropertyKeyConst.SERVER_ADDR, "localhost:8848"); properties.put(PropertyKeyConst.CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS, "5000"); // 增加到5秒 NacosConfigService configService = NacosFactory.createConfigService(properties); 重新启动服务后，问题依然存在。看来超时时间也不是主要原因。 “真是搞不懂啊，难道是Nacos本身的问题？”我有些泄气，但还是决定继续深挖下去。 --- 四、终极排查 代码逻辑与异常处理 最后，我决定从代码逻辑入手，看看是不是程序内部的某些逻辑出了问题。于是我打开了Nacos客户端的源码，开始逐行分析。 在Nacos客户端的实现中，有一个方法是用来获取配置的： java String content = configService.getConfig(dataId, group, timeoutMs); 我仔细检查了这个方法的调用点，发现它是在服务启动时被调用的。你瞧，服务一启动呢，就会加载一堆东西，像数据库连接池啦，缓存配置啦，各种各样的“装备”都得准备好，这样它才能顺利开工干活呀！ “会不会是某个配置项的加载顺序影响了Nacos的读取？”我突然想到这一点。我琢磨着这事儿，干脆把所有的配置加载顺序仔仔细细捋了一遍，就为了确保Nacos的配置能在服务刚启动的时候就给安排上，别拖到后面出了幺蛾子。 同时，我还加强了异常处理逻辑，给Nacos的读取操作加上了try-catch块，以便捕获具体的异常信息： java try { String content = configService.getConfig(dataId, group, timeoutMs); System.out.println("Config loaded successfully: " + content); } catch (NacosException e) { System.err.println("Failed to load config: " + e.getMessage()); } 经过一番调整后，我再次启动服务，终于看到了一条令人振奋的消息：“Config loaded successfully”。 “太好了！”我长舒一口气，“原来问题就出在这里啊。” --- 五、总结与感悟 经过这次折腾，我对Nacos有了更深的理解。Nacos这东西确实挺牛的，是个超棒的配置管理工具，但用着用着你会发现，它也不是完美无缺的，各种小问题啊、坑啊，时不时就冒出来折腾你一下。其实吧，这些问题真不一定是Nacos自己惹的祸，八成是咱们的代码写得有点问题，或者是环境配错了，带偏了Nacos。 “其实啊，调试的过程就像侦探破案一样，需要耐心和细心。我坐在电脑前忍不住感慨：“哎，有时候觉得这问题看起来平平无奇的，可谁知道背后可能藏着啥惊天大秘密呢！”” 总之，这次经历让我明白了一个道理：遇到问题不要慌，要冷静分析，逐步排查。只有这样，才能找到问题的根本原因，解决问题。希望我的经验能对大家有所帮助，如果有类似的问题，不妨按照这个思路试试看！

... 版本 local system windows 10 service system ubuntu 18.04 tvm latest(0.9.dev0) python(conda) python 3.8.13 local IDE vscode 1. 安装TVM 1.1 下载源码 从github上拉取源码git clone --recursive https://github.com/apache/tvm tvm --recursive指令：由于tvm依赖了很多第三方的开源库(子模块) 加入该参数之后也将相应的子模块一起进行clone 或者直接下载源码https://tvm.apache.org/download 1.2 创建虚拟环境及安装依赖库   使用conda创建tvm的虚拟python环境，python版本为3.8，虚拟环境名为tvmenv： conda create -n tvmenv python=3.8   编辑tvm目录下的conda/build-environment.yaml文件： conda/build-environment.yaml Build environment that can be used to build tvm.name: tvmenv The conda channels to lookup the dependencieschannels:- anaconda- conda-forge 将name的值改为刚刚创建的虚拟环境名tvmenv   执行下面的指令，将构建tvm所需的环境依赖更新到当前虚拟环境中： conda env update -f conda/build-environment.yaml conda env update -n tvmenv -f conda/build-environment.yaml 设置完之后需要重新deactivate/activate对环境进行激活 如果上述命令执行较慢，可以将conda换成国内源（建议使用北京外国语大学的开源镜像站）：参考连接 然后修改conda/build-environment.yaml文件： channels:- defaults - anaconda - conda-forge   安装python依赖库： pip install decorator tornado psutil 'xgboost<1.6.0' cloudpickle -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple 如果使用onnx或者pytorch作为原始模型，则还需要安装相应的依赖库pip install onnx onnxruntime -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simplepip install torch==1.7.1 torchvision==0.8.2 torchaudio==0.7.2 -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple   在当前虚拟环境中添加用于tvm debug的环境变量： conda env config vars set TVM_LOG_DEBUG="ir/transform.cc=1,relay/ir/transform.cc=1" conda env config vars set TVM_LOG_DEBUG="ir/transform.cc=1,relay/ir/transform.cc=1" -n tvmenv 设置完之后需要重新deactivate/activate对环境进行激活是环境变量生效   使用这种方式设置环境变量的好处是：只有当前环境被激活(conda activate)时，自定义设置的环境变量才起作用，当conda deactivate后自定义的环境变量会自动清除。   当然，也可以更简单粗暴一些： export TVM_LOG_DEBUG="ir/transform.cc=1,relay/ir/transform.cc=1"   在当前虚拟环境中添加用于tvm python的环境变量： export TVM_HOME=your tvm pathexport PYTHONPATH=$TVM_HOME/python:${PYTHONPATH} 1.3 编译TVM源码   如果linux上没有安装C/C++的编译环境，需要进行安装： 更新软件apt-get update 安装apt-get install build-essential 安装cmakeapt-get install cmake   在tvm目录下创建build文件夹，并将cmake/config.cmake文件复制到此文件夹中： mkdir buildcp cmake/config.cmake build/   编辑build/config.cmake进行相关配置： 本次是在cpu上进行测试，因此没有配置cudaset(USE_LLVM ON) line 136set(USE_RELAY_DEBUG ON) line 285(建议先 OFF) 在末尾添加一个cmake的编译宏，确保编译出来的是debug版本set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Debug)   编译tvm，这里开启了16个线程： cd buildcmake ..make -j 16 建议开多个线程，否则编译速度很慢哦   大约5分钟，即可生成我们需要的两个共享链接库：libtvm.so 和 libtvm_runtime.so 1.4 验证安装是否成功   tvm版本验证： import tvmprint(tvm.__version__)   pytorch模型验证： from_pytorch.py https://tvm.apache.org/docs/how_to/compile_models/from_pytorch.html ps: TVM supports PyTorch 1.7 and 1.4. Other versions may be unstable.import tvmfrom tvm import relayfrom tvm.contrib.download import download_testdataimport numpy as np PyTorch importsimport torchimport torchvision Load a pretrained PyTorch model -------------------------------model_name = "resnet18"model = getattr(torchvision.models, model_name)(pretrained=True) or model = torchvision.models.resnet18(pretrained=True) or pth_file = 'resnet18-f37072fd.pth' model = torchvision.models.resnet18() ckpt = torch.load(pth_file) model.load_state_dict(ckpt)model = model.eval() We grab the TorchScripted model via tracinginput_shape = [1, 3, 224, 224]input_data = torch.randn(input_shape)scripted_model = torch.jit.trace(model, input_data).eval() Load a test image ----------------- Classic cat example!from PIL import Image img_url = "https://github.com/dmlc/mxnet.js/blob/main/data/cat.png?raw=true" img_path = download_testdata(img_url, "cat.png", module="data")img_path = 'cat.png'img = Image.open(img_path).resize((224, 224)) Preprocess the image and convert to tensorfrom torchvision import transformsmy_preprocess = transforms.Compose([transforms.Resize(256),transforms.CenterCrop(224),transforms.ToTensor(),transforms.Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225]),])img = my_preprocess(img)img = np.expand_dims(img, 0) Import the graph to Relay ------------------------- Convert PyTorch graph to Relay graph. The input name can be arbitrary.input_name = "input0"shape_list = [(input_name, img.shape)]mod, params = relay.frontend.from_pytorch(scripted_model, shape_list) Relay Build ----------- Compile the graph to llvm target with given input specification.target = tvm.target.Target("llvm", host="llvm")dev = tvm.cpu(0)with tvm.transform.PassContext(opt_level=3):lib = relay.build(mod, target=target, params=params) Execute the portable graph on TVM --------------------------------- Now we can try deploying the compiled model on target.from tvm.contrib import graph_executordtype = "float32"m = graph_executor.GraphModule(lib["default"](dev)) Set inputsm.set_input(input_name, tvm.nd.array(img.astype(dtype))) Executem.run() Get outputstvm_output = m.get_output(0) Look up synset name ------------------- Look up prediction top 1 index in 1000 class synset. synset_url = "".join( [ "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Cadene/", "pretrained-models.pytorch/master/data/", "imagenet_synsets.txt", ] ) synset_name = "imagenet_synsets.txt" synset_path = download_testdata(synset_url, synset_name, module="data") https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Cadene/pretrained-models.pytorch/master/data/imagenet_synsets.txtsynset_path = 'imagenet_synsets.txt'with open(synset_path) as f:synsets = f.readlines()synsets = [x.strip() for x in synsets]splits = [line.split(" ") for line in synsets]key_to_classname = {spl[0]: " ".join(spl[1:]) for spl in splits} class_url = "".join( [ "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Cadene/", "pretrained-models.pytorch/master/data/", "imagenet_classes.txt", ] ) class_name = "imagenet_classes.txt" class_path = download_testdata(class_url, class_name, module="data") https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Cadene/pretrained-models.pytorch/master/data/imagenet_classes.txtclass_path = 'imagenet_classes.txt'with open(class_path) as f:class_id_to_key = f.readlines()class_id_to_key = [x.strip() for x in class_id_to_key] Get top-1 result for TVMtop1_tvm = np.argmax(tvm_output.numpy()[0])tvm_class_key = class_id_to_key[top1_tvm] Convert input to PyTorch variable and get PyTorch result for comparisonwith torch.no_grad():torch_img = torch.from_numpy(img)output = model(torch_img) Get top-1 result for PyTorchtop1_torch = np.argmax(output.numpy())torch_class_key = class_id_to_key[top1_torch]print("Relay top-1 id: {}, class name: {}".format(top1_tvm, key_to_classname[tvm_class_key]))print("Torch top-1 id: {}, class name: {}".format(top1_torch, key_to_classname[torch_class_key])) 2. 配置vscode   安装两个vscode远程连接所需的两个插件，具体如下图所示：   安装完成之后，在左侧工具栏会出现一个图标，点击图标进行ssh配置： ssh yourname@yourip -A   然后右键选择在当前窗口进行连接：   除此之外，还可以设置免费登录，具体可参考这篇文章。   当然，也可以使用windows本地的WSL2，vscode连接WSL还需要安装WSL和Dev Containers这两个插件。   在服务器端执行code .会自动安装vscode server，安装位置在用户的根目录下： 3. 安装FFI Navigator   由于TVM是由Python和C++混合开发，且大多数的IDE仅支持在同一种语言中查找函数定义，因此对于跨语言的FFI 调用，即Python跳转到C++或者C++跳转到Python，vscode是做不到的。虽然解决这个问题在技术上可能非常具有挑战性，但我们可以通过构建一个与FFI注册码模式匹配并恢复必要信息的项目特定分析器来解决这个问题，FFI Navigator就这样诞生了，作者仍然是陈天奇博士。   安装方式如下： 建议使用源码安装git clone https://github.com/tqchen/ffi-navigator.git 安装python依赖cd ffi-navigator/pythonpython setyp.py install   vscode需要安装FFI Navigator插件，直接搜索安装即可(安装到服务器端)。   最后需要在.vscode/setting.json进行配置，内容如下： {"python.analysis.extraPaths": ["${workspaceFolder}/python"], // 添加额外导入路径, 告诉pylance自定义的python库在哪里"ffi_navigator.pythonpath": "/home/liyanpeng/anaconda3/envs/tvmenv/bin/python", // 配置FFI Navigator"python.defaultInterpreterPath": "/home/liyanpeng/anaconda3/envs/tvmenv/bin/python","files.associations": {"type_traits": "cpp","fstream": "cpp","thread": "cpp",".tcc": "cpp"} }   更详细内容可以参考项目链接。 结束语   对于vscode的使用技巧及C/C++相关的配置，这里不再详细的介绍了，感兴趣的小伙伴们可以了解下。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_42730750/article/details/126723224。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...some/path?file=../../Windows/system.ini 借助 %00 空字符截断是一个比较经典的攻击手法http://somehost.com/some/path?file=../../Windows/system.ini%00.js 使用了 IIS 的脚本目录来移动目录并执行指令http://somehost.com/scripts/..%5c../Windows/System32/cmd.exe?/c+dir+c:\ 防御 方法就是需要对 URL 或者参数进行 …/，./ 等字符的转义过滤。 物理路径泄漏 物理路径泄露属于低风险等级缺陷，它的危害一般被描述为「攻击者可以利用此漏洞得到信息，来对系统进一步地攻击」，通常都是系统报错 500 的错误信息直接返回到页面可见导致的漏洞。得到物理路径有些时候它能给攻击者带来一些有用的信息，比如说：可以大致了解系统的文件目录结构；可以看出系统所使用的第三方软件；也说不定会得到一个合法的用户名（因为很多人把自己的用户名作为网站的目录名）。 防止这种泄漏的方法就是做好后端程序的出错处理，定制特殊的 500 报错页面。 源码暴露漏洞 和物理路径泄露类似，就是攻击者可以通过请求直接获取到你站点的后端源代码，然后就可以对系统进一步研究攻击。那么导致源代码暴露的原因是什么呢？基本上就是发生在服务器配置上了，服务器可以设置哪些路径的文件才可以被直接访问的，这里给一个 koa 服务起的例子，正常的 koa 服务器可以通过 koa-static 中间件去指定静态资源的目录，好让静态资源可以通过路径的路由访问。比如你的系统源代码目录是这样的： |- project|- src|- static|- ...|- server.js 你想要将 static 的文件夹配成静态资源目录，你应该会在 server.js 做如下配置： const Koa = require('koa');const serve = require('koa-static');const app = new Koa();app.use(serve(__dirname + '/project/static')); 但是如果配错了静态资源的目录，可能就出大事了，比如： // ...app.use(serve(__dirname + '/project')); 这样所有的源代码都可以通过路由访问到了，所有的服务器都提供了静态资源机制，所以在通过服务器配置静态资源目录和路径的时候，一定要注意检验，不然很可能产生漏洞。 最后，希望 Web 开发者们能够管理好自己的代码隐私，注意代码安全问题，比如不要将产品的含有敏感信息的代码放到第三方外部站点或者暴露给外部用户，尤其是前端代码，私钥类似的保密性的东西不要直接输出在代码里或者页面中。也许还有很多值得注意的点，但是归根结底还是绷住安全那根弦，对待每一行代码都要多多推敲。 请关注我的订阅号 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/MrCoderStack/article/details/88547919。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

....load(new File("sample.pdf"))) { StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter(); new PDFTextStripper().writeText(document, stringWriter); String pdfString = stringWriter.toString(); System.out.println(pdfString); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } 在这个示例中，我们采用了PDDocument类来读取PDF文件。然后，我们采用PDFTextStripper类将PDF文件转化成String，并采用一个StringWriter来暂存String数据。最后，我们将暂存的String数据转化成一个完整的字符串。 接下来，我们演示如何将一个字符串转化成PDF文件： try (PDDocument document = new PDDocument()) { PDPage page = new PDPage(); document.addPage(page); PDPageContentStream contentStream = new PDPageContentStream(document, page); contentStream.beginText(); contentStream.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_BOLD, 12); contentStream.newLineAtOffset(100, 700); contentStream.showText("Hello, World!"); contentStream.endText(); contentStream.close(); document.save("output.pdf"); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } 在这个示例中，我们新建了一个PDDocument对象，并插入了一个PDPage。然后，我们采用PDPageContentStream来插入一些文本，并将其存储到一个新的PDF文件中。 总之，PDF和String之间的互转在Java程序设计中非常常见。我们可以采用外部库iText来完成这个功能。在将PDF文件转化成String时，我们采用PDDocument和PDFTextStripper类，而在将String转化成PDF文件时，我们采用PDDocument和PDPageContentStream类。以上是一个简单示例，如果需要采用更高级的功能，请参考iText官方手册。