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...ng System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {return View(GetData("Index"));}[Authorize(Roles = "Users")]public ActionResult OtherAction() {return View("Index", GetData("OtherAction"));}private Dictionary<string, object> GetData(string actionName) {Dictionary<string, object> dict= new Dictionary<string, object>();dict.Add("Action", actionName);dict.Add("User", HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);dict.Add("Authenticated", HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated);dict.Add("Auth Type", HttpContext.User.Identity.AuthenticationType);dict.Add("In Users Role", HttpContext.User.IsInRole("Users"));return dict;} [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}private AppUser CurrentUser {get {return UserManager.FindByName(HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } I added a CurrentUser property that uses the AppUserManager class to retrieve an AppUser instance to represent the current user. I pass the AppUser object as the view model object in the GET version of the UserProps action method, and the POST method uses it to update the value of the new City property. Listing 15-3 shows the UserProps.cshtml view, which displays the City property value and contains a form to change it. 我添加了一个CurrentUser属性，它使用AppUserManager类接收了表示当前用户的AppUser实例。在GET版本的UserProps动作方法中，传递了这个AppUser对象作为视图模型。而在POST版的方法中用它更新了City属性的值。清单15-3显示了UserProps.cshtml视图，它显示了City属性的值，并包含一个修改它的表单。 Listing 15-3. The Contents of the UserProps.cshtml File in the Views/Home Folder 清单15-3. Views/Home文件夹中UserProps.cshtml文件的内容 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";}<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr></table></div> @using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Caution Don’t start the application when you have created the view. In the sections that follow, I demonstrate how to preserve the contents of the database, and if you start the application now, the ASP.NET Identity users will be deleted. 警告：创建了视图之后不要启动应用程序。在以下小节中，将演示如何保留数据库的内容，如果现在启动应用程序，将会删除ASP.NET Identity的用户。 15.2.2 Preparing for Database Migration 15.2.2 准备数据库迁移 The default behavior for the Entity Framework Code First feature is to drop the tables in the database and re-create them whenever classes that drive the schema have changed. You saw this in Chapter 14 when I added support for roles: When the application was started, the database was reset, and the user accounts were lost. Entity Framework Code First特性的默认行为是，一旦修改了派生数据库架构的类，便会删除数据库中的数据表，并重新创建它们。在第14章可以看到这种情况，在我添加角色支持时：当重启应用程序后，数据库被重置，用户账号也丢失。 Don’t start the application yet, but if you were to do so, you would see a similar effect. Deleting data during development is usually not a problem, but doing so in a production setting is usually disastrous because it deletes all of the real user accounts and causes a panic while the backups are restored. In this section, I am going to demonstrate how to use the database migration feature, which updates a Code First schema in a less brutal manner and preserves the existing data it contains. 不要启动应用程序，但如果你这么做了，会看到类似的效果。在开发期间删除数据没什么问题，但如果在产品设置中这么做了，通常是灾难性的，因为它会删除所有真实的用户账号，而备份恢复是很痛苦的事。在本小节中，我打算演示如何使用数据库迁移特性，它能以比较温和的方式更新Code First的架构，并保留架构中的已有数据。 The first step is to issue the following command in the Visual Studio Package Manager Console: 第一个步骤是在Visual Studio的“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中发布以下命令： Enable-Migrations –EnableAutomaticMigrations This enables the database migration support and creates a Migrations folder in the Solution Explorer that contains a Configuration.cs class file, the contents of which are shown in Listing 15-4. 它启用了数据库的迁移支持，并在“Solution Explorer（解决方案资源管理器）”创建一个Migrations文件夹，其中含有一个Configuration.cs类文件，内容如清单15-4所示。 Listing 15-4. The Contents of the Configuration.cs File 清单15-4. Configuration.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using System.Linq;internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext context) {// This method will be called after migrating to the latest version.// 此方法将在迁移到最新版本时调用// You can use the DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate() helper extension method// to avoid creating duplicate seed data. E.g.// 例如，你可以使用DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate()辅助器方法来避免创建重复的种子数据//// context.People.AddOrUpdate(// p => p.FullName,// new Person { FullName = "Andrew Peters" },// new Person { FullName = "Brice Lambson" },// new Person { FullName = "Rowan Miller" }// );//} }} Tip You might be wondering why you are entering a database migration command into the console used to manage NuGet packages. The answer is that the Package Manager Console is really PowerShell, which is a general-purpose tool that is mislabeled by Visual Studio. You can use the console to issue a wide range of helpful commands. See http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518 for details. 提示：你可能会觉得奇怪，为什么要在管理NuGet包的控制台中输入数据库迁移的命令？答案是“Package Manager Console（包管理控制台）”是真正的PowerShell，这是Visual studio冒用的一个通用工具。你可以使用此控制台发送大量的有用命令，详见http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518。 The class will be used to migrate existing content in the database to the new schema, and the Seed method will be called to provide an opportunity to update the existing database records. In Listing 15-5, you can see how I have used the Seed method to set a default value for the new City property I added to the AppUser class. (I have also updated the class file to reflect my usual coding style.) 这个类将用于把数据库中的现有内容迁移到新的数据库架构，Seed方法的调用为更新现有数据库记录提供了机会。在清单15-5中可以看到，我如何用Seed方法为新的City属性设置默认值，City是添加到AppUser类中自定义属性。（为了体现我一贯的编码风格，我对这个类文件也进行了更新。） Listing 15-5. Managing Existing Content in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-5. 在Configuration.cs文件中管理已有内容 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);}foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();} }} You will notice that much of the code that I added to the Seed method is taken from the IdentityDbInit class, which I used to seed the database with an administration user in Chapter 14. This is because the new Configuration class added to support database migrations will replace the seeding function of the IdentityDbInit class, which I’ll update shortly. Aside from ensuring that there is an admin user, the statements in the Seed method that are important are the ones that set the initial value for the City property I added to the AppUser class, as follows: 你可能会注意到，添加到Seed方法中的许多代码取自于IdentityDbInit类，在第14章中我用这个类将管理用户植入了数据库。这是因为这个新添加的、用以支持数据库迁移的Configuration类，将代替IdentityDbInit类的种植功能，我很快便会更新这个类。除了要确保有admin用户之外，在Seed方法中的重要语句是那些为AppUser类的City属性设置初值的语句，如下所示： ...foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) { dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();... You don’t have to set a default value for new properties—I just wanted to demonstrate that the Seed method in the Configuration class can be used to update the existing user records in the database. 你不一定要为新属性设置默认值——这里只是想演示Configuration类中的Seed方法，可以用它更新数据库中的已有用户记录。 Caution Be careful when setting values for properties in the Seed method for real projects because the values will be applied every time you change the schema, overriding any values that the user has set since the last schema update was performed. I set the value of the City property just to demonstrate that it can be done. 警告：在用于真实项目的Seed方法中为属性设置值时要小心，因为你每一次修改架构时，都会运用这些值，这会将自执行上一次架构更新之后，用户设置的任何数据覆盖掉。这里设置City属性的值只是为了演示它能够这么做。 Changing the Database Context Class 修改数据库上下文类 The reason that I added the seeding code to the Configuration class is that I need to change the IdentityDbInit class. At present, the IdentityDbInit class is derived from the descriptively named DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> class, which, as you might imagine, drops the entire database when the Code First classes change. Listing 15-6 shows the changes I made to the IdentityDbInit class to prevent it from affecting the database. 在Configuration类中添加种植代码的原因是我需要修改IdentityDbInit类。此时，IdentityDbInit类派生于描述性命名的DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> 类，和你相像的一样，它会在Code First类改变时删除整个数据库。清单15-6显示了我对IdentityDbInit类所做的修改，以防止它影响数据库。 Listing 15-6. Preventing Database Schema Changes in the AppIdentityDbContext.cs File 清单15-6. 在AppIdentityDbContext.cs文件是阻止数据库架构变化 using System.Data.Entity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppIdentityDbContext : IdentityDbContext<AppUser> {public AppIdentityDbContext() : base("IdentityDb") { }static AppIdentityDbContext() {Database.SetInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext>(new IdentityDbInit());}public static AppIdentityDbContext Create() {return new AppIdentityDbContext();} } public class IdentityDbInit : NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> {} } I have removed the methods defined by the class and changed its base to NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> , which prevents the schema from being altered. 我删除了这个类中所定义的方法，并将它的基类改为NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> ，它可以防止架构修改。 15.2.3 Performing the Migration 15.2.3 执行迁移 All that remains is to generate and apply the migration. First, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情只是生成并运用迁移了。首先，在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中执行以下命令： Add-Migration CityProperty This creates a new migration called CityProperty (I like my migration names to reflect the changes I made). A class new file will be added to the Migrations folder, and its name reflects the time at which the command was run and the name of the migration. My file is called 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs, for example. The contents of this file contain the details of how Entity Framework will change the database during the migration, as shown in Listing 15-7. 这创建了一个名称为CityProperty的新迁移（我比较喜欢让迁移的名称反映出我所做的修改）。这会在文件夹中添加一个新的类文件，而且其命名会反映出该命令执行的时间以及迁移名称，例如，我的这个文件名称为201402262244036_CityProperty.cs。该文件的内容含有迁移期间Entity Framework修改数据库的细节，如清单15-7所示。 Listing 15-7. The Contents of the 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs File 清单15-7. 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations; public partial class Init : DbMigration {public override void Up() {AddColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City", c => c.Int(nullable: false));}public override void Down() {DropColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City");} }} The Up method describes the changes that have to be made to the schema when the database is upgraded, which in this case means adding a City column to the AspNetUsers table, which is the one that is used to store user records in the ASP.NET Identity database. Up方法描述了在数据库升级时，需要对架构所做的修改，在这个例子中，意味着要在AspNetUsers数据表中添加City数据列，该数据表是ASP.NET Identity数据库用来存储用户记录的。 The final step is to perform the migration. Without starting the application, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 最后一步是执行迁移。无需启动应用程序，只需在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中运行以下命令即可： Update-Database –TargetMigration CityProperty The database schema will be modified, and the code in the Configuration.Seed method will be executed. The existing user accounts will have been preserved and enhanced with a City property (which I set to Paris in the Seed method). 这会修改数据库架构，并执行Configuration.Seed方法中的代码。已有用户账号会被保留，且增强了City属性（我在Seed方法中已将其设置为“Paris”）。 15.2.4 Testing the Migration 15.2.4 测试迁移 To test the effect of the migration, start the application, navigate to the /Home/UserProps URL, and authenticate as one of the Identity users (for example, as Alice with the password MySecret). Once authenticated, you will see the current value of the City property for the user and have the opportunity to change it, as shown in Figure 15-3. 为了测试迁移的效果，启动应用程序，导航到/Home/UserProps URL，并以Identity中的用户（例如Alice，口令MySecret）进行认证。一旦已被认证，便会看到该用户City属性的当前值，并可以对其进行修改，如图15-3所示。 Figure 15-3. Displaying and changing a custom user property 图15-3. 显示和个性自定义用户属性 15.2.5 Defining an Additional Property 15.2.5 定义附加属性 Now that database migrations are set up, I am going to define a further property just to demonstrate how subsequent changes are handled and to show a more useful (and less dangerous) example of using the Configuration.Seed method. Listing 15-8 shows how I added a Country property to the AppUser class. 现在，已经建立了数据库迁移，我打算再定义一个属性，这恰恰演示了如何处理持续不断的修改，也为了演示Configuration.Seed方法更有用（至少无害）的示例。清单15-8显示了我在AppUser类上添加了一个Country属性。 Listing 15-8. Adding Another Property in the AppUserModels.cs File 清单15-8. 在AppUserModels.cs文件中添加另一个属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework; namespace Users.Models {public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO} public enum Countries {NONE, UK, FRANCE, USA}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; }public Countries Country { get; set; }public void SetCountryFromCity(Cities city) {switch (city) {case Cities.LONDON:Country = Countries.UK;break;case Cities.PARIS:Country = Countries.FRANCE;break;case Cities.CHICAGO:Country = Countries.USA;break;default:Country = Countries.NONE;break;} }} } I have added an enumeration to define the country names and a helper method that selects a country value based on the City property. Listing 15-9 shows the change I made to the Configuration class so that the Seed method sets the Country property based on the City, but only if the value of Country is NONE (which it will be for all users when the database is migrated because the Entity Framework sets enumeration columns to the first value). 我已经添加了一个枚举，它定义了国家名称。还添加了一个辅助器方法，它可以根据City属性选择一个国家。清单15-9显示了对Configuration类所做的修改，以使Seed方法根据City设置Country属性，但只当Country为NONE时才进行设置（在迁移数据库时，所有用户都是NONE，因为Entity Framework会将枚举列设置为枚举的第一个值）。 Listing 15-9. Modifying the Database Seed in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-9. 在Configuration.cs文件中修改数据库种子 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);} foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {if (dbUser.Country == Countries.NONE) {dbUser.SetCountryFromCity(dbUser.City);} }context.SaveChanges();} }} This kind of seeding is more useful in a real project because it will set a value for the Country property only if one has not already been set—subsequent migrations won’t be affected, and user selections won’t be lost. 这种种植在实际项目中会更有用，因为它只会在Country属性未设置时，才会设置Country属性的值——后继的迁移不会受到影响，因此不会失去用户的选择。 1. Adding Application Support 1. 添加应用程序支持 There is no point defining additional user properties if they are not available in the application, so Listing 15-10 shows the change I made to the Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml file to display the value of the Country property. 应用程序中如果没有定义附加属性的地方，则附加属性就无法使用了，因此，清单15-10显示了我对Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml文件的修改，以显示Country属性的值。 Listing 15-10. Displaying an Additional Property in the UserProps.cshtml File 清单15-10. 在UserProps.cshtml文件中显示附加属性 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";} <div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr> <tr><th>Country</th><td>@Model.Country</td></tr></table></div>@using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Listing 15-11 shows the corresponding change I made to the Home controller to update the Country property when the City value changes. 为了在City值变化时能够更新Country属性，清单15-11显示了我对Home控制器所做的相应修改。 Listing 15-11. Setting Custom Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-11. 在HomeController.cs文件中设置自定义属性 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {// ...other action methods omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化，这里忽略了其他动作方法... [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;user.SetCountryFromCity(city);await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}// ...properties omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化，这里忽略了一些属性...} } 2. Performing the Migration 2. 准备迁移 All that remains is to create and apply a new migration. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情就是创建和运用新的迁移了。在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中输入以下命令： Add-Migration CountryProperty This will generate another file in the Migrations folder that contains the instruction to add the Country column. To apply the migration, execute the following command: 这将在Migrations文件夹中生成另一个文件，它含有添加Country数据表列的指令。为了运用迁移，可执行以下命令： Update-Database –TargetMigration CountryProperty The migration will be performed, and the value of the Country property will be set based on the value of the existing City property for each user. You can check the new user property by starting the application and authenticating and navigating to the /Home/UserProps URL, as shown in Figure 15-4. 这将执行迁移，Country属性的值将根据每个用户当前的City属性进行设置。通过启动应用程序，认证并导航到/Home/UserProps URL，便可以查看新的用户属性，如图15-4所示。 Figure 15-4. Creating an additional user property 图15-4. 创建附加用户属性 Tip Although I am focused on the process of upgrading the database, you can also migrate back to a previous version by specifying an earlier migration. Use the –Force argument make changes that cause data loss, such as removing a column. 提示：虽然我们关注了升级数据库的过程，但你也可以回退到以前的版本，只需指定一个早期的迁移即可。使用-Force参数进行修改，会引起数据丢失，例如删除数据表列。 15.3 Working with Claims 15.3 使用声明（Claims） In older user-management systems, such as ASP.NET Membership, the application was assumed to be the authoritative source of all information about the user, essentially treating the application as a closed world and trusting the data that is contained within it. 在旧的用户管理系统中，例如ASP.NET Membership，应用程序被假设成是用户所有信息的权威来源，本质上将应用程序视为是一个封闭的世界，并且只信任其中所包含的数据。 This is such an ingrained approach to software development that it can be hard to recognize that’s what is happening, but you saw an example of the closed-world technique in Chapter 14 when I authenticated users against the credentials stored in the database and granted access based on the roles associated with those credentials. I did the same thing again in this chapter when I added properties to the user class. Every piece of information that I needed to manage user authentication and authorization came from within my application—and that is a perfectly satisfactory approach for many web applications, which is why I demonstrated these techniques in such depth. 这是软件开发的一种根深蒂固的方法，使人很难认识到这到底意味着什么，第14章你已看到了这种封闭世界技术的例子，根据存储在数据库中的凭据来认证用户，并根据与凭据关联在一起的角色来授权访问。本章前述在用户类上添加属性，也做了同样的事情。我管理用户认证与授权所需的每一个数据片段都来自于我的应用程序——而且这是许多Web应用程序都相当满意的一种方法，这也是我如此深入地演示这些技术的原因。 ASP.NET Identity also supports an alternative approach for dealing with users, which works well when the MVC framework application isn’t the sole source of information about users and which can be used to authorize users in more flexible and fluid ways than traditional roles allow. ASP.NET Identity还支持另一种处理用户的办法，当MVC框架的应用程序不是有关用户的唯一信息源时，这种办法会工作得很好，而且能够比传统的角色授权更为灵活且流畅的方式进行授权。 This alternative approach uses claims, and in this section I’ll describe how ASP.NET Identity supports claims-based authorization. Table 15-4 puts claims in context. 这种可选的办法使用了“Claims（声明）”，因此在本小节中，我将描述ASP.NET Identity如何支持“Claims-Based Authorization（基于声明的授权）”。表15-4描述了声明（Claims）的情形。 提示：“Claim”在英文字典中不完全是“声明”的意思，根据本文的描述，感觉把它说成“声明”也不一定合适，所以在之后的译文中基本都写成中英文并用的形式，即“声明（Claims）”。根据表15-4中的声明（Claims）的定义：声明（Claims）是关于用户的一些信息片段。一个用户的信息片段当然有很多，每一个信息片段就是一项声明（Claim），用户的所有信息片段合起来就是该用户的声明（Claims）。请读者注意该单词的单复数形式——译者注 Table 15-4. Putting Claims in Context 表15-4. 声明（Claims）的情形 Question 问题 Answer 答案 What is it? 什么是声明（Claims）？ Claims are pieces of information about users that you can use to make authorization decisions. Claims can be obtained from external systems as well as from the local Identity database. 声明（Claims）是关于用户的一些信息片段，可以用它们做出授权决定。声明（Claims）可以从外部系统获取，也可以从本地的Identity数据库获取。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ Claims can be used to flexibly authorize access to action methods. Unlike conventional roles, claims allow access to be driven by the information that describes the user. 声明（Claims）可以用来对动作方法进行灵活的授权访问。与传统的角色不同，声明（Claims）让访问能够由描述用户的信息进行驱动。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is integrated into the standard authorization features, such as the Authorize attribute. 这不是直接由MVC框架使用的特性，但它集成到了标准的授权特性之中，例如Authorize注解属性。 Tip you don’t have to use claims in your applications, and as Chapter 14 showed, ASP.NET Identity is perfectly happy providing an application with the authentication and authorization services without any need to understand claims at all. 提示：你在应用程序中不一定要使用声明（Claims），正如第14章所展示的那样，ASP.NET Identity能够为应用程序提供充分的认证与授权服务，而根本不需要理解声明（Claims）。 15.3.1 Understanding Claims 15.3.1 理解声明（Claims） A claim is a piece of information about the user, along with some information about where the information came from. The easiest way to unpack claims is through some practical demonstrations, without which any discussion becomes too abstract to be truly useful. To get started, I added a Claims controller to the example project, the definition of which you can see in Listing 15-12. 一项声明（Claim）是关于用户的一个信息片段（请注意这个英文单词的单复数形式——译者注），并伴有该片段出自何处的某种信息。揭开声明（Claims）含义最容易的方式是做一些实际演示，任何讨论都会过于抽象根本没有真正的用处。为此，我在示例项目中添加了一个Claims控制器，其定义如清单15-12所示。 Listing 15-12. The Contents of the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-12. ClaimsController.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} }} } Tip You may feel a little lost as I define the code for this example. Don’t worry about the details for the moment—just stick with it until you see the output from the action method and view that I define. More than anything else, that will help put claims into perspective. 提示：你或许会对我为此例定义的代码感到有点失望。此刻对此细节不必着急——只要稍事忍耐，当看到该动作方法和视图的输出便会明白。尤为重要的是，这有助于洞察声明（Claims）。 You can get the claims associated with a user in different ways. One approach is to use the Claims property defined by the user class, but in this example, I have used the HttpContext.User.Identity property to demonstrate the way that ASP.NET Identity is integrated with the rest of the ASP.NET platform. As I explained in Chapter 13, the HttpContext.User.Identity property returns an implementation of the IIdentity interface, which is a ClaimsIdentity object when working using ASP.NET Identity. The ClaimsIdentity class is defined in the System.Security.Claims namespace, and Table 15-5 shows the members it defines that are relevant to this chapter. 可以通过不同的方式获得与用户相关联的声明（Claims）。方法之一就是使用由用户类定义的Claims属性，但在这个例子中，我使用了HttpContext.User.Identity属性，目的是演示ASP.NET Identity与ASP.NET平台集成的方式（请注意这句话所表示的含义：用户类的Claims属性属于ASP.NET Identity，而HttpContext.User.Identity属性则属于ASP.NET平台。由此可见，ASP.NET Identity已经融合到了ASP.NET平台之中——译者注）。正如第13章所解释的那样，HttpContext.User.Identity属性返回IIdentity的接口实现，当使用ASP.NET Identity时，该实现是一个ClaimsIdentity对象。ClaimsIdentity类是在System.Security.Claims命名空间中定义的，表15-5显示了它所定义的与本章有关的成员。 Table 15-5. The Members Defined by the ClaimsIdentity Class 表15-5. ClaimsIdentity类所定义的成员 Name 名称 Description 描述 Claims Returns an enumeration of Claim objects representing the claims for the user. 返回表示用户声明（Claims）的Claim对象枚举 AddClaim(claim) Adds a claim to the user identity. 给用户添加一个声明（Claim） AddClaims(claims) Adds an enumeration of Claim objects to the user identity. 给用户添加Claim对象的枚举。 HasClaim(predicate) Returns true if the user identity contains a claim that matches the specified predicate. See the “Applying Claims” section for an example predicate. 如果用户含有与指定谓词匹配的声明（Claim）时，返回true。参见“运用声明（Claims）”中的示例谓词 RemoveClaim(claim) Removes a claim from the user identity. 删除用户的声明（Claim）。 Other members are available, but the ones in the table are those that are used most often in web applications, for reason that will become obvious as I demonstrate how claims fit into the wider ASP.NET platform. 还有一些可用的其它成员，但表中的这些是在Web应用程序中最常用的，随着我演示如何将声明（Claims）融入更宽泛的ASP.NET平台，它们为什么最常用就很显然了。 In Listing 15-12, I cast the IIdentity implementation to the ClaimsIdentity type and pass the enumeration of Claim objects returned by the ClaimsIdentity.Claims property to the View method. A Claim object represents a single piece of data about the user, and the Claim class defines the properties shown in Table 15-6. 在清单15-12中，我将IIdentity实现转换成了ClaimsIdentity类型，并且给View方法传递了ClaimsIdentity.Claims属性所返回的Claim对象的枚举。Claim对象所示表示的是关于用户的一个单一的数据片段，Claim类定义的属性如表15-6所示。 Table 15-6. The Properties Defined by the Claim Class 表15-6. Claim类定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 Issuer Returns the name of the system that provided the claim 返回提供声明（Claim）的系统名称 Subject Returns the ClaimsIdentity object for the user who the claim refers to 返回声明（Claim）所指用户的ClaimsIdentity对象 Type Returns the type of information that the claim represents 返回声明（Claim）所表示的信息类型 Value Returns the piece of information that the claim represents 返回声明（Claim）所表示的信息片段 Listing 15-13 shows the contents of the Index.cshtml file that I created in the Views/Claims folder and that is rendered by the Index action of the Claims controller. The view adds a row to a table for each claim about the user. 清单15-13显示了我在Views/Claims文件夹中创建的Index.cshtml文件的内容，它由Claims控制器中的Index动作方法进行渲染。该视图为用户的每项声明（Claim）添加了一个表格行。 Listing 15-13. The Contents of the Index.cshtml File in the Views/Claims Folder 清单15-13. Views/Claims文件夹中Index.cshtml文件的内容 @using System.Security.Claims@using Users.Infrastructure@model IEnumerable<Claim>@{ ViewBag.Title = "Claims"; }<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Claims</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>Subject</th><th>Issuer</th><th>Type</th><th>Value</th></tr>@foreach (Claim claim in Model.OrderBy(x => x.Type)) {<tr><td>@claim.Subject.Name</td><td>@claim.Issuer</td><td>@Html.ClaimType(claim.Type)</td><td>@claim.Value</td></tr>}</table></div> The value of the Claim.Type property is a URI for a Microsoft schema, which isn’t especially useful. The popular schemas are used as the values for fields in the System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes class, so to make the output from the Index.cshtml view easier to read, I added an HTML helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs file, as shown in Listing 15-14. It is this helper that I use in the Index.cshtml file to format the value of the Claim.Type property. Claim.Type属性的值是一个微软模式（Microsoft Schema）的URI（统一资源标识符），这是特别有用的。System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes类中字段的值使用的是流行模式（Popular Schema），因此为了使Index.cshtml视图的输出更易于阅读，我在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加了一个HTML辅助器，如清单15-14所示。Index.cshtml文件正是使用这个辅助器格式化了Claim.Type属性的值。 Listing 15-14. Adding a Helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs File 清单15-14. 在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加辅助器 using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using System;using System.Linq;using System.Reflection;using System.Security.Claims;namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class IdentityHelpers {public static MvcHtmlString GetUserName(this HtmlHelper html, string id) {AppUserManager mgr= HttpContext.Current.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();return new MvcHtmlString(mgr.FindByIdAsync(id).Result.UserName);} public static MvcHtmlString ClaimType(this HtmlHelper html, string claimType) {FieldInfo[] fields = typeof(ClaimTypes).GetFields();foreach (FieldInfo field in fields) {if (field.GetValue(null).ToString() == claimType) {return new MvcHtmlString(field.Name);} }return new MvcHtmlString(string.Format("{0}",claimType.Split('/', '.').Last()));} }} Note The helper method isn’t at all efficient because it reflects on the fields of the ClaimType class for each claim that is displayed, but it is sufficient for my purposes in this chapter. You won’t often need to display the claim type in real applications. 注：该辅助器并非十分有效，因为它只是针对每个要显示的声明（Claim）映射出ClaimType类的字段，但对我要的目的已经足够了。在实际项目中不会经常需要显示声明（Claim）的类型。 To see why I have created a controller that uses claims without really explaining what they are, start the application, authenticate as the user Alice (with the password MySecret), and request the /Claims/Index URL. Figure 15-5 shows the content that is generated. 为了弄明白我为何要先创建一个使用声明（Claims）的控制器，而没有真正解释声明（Claims）是什么的原因，可以启动应用程序，以用户Alice进行认证（其口令是MySecret），并请求/Claims/Index URL。图15-5显示了生成的内容。 Figure 15-5. The output from the Index action of the Claims controller 图15-5. Claims控制器中Index动作的输出 It can be hard to make out the detail in the figure, so I have reproduced the content in Table 15-7. 这可能还难以认识到此图的细节，为此我在表15-7中重列了其内容。 Table 15-7. The Data Shown in Figure 15-5 表15-7. 图15-5中显示的数据 Subject（科目） Issuer（发行者） Type（类型） Value（值） Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY SecurityStamp Unique ID Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY IdentityProvider ASP.NET Identity Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Employees Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Users Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Name Alice Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY NameIdentifier Alice’s user ID The table shows the most important aspect of claims, which is that I have already been using them when I implemented the traditional authentication and authorization features in Chapter 14. You can see that some of the claims relate to user identity (the Name claim is Alice, and the NameIdentifier claim is Alice’s unique user ID in my ASP.NET Identity database). 此表展示了声明（Claims）最重要的方面，这些是我在第14章中实现传统的认证和授权特性时，一直在使用的信息。可以看出，有些声明（Claims）与用户标识有关（Name声明是Alice，NameIdentifier声明是Alice在ASP.NET Identity数据库中的唯一用户ID号）。 Other claims show membership of roles—there are two Role claims in the table, reflecting the fact that Alice is assigned to both the Users and Employees roles. There is also a claim about how Alice has been authenticated: The IdentityProvider is set to ASP.NET Identity. 其他声明（Claims）显示了角色成员——表中有两个Role声明（Claim），体现出Alice被赋予了Users和Employees两个角色这一事实。还有一个是Alice已被认证的声明（Claim）：IdentityProvider被设置到了ASP.NET Identity。 The difference when this information is expressed as a set of claims is that you can determine where the data came from. The Issuer property for all the claims shown in the table is set to LOCAL AUTHORITY, which indicates that the user’s identity has been established by the application. 当这种信息被表示成一组声明（Claims）时的差别是，你能够确定这些数据是从哪里来的。表中所显示的所有声明的Issuer属性（发布者）都被设置到了LOACL AUTHORITY（本地授权），这说明该用户的标识是由应用程序建立的。 So, now that you have seen some example claims, I can more easily describe what a claim is. A claim is any piece of information about a user that is available to the application, including the user’s identity and role memberships. And, as you have seen, the information I have been defining about my users in earlier chapters is automatically made available as claims by ASP.NET Identity. 因此，现在你已经看到了一些声明（Claims）示例，我可以更容易地描述声明（Claim）是什么了。一项声明（Claim）是可用于应用程序中的有关用户的一个信息片段，包括用户的标识以及角色成员等。而且，正如你所看到的，我在前几章定义的关于用户的信息，被ASP.NET Identity自动地作为声明（Claims）了。 15.3.2 Creating and Using Claims 15.3.2 创建和使用声明（Claims） Claims are interesting for two reasons. The first reason is that an application can obtain claims from multiple sources, rather than just relying on a local database for information about the user. You will see a real example of this when I show you how to authenticate users through a third-party system in the “Using Third-Party Authentication” section, but for the moment I am going to add a class to the example project that simulates a system that provides claims information. Listing 15-15 shows the contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure folder. 声明（Claims）比较有意思的原因有两个。第一个原因是应用程序可以从多个来源获取声明（Claims），而不是只能依靠本地数据库关于用户的信息。你将会看到一个实际的示例，在“使用第三方认证”小节中，将演示如何通过第三方系统来认证用户。不过，此刻我只打算在示例项目中添加一个类，用以模拟一个提供声明（Claims）信息的系统。清单15-15显示了我添加到Infrastructure文件夹中LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-15. The Contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs File 清单15-15. LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class LocationClaimsProvider {public static IEnumerable<Claim> GetClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.Name.ToLower() == "alice") {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "DC 20500"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "DC"));} else {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "NY 10036"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "NY"));}return claims;}private static Claim CreateClaim(string type, string value) {return new Claim(type, value, ClaimValueTypes.String, "RemoteClaims");} }} The GetClaims method takes a ClaimsIdentity argument and uses the Name property to create claims about the user’s ZIP code and state. This class allows me to simulate a system such as a central HR database, which would be the authoritative source of location information about staff, for example. GetClaims方法以ClaimsIdentity为参数，并使用Name属性创建了关于用户ZIP码（邮政编码）和州府的声明（Claims）。上述这个类使我能够模拟一个诸如中心化的HR数据库（人力资源数据库）之类的系统，它可能会成为全体职员的地点信息的权威数据源。 Claims are associated with the user’s identity during the authentication process, and Listing 15-16 shows the changes I made to the Login action method of the Account controller to call the LocationClaimsProvider class. 在认证过程期间，声明（Claims）是与用户标识关联在一起的，清单15-16显示了我对Account控制器中Login动作方法所做的修改，以便调用LocationClaimsProvider类。 Listing 15-16. Associating Claims with a User in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-16. AccountController.cs文件中用户用声明的关联 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... You can see the effect of the location claims by starting the application, authenticating as a user, and requesting the /Claim/Index URL. Figure 15-6 shows the claims for Alice. You may have to sign out and sign back in again to see the change. 为了看看这个地点声明（Claims）的效果，可以启动应用程序，以一个用户进行认证，并请求/Claim/Index URL。图15-6显示了Alice的声明（Claims）。你可能需要退出，然后再次登录才会看到发生的变化。 Figure 15-6. Defining additional claims for users 图15-6. 定义用户的附加声明 Obtaining claims from multiple locations means that the application doesn’t have to duplicate data that is held elsewhere and allows integration of data from external parties. The Claim.Issuer property tells you where a claim originated from, which helps you judge how accurate the data is likely to be and how much weight you should give the data in your application. Location data obtained from a central HR database is likely to be more accurate and trustworthy than data obtained from an external mailing list provider, for example. 从多个地点获取声明（Claims）意味着应用程序不必复制其他地方保持的数据，并且能够与外部的数据集成。Claim.Issuer属性（图15-6中的Issuer数据列——译者注）能够告诉你一个声明（Claim）的发源地，这有助于让你判断数据的精确程度，也有助于让你决定这类数据在应用程序中的权重。例如，从中心化的HR数据库获取的地点数据可能要比外部邮件列表提供器获取的数据更为精确和可信。 1. Applying Claims 1. 运用声明（Claims） The second reason that claims are interesting is that you can use them to manage user access to your application more flexibly than with standard roles. The problem with roles is that they are static, and once a user has been assigned to a role, the user remains a member until explicitly removed. This is, for example, how long-term employees of big corporations end up with incredible access to internal systems: They are assigned the roles they require for each new job they get, but the old roles are rarely removed. (The unexpectedly broad systems access sometimes becomes apparent during the investigation into how someone was able to ship the contents of the warehouse to their home address—true story.) 声明（Claims）有意思的第二个原因是，你可以用它们来管理用户对应用程序的访问，这要比标准的角色管理更为灵活。角色的问题在于它们是静态的，而且一旦用户已经被赋予了一个角色，该用户便是一个成员，直到明确地删除为止。例如，这意味着大公司的长期雇员，对内部系统的访问会十分惊人：他们每次在获得新工作时，都会赋予所需的角色，但旧角色很少被删除。（在调查某人为何能够将仓库里的东西发往他的家庭地址过程中发现，有时会出现异常宽泛的系统访问——真实的故事） Claims can be used to authorize users based directly on the information that is known about them, which ensures that the authorization changes when the data changes. The simplest way to do this is to generate Role claims based on user data that are then used by controllers to restrict access to action methods. Listing 15-17 shows the contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure. 声明（Claims）可以直接根据用户已知的信息对用户进行授权，这能够保证当数据发生变化时，授权也随之而变。此事最简单的做法是根据用户数据来生成Role声明（Claim），然后由控制器用来限制对动作方法的访问。清单15-17显示了我添加到Infrastructure中的ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-17. The Contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs File 清单15-17. ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsRoles {public static IEnumerable<Claim> CreateRolesFromClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince&& x.Issuer == "RemoteClaims" && x.Value == "DC")&& user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.Role&& x.Value == "Employees")) {claims.Add(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, "DCStaff"));}return claims;} }} The gnarly looking CreateRolesFromClaims method uses lambda expressions to determine whether the user has a StateOrProvince claim from the RemoteClaims issuer with a value of DC and a Role claim with a value of Employees. If the user has both claims, then a Role claim is returned for the DCStaff role. Listing 15-18 shows how I call the CreateRolesFromClaims method from the Login action in the Account controller. CreateRolesFromClaims是一个粗糙的考察方法，它使用了Lambda表达式，以检查用户是否具有StateOrProvince声明（Claim），该声明来自于RemoteClaims发行者（Issuer），值为DC。也检查用户是否具有Role声明（Claim），其值为Employees。如果用户这两个声明都有，那么便返回一个DCStaff角色的Role声明。清单15-18显示了如何在Account控制器中的Login动作中调用CreateRolesFromClaims方法。 Listing 15-18. Generating Roles Based on Claims in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-18. 在AccountController.cs中根据声明生成角色 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident)); ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... I can then restrict access to an action method based on membership of the DCStaff role. Listing 15-19 shows a new action method I added to the Claims controller to which I have applied the Authorize attribute. 然后我可以根据DCStaff角色的成员，来限制对一个动作方法的访问。清单15-19显示了在Claims控制器中添加的一个新的动作方法，在该方法上已经运用了Authorize注解属性。 Listing 15-19. Adding a New Action Method to the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-19. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中添加一个新的动作方法 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [Authorize(Roles="DCStaff")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} Users will be able to access OtherAction only if their claims grant them membership to the DCStaff role. Membership of this role is generated dynamically, so a change to the user’s employment status or location information will change their authorization level. 只要用户的声明（Claims）承认他们是DCStaff角色的成员，那么他们便能访问OtherAction动作。该角色的成员是动态生成的，因此，若是用户的雇用状态或地点信息发生变化，也会改变他们的授权等级。 提示：请读者从这个例子中吸取其中的思想精髓。对于读物的理解程度，仁者见仁，智者见智，能领悟多少，全凭各人，译者感觉这里的思想有无数的可能。举例说明：（1）可以根据用户的身份进行授权，比如学生在校时是“学生”，毕业后便是“校友”；（2）可以根据用户所处的部门进行授权，人事部用户属于人事团队，销售部用户属于销售团队，各团队有其自己的应用；（3）下一小节的示例是根据用户的地点授权。简言之：一方面用户的各种声明（Claim）都可以用来进行授权；另一方面用户的声明（Claim）又是可以自定义的。于是可能的运用就无法估计了。总之一句话，这种基于声明的授权（Claims-Based Authorization）有无限可能！要是没有我这里的提示，是否所有读者在此处都会有所体会？——译者注 15.3.3 Authorizing Access Using Claims 15.3.3 使用声明（Claims）授权访问 The previous example is an effective demonstration of how claims can be used to keep authorizations fresh and accurate, but it is a little indirect because I generate roles based on claims data and then enforce my authorization policy based on the membership of that role. A more direct and flexible approach is to enforce authorization directly by creating a custom authorization filter attribute. Listing 15-20 shows the contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs file, which I added to the Infrastructure folder and used to create such a filter. 前面的示例有效地演示了如何用声明（Claims）来保持新鲜和准确的授权，但有点不太直接，因为我要根据声明（Claims）数据来生成了角色，然后强制我的授权策略基于角色成员。一个更直接且灵活的办法是直接强制授权，其做法是创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性。清单15-20演示了ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容，我将它添加在Infrastructure文件夹中，并用它创建了这种过滤器。 Listing 15-20. The Contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs File 清单15-20. ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsAccessAttribute : AuthorizeAttribute {public string Issuer { get; set; }public string ClaimType { get; set; }public string Value { get; set; }protected override bool AuthorizeCore(HttpContextBase context) {return context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated&& context.User.Identity is ClaimsIdentity&& ((ClaimsIdentity)context.User.Identity).HasClaim(x =>x.Issuer == Issuer && x.Type == ClaimType && x.Value == Value);} }} The attribute I have defined is derived from the AuthorizeAttribute class, which makes it easy to create custom authorization policies in MVC framework applications by overriding the AuthorizeCore method. My implementation grants access if the user is authenticated, the IIdentity implementation is an instance of ClaimsIdentity, and the user has a claim with the issuer, type, and value matching the class properties. Listing 15-21 shows how I applied the attribute to the Claims controller to authorize access to the OtherAction method based on one of the location claims created by the LocationClaimsProvider class. 我所定义的这个注解属性派生于AuthorizeAttribute类，通过重写AuthorizeCore方法，很容易在MVC框架应用程序中创建自定义的授权策略。在这个实现中，若用户是已认证的、其IIdentity实现是一个ClaimsIdentity实例，而且该用户有一个带有issuer、type以及value的声明（Claim），它们与这个类的属性是匹配的，则该用户便是允许访问的。清单15-21显示了如何将这个注解属性运用于Claims控制器，以便根据LocationClaimsProvider类创建的地点声明（Claim），对OtherAction方法进行授权访问。 Listing 15-21. Performing Authorization on Claims in the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-21. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中执行基于声明的授权 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Infrastructure;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [ClaimsAccess(Issuer="RemoteClaims", ClaimType=ClaimTypes.PostalCode,Value="DC 20500")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} My authorization filter ensures that only users whose location claims specify a ZIP code of DC 20500 can invoke the OtherAction method. 这个授权过滤器能够确保只有地点声明（Claim）的邮编为DC 20500的用户才能请求OtherAction方法。 15.4 Using Third-Party Authentication 15.4 使用第三方认证 One of the benefits of a claims-based system such as ASP.NET Identity is that any of the claims can come from an external system, even those that identify the user to the application. This means that other systems can authenticate users on behalf of the application, and ASP.NET Identity builds on this idea to make it simple and easy to add support for authenticating users through third parties such as Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter. 基于声明的系统，如ASP.NET Identity，的好处之一是任何声明都可以来自于外部系统，即使是将用户标识到应用程序的那些声明。这意味着其他系统可以代表应用程序来认证用户，而ASP.NET Identity就建立在这样的思想之上，使之能够简单而方便地添加第三方认证用户的支持，如微软、Google、Facebook、Twitter等。 There are some substantial benefits of using third-party authentication: Many users will already have an account, users can elect to use two-factor authentication, and you don’t have to manage user credentials in the application. In the sections that follow, I’ll show you how to set up and use third-party authentication for Google users, which Table 15-8 puts into context. 使用第三方认证有一些实际的好处：许多用户已经有了账号、用户可以选择使用双因子认证、你不必在应用程序中管理用户凭据等等。在以下小节中，我将演示如何为Google用户建立并使用第三方认证，表15-8描述了事情的情形。 Table 15-8. Putting Third-Party Authentication in Context 表15-8. 第三方认证情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是第三方认证？ Authenticating with third parties lets you take advantage of the popularity of companies such as Google and Facebook. 第三方认证使你能够利用流行公司，如Google和Facebook，的优势。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ Users don’t like having to remember passwords for many different sites. Using a provider with large-scale adoption can make your application more appealing to users of the provider’s services. 用户不喜欢记住许多不同网站的口令。使用大范围适应的提供器可使你的应用程序更吸引有提供器服务的用户。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework. 这不是一个直接由MVC框架使用的特性。 Note The reason I have chosen to demonstrate Google authentication is that it is the only option that doesn’t require me to register my application with the authentication service. You can get details of the registration processes required at http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE. 提示：我选择演示Google认证的原因是，它是唯一不需要在其认证服务中注册我应用程序的公司。有关认证服务注册过程的细节，请参阅http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE。 15.4.1 Enabling Google Authentication 15.4.1 启用Google认证 ASP.NET Identity comes with built-in support for authenticating users through their Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter accounts as well more general support for any authentication service that supports OAuth. The first step is to add the NuGet package that includes the Google-specific additions for ASP.NET Identity. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: ASP.NET Identity带有通过Microsoft、Google、Facebook以及Twitter账号认证用户的内建支持，并且对于支持OAuth的认证服务具有更普遍的支持。第一个步骤是添加NuGet包，包中含有用于ASP.NET Identity的Google专用附件。请在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中输入以下命令： Install-Package Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google -version 2.0.2 There are NuGet packages for each of the services that ASP.NET Identity supports, as described in Table 15-9. 对于ASP.NET Identity支持的每一种服务都有相应的NuGet包，如表15-9所示。 Table 15-9. The NuGet Authenticaton Packages 表15-9. NuGet认证包 Name 名称 Description 描述 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google Authenticates users with Google accounts 用Google账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Facebook Authenticates users with Facebook accounts 用Facebook账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Twitter Authenticates users with Twitter accounts 用Twitter账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.MicrosoftAccount Authenticates users with Microsoft accounts 用Microsoft账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.OAuth Authenticates users against any OAuth 2.0 service 根据任一OAuth 2.0服务认证用户 Once the package is installed, I enable support for the authentication service in the OWIN startup class, which is defined in the App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs file in the example project. Listing 15-22 shows the change that I have made. 一旦安装了这个包，便可以在OWIN启动类中启用此项认证服务的支持，启动类的定义在示例项目的App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs文件中。清单15-22显示了所做的修改。 Listing 15-22. Enabling Google Authentication in the IdentityConfig.cs File 清单15-22. 在IdentityConfig.cs文件中启用Google认证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Cookies;using Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google;namespace Users {public class IdentityConfig {public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app) {app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppIdentityDbContext>(AppIdentityDbContext.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppUserManager>(AppUserManager.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppRoleManager>(AppRoleManager.Create); app.UseCookieAuthentication(new CookieAuthenticationOptions {AuthenticationType = DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie,LoginPath = new PathString("/Account/Login"),}); app.UseExternalSignInCookie(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);app.UseGoogleAuthentication();} }} Each of the packages that I listed in Table 15-9 contains an extension method that enables the corresponding service. The extension method for the Google service is called UseGoogleAuthentication, and it is called on the IAppBuilder implementation that is passed to the Configuration method. 表15-9所列的每个包都含有启用相应服务的扩展方法。用于Google服务的扩展方法名称为UseGoogleAuthentication，它通过传递给Configuration方法的IAppBuilder实现进行调用。 Next I added a button to the Views/Account/Login.cshtml file, which allows users to log in via Google. You can see the change in Listing 15-23. 下一步骤是在Views/Account/Login.cshtml文件中添加一个按钮，让用户能够通过Google进行登录。所做的修改如清单15-23所示。 Listing 15-23. Adding a Google Login Button to the Login.cshtml File 清单15-23. 在Login.cshtml文件中添加Google登录按钮 @model Users.Models.LoginModel@{ ViewBag.Title = "Login";}<h2>Log In</h2> @Html.ValidationSummary()@using (Html.BeginForm()) {@Html.AntiForgeryToken();<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><div class="form-group"><label>Name</label>@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><div class="form-group"><label>Password</label>@Html.PasswordFor(x => x.Password, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In</button>}@using (Html.BeginForm("GoogleLogin", "Account")) {<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In via Google</button>} The new button submits a form that targets the GoogleLogin action on the Account controller. You can see this method—and the other changes I made the controller—in Listing 15-24. 新按钮递交一个表单，目标是Account控制器中的GoogleLogin动作。可从清单15-24中看到该方法，以及在控制器中所做的其他修改。 Listing 15-24. Adding Support for Google Authentication to the AccountController.cs File 清单15-24. 在AccountController.cs文件中添加Google认证支持 using System.Threading.Tasks;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.Owin.Security;using System.Security.Claims;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using System.Web; namespace Users.Controllers {[Authorize]public class AccountController : Controller {[AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult Login(string returnUrl) {if (HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated) {return View("Error", new string[] { "Access Denied" });}ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View();}[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident)); AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);} [HttpPost][AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult GoogleLogin(string returnUrl) {var properties = new AuthenticationProperties {RedirectUri = Url.Action("GoogleLoginCallback",new { returnUrl = returnUrl})};HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();}[AllowAnonymous]public async Task<ActionResult> GoogleLoginCallback(string returnUrl) {ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);if (user == null) {user = new AppUser {Email = loginInfo.Email,UserName = loginInfo.DefaultUserName,City = Cities.LONDON, Country = Countries.UK};IdentityResult result = await UserManager.CreateAsync(user);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} else {result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} }}ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false }, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl ?? "/");}[Authorize]public ActionResult Logout() {AuthManager.SignOut();return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");}private IAuthenticationManager AuthManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication;} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } The GoogleLogin method creates an instance of the AuthenticationProperties class and sets the RedirectUri property to a URL that targets the GoogleLoginCallback action in the same controller. The next part is a magic phrase that causes ASP.NET Identity to respond to an unauthorized error by redirecting the user to the Google authentication page, rather than the one defined by the application: GoogleLogin方法创建了AuthenticationProperties类的一个实例，并为RedirectUri属性设置了一个URL，其目标为同一控制器中的GoogleLoginCallback动作。下一个部分是一个神奇阶段，通过将用户重定向到Google认证页面，而不是应用程序所定义的认证页面，让ASP.NET Identity对未授权的错误进行响应： ...HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();... This means that when the user clicks the Log In via Google button, their browser is redirected to the Google authentication service and then redirected back to the GoogleLoginCallback action method once they are authenticated. 这意味着，当用户通过点击Google按钮进行登录时，浏览器被重定向到Google的认证服务，一旦在那里认证之后，便被重定向回GoogleLoginCallback动作方法。 I get details of the external login by calling the GetExternalLoginInfoAsync of the IAuthenticationManager implementation, like this: 我通过调用IAuthenticationManager实现的GetExternalLoginInfoAsync方法，我获得了外部登录的细节，如下所示： ...ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();... The ExternalLoginInfo class defines the properties shown in Table 15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类定义的属性如表15-10所示： Table 15-10. The Properties Defined by the ExternalLoginInfo Class 表15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类所定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 DefaultUserName Returns the username 返回用户名 Email Returns the e-mail address 返回E-mail地址 ExternalIdentity Returns a ClaimsIdentity that identities the user 返回标识该用户的ClaimsIdentity Login Returns a UserLoginInfo that describes the external login 返回描述外部登录的UserLoginInfo I use the FindAsync method defined by the user manager class to locate the user based on the value of the ExternalLoginInfo.Login property, which returns an AppUser object if the user has been authenticated with the application before: 我使用了由用户管理器类所定义的FindAsync方法，以便根据ExternalLoginInfo.Login属性的值对用户进行定位，如果用户之前在应用程序中已经认证，该属性会返回一个AppUser对象： ...AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);... If the FindAsync method doesn’t return an AppUser object, then I know that this is the first time that this user has logged into the application, so I create a new AppUser object, populate it with values, and save it to the database. I also save details of how the user logged in so that I can find them next time: 如果FindAsync方法返回的不是AppUser对象，那么我便知道这是用户首次登录应用程序，于是便创建了一个新的AppUser对象，填充该对象的值，并将其保存到数据库。我还保存了用户如何登录的细节，以便下次能够找到他们： ...result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);... All that remains is to generate an identity the user, copy the claims provided by Google, and create an authentication cookie so that the application knows the user has been authenticated: 剩下的事情只是生成该用户的标识了，拷贝Google提供的声明（Claims），并创建一个认证Cookie，以使应用程序知道此用户已认证： ...ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties { IsPersistent = false }, ident);... 15.4.2 Testing Google Authentication 15.4.2 测试Google认证 There is one further change that I need to make before I can test Google authentication: I need to change the account verification I set up in Chapter 13 because it prevents accounts from being created with e-mail addresses that are not within the example.com domain. Listing 15-25 shows how I removed the verification from the AppUserManager class. 在测试Google认证之前还需要一处修改：需要修改第13章所建立的账号验证，因为它不允许example.com域之外的E-mail地址创建账号。清单15-25显示了如何在AppUserManager类中删除这种验证。 Listing 15-25. Disabling Account Validation in the AppUserManager.cs File 清单15-25. 在AppUserManager.cs文件中取消账号验证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppUserManager : UserManager<AppUser> {public AppUserManager(IUserStore<AppUser> store): base(store) {}public static AppUserManager Create(IdentityFactoryOptions<AppUserManager> options,IOwinContext context) {AppIdentityDbContext db = context.Get<AppIdentityDbContext>();AppUserManager manager = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(db)); manager.PasswordValidator = new CustomPasswordValidator {RequiredLength = 6,RequireNonLetterOrDigit = false,RequireDigit = false,RequireLowercase = true,RequireUppercase = true}; //manager.UserValidator = new CustomUserValidator(manager) {// AllowOnlyAlphanumericUserNames = true,// RequireUniqueEmail = true//};return manager;} }} Tip you can use validation for externally authenticated accounts, but I am just going to disable the feature for simplicity. 提示：也可以使用外部已认证账号的验证，但这里出于简化，取消了这一特性。 To test authentication, start the application, click the Log In via Google button, and provide the credentials for a valid Google account. When you have completed the authentication process, your browser will be redirected back to the application. If you navigate to the /Claims/Index URL, you will be able to see how claims from the Google system have been added to the user’s identity, as shown in Figure 15-7. 为了测试认证，启动应用程序，通过点击“Log In via Google（通过Google登录）”按钮，并提供有效的Google账号凭据。当你完成了认证过程时，浏览器将被重定向回应用程序。如果导航到/Claims/Index URL，便能够看到来自Google系统的声明（Claims），已被添加到用户的标识中了，如图15-7所示。 Figure 15-7. Claims from Google 图15-7. 来自Google的声明（Claims） 15.5 Summary 15.5 小结 In this chapter, I showed you some of the advanced features that ASP.NET Identity supports. I demonstrated the use of custom user properties and how to use database migrations to preserve data when you upgrade the schema to support them. I explained how claims work and how they can be used to create more flexible ways of authorizing users. I finished the chapter by showing you how to authenticate users via Google, which builds on the ideas behind the use of claims. 本章向你演示了ASP.NET Identity所支持的一些高级特性。演示了自定义用户属性的使用，还演示了在升级数据架构时，如何使用数据库迁移保护数据。我解释了声明（Claims）的工作机制，以及如何将它们用于创建更灵活的用户授权方式。最后演示了如何通过Google进行认证结束了本章，这是建立在使用声明（Claims）的思想基础之上的。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/gz19871113/article/details/108591802。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...larJS也加入了对CSP（Content Security Policy）的支持，帮助开发者构建更安全的Web应用程序环境。 此外，随着WebAssembly（Wasm）等新技术的兴起，安全问题变得更为复杂。研究人员发现，恶意代码可能通过Wasm模块绕过传统的安全检查。因此，Angular团队也在探索如何在处理用户输入时，考虑到这些新型安全威胁。 总的来说，AngularJS的安全更新不仅是对现有威胁的回应，也是对未来安全趋势的预判。开发者应密切关注这些更新，及时调整自己的开发策略，确保应用始终走在安全防护的前沿。同时，持续学习和理解最新的安全技术和最佳实践，是保障Web应用安全的关键。

...外部资源完整性，以及Content Security Policy（CSP）来限制浏览器加载不安全内容。 此外，加强员工的安全培训，提高全员的安全意识同样关键。企业应定期组织内部安全研讨会，分析并学习最新的安全案例，以便及时发现并修复自身系统可能存在的漏洞。同时，建立健全的安全更新维护机制，确保所有软件包括Tomcat等基础架构能够实时获得补丁更新，以抵御已知的安全风险。 综上所述，面对瞬息万变的网络安全环境，我们不仅要在技术层面不断升级和完善防护体系，更要强化组织内部的安全文化，从而为用户提供更安全、更可靠的服务体验。

...本的安全措施 1. Content Security Policy (CSP) 使用Helmet中间件，我们能够轻松地启用CSP以限制加载源，防止跨站脚本攻击(XSS)等恶意行为。在配置中添加自定义CSP策略： javascript app.use(helmet.contentSecurityPolicy({ directives: { defaultSrc: ["'self'"], scriptSrc: ["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'"], styleSrc: ["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'"], imgSrc: ["'self'", 'data:', "https:"], fontSrc: ["'self'", "https:"], connect-src: ["'self'", "https:"] } })); 2. CORS策略 我们之前已经设置了允许跨域访问，但为了确保安全，可以根据需求调整允许的源： javascript app.use(cors({ origin: ['http://example.com', 'https://other-site.com'], // 允许来自这两个域名的跨域访问 credentials: true, // 如果需要发送cookies，请开启此选项 exposedHeaders: ['X-Custom-Header'] // 可以暴露特定的自定义头部给客户端 })); 3. 防止CSRF攻击 在处理POST、PUT等涉及用户数据变更的操作时，可以考虑集成csurf中间件以验证跨站点请求伪造(CSRF)令牌： bash $ npm install csurf javascript const csurf = require('csurf'); // 配置CSRF保护 const csrf = csurf(); app.use(csurf({ cookie: true })); // 将CSRF令牌存储到cookie中 // 处理登录API POST请求 app.post('/login', csrf(), (req, res) => { const { email, password, _csrfToken } = req.body; // 注意获取CSRF token if (validateCredentials(email, password)) { // 登录成功 } else { res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid credentials' }); } }); 四、总结与展望 在使用Express进行API开发时，确保安全性至关重要。通过合理的CSP、CORS策略、CSRF防护以及利用其他如JWT（Json Web Tokens）的身份验证方法，我们的API不仅能更好地服务于前端应用，还能有效地抵御各类常见的网络攻击，确保数据传输的安全性。 当然，随着业务的发展和技术的进步，我们会面临更多安全挑战和新的解决方案。Node.js和它身后的生态系统，最厉害的地方就是够灵活、够扩展。这就意味着，无论我们面对多复杂的场景，总能像哆啦A梦找百宝箱一样，轻松找到适合的工具和方法来应对。所以，对咱们这些API开发者来说，要想把Web服务做得既安全又牛逼，就得不断学习、紧跟技术潮流，时刻关注行业的新鲜动态。这样一来，咱就能打造出更棒、更靠谱的Web服务啦！

...务器上。 名词 , CSP（Content Security Policy）。 解释 , Content Security Policy（内容安全策略）是一种浏览器安全机制，用于防止跨站脚本攻击（XSS）和其他恶意脚本注入攻击。通过设置 CSP 标头，网站可以定义允许的资源来源，包括脚本、样式表、图像等。在 Spring Boot 的上下文中，实现 CSP 可以帮助保护应用程序免受潜在的攻击，确保只有来自信任源的资源被加载和执行，从而增强应用的整体安全性。在配置 CSP 时，开发者需要权衡性能、用户体验与安全性的关系，合理定义允许的资源来源，以达到最优的安全防护效果。

...ies nacos.security.auth.system.type=ldap nacos.security.auth.ldap.url=ldap://your_ldap_server:port nacos.security.auth.ldap.base_dn=dc=example,dc=com nacos.security.auth.ldap.user.search.base=ou=people nacos.security.auth.ldap.group.search.base=ou=groups nacos.security.auth.ldap.username=cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com nacos.security.auth.ldap.password=your_ldap_admin_password 这里的示例展示了如何将Nacos与LDAP服务器进行集成，具体的URL、基础DN以及搜索路径需要根据实际的LDAP环境配置。 4. 探讨与思考 配置安全是个持续的过程，不只是启动初始的安全措施，还包括定期审计和更新策略。在企业级部署这块儿，我们真心实意地建议你们采取更为严苛的身份验证和授权规则。就像这样，比如限制IP访问权限，只让白名单上的IP能进来；再比如，全面启用HTTPS加密通信，确保传输过程的安全性；更进一步，对于那些至关重要的操作，完全可以考虑启动二次验证机制，多上一道保险，让安全性妥妥的。 此外，时刻保持Nacos版本的更新也相当重要，及时修复官方发布的安全漏洞，避免因旧版软件导致的风险。 总之，理解并实践Nacos的安全访问配置，不仅是保护我们自身服务配置信息安全的有力屏障，更是构建健壮、可靠云原生架构不可或缺的一环。希望这篇文能实实在在帮到大家，在实际操作中更加游刃有余地对付这些挑战，让Nacos变成你手中一把趁手的利器，而不是藏在暗处的安全隐患。

...ced Audit Policy Configuration Object Access Audit File System [x] Configure the following audit events: [x] Success [x] Failure 2.2 建立共享文件夹 Folder Properties Sharing Choose people to share with Everyone 2.3 设置文件夹审核的用户组 Folder Properties Security Advanced Auditing Add user 2.4 设置日志路径及大小 Event Viewer Windows Logs Security Log Properties Log Path: E:\FileLog\Security.evtx Maximum log size(KB): 512000 [x] Archive the log when full,do not overwrite events 三、方法 筛选事件ID为4460日志 PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WinEvent -LogName Security -FilterXPath "[System[EventID=4660]]"ProviderName: Microsoft-Windows-Security-AuditingTimeCreated Id LevelDisplayName Message----------- -- ---------------- -------5/22/2018 10:01:37 AM 4660 Information An object was deleted....5/22/2018 9:03:11 AM 4660 Information An object was deleted.... 筛选文件删除日志 PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WinEvent -LogName "Security" -FilterXPath "[EventData[Data[@Name='AccessMask']='0x10000']]"ProviderName: Microsoft-Windows-Security-AuditingTimeCreated Id LevelDisplayName Message----------- -- ---------------- -------5/22/2018 10:01:37 AM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object....5/22/2018 9:03:11 AM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object.... 筛选指定用户文件删除日志 PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WinEvent -LogName "Security" -FilterXPath "[EventData[Data[@Name='AccessMask']='0x10000']] and [EventData[Data[@Name='SubjectUserName']='lxy']]"ProviderName: Microsoft-Windows-Security-AuditingTimeCreated Id LevelDisplayName Message----------- -- ---------------- -------5/22/2018 9:03:11 AM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object.... 以变量方式筛选指定用户文件删除日志 PS C:\Windows\system32> $AccessMask='0x10000'PS C:\Windows\system32> $UserName='lxy'PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WinEvent -LogName "Security" -FilterXPath "[EventData[Data[@Name='AccessMask']='$AccessMask']] and [EventData[Data[@Name='SubjectUserName']='$UserName']]"ProviderName: Microsoft-Windows-Security-AuditingTimeCreated Id LevelDisplayName Message----------- -- ---------------- -------5/22/2018 9:03:11 AM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object.... 从保存的文件筛选文件删除日志 PS C:\Users\F2844290> Get-WinEvent -Path 'C:\Users\F2844290\Desktop\SaveSec.evtx' -FilterXPath "[EventData[Data[@Name='AccessMask']='0x10000']]"PS C:\Windows\system32> $AccessMask='0x10000' 筛选10分钟内发生的安全性日志 XML中时间计算单位为ms，10minute=60 10 1000=600000 PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WinEvent -LogName Security -FilterXPath "[System[TimeCreated[timediff(@SystemTime) < 600000]]]"ProviderName: Microsoft-Windows-Security-AuditingTimeCreated Id LevelDisplayName Message----------- -- ---------------- -------5/22/2018 4:11:30 PM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object....5/22/2018 4:11:30 PM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object....5/22/2018 4:11:30 PM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object....5/22/2018 4:11:30 PM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object.... 其它筛选方法 若有语法不明之处，可参考日志管理器中筛选当前日志的XML方法。 删除超过60天的存档日志并记录 Get-ChildItem E:\FileLog\Archive-Security- | Where-Object {if(( (get-date) - $_.CreationTime).TotalDays -gt 60 ){Remove-Item $_.FullName -ForceWrite-Output "$(Get-Date -UFormat "%Y/%m%d")t$_.Name" >>D:\RoMove-Archive-Logs.txt} } 四、其它文件 文件删除日志结构 Log Name: SecuritySource: Microsoft-Windows-Security-AuditingDate: 5/22/2018 9:03:11 AMEvent ID: 4663Task Category: File SystemLevel: InformationKeywords: Audit SuccessUser: N/AComputer: IDX-ST-05Description:An attempt was made to access an object.Subject:Security ID: IDX-ST-05\lxyAccount Name: lxyAccount Domain: IDX-ST-05Logon ID: 0x2ed3b8Object:Object Server: SecurityObject Type: FileObject Name: C:\Data\net.txtHandle ID: 0x444Process Information:Process ID: 0x4Process Name: Access Request Information:Accesses: DELETEAccess Mask: 0x10000Event Xml:<Event xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/win/2004/08/events/event"><System><Provider Name="Microsoft-Windows-Security-Auditing" Guid="{54849625-5478-4994-A5BA-3E3B0328C30D}" /><EventID>4663</EventID><Version>0</Version><Level>0</Level><Task>12800</Task><Opcode>0</Opcode><Keywords>0x8020000000000000</Keywords><TimeCreated SystemTime="2018-05-22T01:03:11.876720000Z" /><EventRecordID>1514</EventRecordID><Correlation /><Execution ProcessID="4" ThreadID="72" /><Channel>Security</Channel><Computer>IDX-ST-05</Computer><Security /></System><EventData><Data Name="SubjectUserSid">S-1-5-21-1815651738-4066643265-3072818021-1004</Data><Data Name="SubjectUserName">lxy</Data><Data Name="SubjectDomainName">IDX-ST-05</Data><Data Name="SubjectLogonId">0x2ed3b8</Data><Data Name="ObjectServer">Security</Data><Data Name="ObjectType">File</Data><Data Name="ObjectName">C:\Data\net.txt</Data><Data Name="HandleId">0x444</Data><Data Name="AccessList">%%1537</Data><Data Name="AccessMask">0x10000</Data><Data Name="ProcessId">0x4</Data><Data Name="ProcessName"></Data></EventData></Event> 文件操作码表 File ReadAccesses: ReadData (or ListDirectory)AccessMask: 0x1File WriteAccesses: WriteData (or AddFile)AccessMask: 0x2File DeleteAccesses: DELETEAccessMask: 0x10000File RenameAccesses: DELETEAccessMask: 0x10000File CopyAccesses: ReadData (or ListDirectory)AccessMask: 0x1File Permissions ChangeAccesses: WRITE_DACAccessMask: 0x40000File Ownership ChangeAccesses: WRITE_OWNERAccessMask: 0x80000 转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/linxy/2119150 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_34112900/article/details/92532120。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...enapi": ["security.msgSecCheck"]} } index.js // 云函数入口文件 index.jsconst cloud = require('wx-server-sdk')cloud.init()// 云函数入口函数exports.main = async (event, context) => {const wxContext = cloud.getWXContext()try {const result = await cloud.openapi.security.msgSecCheck({content: event.text?event.text:'1'})if (result && result.errCode.toString() === '87014'){return { code: 500, msg: '内容含有违法违规内容', data: result } }else{return { code: 200, msg: 'ok', data: result } }} catch (err) {// 错误处理if (err.errCode.toString() === '87014') {return { code: 500, msg: '内容含有违法违规内容', data: err } }return { code: 502, msg: '调用security接口异常', data: err } }} package.json {"name": "checkStr","version": "1.0.0","description": "","main": "index.js","scripts": {"test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"},"author": "","license": "ISC","dependencies": {"wx-server-sdk": "~2.3.1"} } 4.右键点击 云函数文件夹 checkStr 实例文件夹 点击上传并部署：云端安装依赖（不上传node_modules） 上传成功之后再右键点击当前文件夹 点击本地调试 会跳出来云函数界面 勾选本地调试 5.在页面中使用 wx.cloud.init();wx.cloud.callFunction({name: 'checkStr',data: {text: e.detail.value?e.detail.value:'1' // 这一步是处理输入框值手动清空的时候会被检测出敏感词，不知道什么原因抱歉} }).then((res) => {if (res.result.code == "200") {this.setData({sendValue: e.detail.value})} else {this.setData({sendValue: ''})wx.showToast({title: '包含敏感字哦。',icon: 'none',duration: 3000})} }) 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_42046201/article/details/108998434。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...eaders', 'Content-Type, Authorization, X-Requested-With'); if (req.method === 'OPTIONS') { res.send(200); } else { next(); } }); // 这里是你的路由配置... 4. 客户端注意事项 虽然前端不能设置跨域响应头，但在发起带自定义请求头的跨域请求时，仍需在$httpProvider.defaults.headers中声明这些请求头，以便让服务器知道客户端希望携带哪些头部信息： javascript angular.module('myApp').config(['$httpProvider', function ($httpProvider) { $httpProvider.defaults.headers.common['X-Custom-Header'] = 'some-value'; }]); // 在$http请求中使用 $http({ method: 'POST', url: 'https://api.example.com/data', headers: {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}, data: { / ... / } }); 总结起来，虽然我们不能通过 $httpProvider.defaults.headers 来直接解决跨域问题，但它仍然是我们定制请求头部信息不可或缺的工具。要真正搞定跨域问题，关键得先摸清楚跨域策略的来龙去脉，然后在服务器那边儿把配置给整对了才行。在我们做前端开发这事儿的时候，千万要记牢这个小秘诀，这样一来，当咱们的AngularJS应用碰到跨域问题这块绊脚石时，就能轻松应对、游刃有余啦！

...问题，Spring Security也提供了相应的防护措施，如通过JsonParseException处理非法或恶意构造的JSON数据，以及利用Jackson库提供的@JsonFilter进行敏感字段的过滤。随着Spring生态系统的不断演进，开发者在享受便捷高效的JSON数据处理能力的同时，也能兼顾安全性与合规性要求，以应对愈发复杂多变的现代软件工程挑战。

...也在持续优化Pod Security Policies（Pod安全策略），以适应更多样化的uid管理和权限控制需求。 此外，在实际应用层面，不少企业开始采用专门的安全工具和服务，如Open Policy Agent（OPA）等，对容器内用户的uid进行统一管理和审计，确保符合企业内部的安全策略和合规要求。 深入解读方面，Linux基金会发布的“Best Practices for Linux Container Images”白皮书中强调，除了合理设置uid外，还应关注gid、secondary groups以及文件权限等方面，以构建更加安全可靠的容器镜像。这也反映出，对于Docker容器uid背后所蕴含的安全理念和实践，业界正从单一数值设定转向全方位、立体化的权限管理体系构建。

...g[] uploadContentType;private String[] uploadFileName;private String savePath;private Date createTime;public String getName() {return name;}public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}public File[] getUpload() {return upload;}public void setUpload(File[] upload) {this.upload = upload;}public String[] getUploadContentType() {return uploadContentType;}public void setUploadContentType(String[] uploadContentType) {this.uploadContentType = uploadContentType;}public String[] getUploadFileName() {return uploadFileName;}public void setUploadFileName(String[] uploadFileName) {this.uploadFileName = uploadFileName;}public String getSavePath() {return savePath;}public void setSavePath(String savePath) {this.savePath = savePath;}public Date getCreateTime(){ createTime=new Date();return createTime;}public static void copy(File source,File target){ InputStream inputStream=null;OutputStream outputStream=null;try{inputStream=new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(source));outputStream=new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(target));byte[] buffer=new byte[1024];int length=0;while((length=inputStream.read(buffer))>0){outputStream.write(buffer, 0, length);} }catch(Exception e){e.printStackTrace();}finally{if(null!=inputStream){try {inputStream.close();} catch (IOException e2) {e2.printStackTrace();} }if(null!=outputStream){try{outputStream.close();}catch(Exception e2){e2.printStackTrace();} }} }@Overridepublic String execute() throws Exception { for(int i=0;i<upload.length;i++){ String path=ServletActionContext.getServletContext().getRealPath(this.getSavePath())+"\\"+this.uploadFileName[i];File target=new File(path);copy(this.upload[i],target);}return SUCCESS;} } /20171105_shiyan_upanddown/src/nuc/sw/action/LoginAction.java package nuc.sw.action;import java.util.regex.Pattern;import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext;import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;public class LoginAction extends ActionSupport {//属性驱动校验private String username;private String password;public String getUsername() {return username;}public void setUsername(String username) {this.username = username;}public String getPassword() {return password;}public void setPassword(String password) {this.password = password;}//手动检验@Overridepublic void validate() {// TODO Auto-generated method stub//进行数据校验，长度6~15位 if(username.trim().length()<6||username.trim().length()>15||username==null) {this.addFieldError("username", "用户名长度不合法！");}if(password.trim().length()<6||password.trim().length()>15||password==null) {this.addFieldError("password", "密码长度不合法！");} }//登陆业务逻辑public String loginMethod() {if(username.equals("chenghaoran")&&password.equals("12345678")) {ActionContext.getContext().getSession().put("user", username);return "loginOK";}else {this.addFieldError("err","用户名或密码不正确！");return "loginFail";} }//手动校验validateXxxpublic void validateLoginMethod() {//使用正则校验if(username==null||username.trim().equals("")) {this.addFieldError("username","用户名不能为空！");}else {if(!Pattern.matches("[a-zA-Z]{6,15}", username.trim())) {this.addFieldError("username", "用户名格式错误！");} }if(password==null||password.trim().equals("")) {this.addFieldError("password","密码不能为空！");}else {if(!Pattern.matches("\\d{6,15}", password.trim())) {this.addFieldError("password", "密码格式错误！");} }} } /20171105_shiyan_upanddown/src/nuc/sw/interceptor/LoginInterceptor.java package nuc.sw.interceptor;import com.opensymphony.xwork2.Action;import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext;import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionInvocation;import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;import com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.AbstractInterceptor;public class LoginInterceptor extends AbstractInterceptor {@Overridepublic String intercept(ActionInvocation arg0) throws Exception {// TODO Auto-generated method stub//判断是否登陆，通过ActionContext访问SessionActionContext ac=arg0.getInvocationContext();String username=(String)ac.getSession().get("user");if(username!=null&&username.equals("chenghaoran")) {return arg0.invoke();//放行}else {((ActionSupport)arg0.getAction()).addActionError("请先登录！");return Action.LOGIN;} }} /20171105_shiyan_upanddown/src/struts.xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.1.7//EN""http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.1.7.dtd"><struts><constant name="struts.i18n.encoding" value="utf-8"/><package name="default" extends="struts-default"><interceptors><interceptor name="login" class="nuc.sw.interceptor.LoginInterceptor"></interceptor></interceptors> <action name="docUpload" class="nuc.sw.action.DocUploadAction"><!-- 使用fileUpload拦截器 --><interceptor-ref name="fileUpload"><!-- 指定允许上传的文件大小最大为50000字节 --><param name="maximumSize">50000</param></interceptor-ref><!-- 配置默认系统拦截器栈 --><interceptor-ref name="defaultStack"/><!-- param子元素配置了DocUploadAction类中savePath属性值为/upload --><param name="savePath">/upload</param><result>/showFile.jsp</result><!-- 指定input逻辑视图，即不符合上传要求，被fileUpload拦截器拦截后，返回的视图页面 --><result name="input">/uploadFile.jsp</result></action> <action name="docDownload" class="nuc.sw.action.DocDownloadAction"><!-- 指定结果类型为stream --><result type="stream"><!-- 指定下载文件的文件类型 text/plain表示纯文本 --><param name="contentType">application/msword,text/plain</param><!-- 指定下载文件的入口输入流 --><param name="inputName">inputStream</param><!-- 指定下载文件的处理方式与文件保存名 attachment表示以附件形式下载，也可以用inline表示内联即在浏览器中直接显示，默认值为inline --><param name="contentDisposition">attachment;filename="${downloadFileName}"</param><!-- 指定下载文件的缓冲区大小，默认为1024 --><param name="bufferSize">40960</param></result></action><action name="loginAction" class="nuc.sw.action.LoginAction" method="loginMethod"><result name="loginOK">/uploadFile.jsp</result><result name="loginFail">/login.jsp</result><result name="input">/login.jsp</result></action> </package></struts> /20171105_shiyan_upanddown/WebContent/login.jsp <%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"><html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>登录页</title><s:head/></head><body><s:actionerror/><s:fielderror fieldName="err"></s:fielderror><s:form action="loginAction" method="post"> <s:textfield label="用户名" name="username"></s:textfield><s:password label="密码" name="password"></s:password><s:submit value="登陆"></s:submit></s:form></body></html> /20171105_shiyan_upanddown/WebContent/showFile.jsp <%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"><html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>显示上传文档</title></head><body><center><font style="font-size:18px;color:red">上传者：<s:property value="name"/></font><table width="45%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="1"><tr><th>文件名称</th><th>上传者</th><th>上传时间</th></tr><s:iterator value="uploadFileName" status="st" var="doc"><tr><td align="center"><a href="docDownload.action?downPath=upload/<s:property value="doc"/>"><s:property value="doc"/> </a></td><td align="center"><s:property value="name"/></td><td align="center"><s:date name="createTime" format="yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"/></td></tr></s:iterator></table></center></body></html> /20171105_shiyan_upanddown/WebContent/uploadFile.jsp <%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"><html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>多文件上传</title></head><body><center><s:form action="docUpload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data"><s:textfield name="name" label="姓名" size="20"/><s:file name="upload" label="选择文档" size="20"/><s:file name="upload" label="选择文档" size="20"/><s:file name="upload" label="选择文档" size="20"/><s:submit value="确认上传" align="center"/></s:form></center></body></html> 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_34101492/article/details/78811741。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

... reducing contention as different threads read and write to cached pages. InnoDB缓冲池划分的区域数。对于具有多gb缓冲池的系统，将缓冲池划分为单独的实例可以提高并发性，因为不同的线程对缓存页面的读写会减少争用。 innodb_buffer_pool_instances=8 Determines the number of threads that can enter InnoDB concurrently. 确定可以同时进入InnoDB的线程数 innodb_concurrency_tickets=5000 Specifies how long in milliseconds (ms) a block inserted into the old sublist must stay there after its first access before it can be moved to the new sublist. 指定插入到旧子列表中的块必须在第一次访问之后停留多长时间(毫秒)，然后才能移动到新子列表。 innodb_old_blocks_time=1000 It specifies the maximum number of .ibd files that MySQL can keep open at one time. The minimum value is 10. 它指定MySQL一次可以打开的.ibd文件的最大数量。最小值是10。 innodb_open_files=300 When this variable is enabled, InnoDB updates statistics during metadata statements. 当启用此变量时，InnoDB会在元数据语句期间更新统计信息。 innodb_stats_on_metadata=0 When innodb_file_per_table is enabled (the default in 5.6.6 and higher), InnoDB stores the data and indexes for each newly created table in a separate .ibd file, rather than in the system tablespace. 当启用innodb_file_per_table(5.6.6或更高版本的默认值)时，InnoDB将每个新创建的表的数据和索引存储在单独的.ibd文件中，而不是系统表空间中。 innodb_file_per_table=1 Use the following list of values: 0 for crc32, 1 for strict_crc32, 2 for innodb, 3 for strict_innodb, 4 for none, 5 for strict_none. 使用以下值列表:0表示crc32, 1表示strict_crc32, 2表示innodb, 3表示strict_innodb, 4表示none, 5表示strict_none。 innodb_checksum_algorithm=0 The number of outstanding connection requests MySQL can have. This option is useful when the main MySQL thread gets many connection requests in a very short time. It then takes some time (although very little) for the main thread to check the connection and start a new thread. The back_log value indicates how many requests can be stacked during this short time before MySQL momentarily stops answering new requests. You need to increase this only if you expect a large number of connections in a short period of time. MySQL可以有多少未完成连接请求。当MySQL主线程在很短的时间内收到许多连接请求时，这个选项非常有用。然后，主线程需要一些时间(尽管很少)来检查连接并启动一个新线程。back_log值表示在MySQL暂时停止响应新请求之前的短时间内可以堆多少个请求。只有当您预期在短时间内会有大量连接时，才需要增加这个值。 back_log=80 If this is set to a nonzero value, all tables are closed every flush_time seconds to free up resources and synchronize unflushed data to disk. This option is best used only on systems with minimal resources. 如果将该值设置为非零值，则每隔flush_time秒关闭所有表，以释放资源并将未刷新的数据同步到磁盘。这个选项最好只在资源最少的系统上使用。 flush_time=0 The minimum size of the buffer that is used for plain index scans, range index scans, and joins that do not use 用于普通索引扫描、范围索引扫描和不使用索引执行全表扫描的连接的缓冲区的最小大小。 indexes and thus perform full table scans. join_buffer_size=200M The maximum size of one packet or any generated or intermediate string, or any parameter sent by the mysql_stmt_send_long_data() C API function. 由mysql_stmt_send_long_data() C API函数发送的一个包或任何生成的或中间字符串或任何参数的最大大小 max_allowed_packet=500M If more than this many successive connection requests from a host are interrupted without a successful connection, the server blocks that host from performing further connections. 如果在没有成功连接的情况下中断了来自主机的多个连续连接请求，则服务器将阻止主机执行进一步的连接。 max_connect_errors=100 Changes the number of file descriptors available to mysqld. You should try increasing the value of this option if mysqld gives you the error "Too many open files". 更改mysqld可用的文件描述符的数量。如果mysqld给您的错误是“打开的文件太多”，您应该尝试增加这个选项的值。 open_files_limit=4161 If you see many sort_merge_passes per second in SHOW GLOBAL STATUS output, you can consider increasing the sort_buffer_size value to speed up ORDER BY or GROUP BY operations that cannot be improved with query optimization or improved indexing. 如果在SHOW GLOBAL STATUS输出中每秒看到许多sort_merge_passes，可以考虑增加sort_buffer_size值，以加快ORDER BY或GROUP BY操作的速度，这些操作无法通过查询优化或改进索引来改进。 sort_buffer_size=1M The number of table definitions (from .frm files) that can be stored in the definition cache. If you use a large number of tables, you can create a large table definition cache to speed up opening of tables. The table definition cache takes less space and does not use file descriptors, unlike the normal table cache. The minimum and default values are both 400. 可以存储在定义缓存中的表定义的数量(来自.frm文件)。如果使用大量表，可以创建一个大型表定义缓存来加速表的打开。与普通的表缓存不同，表定义缓存占用更少的空间，并且不使用文件描述符。最小值和默认值都是400。 table_definition_cache=1400 Specify the maximum size of a row-based binary log event, in bytes. Rows are grouped into events smaller than this size if possible. The value should be a multiple of 256. 指定基于行的二进制日志事件的最大大小，单位为字节。如果可能，将行分组为小于此大小的事件。这个值应该是256的倍数。 binlog_row_event_max_size=8K If the value of this variable is greater than 0, a replication slave synchronizes its master.info file to disk. (using fdatasync()) after every sync_master_info events. 如果该变量的值大于0，则复制奴隶将其主.info文件同步到磁盘。(在每个sync_master_info事件之后使用fdatasync())。 sync_master_info=10000 If the value of this variable is greater than 0, the MySQL server synchronizes its relay log to disk. (using fdatasync()) after every sync_relay_log writes to the relay log. 如果这个变量的值大于0,MySQL服务器将其中继日志同步到磁盘。(在每个sync_relay_log写入到中继日志之后使用fdatasync())。 sync_relay_log=10000 If the value of this variable is greater than 0, a replication slave synchronizes its relay-log.info file to disk. (using fdatasync()) after every sync_relay_log_info transactions. 如果该变量的值大于0，则复制奴隶将其中继日志.info文件同步到磁盘。(在每个sync_relay_log_info事务之后使用fdatasync())。 sync_relay_log_info=10000 Load mysql plugins at start."plugin_x ; plugin_y". 开始时加载mysql插件。“plugin_x;plugin_y” plugin_load The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server X Protocol will listen on. MySQL服务器X协议将监听TCP/IP端口。 loose_mysqlx_port=33060 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/mywpython/article/details/89499852。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...- SELinux security policy is enforced. permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing. disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.SELINUX=disabled SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values: targeted - Targeted processes are protected, minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected. mls - Multi Level Security protection. 安装依赖包 所有主机上都执行 yum install -y flex bison readline-devel zlib-devel openjade docbook-style-dsssl gcc 创建用户 所有主机上都执行 [root@gtm ~] useradd postgres[root@gtm ~] passwd postgres[root@gtm ~] su - postgres[root@gtm ~] mkdir ~/.ssh[root@gtm ~] chmod 700 ~/.ssh 配置SSH免密登录 仅仅在gtm节点配置如下操作： [root@gtm ~] su - postgres[postgres@gtm ~] ssh-keygen -t rsa[postgres@gtm ~] cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys[postgres@gtm ~] chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys 将刚生成的认证文件拷贝到xl1到xl2中，使得gtm节点可以免密码登录xl1~xl2的任意一个节点： [postgres@gtm ~] scp ~/.ssh/authorized_keys postgres@xl1:~/.ssh/[postgres@gtm ~] scp ~/.ssh/authorized_keys postgres@xl2:~/.ssh/ 对所有提示都不要输入，直接enter下一步。直到最后，因为第一次要求输入目标机器的用户密码，输入即可。 下载源码 下载地址：https://www.postgres-xl.org/download/ [root@slave ~] ll postgres-xl-10r1.1.tar.gz-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 28121666 May 30 05:21 postgres-xl-10r1.1.tar.gz 编译、安装Postgres-XL 所有节点都安装，编译需要一点时间，最好同时进行编译。 [root@slave ~] tar xvf postgres-xl-10r1.1.tar.gz[root@slave ~] ./configure --prefix=/home/postgres/pgxl/[root@slave ~] make[root@slave ~] make install[root@slave ~] cd contrib/ --安装必要的工具,在gtm节点上安装即可[root@slave ~] make[root@slave ~] make install 配置环境变量 所有节点都要配置 进入postgres用户，修改其环境变量，开始编辑 [root@gtm ~]su - postgres[postgres@gtm ~]vi .bashrc --不是.bash_profile 在打开的文件末尾，新增如下变量配置： export PGHOME=/home/postgres/pgxlexport LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$PGHOME/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATHexport PATH=$PGHOME/bin:$PATH 按住esc，然后输入:wq!保存退出。输入以下命令对更改重启生效。 [postgres@gtm ~] source .bashrc --不是.bash_profile 输入以下语句，如果输出变量结果，代表生效 [postgres@gtm ~] echo $PGHOME 应该输出/home/postgres/pgxl代表生效 配置集群 生成pgxc_ctl.conf配置文件 [postgres@gtm ~] pgxc_ctl prepare/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.ERROR: File "/home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf" not found or not a regular file. No such file or directoryInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.confFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl 配置pgxc_ctl.conf 新建/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf文件，编辑如下： 对着模板文件一个一个修改，否则会造成初始化过程出现各种神奇问题。 pgxcInstallDir=$PGHOMEpgxlDATA=$PGHOME/data pgxcOwner=postgres---- GTM Master -----------------------------------------gtmName=gtmgtmMasterServer=gtmgtmMasterPort=6666gtmMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtmgtmSlave=y Specify y if you configure GTM Slave. Otherwise, GTM slave will not be configured and all the following variables will be reset.gtmSlaveName=gtmSlavegtmSlaveServer=gtm value none means GTM slave is not available. Give none if you don't configure GTM Slave.gtmSlavePort=20001 Not used if you don't configure GTM slave.gtmSlaveDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtmSlave Not used if you don't configure GTM slave.---- GTM-Proxy Master -------gtmProxyDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtm_proxygtmProxy=y gtmProxyNames=(gtm_pxy1 gtm_pxy2) gtmProxyServers=(xl1 xl2) gtmProxyPorts=(6666 6666) gtmProxyDirs=($gtmProxyDir $gtmProxyDir) ---- Coordinators ---------coordMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/coordcoordNames=(coord1 coord2) coordPorts=(5432 5432) poolerPorts=(6667 6667) coordPgHbaEntries=(0.0.0.0/0)coordMasterServers=(xl1 xl2) coordMasterDirs=($coordMasterDir $coordMasterDir)coordMaxWALsernder=0 没设置备份节点，设置为0coordMaxWALSenders=($coordMaxWALsernder $coordMaxWALsernder) 数量保持和coordMasterServers一致coordSlave=n---- Datanodes ----------datanodeMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/dn_masterprimaryDatanode=xl1 主数据节点datanodeNames=(node1 node2)datanodePorts=(5433 5433) datanodePoolerPorts=(6668 6668) datanodePgHbaEntries=(0.0.0.0/0)datanodeMasterServers=(xl1 xl2)datanodeMasterDirs=($datanodeMasterDir $datanodeMasterDir)datanodeMaxWalSender=4datanodeMaxWALSenders=($datanodeMaxWalSender $datanodeMaxWalSender) 集群初始化，启动，停止 初始化 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all 输出结果： /bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlStopping all the coordinator masters.Stopping coordinator master coord1.Stopping coordinator master coord2.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existpg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2" does not existDone.Stopping all the datanode masters.Stopping datanode master datanode1.Stopping datanode master datanode2.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.Stop GTM masterwaiting for server to shut down.... doneserver stopped[postgres@gtm ~]$ echo $PGHOME/home/postgres/pgxl[postgres@gtm ~]$ ll /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc/nodes/gtm/gtm.^C[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlInitialize GTM masterERROR: target directory (/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/gtm) exists and not empty. Skip GTM initilializationDone.Start GTM masterserver startingInitialize all the coordinator masters.Initialize coordinator master coord1.ERROR: target coordinator master coord1 is running now. Skip initilialization.Initialize coordinator master coord2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting coordinator master.Starting coordinator master coord1ERROR: target coordinator master coord1 is already running now. Skip initialization.Starting coordinator master coord22019-05-30 21:09:25.562 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:09:25.562 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:09:25.563 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:09:25.601 EDT [2149] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:09:22 EDT2019-05-30 21:09:25.605 EDT [2148] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:09:25.612 EDT [2156] LOG: cluster monitor startedDone.Initialize all the datanode masters.Initialize the datanode master datanode1.Initialize the datanode master datanode2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting all the datanode masters.Starting datanode master datanode1.WARNING: datanode master datanode1 is running now. Skipping.Starting datanode master datanode2.2019-05-30 21:09:33.352 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:09:33.352 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:09:33.355 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:09:33.392 EDT [2404] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:09:33.392 EDT [2404] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf stop all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlStopping all the coordinator masters.Stopping coordinator master coord1.Stopping coordinator master coord2.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existDone.Stopping all the datanode masters.Stopping datanode master datanode1.Stopping datanode master datanode2.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.Stop GTM masterwaiting for server to shut down.... doneserver stopped[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlPGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC stop coordinator master coord1Stopping coordinator master coord1.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existDone.PGXC stop datanode master datanode1Stopping datanode master datanode1.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.PGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterNot running: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Not running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC exit[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlInitialize GTM masterERROR: target directory (/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/gtm) exists and not empty. Skip GTM initilializationDone.Start GTM masterserver startingInitialize all the coordinator masters.Initialize coordinator master coord1.Initialize coordinator master coord2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting coordinator master.Starting coordinator master coord1Starting coordinator master coord22019-05-30 21:13:03.998 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:03.998 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.000 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:13:04.038 EDT [25138] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:13:00 EDT2019-05-30 21:13:04.042 EDT [25137] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:13:04.049 EDT [25145] LOG: cluster monitor started2019-05-30 21:13:04.020 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.020 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.021 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:13:04.057 EDT [2731] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:13:00 EDT2019-05-30 21:13:04.061 EDT [2730] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:13:04.062 EDT [2738] LOG: cluster monitor startedDone.Initialize all the datanode masters.Initialize the datanode master datanode1.Initialize the datanode master datanode2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting all the datanode masters.Starting datanode master datanode1.Starting datanode master datanode2.2019-05-30 21:13:12.077 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.077 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:13:12.114 EDT [25392] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:13:12.114 EDT [25392] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".2019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.081 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:13:12.117 EDT [2985] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:13:12.117 EDT [2985] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done. 启动 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf start all 关闭 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf stop all 查看集群状态 [postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl monitor all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlRunning: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Running: datanode master datanode2 配置集群信息 分别在数据节点、协调器节点上分别执行以下命令： 注：本节点只执行修改操作即可(alert node)，其他节点执行创建命令(create node)。因为本节点已经包含本节点的信息。 create node coord1 with (type=coordinator,host=xl1, port=5432);create node coord2 with (type=coordinator,host=xl2, port=5432);alter node coord1 with (type=coordinator,host=xl1, port=5432);alter node coord2 with (type=coordinator,host=xl2, port=5432);create node datanode1 with (type=datanode, host=xl1,port=15432,primary=true,PREFERRED);create node datanode2 with (type=datanode, host=xl2,port=15432);alter node datanode1 with (type=datanode, host=xl1,port=15432,primary=true,PREFERRED);alter node datanode2 with (type=datanode, host=xl2,port=15432);select pgxc_pool_reload(); 分别登陆数据节点、协调器节点验证 postgres= select from pgxc_node;node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 1885696643coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -1197102633datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -905831925datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | f | 888802358(4 rows) 测试 插入数据 在数据节点1，执行相关操作。 通过协调器端口登录PG [postgres@xl1 ~]$ psql -p 5432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= create database lei;CREATE DATABASEpostgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= create table test1(id int,name text);CREATE TABLElei= insert into test1(id,name) select generate_series(1,8),'测试';INSERT 0 8lei= select from test1;id | name----+------1 | 测试2 | 测试5 | 测试6 | 测试8 | 测试3 | 测试4 | 测试7 | 测试(8 rows) 注：默认创建的表为分布式表，也就是每个数据节点值存储表的部分数据。关于表类型具体说明，下面有说明。 通过15432端口登录数据节点，查看数据 有5条数据 [postgres@xl1 ~]$ psql -p 15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= select from test1;id | name----+------1 | 测试2 | 测试5 | 测试6 | 测试8 | 测试(5 rows) 登录到节点2，查看数据 有3条数据 [postgres@xl2 ~]$ psql -p15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= select from test1;id | name----+------3 | 测试4 | 测试7 | 测试(3 rows) 两个节点的数据加起来整个8条，没有问题。 至此Postgre-XL集群搭建完成。 创建数据库、表时可能会出现以下错误： ERROR: Failed to get pooled connections 是因为pg_hba.conf配置不对，所有节点加上host all all 192.168.20.0/0 trust并重启集群即可。 ERROR: No Datanode defined in cluster 首先确认是否创建了数据节点，也就是create node相关的命令。如果创建了则执行select pgxc_pool_reload();使其生效即可。 集群管理与应用 表类型说明 REPLICATION表：各个datanode节点中，表的数据完全相同，也就是说，插入数据时，会分别在每个datanode节点插入相同数据。读数据时，只需要读任意一个datanode节点上的数据。 建表语法： CREATE TABLE repltab (col1 int, col2 int) DISTRIBUTE BY REPLICATION; DISTRIBUTE ：会将插入的数据，按照拆分规则，分配到不同的datanode节点中存储，也就是sharding技术。每个datanode节点只保存了部分数据，通过coordinate节点可以查询完整的数据视图。 CREATE TABLE disttab(col1 int, col2 int, col3 text) DISTRIBUTE BY HASH(col1); 模拟数据插入 任意登录一个coordinate节点进行建表操作 [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl1 -p 5432 -U postgrespostgres= INSERT INTO disttab SELECT generate_series(1,100), generate_series(101, 200), 'foo';INSERT 0 100postgres= INSERT INTO repltab SELECT generate_series(1,100), generate_series(101, 200);INSERT 0 100 查看数据分布结果： DISTRIBUTE表分布结果 postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+-------1148549230 | 42-927910690 | 58(2 rows) REPLICATION表分布结果 postgres= SELECT count() FROM repltab;count -------100(1 row) 查看另一个datanode2中repltab表结果 [postgres@datanode2 pgxl9.5]$ psql -p 15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= SELECT count() FROM repltab;count -------100(1 row) 结论：REPLICATION表中，datanode1,datanode2中表是全部数据，一模一样。而DISTRIBUTE表，数据散落近乎平均分配到了datanode1,datanode2节点中。 新增数据节点与数据重分布 在线新增节点、并重新分布数据。 新增datanode节点 在gtm集群管理节点上执行pgxc_ctl命令 [postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.confFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlPGXC 在服务器xl3上，新增一个master角色的datanode节点，名称是datanode3 端口号暂定5430，pool master暂定6669 ，指定好数据目录位置，从两个节点升级到3个节点，之后要写3个none none应该是datanodeSpecificExtraConfig或者datanodeSpecificExtraPgHba配置PGXC add datanode master datanode3 xl3 15432 6671 /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode3 none none none 等待新增完成后，查询集群节点状态： postgres= select from pgxc_node;node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | f | 888802358datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -905831925datanode3 | D | 15432 | xl3 | f | f | -705831925coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 1885696643coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -1197102633(4 rows) 节点新增完毕 数据重新分布 由于新增节点后无法自动完成数据重新分布，需要手动操作。 DISTRIBUTE表分布在了node1,node2节点上，如下： postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+-------1148549230 | 42-927910690 | 58(2 rows) 新增一个节点后，将sharding表数据重新分配到三个节点上，将repl表复制到新节点 重分布sharding表postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab ADD NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 复制数据到新节点postgres= ALTER TABLE repltab ADD NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 查看新的数据分布： postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+--------700122826 | 36-927910690 | 321148549230 | 32(3 rows) 登录datanode3(新增的时候，放在了xl3服务器上，端口15432)节点查看数据： [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl3 -p 15432 -U postgrespsql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= select count() from repltab;count -------100(1 row) 很明显,通过 ALTER TABLE tt ADD NODE (dn)命令，可以将DISTRIBUTE表数据重新分布到新节点，重分布过程中会中断所有事务。可以将REPLICATION表数据复制到新节点。 从datanode节点中回收数据 postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab DELETE NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= ALTER TABLE repltab DELETE NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 删除数据节点 Postgresql-XL并没有检查将被删除的datanode节点是否有replicated/distributed表的数据，为了数据安全，在删除之前需要检查下被删除节点上的数据，有数据的话，要回收掉分配到其他节点，然后才能安全删除。删除数据节点分为四步骤： 1.查询要删除节点dn3的oid postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id -------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11819 | coord1 | C | 5432 | datanode1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | datanode2 | f | f | -119710263316385 | node1 | D | 5433 | datanode1 | f | t | 114854923016386 | node2 | D | 5433 | datanode2 | f | f | -92791069016397 | dn3 | D | 5430 | datanode1 | f | f | -700122826(5 rows) 2.查询dn3对应的oid中是否有数据 testdb= SELECT FROM pgxc_class WHERE nodeoids::integer[] @> ARRAY[16397];pcrelid | pclocatortype | pcattnum | pchashalgorithm | pchashbuckets | nodeoids ---------+---------------+----------+-----------------+---------------+-------------------16388 | H | 1 | 1 | 4096 | 16397 16385 1638616394 | R | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16397 16385 16386(2 rows) 3.有数据的先回收数据 postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab DELETE NODE (dn3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= ALTER TABLE repltab DELETE NODE (dn3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= SELECT FROM pgxc_class WHERE nodeoids::integer[] @> ARRAY[16397];pcrelid | pclocatortype | pcattnum | pchashalgorithm | pchashbuckets | nodeoids ---------+---------------+----------+-----------------+---------------+----------(0 rows) 4.安全删除dn3 PGXC$ remove datanode master dn3 clean 故障节点FAILOVER 1.查看当前集群状态 [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl1 -p 5432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11739 | coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -119710263316387 | datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -90583192516388 | datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | t | 888802358(4 rows) 2.模拟datanode1节点故障 直接关闭即可 PGXC stop -m immediate datanode master datanode1Stopping datanode master datanode1.Done. 3.测试查询 只要查询涉及到datanode1上的数据，那么该查询就会报错 postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;WARNING: failed to receive file descriptors for connectionsERROR: Failed to get pooled connectionsHINT: This may happen because one or more nodes are currently unreachable, either because of node or network failure.Its also possible that the target node may have hit the connection limit or the pooler is configured with low connections.Please check if all nodes are running fine and also review max_connections and max_pool_size configuration parameterspostgres= SELECT xc_node_id, FROM disttab WHERE col1 = 3;xc_node_id | col1 | col2 | col3------------+------+------+-------905831925 | 3 | 103 | foo(1 row) 测试发现，查询范围如果涉及到故障的node1节点，会报错，而查询的数据范围不在node1上的话，仍然可以查询。 4.手动切换 要想切换，必须要提前配置slave节点。 PGXC$ failover datanode node1 切换完成后，查询集群 postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id -------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11819 | coord1 | C | 5432 | datanode1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | datanode2 | f | f | -119710263316386 | node2 | D | 15432 | datanode2 | f | f | -92791069016385 | node1 | D | 15433 | datanode2 | f | t | 1148549230(4 rows) 发现datanode1节点的ip和端口都已经替换为配置的slave了。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qianglei6077/article/details/94379331。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...(response.content.decode('utf-8'))return response.json()['data']['result']for i in query(): print(i)tem_list = i.split('|') 定义一个标记 给每个数据做个标记 j = 0 技术特别 for n in tem_list: print(j,n) j += 1 通过以上的测试我们知道了 列出是下标索引为3的数据 软卧是下标索引为23的数据if tem_list[23] != '无' and tem_list[23] != '':print(tem_list[3],'有票',tem_list[23])else:print(tem_list[3],'无票') 三、session Session与cookie功能效果相同。Session与Cookie的区别在于Session是记录在服务端的，而Cookie是记录在客户端的。 由于cookie 是存在用户端，而且它本身存储的尺寸大小也有限，最关键是用户可以是可见的，并可以随意的修改，很不安全。那如何又要安全，又可以方便的全局读取信息呢？于是，这个时候，一种新的存储会话机制：session 诞生了 突破12306验证码import requestsreq = requests.session() 保持会话def login(): 笔记本 win7 python3.6 获取验证码图片pic_response = req.get('https://kyfw.12306.cn/passport/captcha/captcha-image?login_site=E&module=login&rand=sjrand')codeImage = pic_response.contentfn = open('code2.png','wb')fn.write(codeImage)fn.close() 从验证码图片的左上角 (0,0)codeStr = input('请输入验证码坐标:')headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/89.0.4389.128 Safari/537.36'}data = {'answer': codeStr,'rand': 'sjrand','login_site': 'E'}response = req.post('https://kyfw.12306.cn/passport/captcha/captcha-check',data=data,headers=headers)print(response.text)login() base64伪加密 根本不算是一种加密算法 只不过它的数据看上去更像密文而已 64个字符来表示任意的二进制数据的方法 使用 A-Z A-Z 0 - 9 + / 这64个字符进行加密 import base64url = '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= base64.b64decode(url) 返回的是二进制数据print(type(img_data))fn = open('code.png','wb')fn.write(img_data)fn.close()'''我们打开了一个有base64加密的图片数据''' 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/httpsssss/article/details/116136614。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...具，比如 Open Policy Agent (OPA) 和 Aqua Security，能够帮助用户精细控制容器内部文件系统的访问权限，从而有效防止因不当权限配置导致的数据泄漏或破坏。 综上所述，在实际运用 Docker 进行容器部署时，不仅需要理解基础的挂载状态原理与解决方法，还需紧跟技术发展步伐，结合最新存储方案及安全策略，以保证容器环境中数据的高效、安全存储与访问。

...上下文约束（Pod Security Policies）来严格管控容器内部文件系统的访问权限，防止因误操作或其他安全事件导致的数据泄露或服务中断。 同时，对于企业级用户来说，深入理解Unix/Linux文件系统ACL（Access Control List）扩展机制也是必不可少的。ACL允许更灵活、详细的权限分配，超越传统的用户、组、其他三类权限设定，能够实现针对特定用户的精细化权限控制，这对于维护复杂的企业级Java应用至关重要。 另外，持续跟进Apache Tomcat官方发布的安全公告与补丁更新，了解并及时修复可能影响到文件权限管理的相关漏洞，是保障服务器稳定运行的重要一环。在此基础上，结合最佳实践，如遵循最小权限原则设置文件权限，可以有效降低潜在的安全风险，确保Java应用程序在Tomcat上的安全、高效运行。

...离，以及使用Pod Security Policies进行细粒度的权限控制策略制定。 综上所述，深入研究Linux系统权限管理不仅限于基础操作，还需紧跟前沿技术发展，洞悉最新的安全实践，以便更好地应对实际工作中的权限问题，并确保系统安全稳定运行。对于有兴趣深入了解的读者，建议持续关注Linux内核开发动态、安全研究机构发布的报告以及相关技术社区的讨论，不断充实和完善自身的Linux权限管理知识体系。

...extField("content", "This is a test document.", Field.Store.YES)); indexWriter.addDocument(doc); // 关闭索引写入器 indexWriter.close(); 三、权限模型的构建 对于多用户场景，我们通常会采用基于角色的权限控制模型（Role-Based Access Control, RBAC）。例如，我们可以为管理员（Admin）、编辑（Editor）和普通用户（User）定义不同的索引访问权限。这可以通过在索引文档中添加元数据字段来实现： java Document doc = new Document(); doc.add(new StringField("content", "This is a protected document.", Field.Store.YES)); doc.add(new StringField("permissions", "Admin,Editor", Field.Store.YES)); // 添加用户权限字段 indexWriter.addDocument(doc); 四、权限验证与查询过滤 在处理查询时，我们需要检查用户的角色并根据其权限决定是否允许访问。以下是一个简单的查询处理方法： java public List search(String query, String userRole) { QueryParser parser = new QueryParser("content", analyzer); Query q = parser.parse(query); IndexSearcher searcher = new IndexSearcher(directory); Filter filter = null; if (userRole.equals("Admin")) { // 对所有用户开放 filter = Filter.ALL; } else if (userRole.equals("Editor")) { // 只允许Editor和Admin访问 filter = new TermFilter(new Term("permissions", "Editor,Admin")); } else if (userRole.equals("User")) { // 只允许User访问自己的文档 filter = new TermFilter(new Term("permissions", userRole)); } if (filter != null) { TopDocs results = searcher.search(q, Integer.MAX_VALUE, filter); return searcher.docIterator(results.scoreDocs).toList(); } else { return Collections.emptyList(); } } 五、权限控制的扩展与优化 随着用户量的增长，我们可能需要考虑更复杂的权限策略，如按时间段或特定资源的访问权限。这时，可以使用更高级的权限管理框架，如Spring Security与Lucene集成，来动态加载和管理角色和权限。 六、结论 在多用户场景下，Apache Lucene的强大检索能力与权限控制相结合，可以构建出高效且安全的数据管理系统。通过巧妙地设计索引布局，搭配上灵动的权限管理系统，再加上精准无比的查询筛选机制，我们能够保证每个用户都只能看到属于他们自己的“势力范围”内的数据，不会越雷池一步。这不仅提高了系统的安全性，也提升了用户体验。当然，实际应用中还需要根据具体需求不断调整和优化这些策略。 记住，Lucene就像一座宝库，它的潜力需要开发者们不断挖掘和适应，才能在各种复杂场景中发挥出最大的效能。

...到(windows)security center 启动类型设置为自动并启动它 或者 右键单击计算机---管理----服务和应用程序----服务---找到(windows)security centerwww.shanpow.com_删除Download和DataStore文件夹中的所有文件。 ----双击-----启动类型设置为“自动”。 1.在服务管理中，关闭Windows Update服务 2.打开C:\Windows\SoftwareDistribution文件夹 3.删除DataStore和Download文件夹下的所有文件 4.启动Windows Update服务 5.进入Windows Update查看一下，Windows更新记录已经清除了。 如何用B电脑远程登录A电脑 注意：AB电脑都连接上了互联网 A电脑: 1添加一个用户名，设置登录密码。2我的电脑→属性→远程→允许用户远程连接到此计算机前 打√确定3网上邻居→属性→本地连接状态→支持→记下IP 地址XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX。 B电脑登录过程4 开始→所有程序→附件→通讯→远程桌面连→在弹出的窗口里输入A电脑的IP 地址 →连接。连接成功后会变成一个黑屏幕的画面，在屏幕的最上方有一个指示条，指示着机器是在远程登 录状态。当A电脑响应了B电脑的远程登录请求后，会给你返回一个画面，要求你输入用户名，密码。 5输入用户名和密码→确定。验证的用户名和密码是对的，他就会把其A桌面画面全传送到B电脑的屏 幕上来，稳定后就成功了！ 有一事你不能作：关机。因为B电脑左下角的开始，是指挥自己用的，没 法指挥A电脑。 想使用B电脑控制A电脑关机，得在A电脑上设置：附件→windows 资源管理器→ WINDOWS 的文件夹→SYSTEM32文件夹→taskmgr.exe文件，右击把他发送到桌面上建一“桌面快捷方式”。 你在要关掉A电脑时，只要双击这个快捷方式，就会弹出来一个“WINDWOS任务管理器”窗口，上面有 “关机”命令，点“关机”就行了，当A电脑电源关闭以后，连接自然就断开了。 但这样的远程连接， 是有条件的：A电脑须有独立的 IP ，就是说，A电脑不能是局域网的内部保留 IP，所谓保留IP是指 如 10.XXX.XXX.XXX 或 192.168.XXX.XXX 等地址。如A电脑用的是ADSL，一般来说都是独立的IP，但 如果A用户是几户人家共用一个 ADSL宽带连接，通过一个ADSL共同上网的，那或许就不行了。须在路 由器上作一个“端口映射”设置。注意：A电脑防火墙的影响，有可能连不通。防火墙的缺省设置，一 般是禁止 INTERNET 上的电脑访问它的资源的。因而须开启防火墙的这个设置：允许 INTERNET上的机 器访问本机(A电脑)资源。[shutdown –s –t 0]此命令强制关机,一般不要用， WIN7远程连接前几步设置与WinXP一样。 开始→搜索框中输入MSTSC回车→在弹出的对话框中输入需要连接的计算机的IP→连接→账户密码 →确定不久显示器上出现了另一计算机的桌面，远程桌面连接成功。 教你怎样解除电脑开机密码。此方法仅供交流，严禁作为非法手段使用 方法1在开机时按下F8进入带命令提示符的安全模式输入NET USER+用户名+123456/ADD 可把某用户的密码强行设置为123456 方法2如用户忘记登录密码可 按下方法解决 此法不适用于忘记安装时所设定〔administrator〕的密码 1.在计算机启动时按F8及选Safe Mode With Command Prompt 2.选Administrator后便会跳出Command Prompt的窗口 3.用Net的命令增加一个用户，例：增加一个用户名为alanhkg888，命令语法如下： net user alanhkg888/add 4.将新增用户提升至Administrator的权力，例：提升刚才增 加用户alanhkg888的权力，命令语法如下 net localgroup administrators alanhkg888/add 5.完成上列步骤后重新启动计算机，在 启动画面上便增加了一个用户alanhkg888了，选alanhkg888进入www.shanpow.com_删除Download和DataStore文件夹中的所有文件。 6.登入后在控制台→使用者账户→选忘记密码的用户，然后选移除密码 7.在登入画面中选原来的用户便可不需密码情况下等入(因已移除了) 8.删除刚才新增的用户：在控制台→使用者账户→选alanhkg888，然后选移除账户便可 方法3 1、重新启动Windows XP，在启动画面出现后的瞬间按F8，选择带命令行的安全模 式运行。 2、运行过程停止时，系统列出了超级用户administrator和本地用户owner的选择菜单， 点击administrator，进入命令行模式。 3、键入命令：net user owner 123456/add，强制性将owner用户的口令更改为123456。 若想在此添加某一用户：用户名为abcdef，口令为123456的话,请输入net user abcdef 123456/add,添加后可用net localgroup administrators abcdef/add命令将用户提升为 系统管理组administrators用户,具有超级权限。 4.DOS下删windows\system32\config里面的SAM档就可以了 5.开机后按键盘的Delete键进入BIOS界面。找到User Password选项，其默认为关闭状 态。启动并输入用户密码(1～8位英文或数字)。计算机提示请再输入一遍以确认密码无误， 保存退出后重新启动机器，这时就会在开机时出现密码菜单 方法4我们知道在安装Windows XP过程中，首先是以administrator默认登录，然后会要 求创建一个新账户，以便进入Windows XP时使用此新建账户登录，而且在Windows XP的 登录接口中也只会出现创建的这个用户账号，不会出现administrator，但实际上该 administrator账号还是存在的，且密码为空。 【二】:Windows 7实战经验 Windows 7实战经验：完美解决Windows 7更新失败(Windows Update 错误 80070003) 很多用户反映，为什么Windows 7的自动更新会出显未知错误，导致很多更新都不能正确安装？针对这个问题，在我对自己的Windows 7进行更新的时候，有时也会发生类似的问题，经过研究，已经完美解决，下面给大家解决方案！ 如果在检查更新时收到Windows Update错误80070003，则需要删除Windows用于标识计算机更新的临时文件。若要删除临时文件，请停止Windows Update服务，删除临时更新文件，重新启动Windows Update服务，然后再次尝试检查Windows更新。 以下步骤为解决Windows 7更新错误方法，本博客亲测有效。 必须以管理员身份进行登录，才能执行这些步骤。 1.单击打开“管理工具(通过单击“开始”按钮，再依次单击“控制面板”，然后单击“管理工具”。 2.双击“服务”。如果系统提示您输入管理员密码或进行确认，请键入该密码或提供确认。 3.单击“名称”列标题以逆序排列名称。找到“Windows Update”服务，右键单击该服务，然后单击“停止”。 1.打开“计算机”。 2.双击安装Windows的本地硬盘(通常是驱动器C)。 3.双击Windows文件夹，然后双击SoftwareDistribution文件夹。 4.双击打开DataStore文件夹，然后删除该文件夹中的所有文件。如果系统提示您输入管理员密码或进行确认，请键入该密码或提供确认。 5.单击“后退”按钮。在SoftwareDistribution文件夹中，双击打开Download文件夹，删除该文件夹中的所有文件，然后关闭窗口。如果系统提示您输入管理员密码或进行确认，请键入该密码或提供确认。 必须以管理员身份进行登录，才能执行这些步骤。 1.单击打开“管理工具(方法同上)”。 2.双击“服务”。如果系统提示您输入管理员密码或进行确认，请键入该密码或提供确认。 3.单击“名称”列标题以逆序排列名称。找到“Windows Update”服务，右键单击该服务，然后单击“启动”。 4.关闭“服务”窗口和“管理工具”窗口。 完成上面操作，你需要重新更新看看可以成功更新了吗，一般因为我们删除了自动更新的一些文件，如果你仔细观察的话，那些文件大小并不是很小，所以我们再更新的时候等待的时间可能会长一些！ 【三】:Win10系统提示“无法完成更新正在撤销更改” 更新win10系统补丁之后，系统会提示“window10无法更新，正在撤销”，需要重启好几次，这该怎么办呢?下面小编就向大家介绍一下windows10系统无法完成更新正在撤销更改的解决方法，欢迎大家参考和学习。 系统更新失败，反复重启还是不行，那是不是下载下来的补丁没用了呢??所以我们先要删除Windows更新的缓存文件!在做以下操作之前，首先我们要确认系统内的windows update & BITS服务设置是否开启。 检查方法： 1、按“Win+R”组合键打开运行，输入“services.msc”，点击确定(如果弹出用户账户控制窗口，我们点击“继续”)。 2、双击打开“Background Intelligent Transfer Services”服务。 3、在选项卡点击“常规”，要保证“启动类型”是“自动”或者“手动”。然后点击“服务状态”“启用”按钮。 4. 重复步骤3分别对“Windows Installer”，“Cryptographic Services”， “software licensing service” 以及“Windows Update”这四项服务进行检查。 解决办法： 1、按“Windows+X”打开“命令提示符(管理员)”。 2、输入“net stop wuauserv”回车(我们先把更新服务停止)。 3、输入”%windir%\SoftwareDistribution“回车(删除Download和DataStore文件夹中的所有文件)。 4、最后输入“net start wuauserv”回车(重新开启系统更新服务)。 完成以上的步骤之后，我们就可以在“Windows Update”中再次尝试检查更新即可。 以上就是windows10系统无法完成更新正在撤销更改的解决方法介绍了。遇到同样问题的用户，可以尝试一下这个方法，如果不行，可以留言，小编会继续寻找其他的解决办法。 【四】:Windows更新失败提示错误码80070003怎么办 Windows7，Windows8.1，Windows10在更新过程中，所更新的程序无法安装，导致更新失败，提示错误码80070003。遇到这种情况，无论再试一次，或重启电脑，更新程序仍无法安装，出现错误码80070003提示。关于这个故障，下面小编就为大家介绍一下具体的解决方法吧，欢迎大家参考和学习。 具体解决方法步骤： 1、在电脑更新过程中，更新失败，程序无法安装，出现错误码80070003的提示。如图1 2、打开控制面板，点击“系统和安全”，打开对话框。如图2 3、在打开的对话框中，点击“管理工具”-双击“服务”，在打开的对话框的下方找到“Windows Update"。(如图3)，选择Windows Update，点击界面左上角的”停止“按键，或是单击右键选择”停止“。(如图4)，以管理员身份进入，如果提示需要输入秘码，则输入秘码。 4、在C盘，打开”Windows"文件夹，-双击打开“SoftwareDistribution"文件夹，找到下面的2个文件夹。打开”DataStore"文件夹，删除里面所有的文件。反回上一步。如图5.1，再打开"Download"文件夹，删除里面所有的文件。(如图5.2) 5、返回第三步的操作，选择Windows Update，右键单击，选择“启动”。 6、做完上面操作后，安装更新文件就会顺利了。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_42620202/article/details/119158423。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...ation and Security Layer），是一种提供客户端和服务器之间安全连接的方法。它可以用于在应用层进行身份验证和加密通信。 三、如何在Kafka中使用SASL？ 首先，你需要安装并配置一个支持SASL的Kafka版本。接下来，你得捣鼓一下SASL的相关配置了，这包括挑选你要用的SASL验证机制、确定认证方式，还有别忘了填上用户名和密码这些重要信息。以下是一个简单的Java示例： java Properties props = new Properties(); props.put("bootstrap.servers", "localhost:9092"); props.put("sasl.mechanism", "PLAIN"); props.put("security.protocol", "SASL_SSL"); props.put("sasl.jaas.config", "org.apache.kafka.common.security.plain.PlainLoginModule required username=\"your-username\" password=\"your-password\";"); 四、SASL的两种模式 SASL有两种工作模式：ANONYMOUS和LOGIN。在ANONYMOUS模式下，你完全不需要进行身份验证这个步骤，就像是个隐形人一样自由进出。但是切换到LOGIN模式时，那就得像我们日常生活中那样，先亮出你的身份证明，完成验证后才能顺利登录。 五、如何通过SASL授权保护Kafka资源？ 除了身份验证外，我们还需要对Kafka资源进行授权。Kafka提供了基于角色的访问控制（Role-Based Access Control，简称RBAC）来实现这一点。你可以定义角色，并为角色分配权限。例如： json { "version": 1, "cluster_name": "my_cluster", "authorizer_class_names": ["kafka.security.auth.SimpleAclAuthorizer"], "default_acls": [ { "host": "", "operation": "[\"DescribeTopics\",\"CreateTopics\"]", "permission_type": "Allow", "principal": "User:Alice" }, { "host": "", "operation": "[\"DescribeGroups\",\"ListConsumer\",\"DescribeConsumer\"]", "permission_type": "Deny", "principal": "User:Bob" } ] } 在这个示例中，Alice被允许创建和描述主题，而Bob则被拒绝执行这些操作。 六、结论 SASL身份验证和授权是保护Kafka资源的重要手段。要是把SASL给整对了，咱们就能妥妥地挡掉那些没经过许可就想偷偷摸摸访问和操作的小动作。在实际操作的时候，我们得看情况，瞅准需求和环境，像变戏法一样灵活挑选并设置SASL的各种参数和选项。 七、小结 希望通过这篇文章，你能更好地了解如何通过SASL身份验证和授权来保护Kafka资源。如果你还有任何问题，欢迎留言交流。让我们一起探索更多有趣的Kafka知识！

...sponse.setContentType("application/x-download");String file_Name = URLEncoder.encode(file.getName(),"UTF-8");response.addHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+fileName);//根据前端传来的Range 判断支不支持分片下载response.setHeader("Accept-Range","bytes");//获取文件大小//response.setHeader("fSize",String.valueOf(fSize));response.setHeader("fName",file_Name);//定义断点long pos = 0,last = fSize-1,sum = 0;//判断前端需不需要分片下载if (null != request.getHeader("Range")){response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT);String numRange = request.getHeader("Range").replaceAll("bytes=","");String[] strRange = numRange.split("-");if (strRange.length == 2){pos = Long.parseLong(strRange[0].trim());last = Long.parseLong(strRange[1].trim());//若结束字节超出文件大小 取文件大小if (last>fSize-1){last = fSize-1;} }else {//若只给一个长度 开始位置一直到结束pos = Long.parseLong(numRange.replaceAll("-","").trim());} }long rangeLenght = last-pos+1;String contentRange = new StringBuffer("bytes").append(pos).append("-").append(last).append("/").append(fSize).toString();response.setHeader("Content-Range",contentRange);// response.setHeader("Content-Lenght",String.valueOf(rangeLenght));os = new BufferedOutputStream(response.getOutputStream());is = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));is.skip(pos);//跳过已读的文件(重点，跳过之前已经读过的文件)byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];int lenght = 0;//相等证明读完while (sum < rangeLenght){lenght = is.read(buffer,0, (rangeLenght-sum)<=buffer.length? (int) (rangeLenght - sum) :buffer.length);sum = sum+lenght;os.write(buffer,0,lenght);}log.info("下载完成");}finally {if (is!= null){is.close();}if (os!=null){os.close();} }} } 启动成功 Vue <html xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org"><head><meta charset="utf-8"/><title>狂神说Java-ES仿京东实战</title><link rel="stylesheet" th:href="@{/css/style.css}"/></head><body class="pg"><div class="page" id="app"><div id="mallPage" class=" mallist tmall- page-not-market "><!-- 头部搜索 --><div id="header" class=" header-list-app"><div class="headerLayout"><div class="headerCon "><!-- Logo--><h1 id="mallLogo"><img th:src="@{/images/jdlogo.png}" alt=""></h1><div class="header-extra"><!--搜索--><div id="mallSearch" class="mall-search"><form name="searchTop" class="mallSearch-form clearfix"><fieldset><legend>天猫搜索</legend><div class="mallSearch-input clearfix"><div class="s-combobox" id="s-combobox-685"><div class="s-combobox-input-wrap"><input v-model="keyword" type="text" autocomplete="off" value="java" id="mq"class="s-combobox-input" aria-haspopup="true"></div></div><button type="submit" @click.prevent="searchKey" id="searchbtn">搜索</button></div></fieldset></form><ul class="relKeyTop"><li><a>狂神说Java</a></li><li><a>狂神说前端</a></li><li><a>狂神说Linux</a></li><li><a>狂神说大数据</a></li><li><a>狂神聊理财</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><el-button @click="download" id="download">下载</el-button><!-- <el-button @click="concurrenceDownload" >并发下载测试</el-button>--><el-button @click="stop">停止</el-button><el-button @click="start">开始</el-button>{ {fileFinalOffset} }{ {contentList} }<el-progress type="circle" :percentage="percentage"></el-progress></div><!--前端使用Vue，实现前后端分离--><script th:src="@{/js/axios.min.js}"></script><script th:src="@{/js/vue.min.js}"></script><!-- 引入样式 --><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/element-ui/lib/theme-chalk/index.css"><!-- 引入组件库 --><script src="https://unpkg.com/element-ui/lib/index.js"></script><script>new Vue({ el: 'app',data: {keyword: '', //搜索关键字results: [] ,//搜索结果percentage: 0, // 下载进度filesCurrentPage:0,//文件开始偏移量fileFinalOffset:0, //文件最后偏移量stopRecursiveTags:true, //停止递归标签，默认是true 继续进行递归contentList: [], // 文件流数组breakpointResumeTags:false, //断点续传标签，默认是false 不进行断点续传temp:[],fileMap:new Map(),timer:null, //定时器名称},methods: {//根据关键字搜索商品信息searchKey(){var keyword=this.keyword;axios.get('/search/JD/search/'+keyword+"/1/10").then(res=>{this.results=res.data;//绑定数据console.log(this.results)console.table(this.results)})},//停止下载stop(){//改变递归标签为falsethis.stopRecursiveTags=false;},//开始下载start(){//重置递归标签为true 最后进行合并this.stopRecursiveTags=true;//重置断点续传标签this.breakpointResumeTags=true;//重新调用下载方法this.download();},// 分段下载需要后端配合download() {// 下载地址const url = "/down?fileName="+this.keyword.trim()+"&drive=E";console.log(url)const chunkSize = 1024 1024 50; // 单个分段大小，这里测试用100Mlet filesTotalSize = chunkSize; // 安装包总大小，默认100Mlet filesPages = 1; // 总共分几段下载//计算百分比之前先清空上次的if(this.percentage==100){this.percentage=0;}let sentAxios = (num) => {let rande = chunkSize;//判断是否开启了断点续传(断点续传没法并行-需要上次请求的结果作为参数)if (this.breakpointResumeTags){rande = ${Number(this.fileFinalOffset)+1}-${num chunkSize + 1};}else {if (num) {rande = ${(num - 1) chunkSize + 2}-${num chunkSize + 1};} else {// 第一次0-1方便获取总数，计算下载进度，每段下载字节范围区间rande = "0-1";} }let headers = {range: rande,};axios({method: "get",url: url.trim(),async: true,data: {},headers: headers,responseType: "blob"}).then((response) => {if (response.status == 200 || response.status == 206) {//检查了下才发现，后端对文件流做了一层封装，所以将content指向response.data即可const content = response.data;//截取文件总长度和最后偏移量let result= response.headers["content-range"].split("/");// 获取文件总大小，方便计算下载百分比filesTotalSize =result[1];//获取最后一片文件位置，用于断点续传this.fileFinalOffset=result[0].split("-")[1]// 计算总共页数，向上取整filesPages = Math.ceil(filesTotalSize / chunkSize);// 文件流数组this.contentList.push(content);// 递归获取文件数据(判断是否要继续递归)if (this.filesCurrentPage < filesPages&&this.stopRecursiveTags==true) {this.filesCurrentPage++;//计算下载百分比 当前下载的片数/总片数this.percentage=Number((this.contentList.length/filesPages)100).toFixed(2);sentAxios(this.filesCurrentPage);//结束递归return;}//递归标签为true 才进行下载if (this.stopRecursiveTags){// 文件名称const fileName =decodeURIComponent(response.headers["fname"]);//构造一个blob对象来处理数据const blob = new Blob(this.contentList);//对于<a>标签，只有 Firefox 和 Chrome（内核） 支持 download 属性//IE10以上支持blob但是依然不支持downloadif ("download" in document.createElement("a")) {//支持a标签download的浏览器const link = document.createElement("a"); //创建a标签link.download = fileName; //a标签添加属性link.style.display = "none";link.href = URL.createObjectURL(blob);document.body.appendChild(link);link.click(); //执行下载URL.revokeObjectURL(link.href); //释放urldocument.body.removeChild(link); //释放标签} else {//其他浏览器navigator.msSaveBlob(blob, fileName);} }} else {//调用暂停方法，记录当前下载位置console.log("下载失败")} }).catch(function (error) {console.log(error);});};// 第一次获取数据方便获取总数sentAxios(this.filesCurrentPage);this.$message({message: '文件开始下载！',type: 'success'});} }})</script></body></html> 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/kangshihang1998/article/details/129407214。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。