[窗口函数ROW_NUMBER ]的搜索结果

...器，所有全局分词相关函数都是该分词器的映射。 代码示例 encoding=utf-8import jiebajieba.enable_paddle() 启动paddle模式。 0.40版之后开始支持，早期版本不支持strs=["我来到北京清华大学","乒乓球拍卖完了","中国科学技术大学"]for str in strs:seg_list = jieba.cut(str,use_paddle=True) 使用paddle模式print("Paddle Mode: " + '/'.join(list(seg_list)))seg_list = jieba.cut("我来到北京清华大学", cut_all=True)print("Full Mode: " + "/ ".join(seg_list)) 全模式seg_list = jieba.cut("我来到北京清华大学", cut_all=False)print("Default Mode: " + "/ ".join(seg_list)) 精确模式seg_list = jieba.cut("他来到了网易杭研大厦") 默认是精确模式print(", ".join(seg_list))seg_list = jieba.cut_for_search("小明硕士毕业于中国科学院计算所，后在日本京都大学深造") 搜索引擎模式print(", ".join(seg_list)) 输出: 【全模式】: 我/ 来到/ 北京/ 清华/ 清华大学/ 华大/ 大学【精确模式】: 我/ 来到/ 北京/ 清华大学【新词识别】：他, 来到, 了, 网易, 杭研, 大厦 (此处，“杭研”并没有在词典中，但是也被Viterbi算法识别出来了)【搜索引擎模式】： 小明, 硕士, 毕业, 于, 中国, 科学, 学院, 科学院, 中国科学院, 计算, 计算所, 后, 在, 日本, 京都, 大学, 日本京都大学, 深造 添加自定义词典 载入词典 开发者可以指定自己自定义的词典，以便包含 jieba 词库里没有的词。虽然 jieba 有新词识别能力，但是自行添加新词可以保证更高的正确率 用法： jieba.load_userdict(file_name) file_name 为文件类对象或自定义词典的路径 词典格式和 dict.txt 一样，一个词占一行；每一行分三部分：词语、词频（可省略）、词性（可省略），用空格隔开，顺序不可颠倒。file_name 若为路径或二进制方式打开的文件，则文件必须为 UTF-8 编码。 词频省略时使用自动计算的能保证分出该词的词频。 例如： 创新办 3 i云计算 5凱特琳 nz台中 更改分词器（默认为 jieba.dt）的 tmp_dir 和 cache_file 属性，可分别指定缓存文件所在的文件夹及其文件名，用于受限的文件系统。 范例： 自定义词典：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/userdict.txt 用法示例：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/test_userdict.py 之前： 李小福 / 是 / 创新 / 办 / 主任 / 也 / 是 / 云 / 计算 / 方面 / 的 / 专家 / 加载自定义词库后：　李小福 / 是 / 创新办 / 主任 / 也 / 是 / 云计算 / 方面 / 的 / 专家 / 调整词典 使用 add_word(word, freq=None, tag=None) 和 del_word(word) 可在程序中动态修改词典。 使用 suggest_freq(segment, tune=True) 可调节单个词语的词频，使其能（或不能）被分出来。 注意：自动计算的词频在使用 HMM 新词发现功能时可能无效。 代码示例： >>> print('/'.join(jieba.cut('如果放到post中将出错。', HMM=False)))如果/放到/post/中将/出错/。>>> jieba.suggest_freq(('中', '将'), True)494>>> print('/'.join(jieba.cut('如果放到post中将出错。', HMM=False)))如果/放到/post/中/将/出错/。>>> print('/'.join(jieba.cut('「台中」正确应该不会被切开', HMM=False)))「/台/中/」/正确/应该/不会/被/切开>>> jieba.suggest_freq('台中', True)69>>> print('/'.join(jieba.cut('「台中」正确应该不会被切开', HMM=False)))「/台中/」/正确/应该/不会/被/切开 “通过用户自定义词典来增强歧义纠错能力” — https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/issues/14 关键词提取 基于 TF-IDF 算法的关键词抽取 import jieba.analyse jieba.analyse.extract_tags(sentence, topK=20, withWeight=False, allowPOS=()) sentence 为待提取的文本 topK 为返回几个 TF/IDF 权重最大的关键词，默认值为 20 withWeight 为是否一并返回关键词权重值，默认值为 False allowPOS 仅包括指定词性的词，默认值为空，即不筛选 jieba.analyse.TFIDF(idf_path=None) 新建 TFIDF 实例，idf_path 为 IDF 频率文件 代码示例 （关键词提取） https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/extract_tags.py 关键词提取所使用逆向文件频率（IDF）文本语料库可以切换成自定义语料库的路径 用法： jieba.analyse.set_idf_path(file_name) file_name为自定义语料库的路径 自定义语料库示例：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/extra_dict/idf.txt.big 用法示例：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/extract_tags_idfpath.py 关键词提取所使用停止词（Stop Words）文本语料库可以切换成自定义语料库的路径 用法： jieba.analyse.set_stop_words(file_name) file_name为自定义语料库的路径 自定义语料库示例：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/extra_dict/stop_words.txt 用法示例：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/extract_tags_stop_words.py 关键词一并返回关键词权重值示例 用法示例：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/extract_tags_with_weight.py 基于 TextRank 算法的关键词抽取 jieba.analyse.textrank(sentence, topK=20, withWeight=False, allowPOS=(‘ns’, ‘n’, ‘vn’, ‘v’)) 直接使用，接口相同，注意默认过滤词性。 jieba.analyse.TextRank() 新建自定义 TextRank 实例 算法论文： TextRank: Bringing Order into Texts 基本思想: 将待抽取关键词的文本进行分词 以固定窗口大小(默认为5，通过span属性调整)，词之间的共现关系，构建图 计算图中节点的PageRank，注意是无向带权图 使用示例: 见 test/demo.py 词性标注 jieba.posseg.POSTokenizer(tokenizer=None) 新建自定义分词器，tokenizer 参数可指定内部使用的 jieba.Tokenizer 分词器。jieba.posseg.dt 为默认词性标注分词器。 标注句子分词后每个词的词性，采用和 ictclas 兼容的标记法。 除了jieba默认分词模式，提供paddle模式下的词性标注功能。paddle模式采用延迟加载方式，通过enable_paddle()安装paddlepaddle-tiny，并且import相关代码； 用法示例 >>> import jieba>>> import jieba.posseg as pseg>>> words = pseg.cut("我爱北京天安门") jieba默认模式>>> jieba.enable_paddle() 启动paddle模式。 0.40版之后开始支持，早期版本不支持>>> words = pseg.cut("我爱北京天安门",use_paddle=True) paddle模式>>> for word, flag in words:... print('%s %s' % (word, flag))...我 r爱 v北京 ns天安门 ns paddle模式词性标注对应表如下： paddle模式词性和专名类别标签集合如下表，其中词性标签 24 个（小写字母），专名类别标签 4 个（大写字母）。 标签 含义 标签 含义 标签 含义 标签 含义 n 普通名词 f 方位名词 s 处所名词 t 时间 nr 人名 ns 地名 nt 机构名 nw 作品名 nz 其他专名 v 普通动词 vd 动副词 vn 名动词 a 形容词 ad 副形词 an 名形词 d 副词 m 数量词 q 量词 r 代词 p 介词 c 连词 u 助词 xc 其他虚词 w 标点符号 PER 人名 LOC 地名 ORG 机构名 TIME 时间 并行分词 原理：将目标文本按行分隔后，把各行文本分配到多个 Python 进程并行分词，然后归并结果，从而获得分词速度的可观提升 基于 python 自带的 multiprocessing 模块，目前暂不支持 Windows 用法： jieba.enable_parallel(4) 开启并行分词模式，参数为并行进程数 jieba.disable_parallel() 关闭并行分词模式 例子：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/parallel/test_file.py 实验结果：在 4 核 3.4GHz Linux 机器上，对金庸全集进行精确分词，获得了 1MB/s 的速度，是单进程版的 3.3 倍。 注意：并行分词仅支持默认分词器 jieba.dt 和 jieba.posseg.dt。 Tokenize：返回词语在原文的起止位置 注意，输入参数只接受 unicode 默认模式 result = jieba.tokenize(u'永和服装饰品有限公司')for tk in result:print("word %s\t\t start: %d \t\t end:%d" % (tk[0],tk[1],tk[2])) word 永和 start: 0 end:2word 服装 start: 2 end:4word 饰品 start: 4 end:6word 有限公司 start: 6 end:10 搜索模式 result = jieba.tokenize(u'永和服装饰品有限公司', mode='search')for tk in result:print("word %s\t\t start: %d \t\t end:%d" % (tk[0],tk[1],tk[2])) word 永和 start: 0 end:2word 服装 start: 2 end:4word 饰品 start: 4 end:6word 有限 start: 6 end:8word 公司 start: 8 end:10word 有限公司 start: 6 end:10 ChineseAnalyzer for Whoosh 搜索引擎 引用： from jieba.analyse import ChineseAnalyzer 用法示例：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/test_whoosh.py 命令行分词 使用示例：python -m jieba news.txt > cut_result.txt 命令行选项（翻译）： 使用: python -m jieba [options] filename结巴命令行界面。固定参数:filename 输入文件可选参数:-h, --help 显示此帮助信息并退出-d [DELIM], --delimiter [DELIM]使用 DELIM 分隔词语，而不是用默认的' / '。若不指定 DELIM，则使用一个空格分隔。-p [DELIM], --pos [DELIM]启用词性标注；如果指定 DELIM，词语和词性之间用它分隔，否则用 _ 分隔-D DICT, --dict DICT 使用 DICT 代替默认词典-u USER_DICT, --user-dict USER_DICT使用 USER_DICT 作为附加词典，与默认词典或自定义词典配合使用-a, --cut-all 全模式分词（不支持词性标注）-n, --no-hmm 不使用隐含马尔可夫模型-q, --quiet 不输出载入信息到 STDERR-V, --version 显示版本信息并退出如果没有指定文件名，则使用标准输入。 --help 选项输出： $> python -m jieba --helpJieba command line interface.positional arguments:filename input fileoptional arguments:-h, --help show this help message and exit-d [DELIM], --delimiter [DELIM]use DELIM instead of ' / ' for word delimiter; or aspace if it is used without DELIM-p [DELIM], --pos [DELIM]enable POS tagging; if DELIM is specified, use DELIMinstead of '_' for POS delimiter-D DICT, --dict DICT use DICT as dictionary-u USER_DICT, --user-dict USER_DICTuse USER_DICT together with the default dictionary orDICT (if specified)-a, --cut-all full pattern cutting (ignored with POS tagging)-n, --no-hmm don't use the Hidden Markov Model-q, --quiet don't print loading messages to stderr-V, --version show program's version number and exitIf no filename specified, use STDIN instead. 延迟加载机制 jieba 采用延迟加载，import jieba 和 jieba.Tokenizer() 不会立即触发词典的加载，一旦有必要才开始加载词典构建前缀字典。如果你想手工初始 jieba，也可以手动初始化。 import jiebajieba.initialize() 手动初始化（可选） 在 0.28 之前的版本是不能指定主词典的路径的，有了延迟加载机制后，你可以改变主词典的路径: jieba.set_dictionary('data/dict.txt.big') 例子： https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/test_change_dictpath.py 其他词典 占用内存较小的词典文件 https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/raw/master/extra_dict/dict.txt.small 支持繁体分词更好的词典文件 https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/raw/master/extra_dict/dict.txt.big 下载你所需要的词典，然后覆盖 jieba/dict.txt 即可；或者用 jieba.set_dictionary('data/dict.txt.big') 其他语言实现 结巴分词 Java 版本 作者：piaolingxue 地址：https://github.com/huaban/jieba-analysis 结巴分词 C++ 版本 作者：yanyiwu 地址：https://github.com/yanyiwu/cppjieba 结巴分词 Rust 版本 作者：messense, MnO2 地址：https://github.com/messense/jieba-rs 结巴分词 Node.js 版本 作者：yanyiwu 地址：https://github.com/yanyiwu/nodejieba 结巴分词 Erlang 版本 作者：falood 地址：https://github.com/falood/exjieba 结巴分词 R 版本 作者：qinwf 地址：https://github.com/qinwf/jiebaR 结巴分词 iOS 版本 作者：yanyiwu 地址：https://github.com/yanyiwu/iosjieba 结巴分词 PHP 版本 作者：fukuball 地址：https://github.com/fukuball/jieba-php 结巴分词 .NET(C) 版本 作者：anderscui 地址：https://github.com/anderscui/jieba.NET/ 结巴分词 Go 版本 作者: wangbin 地址: https://github.com/wangbin/jiebago 作者: yanyiwu 地址: https://github.com/yanyiwu/gojieba 结巴分词Android版本 作者 Dongliang.W 地址：https://github.com/452896915/jieba-android 友情链接 https://github.com/baidu/lac 百度中文词法分析（分词+词性+专名）系统 https://github.com/baidu/AnyQ 百度FAQ自动问答系统 https://github.com/baidu/Senta 百度情感识别系统 系统集成 Solr: https://github.com/sing1ee/jieba-solr 分词速度 1.5 MB / Second in Full Mode 400 KB / Second in Default Mode 测试环境: Intel® Core™ i7-2600 CPU @ 3.4GHz；《围城》.txt 常见问题 1. 模型的数据是如何生成的？ 详见： https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/issues/7 2. “台中”总是被切成“台 中”？（以及类似情况） P(台中) ＜ P(台)×P(中)，“台中”词频不够导致其成词概率较低 解决方法：强制调高词频 jieba.add_word('台中') 或者 jieba.suggest_freq('台中', True) 3. “今天天气 不错”应该被切成“今天 天气 不错”？（以及类似情况） 解决方法：强制调低词频 jieba.suggest_freq(('今天', '天气'), True) 或者直接删除该词 jieba.del_word('今天天气') 4. 切出了词典中没有的词语，效果不理想？ 解决方法：关闭新词发现 jieba.cut('丰田太省了', HMM=False) jieba.cut('我们中出了一个叛徒', HMM=False) 更多问题请点击：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/issues?sort=updated&state=closed 修订历史 https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/Changelog jieba “Jieba” (Chinese for “to stutter”) Chinese text segmentation: built to be the best Python Chinese word segmentation module. Features Support three types of segmentation mode: Accurate Mode attempts to cut the sentence into the most accurate segmentations, which is suitable for text analysis. Full Mode gets all the possible words from the sentence. Fast but not accurate. Search Engine Mode, based on the Accurate Mode, attempts to cut long words into several short words, which can raise the recall rate. Suitable for search engines. Supports Traditional Chinese Supports customized dictionaries MIT License Online demo http://jiebademo.ap01.aws.af.cm/ (Powered by Appfog) Usage Fully automatic installation: easy_install jieba or pip install jieba Semi-automatic installation: Download http://pypi.python.org/pypi/jieba/ , run python setup.py install after extracting. Manual installation: place the jieba directory in the current directory or python site-packages directory. import jieba. Algorithm Based on a prefix dictionary structure to achieve efficient word graph scanning. Build a directed acyclic graph (DAG) for all possible word combinations. Use dynamic programming to find the most probable combination based on the word frequency. For unknown words, a HMM-based model is used with the Viterbi algorithm. Main Functions Cut The jieba.cut function accepts three input parameters: the first parameter is the string to be cut; the second parameter is cut_all, controlling the cut mode; the third parameter is to control whether to use the Hidden Markov Model. jieba.cut_for_search accepts two parameter: the string to be cut; whether to use the Hidden Markov Model. This will cut the sentence into short words suitable for search engines. The input string can be an unicode/str object, or a str/bytes object which is encoded in UTF-8 or GBK. Note that using GBK encoding is not recommended because it may be unexpectly decoded as UTF-8. jieba.cut and jieba.cut_for_search returns an generator, from which you can use a for loop to get the segmentation result (in unicode). jieba.lcut and jieba.lcut_for_search returns a list. jieba.Tokenizer(dictionary=DEFAULT_DICT) creates a new customized Tokenizer, which enables you to use different dictionaries at the same time. jieba.dt is the default Tokenizer, to which almost all global functions are mapped. Code example: segmentation encoding=utf-8import jiebaseg_list = jieba.cut("我来到北京清华大学", cut_all=True)print("Full Mode: " + "/ ".join(seg_list)) 全模式seg_list = jieba.cut("我来到北京清华大学", cut_all=False)print("Default Mode: " + "/ ".join(seg_list)) 默认模式seg_list = jieba.cut("他来到了网易杭研大厦")print(", ".join(seg_list))seg_list = jieba.cut_for_search("小明硕士毕业于中国科学院计算所，后在日本京都大学深造") 搜索引擎模式print(", ".join(seg_list)) Output: [Full Mode]: 我/ 来到/ 北京/ 清华/ 清华大学/ 华大/ 大学[Accurate Mode]: 我/ 来到/ 北京/ 清华大学[Unknown Words Recognize] 他, 来到, 了, 网易, 杭研, 大厦 (In this case, "杭研" is not in the dictionary, but is identified by the Viterbi algorithm)[Search Engine Mode]： 小明, 硕士, 毕业, 于, 中国, 科学, 学院, 科学院, 中国科学院, 计算, 计算所, 后, 在, 日本, 京都, 大学, 日本京都大学, 深造 Add a custom dictionary Load dictionary Developers can specify their own custom dictionary to be included in the jieba default dictionary. Jieba is able to identify new words, but you can add your own new words can ensure a higher accuracy. Usage： jieba.load_userdict(file_name) file_name is a file-like object or the path of the custom dictionary The dictionary format is the same as that of dict.txt: one word per line; each line is divided into three parts separated by a space: word, word frequency, POS tag. If file_name is a path or a file opened in binary mode, the dictionary must be UTF-8 encoded. The word frequency and POS tag can be omitted respectively. The word frequency will be filled with a suitable value if omitted. For example: 创新办 3 i云计算 5凱特琳 nz台中 Change a Tokenizer’s tmp_dir and cache_file to specify the path of the cache file, for using on a restricted file system. Example: 云计算 5李小福 2创新办 3[Before]： 李小福 / 是 / 创新 / 办 / 主任 / 也 / 是 / 云 / 计算 / 方面 / 的 / 专家 /[After]：　李小福 / 是 / 创新办 / 主任 / 也 / 是 / 云计算 / 方面 / 的 / 专家 / Modify dictionary Use add_word(word, freq=None, tag=None) and del_word(word) to modify the dictionary dynamically in programs. Use suggest_freq(segment, tune=True) to adjust the frequency of a single word so that it can (or cannot) be segmented. Note that HMM may affect the final result. Example: >>> print('/'.join(jieba.cut('如果放到post中将出错。', HMM=False)))如果/放到/post/中将/出错/。>>> jieba.suggest_freq(('中', '将'), True)494>>> print('/'.join(jieba.cut('如果放到post中将出错。', HMM=False)))如果/放到/post/中/将/出错/。>>> print('/'.join(jieba.cut('「台中」正确应该不会被切开', HMM=False)))「/台/中/」/正确/应该/不会/被/切开>>> jieba.suggest_freq('台中', True)69>>> print('/'.join(jieba.cut('「台中」正确应该不会被切开', HMM=False)))「/台中/」/正确/应该/不会/被/切开 Keyword Extraction import jieba.analyse jieba.analyse.extract_tags(sentence, topK=20, withWeight=False, allowPOS=()) sentence: the text to be extracted topK: return how many keywords with the highest TF/IDF weights. The default value is 20 withWeight: whether return TF/IDF weights with the keywords. The default value is False allowPOS: filter words with which POSs are included. Empty for no filtering. jieba.analyse.TFIDF(idf_path=None) creates a new TFIDF instance, idf_path specifies IDF file path. Example (keyword extraction) https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/extract_tags.py Developers can specify their own custom IDF corpus in jieba keyword extraction Usage： jieba.analyse.set_idf_path(file_name) file_name is the path for the custom corpus Custom Corpus Sample：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/extra_dict/idf.txt.big Sample Code：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/extract_tags_idfpath.py Developers can specify their own custom stop words corpus in jieba keyword extraction Usage： jieba.analyse.set_stop_words(file_name) file_name is the path for the custom corpus Custom Corpus Sample：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/extra_dict/stop_words.txt Sample Code：https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/extract_tags_stop_words.py There’s also a TextRank implementation available. Use: jieba.analyse.textrank(sentence, topK=20, withWeight=False, allowPOS=('ns', 'n', 'vn', 'v')) Note that it filters POS by default. jieba.analyse.TextRank() creates a new TextRank instance. Part of Speech Tagging jieba.posseg.POSTokenizer(tokenizer=None) creates a new customized Tokenizer. tokenizer specifies the jieba.Tokenizer to internally use. jieba.posseg.dt is the default POSTokenizer. Tags the POS of each word after segmentation, using labels compatible with ictclas. Example: >>> import jieba.posseg as pseg>>> words = pseg.cut("我爱北京天安门")>>> for w in words:... print('%s %s' % (w.word, w.flag))...我 r爱 v北京 ns天安门 ns Parallel Processing Principle: Split target text by line, assign the lines into multiple Python processes, and then merge the results, which is considerably faster. Based on the multiprocessing module of Python. Usage: jieba.enable_parallel(4) Enable parallel processing. The parameter is the number of processes. jieba.disable_parallel() Disable parallel processing. Example: https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/parallel/test_file.py Result: On a four-core 3.4GHz Linux machine, do accurate word segmentation on Complete Works of Jin Yong, and the speed reaches 1MB/s, which is 3.3 times faster than the single-process version. Note that parallel processing supports only default tokenizers, jieba.dt and jieba.posseg.dt. Tokenize: return words with position The input must be unicode Default mode result = jieba.tokenize(u'永和服装饰品有限公司')for tk in result:print("word %s\t\t start: %d \t\t end:%d" % (tk[0],tk[1],tk[2])) word 永和 start: 0 end:2word 服装 start: 2 end:4word 饰品 start: 4 end:6word 有限公司 start: 6 end:10 Search mode result = jieba.tokenize(u'永和服装饰品有限公司',mode='search')for tk in result:print("word %s\t\t start: %d \t\t end:%d" % (tk[0],tk[1],tk[2])) word 永和 start: 0 end:2word 服装 start: 2 end:4word 饰品 start: 4 end:6word 有限 start: 6 end:8word 公司 start: 8 end:10word 有限公司 start: 6 end:10 ChineseAnalyzer for Whoosh from jieba.analyse import ChineseAnalyzer Example: https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/blob/master/test/test_whoosh.py Command Line Interface $> python -m jieba --helpJieba command line interface.positional arguments:filename input fileoptional arguments:-h, --help show this help message and exit-d [DELIM], --delimiter [DELIM]use DELIM instead of ' / ' for word delimiter; or aspace if it is used without DELIM-p [DELIM], --pos [DELIM]enable POS tagging; if DELIM is specified, use DELIMinstead of '_' for POS delimiter-D DICT, --dict DICT use DICT as dictionary-u USER_DICT, --user-dict USER_DICTuse USER_DICT together with the default dictionary orDICT (if specified)-a, --cut-all full pattern cutting (ignored with POS tagging)-n, --no-hmm don't use the Hidden Markov Model-q, --quiet don't print loading messages to stderr-V, --version show program's version number and exitIf no filename specified, use STDIN instead. Initialization By default, Jieba don’t build the prefix dictionary unless it’s necessary. This takes 1-3 seconds, after which it is not initialized again. If you want to initialize Jieba manually, you can call: import jiebajieba.initialize() (optional) You can also specify the dictionary (not supported before version 0.28) : jieba.set_dictionary('data/dict.txt.big') Using Other Dictionaries It is possible to use your own dictionary with Jieba, and there are also two dictionaries ready for download: A smaller dictionary for a smaller memory footprint: https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/raw/master/extra_dict/dict.txt.small There is also a bigger dictionary that has better support for traditional Chinese (繁體): https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba/raw/master/extra_dict/dict.txt.big By default, an in-between dictionary is used, called dict.txt and included in the distribution. In either case, download the file you want, and then call jieba.set_dictionary('data/dict.txt.big') or just replace the existing dict.txt. Segmentation speed 1.5 MB / Second in Full Mode 400 KB / Second in Default Mode Test Env: Intel® Core™ i7-2600 CPU @ 3.4GHz；《围城》.txt 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/yegeli/article/details/107246661。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...3.2 创建用户定义函数 接着，我们创建一个用户定义函数来监听数据变化。 sql CREATE FUNCTION monitor_changes (keyspace_name text, table_name text) RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT RETURNS map LANGUAGE java AS $$ import com.datastax.driver.core.Row; import com.datastax.driver.core.Session; Session session = cluster.connect(keyspace_name); String query = "SELECT FROM " + table_name; Row row = session.execute(query).one(); Map changes = new HashMap<>(); changes.put("order_id", row.getUUID("order_id")); changes.put("product_id", row.getUUID("product_id")); changes.put("status", row.getString("status")); changes.put("timestamp", row.getTimestamp("timestamp")); return changes; $$; 4.3.3 实时监控逻辑 最后，我们需要编写一段逻辑来调用这个函数并处理返回的数据。这一步可以使用任何编程语言来实现，比如Python。 python from cassandra.cluster import Cluster from cassandra.auth import PlainTextAuthProvider auth_provider = PlainTextAuthProvider(username='your_username', password='your_password') cluster = Cluster(['127.0.0.1'], auth_provider=auth_provider) session = cluster.connect('your_keyspace') def monitor(): result = session.execute("SELECT monitor_changes('your_keyspace', 'orders')") for row in result: print(f"Order ID: {row['order_id']}, Status: {row['status']}") while True: monitor() 4.4 结论与展望 通过以上步骤，我们就成功地实现了在Cassandra中对数据的实时监控。当然啦，在实际操作中，咱们还得面对不少细碎的问题，比如说怎么处理错误啊，怎么优化性能啊之类的。不过，相信有了这些基础，你已经可以开始动手尝试了！ 希望这篇文章对你有所帮助，也欢迎你在实践过程中提出更多问题，我们一起探讨交流。

...-template-rows属性，可以精确地控制每个网格区域的大小；而justify-items与align-items等属性则能细致调整每个网格项的位置和对齐方式。 不仅如此，CSS Grid还支持自动布局（auto-fit和auto-fill关键字）、重复轨道（repeat()函数）、以及跨越多行或多列（grid-column和grid-row属性），这使得在不牺牲灵活性的前提下，能够轻松应对不同屏幕尺寸和设备类型的需求。 因此，对于想要深入了解和掌握现代网页布局技术的开发者而言，在熟练使用Flexbox的基础上，进一步学习和研究CSS Grid布局无疑将极大地提升工作效率和设计自由度，紧跟Web开发领域的最新趋势。

...后，我们需要创建一个函数来初始化数据库连接。 go import ( "database/sql" _ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql" ) func initDB() (sql.DB, error) { db, err := sql.Open("mysql", "user:password@tcp(localhost:3306)/dbname") if err != nil { return nil, err } return db, nil } 五、插入数据 接下来，我们就可以开始使用连接来进行数据的插入操作了。下面是一个简单的例子： go db, err := initDB() if err != nil { panic(err.Error()) } defer db.Close() _, err = db.Exec("INSERT INTO users (username, password) VALUES (?, ?)", "john", "$2a$10$B8AIFbLlWz2fPnZrjL9wmuPfYmV5XKpQyvJ7UeV9nGZIvnpOKwldO.") if err != nil { panic(err.Error()) } 六、查询数据 除了插入数据，我们还需要能够从数据库中查询数据。同样，这也很简单。下面是一个查询的例子： go db, err := initDB() if err != nil { panic(err.Error()) } defer db.Close() rows, err := db.Query("SELECT FROM users WHERE username = ?", "john") if err != nil { panic(err.Error()) } defer rows.Close() for rows.Next() { var username string var password string err = rows.Scan(&username, &password) if err != nil { panic(err.Error()) } fmt.Println(username, password) } 七、总结 通过以上内容，我们可以看出，使用Golang与MySQL进行数据持久化是非常容易的。只需要引入必要的库，就可以开始编写相关的代码了。而且，你知道吗，正因为Golang的独特优势，我们能够编写出超级高效、超稳可靠的代码！所以，如果你正在寻觅一种崭新的法子来搞定数据的长期存储问题，那么我真心推荐你试一试Golang，它绝对会让你眼前一亮！

...var layer,row,seckill_table// 添加秒杀商品$("seckill_add").click(()=>{layer.open({type:2,content: '/goods/SeckillGoodsOperate',area: ['800px','600px']})})// 秒杀商品刷新var seckill_reload = ()=> {seckill_table.reload({page:{curr:1 //current} });} var layer,row,seckill_tablelayui.define(()=>{let table=layui.tablelayer=layui.layerlet $=layui.jquerylet normal_table=table.render({elem: 'normal_goods',height: 500,url: '/goods/queryAll' //数据接口,page: true //开启分页,parseData(res){ //res 即为原始返回的数据return {"code": res.code===200?0:1, //解析接口状态"msg": res.message, //解析提示文本"count": res.total, //解析数据长度"data": res.data //解析数据列表};},//用于对分页请求的参数：page、limit重新设定名称request: {pageName: 'page' //页码的参数名称，默认：page,limitName: 'rows' //每页数据量的参数名，默认：limit},cols: [[ //表头{field: 'gid', title: '商品编号', width:80, sort: true, fixed: 'left'},{field: 'goodsName', title: '商品名字'},{field: 'goodsTitle', title: '商品标题'},{field: 'goodsImg',title: '商品图片',width:200,templet: (goods) => <b onmouseover='showImg("${goods.goodsImg}",this)'> + goods.goodsImg + </b> },{field: 'goodsDetail', title: '商品详情'},{field: 'goodsPrice', title: '商品价格', sort: true},{field: 'goodsStock', title: '商品库存', sort: true},{field: 'operate', title: '商品操作',toolbar: 'button_1'}]]});// 刷新表格let reloadTable=()=>{let goodsName=$("normal_value").val()// 【JS】自动化渲染的重载,重载表格normal_table.reload({where: {//设定异步数据接口的额外参数,height: 300goodsName},page:{curr:1 //current} });}// 搜索$("normal_search").click(reloadTable)// 增加$("normal_add").click(()=>{row = nullopenDialog()})//工具条事件table.on('tool(normal_goods)', function(obj) { //注：tool 是工具条事件名，test 是 table 原始容器的属性 lay-filter="对应的值"let data = obj.data; //获得当前行数据let layEvent = obj.event; //获得 lay-event 对应的值（也可以是表头的 event 参数对应的值）let tr = obj.tr; //获得当前行 tr 的 DOM 对象（如果有的话）if (layEvent === 'normal_del') { //删除row = data//获得当前行的数据let url="/goods/del/"+data.gidlayer.confirm('确定删除吗？',{title:'删除'}, function(index){//向服务端发送删除指令og$.getJSON(url,{gid:data.gid}, function(ret){layer.close(index);//关闭弹窗reloadTable()});layer.close(index);//关闭弹窗});}if (layEvent === 'normal_edit') { //编辑row = dataopenDialog()} })// 页面弹出let openDialog=()=>{// 如果是iframe层layer.open({type: 2,content: '/goods/goodsOperate', //这里content是一个URL，如果你不想让iframe出现滚动条，你还可以content: ['http://sentsin.com', 'no']area:['800px','600px'],btn: ['确定','取消'],yes(index,layero){let url="/goods/insert"// 拿到表格数据let data=$(layero).find("iframe")[0].contentWindow.getFormData()if(row) {url="/goods/edit"}$.ajax({url,data,datatype: "json",success(res){layer.closeAll()reloadTable()layer.msg(res.message)} })} });}// -------------------------秒杀商品-------------------------------------------seckill_table=table.render({elem: 'seckill_goods',height: 500,url: '/seckillGoods/queryAll' //数据接口,parseData(res){ //res 即为原始返回的数据return {"code": res.code===200?0:1, //解析接口状态"msg": res.message, //解析提示文本"count": res.total, //解析数据长度"data": res.data //解析数据列表};},cols: [[ //表头{field: 'id', title: '秒杀商品编号', width:80, sort: true},{field: 'goodsId', title: '商品名字id'},{field: 'seckillPrice', title: '秒杀价格'},{field: 'stockCount', title: '秒杀库存'},{field: 'startDate', title: '活动开始时间'},{field: 'endDate', title: '活动结束时间'},{field: 'goodsName', title: '商品名称'}]]});// 添加秒杀商品$("seckill_add").click(()=>{layer.open({type:2,content: '/goods/SeckillGoodsOperate',area: ['800px','600px']})})})// 图片显示let showImg = (src,obj)=> {layer.tips(<img src="${src}" width="100px">, obj);}// 秒杀商品刷新var seckill_reload = ()=> {seckill_table.reload({page:{curr:1 //current} });} ②、增加秒杀商品弹出页面样式 <!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/asset/js/layui/css/layui.css" media="all"></head><body><div style="padding:15px 0px;"><div class="layui-condition"><form id="fm" name="fm" action="/" method="post" class="layui-form"><div class="layui-form-item"><div class="layui-inline"><label class="layui-form-label" style="width: 100px;text-align: left;">秒杀活动时间:</label><div class="layui-input-inline" style="width:280px;"><input type="text" class="layui-input" id="dt"></div><div class="layui-input-inline"><button class="layui-btn" id="btn_save" type="button"><i class="fa fa-search fa-right"></i>保 存</button></div></div></div></form></div><div class="layui-fluid" style="margin-top:-18px;"><table id="tb_goods" class="layui-table" lay-filter="tb_goods" style="margin-top:-5px;"></table></div></div><script src="/static/asset/js/layui/layui.js"></script><script src="/static/asset/js/project/seckillGoodsOperate.js"></script></body></html> ③、实现增加秒杀商品 seckillGoodsOperate.js: layui.define(()=>{let table=layui.tablelet laydate = layui.laydatelet $=layui.jquerylet layer=layui.layer// 读取普通商品table.render({elem: 'tb_goods',height: 500,url: '/goods/queryAll' //数据接口,page: true //开启分页,parseData(res){ //res 即为原始返回的数据return {"code": res.code===200?0:1, //解析接口状态"msg": res.message, //解析提示文本"count": res.total, //解析数据长度"data": res.data //解析数据列表};},//用于对分页请求的参数：page、limit重新设定名称request: {pageName: 'page' //页码的参数名称，默认：page,limitName: 'rows' //每页数据量的参数名，默认：limit},cols: [[ //表头// 全选按钮{field: '', type:"checkbox"},{field: 'gid', title: '商品编号', width:80},{field: 'goodsName', title: '商品名字'},{field: 'goodsTitle', title: '商品标题'},{field: 'goodsDetail', title: '商品详情'},{field: 'goodsPrice', title: '商品价格', sort: true},{field: 'goodsStock', title: '商品库存', sort: true}]]});// 构建时间选择器//执行一个laydate实例laydate.render({elem: 'dt', //指定元素type: "datetime",range: "~"});$("btn_save").click(()=>{// 获取时间let val=$("dt").val()if(!val){layer.msg("请选择时间")return}// 解析时间2022-2-2 ~2022-5-2let startDate=new Date(val.split("~")[0]).getTime()let endDate=new Date(val.split("~")[1]).getTime()// 获得选中的普通商品,获取选中行的数据let rows= table.checkStatus('tb_goods').data; //idTest 即为基础参数 id 对应的值if(!rows||rows.length===0){layer.msg("请选择数据")return}layer.prompt(function(value, index, elem){// 修改每个商品的数量rows.forEach(e=>{e.goodsStock=value})let data={startDate,endDate,goods:rows}// 访问后台的秒杀商品的接口$.ajax({url: "/seckillGoods/add",contentType:'application/json',data: JSON.stringify(data),datatype:"json",//返回类型type:"post",success(res){parent.seckill_reload()layer.closeAll()parent.layer.closeAll()layer.msg(res.message)} })});})}) ④、展示结果 增加成功： 三、秒杀商品的操作 1、后端操作秒杀单个商品详情 ①、mapper层 SeckillGoodsMapper： Map<String,Object> querySeckillGoodsById(Long id); mapper.xml文件：SeckillGoodsMapper.xml <select id="querySeckillGoodsById" resultType="map">select sg.id,sg.goods_id,sg.seckill_price,sg.stock_count,sg.start_date,sg.end_date,g.goods_img,g.goods_title,g.goods_detail,g.goods_name,(casewhen current_timestamp < sg.start_date then 0when (current_timestamp between sg.start_date and sg.end_date) then 1when current_timestamp > sg.end_date then 2end) goods_statusfrom t_goods g,t_seckill_goods sgwhere g.gid = sg.goods_idand sg.id = {0}</select> ②、service层 ISeckillGoodsService： Map<String,Object> querySeckillGoodsById(Long id); SeckillGoodsServiceImpl： @Overridepublic Map<String, Object> querySeckillGoodsById(Long id) {return seckillGoodsMapper.querySeckillGoodsById(id);} ③、controller层：SeckillGoodsController package com.example.seckill.controller;import com.example.seckill.service.ISeckillGoodsService;import com.example.seckill.util.response.ResponseResult;import com.example.seckill.vo.SeckillGoodsVo;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.;import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;import java.util.List;/ <p> 秒杀商品信息表 前端控制器 </p> @author lv @since 2022-03-19/@Controller@RequestMapping("/seckillGoods")public class SeckillGoodsController {@Autowiredprivate ISeckillGoodsService seckillGoodsService;// 返回json@ResponseBody@RequestMapping("/queryAll")public ResponseResult<List<SeckillGoodsVo>> queryAll(){return seckillGoodsService.queryAll();}@ResponseBody@RequestMapping("/add")public ResponseResult<List<SeckillGoodsVo>> add(@RequestBody SeckillGoodsVo seckillGoodsVo){return seckillGoodsService.addGoods(seckillGoodsVo);}// 正常跳转界面@RequestMapping("/query/{id}")public ModelAndView querySeckillGoodsById(@PathVariable("id") Long id) {ModelAndView mv = new ModelAndView("/goods/goodsSeckill");mv.addObject("goods", seckillGoodsService.querySeckillGoodsById(id));return mv;} } 2、前端展示 ①、在goodsList.js增加列的操作 {field: '', title: '操作', width: 140,templet: function (d) {return <div><a class="layui-btn layui-btn-xs layui-btn-danger">删除</a><a href="/seckillGoods/query/${d.id}" class="layui-btn layui-btn-xs layui-btn-normal">秒杀</a></div>;} } ②、添加秒杀详情界面 ：goodsSkill.ftl <!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><include "../common/head.ftl"/></head><body><table style="position: absolute;top:-10px;" class="layui-table" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td style="width:120px;">商品图片</td><td><img src="${goods['goods_img']}" alt=""></td></tr><tr><td>商品名称</td><td>${goods['goods_name']}</td></tr><tr><td>商品标题</td><td>${goods['goods_title']}</td></tr><tr><td>商品价格</td><td>${goods['seckill_price']}</td></tr><tr><td>开始时间</td><td><div style="position: relative;${(goods['goods_status']==1)?string('top:10px;','')}">${goods['start_date']?string("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss")}-${goods['end_date']?string("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss")}<if goods['goods_status']==0>活动未开始<elseif goods['goods_status']==1>活动热卖中<div style="position:relative;top:-10px;float:right;"><input type="hidden" id="goodsId" value="${goods['goods_id']}" name="goodsId"/><button class="layui-btn" id="buy">立即抢购</button></div><else>活动已结束</if></div></td></tr></table><script src="/static/asset/js/project/goodsSeckill.js"></script></body></html> ③、实现：goodsSkill.js let layer, form, $;layui.define(() => {layer = layui.layerform = layui.form$ = layui.jquery$('buy').click(() => {$.ajax({url: '/seckillOrder/addOrder',data: {goodsId: $('goodsId').val()},dataType: 'json',type: 'post',async: false,success: function (rs) {if (rs.code === 200)layer.msg(rs.message)elselayer.msg(rs.message)} })});}) ④、展示效果 点击秒杀： 3、后端操作秒杀抢购功能 ①、导入雪花id工具包：SnowFlake package com.example.seckill.util;@SuppressWarnings("all")public class SnowFlake {/ 起始的时间戳/private final static long START_STMP = 1480166465631L;/ 每一部分占用的位数/private final static long SEQUENCE_BIT = 12; //序列号占用的位数private final static long MACHINE_BIT = 5; //机器标识占用的位数private final static long DATACENTER_BIT = 5;//数据中心占用的位数/ 每一部分的最大值/private final static long MAX_DATACENTER_NUM = -1L ^ (-1L << DATACENTER_BIT);private final static long MAX_MACHINE_NUM = -1L ^ (-1L << MACHINE_BIT);private final static long MAX_SEQUENCE = -1L ^ (-1L << SEQUENCE_BIT);/ 每一部分向左的位移/private final static long MACHINE_LEFT = SEQUENCE_BIT;private final static long DATACENTER_LEFT = SEQUENCE_BIT + MACHINE_BIT;private final static long TIMESTMP_LEFT = DATACENTER_LEFT + DATACENTER_BIT;private long datacenterId; //数据中心private long machineId; //机器标识private long sequence = 0L; //序列号private long lastStmp = -1L;//上一次时间戳public SnowFlake(long datacenterId, long machineId) {if (datacenterId > MAX_DATACENTER_NUM || datacenterId < 0) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("datacenterId can't be greater than MAX_DATACENTER_NUM or less than 0");}if (machineId > MAX_MACHINE_NUM || machineId < 0) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("machineId can't be greater than MAX_MACHINE_NUM or less than 0");}this.datacenterId = datacenterId;this.machineId = machineId;}public static void main(String[] args) {SnowFlake snowFlake = new SnowFlake(2, 3);long start = System.currentTimeMillis();for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {System.out.println(snowFlake.nextId());}System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() - start);}/ 产生下一个ID @return/public synchronized long nextId() {long currStmp = getNewstmp();if (currStmp < lastStmp) {throw new RuntimeException("Clock moved backwards. Refusing to generate id");}if (currStmp == lastStmp) {//相同毫秒内，序列号自增sequence = (sequence + 1) & MAX_SEQUENCE;//同一毫秒的序列数已经达到最大if (sequence == 0L) {currStmp = getNextMill();} } else {//不同毫秒内，序列号置为0sequence = 0L;}lastStmp = currStmp;return (currStmp - START_STMP) << TIMESTMP_LEFT //时间戳部分| datacenterId << DATACENTER_LEFT //数据中心部分| machineId << MACHINE_LEFT //机器标识部分| sequence; //序列号部分}private long getNextMill() {long mill = getNewstmp();while (mill <= lastStmp) {mill = getNewstmp();}return mill;}private long getNewstmp() {return System.currentTimeMillis();} } ②、service层 ISeckillOrderService ： package com.example.seckill.service;import com.example.seckill.pojo.SeckillOrder;import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.extension.service.IService;import com.example.seckill.pojo.User;import com.example.seckill.util.response.ResponseResult;/ <p> 秒杀订单信息表 服务类 </p> @author lv @since 2022-03-19/public interface ISeckillOrderService extends IService<SeckillOrder> {ResponseResult<?> addOrder(Long goodsId, User user);} SeckillOrderServiceImpl ： package com.example.seckill.service.impl;import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.core.conditions.query.QueryWrapper;import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.core.conditions.update.UpdateWrapper;import com.example.seckill.exception.BusinessException;import com.example.seckill.mapper.GoodsMapper;import com.example.seckill.mapper.OrderMapper;import com.example.seckill.mapper.SeckillGoodsMapper;import com.example.seckill.pojo.;import com.example.seckill.mapper.SeckillOrderMapper;import com.example.seckill.service.ISeckillOrderService;import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.extension.service.impl.ServiceImpl;import com.example.seckill.util.SnowFlake;import com.example.seckill.util.response.ResponseResult;import com.example.seckill.util.response.ResponseResultCode;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;/ <p> 秒杀订单信息表 服务实现类 </p> @author lv @since 2022-03-19/@Servicepublic class SeckillOrderServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<SeckillOrderMapper, SeckillOrder> implements ISeckillOrderService {@Autowiredprivate SeckillGoodsMapper seckillGoodsMapper;@Autowiredprivate GoodsMapper goodsMapper;@Autowiredprivate OrderMapper orderMapper;@Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)@Overridepublic ResponseResult<?> addOrder(Long goodsId, User user) {// 下单前判断库存数SeckillGoods goods = seckillGoodsMapper.selectOne(new QueryWrapper<SeckillGoods>().eq("goods_id", goodsId));if (goods == null) {throw new BusinessException(ResponseResultCode.SECKILL_ORDER_ERROR);}if (goods.getStockCount() < 1) {throw new BusinessException(ResponseResultCode.SECKILL_ORDER_ERROR);}// 限购SeckillOrder one = this.getOne(new QueryWrapper<SeckillOrder>().eq("user_id", user.getId()).eq("goods_id", goodsId));if (one != null) {throw new BusinessException(ResponseResultCode.SECKILL_ORDER_EXISTS_ERROR);}// 库存减一int i = seckillGoodsMapper.update(null, new UpdateWrapper<SeckillGoods>().eq("goods_id", goodsId).setSql("stock_count=stock_count-1"));// 根据商品编号查询对应的商品（拿名字）Goods goodsInfo = goodsMapper.selectOne(new QueryWrapper<Goods>().eq("gid", goodsId));// 生成订单//生成雪花idSnowFlake snowFlake = new SnowFlake(5, 9);long id = snowFlake.nextId();//生成对应的订单Order normalOrder = new Order();normalOrder.setOid(id);normalOrder.setUserId(user.getId());normalOrder.setGoodsId(goodsId);normalOrder.setGoodsName(goodsInfo.getGoodsName());normalOrder.setGoodsCount(1);normalOrder.setGoodsPrice(goods.getSeckillPrice());orderMapper.insert(normalOrder);//生成秒杀订单SeckillOrder seckillOrder = new SeckillOrder();seckillOrder.setUserId(user.getId());seckillOrder.setOrderId(normalOrder.getOid());seckillOrder.setGoodsId(goodsId);this.save(seckillOrder);return ResponseResult.success();} } ③、controller层 SeckillOrderController ： package com.example.seckill.controller;import com.example.seckill.pojo.User;import com.example.seckill.service.ISeckillOrderService;import com.example.seckill.util.response.ResponseResult;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;/ <p> 秒杀订单信息表 前端控制器 </p> @author lv @since 2022-03-19/@RestController@RequestMapping("/seckillOrder")public class SeckillOrderController {@Autowiredprivate ISeckillOrderService seckillOrderService;@RequestMapping("/addOrder")public ResponseResult<?> addOrder(Long goodsId, User user){return seckillOrderService.addOrder(goodsId,user);} } ④、呈现结果 限购次数： 本期内容结束，下期内容更完善！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！1 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_60389087/article/details/123601288。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...are(value,row,col){ //创建小方块，传入参数为颜色、行、列，初始化时使用。var temp = document.createElement('div'); //创建div dom对象temp.style.height = squareWidth + "px";temp.style.width = squareWidth + "px";temp.style.position = "absolute"; //相对于背景绝对定位temp.num = value;temp.col = col;temp.row = row;return temp; //返回这个创建出来的对象}function refresh(){ //重绘画板，每次鼠标点击后刷新for(var i = 0 ; i < squareSet.length ; i ++){for(var j = 0 ; j < squareSet[i].length ; j ++){squareSet[i][j].style.backgroundImage = "url(./pic/" + squareSet[i][j].num + ".png)"squareSet[i][j].style.left = squareSet[i][j].col squareWidth + "px"; // 别忘了加"px"squareSet[i][j].style.bottom = squareSet[i][j].row squareWidth + "px";} }}function init(){ // JS调用入口table = document.getElementById('pop_star'); // 获取到最外层的父元素作为桌面for(var i = 0 ; i < boardWidth; i ++){squareSet[i] = new Array(); //二维数组的创建，对每一个元素new Array()创建新数组for(var j = 0 ; j < boardWidth ; j ++){var square = createSquare(Math.floor(Math.random() 5) , i , j);squareSet[i][j] = square; //必须将新创建的方块放回到数组中table.appendChild(square); //需要将创建的新元素添加到桌面上} }refresh(); //每次页面内容发生变化需要重绘页面}window.onload = function(){init();} // window.onload 保证了在页面全部加载完毕后再执行JS代码 效果 第二阶段：鼠标选中后，闪烁 只有JavaScript需要修改 var table; //游戏桌面var squareWidth = 50; //方块宽高var boardWidth = 10; //行列数var squareSet = []; //方块信息集合（二维数组）每个元素保存该方块的全部信息var baseScore = 5; //第一块的分数var stepScore = 10; //每多一块的累加分数var totalScore = 0; //当前总分var targetScore = 1500; //目标分var choose = []; //选中的连通小方块var timer = null; //闪烁定时器var flag = true; //锁，防止点击事件中响应其他点击或移入时间var tempSquare = null; //临时方块function refresh(){for (var i = 0; i < squareSet.length; i++) {for (var j = 0; j < squareSet[i].length; j++) {squareSet[i][j].style.background="url(pic/"+squareSet[i][j].num+".png)"squareSet[i][j].style.left=squareSet[i][j].colsquareWidth+"px";squareSet[i][j].style.bottom=squareSet[i][j].rowsquareWidth+"px";} }}function createSquare(value,row,col){ //创建小方块，传入参数为颜色、行、列，初始化时使用。var temp = document.createElement('div'); //创建div dom对象temp.style.height = squareWidth + "px";temp.style.width = squareWidth + "px";temp.style.position = "absolute"; //相对于背景绝对定位temp.num = value;temp.col = col;temp.row = row;return temp; //返回这个创建出来的对象}function goBack(){ //还原样式if(timer != null){ //清空计时器clearInterval(timer);}for(var i = 0 ; i < squareSet.length ; i ++){for(var j = 0 ; j < squareSet[i].length ; j ++){squareSet[i][j].style.border = "0px solid white";squareSet[i][j].style.transform = "scale(0.95)";} }}function checkLinked(square , arr){ // 递归连通图算法arr.push(square); // 将当前方块放入选中数组中// check leftif( square.col > 0 && //未到边界squareSet[square.row][square.col - 1].num == square.num && //颜色相同arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row][square.col - 1]) == -1) { //不在choose中，避免循环判断checkLinked(squareSet[square.row][square.col - 1] , arr);}// check rightif( square.col < boardWidth - 1 &&squareSet[square.row][square.col + 1].num == square.num &&arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row][square.col + 1]) == -1) {checkLinked(squareSet[square.row][square.col + 1] , arr);}// check upif( square.row < boardWidth - 1 &&squareSet[square.row + 1][square.col].num == square.num &&arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row + 1][square.col]) == -1) {checkLinked(squareSet[square.row + 1][square.col] , arr);}// check downif( square.row > 0 &&squareSet[square.row - 1][square.col].num == square.num &&arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row - 1][square.col]) == -1) {checkLinked(squareSet[square.row - 1][square.col] , arr);} }function flicker(arr){ // 选中连通的小方块可以闪烁var num = 0;timer = setInterval(function(){for(var i = 0 ; i < arr.length ; i ++){arr[i].style.border = "3px solid BFEFFF";//有个框arr[i].style.transform = "scale(" + (0.9 + (0.05 Math.pow(-1 , num))) + ")";//一闪一闪}num ++; // 注意这里所采用的数学技巧，仍然使用transform:scale(val)来进行缩放。},300);//闪烁的时间}function mouseOver(obj){ //鼠标移入区域响应// 还原所有样式goBack();// 检查相邻choose = [];checkLinked(obj , choose);// 闪烁flicker(choose);// 显示分数selectScore();}function init(){ // JS调用入口table = document.getElementById('pop_star'); // 获取到最外层的父元素作为桌面document.getElementById('targetScore').innerHTML = "Target Score : " + targetScore; //显示目标分数用innerHTML// 循环初始化星星区域for(var i = 0 ; i < boardWidth ; i ++){squareSet[i] = new Array(); //二维数组的创建，对每一个元素new Array()创建新数组for(var j = 0 ; j < boardWidth ; j ++){var square = createSquare(Math.floor(Math.random() 5) , i , j);// 鼠标移入事件square.onmouseover = function(){mouseOver(this);}squareSet[i][j] = square; //必须将新创建的方块放回到数组中table.appendChild(square); //需要将创建的新元素添加到桌面上} }refresh(); //每次页面内容发生变化需要重绘页面}window.onload = function(){init();} // window.onload 保证了在页面全部加载完毕后再执行JS代码 效果2.1 加入这段代码，便会计算闪烁方块得分 function selectScore(){ //可以显示当前选中小方块的得分var score = 0;for(var i = 0 ; i < choose.length ; i ++){score += (baseScore + i stepScore);}document.getElementById('selectScore').innerHTML = choose.length + " blocks " + score + " points";document.getElementById('selectScore').style.opacity = 1;// 设置时间间隔1秒后显示消失的过渡动画setTimeout(function(){document.getElementById('selectScore').style.opacity = 0;document.getElementById('selectScore').style.transition = "opacity 1s";},1000);} 完整代码为： var table; //游戏桌面var squareWidth = 50; //方块宽高var boardWidth = 10; //行列数var squareSet = []; //方块信息集合（二维数组）每个元素保存该方块的全部信息var baseScore = 5; //第一块的分数var stepScore = 10; //每多一块的累加分数var totalScore = 0; //当前总分var targetScore = 1500; //目标分var choose = []; //选中的连通小方块var timer = null; //闪烁定时器var flag = true; //锁，防止点击事件中响应其他点击或移入时间var tempSquare = null; //临时方块function refresh(){for (var i = 0; i < squareSet.length; i++) {for (var j = 0; j < squareSet[i].length; j++) {squareSet[i][j].style.background="url(pic/"+squareSet[i][j].num+".png)"squareSet[i][j].style.left=squareSet[i][j].colsquareWidth+"px";squareSet[i][j].style.bottom=squareSet[i][j].rowsquareWidth+"px";} }}function createSquare(value,row,col){ //创建小方块，传入参数为颜色、行、列，初始化时使用。var temp = document.createElement('div'); //创建div dom对象temp.style.height = squareWidth + "px";temp.style.width = squareWidth + "px";temp.style.position = "absolute"; //相对于背景绝对定位temp.num = value;temp.col = col;temp.row = row;return temp; //返回这个创建出来的对象}function goBack(){ //还原样式if(timer != null){ //清空计时器clearInterval(timer);}for(var i = 0 ; i < squareSet.length ; i ++){for(var j = 0 ; j < squareSet[i].length ; j ++){squareSet[i][j].style.border = "0px solid white";squareSet[i][j].style.transform = "scale(0.95)";} }}function checkLinked(square , arr){ // 递归连通图算法arr.push(square); // 将当前方块放入选中数组中// check leftif( square.col > 0 && //未到边界squareSet[square.row][square.col - 1].num == square.num && //颜色相同arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row][square.col - 1]) == -1) { //不在choose中，避免循环判断checkLinked(squareSet[square.row][square.col - 1] , arr);}// check rightif( square.col < boardWidth - 1 &&squareSet[square.row][square.col + 1].num == square.num &&arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row][square.col + 1]) == -1) {checkLinked(squareSet[square.row][square.col + 1] , arr);}// check upif( square.row < boardWidth - 1 &&squareSet[square.row + 1][square.col].num == square.num &&arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row + 1][square.col]) == -1) {checkLinked(squareSet[square.row + 1][square.col] , arr);}// check downif( square.row > 0 &&squareSet[square.row - 1][square.col].num == square.num &&arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row - 1][square.col]) == -1) {checkLinked(squareSet[square.row - 1][square.col] , arr);} }function flicker(arr){ // 选中连通的小方块可以闪烁var num = 0;timer = setInterval(function(){for(var i = 0 ; i < arr.length ; i ++){arr[i].style.border = "3px solid BFEFFF";//有个框arr[i].style.transform = "scale(" + (0.9 + (0.05 Math.pow(-1 , num))) + ")";//一闪一闪}num ++; // 注意这里所采用的数学技巧，仍然使用transform:scale(val)来进行缩放。},300);//闪烁的时间}function selectScore(){ //可以显示当前选中小方块的得分var score = 0;for(var i = 0 ; i < choose.length ; i ++){score += (baseScore + i stepScore);}document.getElementById('selectScore').innerHTML = choose.length + " blocks " + score + " points";document.getElementById('selectScore').style.opacity = 1;// 设置时间间隔1秒后显示消失的过渡动画setTimeout(function(){document.getElementById('selectScore').style.opacity = 0;document.getElementById('selectScore').style.transition = "opacity 1s";},1000);}function mouseOver(obj){ //鼠标移入区域响应// 还原所有样式goBack();// 检查相邻choose = [];checkLinked(obj , choose);// 闪烁flicker(choose);// 显示分数selectScore();}function init(){ // JS调用入口table = document.getElementById('pop_star'); // 获取到最外层的父元素作为桌面document.getElementById('targetScore').innerHTML = "Target Score : " + targetScore; //显示目标分数用innerHTML// 循环初始化星星区域for(var i = 0 ; i < boardWidth ; i ++){squareSet[i] = new Array(); //二维数组的创建，对每一个元素new Array()创建新数组for(var j = 0 ; j < boardWidth ; j ++){var square = createSquare(Math.floor(Math.random() 5) , i , j);// 鼠标移入事件square.onmouseover = function(){mouseOver(this);}squareSet[i][j] = square; //必须将新创建的方块放回到数组中table.appendChild(square); //需要将创建的新元素添加到桌面上} }refresh(); //每次页面内容发生变化需要重绘页面}window.onload = function(){init();} // window.onload 保证了在页面全部加载完毕后再执行JS代码 效果2.2 第三阶段：消灭星星（只消灭一次） 只消除选中的星星，但是不会掉下来。 在function init(){}里面添加以下代码： // 鼠标点击事件square.onclick = function(){//为移除增加一个延迟动画，为了防止闭包，这里采用立即执行函数for(var i = 0 ; i < choose.length ; i ++){(function(i){setTimeout(function(){squareSet[choose[i].row][choose[i].col] = null; //为状态数组置空table.removeChild(choose[i]); //将其从桌面上移除} , i 100);})(i);} } 效果 使得星星移动（原作者这里出现错误） function move(){//纵向下落，采用快慢指针算法for(var i = 0 ; i < boardWidth ; i ++){var pointer = 0; //慢指针for(var j = 0 ; j < boardWidth ; j ++){if(squareSet[j][i] != null){ //按行遍历if(pointer != j){ //快慢指针不同步说明中间有空元素squareSet[pointer][i] = squareSet[j][i]; //慢指针设成快指针元素squareSet[j][i].row = pointer;squareSet[j][i] = null; //快指针处置空}pointer ++; //该行非空时慢指针增加} }} 完整代码如下： var table; //游戏桌面var squareWidth = 50; //方块宽高var boardWidth = 10; //行列数var squareSet = []; //方块信息集合（二维数组）每个元素保存该方块的全部信息var baseScore = 5; //第一块的分数var stepScore = 10; //每多一块的累加分数var totalScore = 0; //当前总分var targetScore = 1500; //目标分var choose = []; //选中的连通小方块var timer = null; //闪烁定时器var flag = true; //锁，防止点击事件中响应其他点击或移入时间var tempSquare = null; //临时方块function refresh(){for (var i = 0; i < squareSet.length; i++) {for (var j = 0; j < squareSet[i].length; j++) {squareSet[i][j].style.background="url(pic/"+squareSet[i][j].num+".png)"squareSet[i][j].style.left=squareSet[i][j].colsquareWidth+"px";squareSet[i][j].style.bottom=squareSet[i][j].rowsquareWidth+"px";} }}function createSquare(value,row,col){ //创建小方块，传入参数为颜色、行、列，初始化时使用。var temp = document.createElement('div'); //创建div dom对象temp.style.height = squareWidth + "px";temp.style.width = squareWidth + "px";temp.style.position = "absolute"; //相对于背景绝对定位temp.num = value;temp.col = col;temp.row = row;return temp; //返回这个创建出来的对象}function goBack(){ //还原样式if(timer != null){ //清空计时器clearInterval(timer);}for(var i = 0 ; i < squareSet.length ; i ++){for(var j = 0 ; j < squareSet[i].length ; j ++){squareSet[i][j].style.border = "0px solid white";squareSet[i][j].style.transform = "scale(0.95)";} }}function checkLinked(square , arr){ // 递归连通图算法arr.push(square); // 将当前方块放入选中数组中// check leftif( square.col > 0 && //未到边界squareSet[square.row][square.col - 1].num == square.num && //颜色相同arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row][square.col - 1]) == -1) { //不在choose中，避免循环判断checkLinked(squareSet[square.row][square.col - 1] , arr);}// check rightif( square.col < boardWidth - 1 &&squareSet[square.row][square.col + 1].num == square.num &&arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row][square.col + 1]) == -1) {checkLinked(squareSet[square.row][square.col + 1] , arr);}// check upif( square.row < boardWidth - 1 &&squareSet[square.row + 1][square.col].num == square.num &&arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row + 1][square.col]) == -1) {checkLinked(squareSet[square.row + 1][square.col] , arr);}// check downif( square.row > 0 &&squareSet[square.row - 1][square.col].num == square.num &&arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row - 1][square.col]) == -1) {checkLinked(squareSet[square.row - 1][square.col] , arr);} }function flicker(arr){ // 选中连通的小方块可以闪烁var num = 0;timer = setInterval(function(){for(var i = 0 ; i < arr.length ; i ++){arr[i].style.border = "3px solid BFEFFF";//有个框arr[i].style.transform = "scale(" + (0.9 + (0.05 Math.pow(-1 , num))) + ")";//一闪一闪}num ++; // 注意这里所采用的数学技巧，仍然使用transform:scale(val)来进行缩放。},300);//闪烁的时间}function selectScore(){ //可以显示当前选中小方块的得分var score = 0;for(var i = 0 ; i < choose.length ; i ++){score += (baseScore + i stepScore);}document.getElementById('selectScore').innerHTML = choose.length + " blocks " + score + " points";document.getElementById('selectScore').style.opacity = 1;// 设置时间间隔1秒后显示消失的过渡动画setTimeout(function(){document.getElementById('selectScore').style.opacity = 0;document.getElementById('selectScore').style.transition = "opacity 1s";},1000);}function mouseOver(obj){ //鼠标移入区域响应// 还原所有样式goBack();// 检查相邻choose = [];checkLinked(obj , choose);// 闪烁flicker(choose);// 显示分数selectScore();}function move(){//纵向下落，采用快慢指针算法for(var i = 0 ; i < boardWidth ; i ++){var pointer = 0; //慢指针for(var j = 0 ; j < boardWidth ; j ++){if(squareSet[j][i] != null){ //按行遍历if(pointer != j){ //快慢指针不同步说明中间有空元素squareSet[pointer][i] = squareSet[j][i]; //慢指针设成快指针元素squareSet[j][i].row = pointer;squareSet[j][i] = null; //快指针处置空}pointer ++; //该行非空时慢指针增加} }}// 横向移动（当出现一列为空时）for(var i = 0 ; i < squareSet[0].length ;){ //必须注意循环结束条件的判断if(squareSet[0][i] == null){ //逻辑：只需判断最低层为空，该行则全为空for(var j = 0 ; j < boardWidth ; j ++){squareSet[j].splice(i , 1); //splice删除数组squareSet[j]中从i开始的1个元素}continue;//注意移动后i不应改变了}i ++;}refresh();}function init(){ // JS调用入口table = document.getElementById('pop_star'); // 获取到最外层的父元素作为桌面document.getElementById('targetScore').innerHTML = "Target Score : " + targetScore; //显示目标分数用innerHTML// 循环初始化星星区域for(var i = 0 ; i < boardWidth ; i ++){squareSet[i] = new Array(); //二维数组的创建，对每一个元素new Array()创建新数组for(var j = 0 ; j < boardWidth ; j ++){var square = createSquare(Math.floor(Math.random() 5) , i , j);// 鼠标移入事件square.onmouseover = function(){mouseOver(this);}// 鼠标点击事件square.onclick = function(){//对锁进行控制if(!flag || choose.length == null){return;}flag = false;tempSquare = null;//更新分数var score = 0;for(var i = 0 ; i < choose.length ; i ++){score += (baseScore + i stepScore);}totalScore += score;document.getElementById('nowScore').innerHTML = "Current Score : " + totalScore;//为移除增加一个延迟动画，为了防止闭包，这里采用立即执行函数for(var i = 0 ; i < choose.length ; i ++){(function(i){setTimeout(function(){squareSet[choose[i].row][choose[i].col] = null; //为状态数组置空table.removeChild(choose[i]); //将其从桌面上移除} , i 100);})(i);}//需要等星星消除完毕后再移动，故需增加一个延迟setTimeout(function(){move(); //调用移动函数},choose.length 100);}squareSet[i][j] = square; //必须将新创建的方块放回到数组中table.appendChild(square); //需要将创建的新元素添加到桌面上} }refresh(); //每次页面内容发生变化需要重绘页面}window.onload = function(){init();} // window.onload 保证了在页面全部加载完毕后再执行JS代码 效果（下降成功，但是有点小bug只有部分下降了） 解决方案：只需要在function refresh(){}的双循环里面增加以下代码： if(squareSet[i][j] == null) continue; 完整代码如下： var table; //游戏桌面var squareWidth = 50; //方块宽高var boardWidth = 10; //行列数var squareSet = []; //方块信息集合（二维数组）每个元素保存该方块的全部信息var baseScore = 5; //第一块的分数var stepScore = 10; //每多一块的累加分数var totalScore = 0; //当前总分var targetScore = 1500; //目标分var choose = []; //选中的连通小方块var timer = null; //闪烁定时器var flag = true; //锁，防止点击事件中响应其他点击或移入时间var tempSquare = null; //临时方块function refresh(){for (var i = 0; i < squareSet.length; i++) {for (var j = 0; j < squareSet[i].length; j++) {if(squareSet[i][j] == null) continue; // 点击后数组中可能有空值需要跳过squareSet[i][j].style.background="url(pic/"+squareSet[i][j].num+".png)"squareSet[i][j].style.left=squareSet[i][j].colsquareWidth+"px";squareSet[i][j].style.bottom=squareSet[i][j].rowsquareWidth+"px";} }}function createSquare(value,row,col){ //创建小方块，传入参数为颜色、行、列，初始化时使用。var temp = document.createElement('div'); //创建div dom对象temp.style.height = squareWidth + "px";temp.style.width = squareWidth + "px";temp.style.position = "absolute"; //相对于背景绝对定位temp.num = value;temp.col = col;temp.row = row;return temp; //返回这个创建出来的对象}function goBack(){ //还原样式if(timer != null){ //清空计时器clearInterval(timer);}for(var i = 0 ; i < squareSet.length ; i ++){for(var j = 0 ; j < squareSet[i].length ; j ++){squareSet[i][j].style.border = "0px solid white";squareSet[i][j].style.transform = "scale(0.95)";} }}function checkLinked(square , arr){ // 递归连通图算法arr.push(square); // 将当前方块放入选中数组中// check leftif( square.col > 0 && //未到边界squareSet[square.row][square.col - 1].num == square.num && //颜色相同arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row][square.col - 1]) == -1) { //不在choose中，避免循环判断checkLinked(squareSet[square.row][square.col - 1] , arr);}// check rightif( square.col < boardWidth - 1 &&squareSet[square.row][square.col + 1].num == square.num &&arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row][square.col + 1]) == -1) {checkLinked(squareSet[square.row][square.col + 1] , arr);}// check upif( square.row < boardWidth - 1 &&squareSet[square.row + 1][square.col].num == square.num &&arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row + 1][square.col]) == -1) {checkLinked(squareSet[square.row + 1][square.col] , arr);}// check downif( square.row > 0 &&squareSet[square.row - 1][square.col].num == square.num &&arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row - 1][square.col]) == -1) {checkLinked(squareSet[square.row - 1][square.col] , arr);} }function flicker(arr){ // 选中连通的小方块可以闪烁var num = 0;timer = setInterval(function(){for(var i = 0 ; i < arr.length ; i ++){arr[i].style.border = "3px solid BFEFFF";//有个框arr[i].style.transform = "scale(" + (0.9 + (0.05 Math.pow(-1 , num))) + ")";//一闪一闪}num ++; // 注意这里所采用的数学技巧，仍然使用transform:scale(val)来进行缩放。},300);//闪烁的时间}function selectScore(){ //可以显示当前选中小方块的得分var score = 0;for(var i = 0 ; i < choose.length ; i ++){score += (baseScore + i stepScore);}document.getElementById('selectScore').innerHTML = choose.length + " blocks " + score + " points";document.getElementById('selectScore').style.opacity = 1;// 设置时间间隔1秒后显示消失的过渡动画setTimeout(function(){document.getElementById('selectScore').style.opacity = 0;document.getElementById('selectScore').style.transition = "opacity 1s";},1000);}function mouseOver(obj){ //鼠标移入区域响应// 还原所有样式goBack();// 检查相邻choose = [];checkLinked(obj , choose);// 闪烁flicker(choose);// 显示分数selectScore();}function move(){//纵向下落，采用快慢指针算法for(var i = 0 ; i < boardWidth ; i ++){var pointer = 0; //慢指针for(var j = 0 ; j < boardWidth ; j ++){if(squareSet[j][i] != null){ //按行遍历if(pointer != j){ //快慢指针不同步说明中间有空元素squareSet[pointer][i] = squareSet[j][i]; //慢指针设成快指针元素squareSet[j][i].row = pointer;squareSet[j][i] = null; //快指针处置空}pointer ++; //该行非空时慢指针增加} }}// 横向移动（当出现一列为空时）for(var i = 0 ; i < squareSet[0].length ;){ //必须注意循环结束条件的判断if(squareSet[0][i] == null){ //逻辑：只需判断最低层为空，该行则全为空for(var j = 0 ; j < boardWidth ; j ++){squareSet[j].splice(i , 1); //splice删除数组squareSet[j]中从i开始的1个元素}continue;//注意移动后i不应改变了}i ++;}refresh();}function init(){ // JS调用入口table = document.getElementById('pop_star'); // 获取到最外层的父元素作为桌面document.getElementById('targetScore').innerHTML = "Target Score : " + targetScore; //显示目标分数用innerHTML// 循环初始化星星区域for(var i = 0 ; i < boardWidth ; i ++){squareSet[i] = new Array(); //二维数组的创建，对每一个元素new Array()创建新数组for(var j = 0 ; j < boardWidth ; j ++){var square = createSquare(Math.floor(Math.random() 5) , i , j);// 鼠标移入事件square.onmouseover = function(){mouseOver(this);}// 鼠标点击事件square.onclick = function(){//对锁进行控制if(!flag || choose.length == null){return;}flag = false;tempSquare = null;//更新分数var score = 0;for(var i = 0 ; i < choose.length ; i ++){score += (baseScore + i stepScore);}totalScore += score;document.getElementById('nowScore').innerHTML = "Current Score : " + totalScore;//为移除增加一个延迟动画，为了防止闭包，这里采用立即执行函数for(var i = 0 ; i < choose.length ; i ++){(function(i){setTimeout(function(){squareSet[choose[i].row][choose[i].col] = null; //为状态数组置空table.removeChild(choose[i]); //将其从桌面上移除} , i 100);})(i);}//需要等星星消除完毕后再移动，故需增加一个延迟setTimeout(function(){move(); //调用移动函数},choose.length 100);}squareSet[i][j] = square; //必须将新创建的方块放回到数组中table.appendChild(square); //需要将创建的新元素添加到桌面上} }refresh(); //每次页面内容发生变化需要重绘页面}window.onload = function(){init();} // window.onload 保证了在页面全部加载完毕后再执行JS代码 第四阶段：消灭全部星星，返回结果 最终完整版代码如下： var table; //游戏桌面var squareWidth = 50; //方块宽高var boardWidth = 10; //行列数var squareSet = []; //方块信息集合（二维数组）每个元素保存该方块的全部信息var baseScore = 5; //第一块的分数var stepScore = 10; //每多一块的累加分数var totalScore = 0; //当前总分var targetScore = 1500; //目标分var choose = []; //选中的连通小方块var timer = null; //闪烁定时器var flag = true; //锁，防止点击事件中响应其他点击或移入时间var tempSquare = null; //临时方块function refresh(){ //重绘画板，每次鼠标点击后刷新for(var i = 0 ; i < squareSet.length ; i ++){for(var j = 0 ; j < squareSet[i].length ; j ++){if(squareSet[i][j] == null) continue; // 点击后数组中可能有空值需要跳过squareSet[i][j].row = i; //更新当前的行列数squareSet[i][j].col = j;squareSet[i][j].style.backgroundImage = "url(./pic/" + squareSet[i][j].num + ".png)"squareSet[i][j].style.backgroundSize = "cover"; //占满范围squareSet[i][j].style.transform = "scale(0.95)"; //美观效果让不同星星之间留出空隙（缩小至0.95倍大小）squareSet[i][j].style.left = squareSet[i][j].col squareWidth + "px"; // 别忘了加"px"squareSet[i][j].style.bottom = squareSet[i][j].row squareWidth + "px";squareSet[i][j].style.transition = "left 0.3s, bottom 0.3s";} }}function createSquare(value,row,col){ //创建小方块，传入参数为颜色、行、列，初始化时使用。var temp = document.createElement('div'); //创建div dom对象temp.style.height = squareWidth + "px";temp.style.width = squareWidth + "px";temp.style.display = "inline-block"; //需要让对象元素能排列一排temp.style.position = "absolute"; //相对于背景绝对定位temp.style.boxSizing = "border-box"; //重要：不会使增加的边框溢出覆盖到旁边的元素temp.style.borderRadius = "12px";temp.num = value;temp.col = col;temp.row = row;return temp; //返回这个创建出来的对象}function goBack(){ //还原样式if(timer != null){ //清空计时器clearInterval(timer);}for(var i = 0 ; i < squareSet.length ; i ++){for(var j = 0 ; j < squareSet[i].length ; j ++){if(squareSet[i][j] == null) continue;squareSet[i][j].style.border = "0px solid white";squareSet[i][j].style.transform = "scale(0.95)";} }}function checkLinked(square , arr){ // 递归连通图算法if(square == null) return; // 递归边界arr.push(square); // 将当前方块放入选中数组中// check leftif( square.col > 0 && //未到边界squareSet[square.row][square.col - 1] && //左侧有块squareSet[square.row][square.col - 1].num == square.num && //颜色相同arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row][square.col - 1]) == -1) { //不在choose中，避免循环判断checkLinked(squareSet[square.row][square.col - 1] , arr);}// check rightif( square.col < boardWidth - 1 &&squareSet[square.row][square.col + 1] &&squareSet[square.row][square.col + 1].num == square.num &&arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row][square.col + 1]) == -1) {checkLinked(squareSet[square.row][square.col + 1] , arr);}// check upif( square.row < boardWidth - 1 &&squareSet[square.row + 1][square.col] &&squareSet[square.row + 1][square.col].num == square.num &&arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row + 1][square.col]) == -1) {checkLinked(squareSet[square.row + 1][square.col] , arr);}// check downif( square.row > 0 &&squareSet[square.row - 1][square.col] &&squareSet[square.row - 1][square.col].num == square.num &&arr.indexOf(squareSet[square.row - 1][square.col]) == -1) {checkLinked(squareSet[square.row - 1][square.col] , arr);} }function flicker(arr){ // 选中连通的小方块可以闪烁var num = 0;timer = setInterval(function(){for(var i = 0 ; i < arr.length ; i ++){arr[i].style.border = "3px solid BFEFFF";arr[i].style.transform = "scale(" + (0.9 + (0.05 Math.pow(-1 , num))) + ")";}num ++; // 注意这里所采用的数学技巧，仍然使用transform:scale(val)来进行缩放。},300);}function selectScore(){ //可以显示当前选中小方块的得分var score = 0;for(var i = 0 ; i < choose.length ; i ++){score += (baseScore + i stepScore);}if(score == 0) return;document.getElementById('selectScore').innerHTML = choose.length + " blocks " + score + " points";document.getElementById('selectScore').style.opacity = 1;document.getElementById('selectScore').style.transition = null;// 设置时间间隔1秒后显示消失的过渡动画setTimeout(function(){document.getElementById('selectScore').style.opacity = 0;document.getElementById('selectScore').style.transition = "opacity 1s";},1000);}function mouseOver(obj){ //鼠标移入区域响应// 加锁，点击事件过程中不允许其他点击事件与移入事件if(!flag){tempSquare = obj;return;}// 还原所有样式goBack();// 检查相邻choose = [];checkLinked(obj , choose);if(choose.length <= 1){choose = [];return;}// 闪烁flicker(choose);// 显示分数selectScore();}function move(){ //下落移动控制//纵向下落，采用快慢指针算法for(var i = 0 ; i < boardWidth ; i ++){var pointer = 0; //慢指针for(var j = 0 ; j < boardWidth ; j ++){if(squareSet[j][i] != null){ //按行遍历if(pointer != j){ //快慢指针不同步说明中间有空元素squareSet[pointer][i] = squareSet[j][i]; //慢指针设成快指针元素squareSet[j][i].row = pointer;squareSet[j][i] = null; //快指针处置空}pointer ++; //该行非空时慢指针增加} }}// 横向移动（当出现一列为空时）for(var i = 0 ; i < squareSet[0].length ;){ // 注意循环终止条件的判断！！！因为数组长度会更新if(squareSet[0][i] == null){ //逻辑：只需判断最低层为空，该行则全为空for(var j = 0 ; j < boardWidth ; j ++){squareSet[j].splice(i , 1); //splice删除数组squareSet[j]中从i开始的1个元素}continue;//注意移动后i不应改变了}i ++;}refresh();}function isFinish(){ //判断游戏结束flag = true; //重要：需要先解锁，保证后续鼠标事件可以被响应for(var i = 0 ; i < squareSet.length ; i ++){for(var j = 0 ; j < squareSet[i].length ; j ++){if(squareSet[i][j] == null) continue; //遍历每一元素判断连通var temp = [];checkLinked(squareSet[i][j] , temp);if(temp.length > 1) return false; //若有某一元素仍有多块连通，则游戏未结束} }return flag;}function init(){ // JS调用入口table = document.getElementById('pop_star'); // 获取到最外层的父元素作为桌面document.getElementById('targetScore').innerHTML = "Target Score : " + targetScore; //显示目标分数用innerHTML// 循环初始化星星区域for(var i = 0 ; i < boardWidth ; i ++){squareSet[i] = new Array(); //二维数组的创建，对每一个元素new Array()创建新数组for(var j = 0 ; j < boardWidth ; j ++){var square = createSquare(Math.floor(Math.random() 5) , i , j);// 鼠标移入事件square.onmouseover = function(){mouseOver(this);}// 鼠标点击事件square.onclick = function(){//对锁进行控制if(!flag || choose.length == null){return;}flag = false;tempSquare = null;//更新分数var score = 0;for(var i = 0 ; i < choose.length ; i ++){score += (baseScore + i stepScore);}totalScore += score;document.getElementById('nowScore').innerHTML = "Current Score : " + totalScore;//为移除增加一个延迟动画，为了防止闭包，这里采用立即执行函数for(var i = 0 ; i < choose.length ; i ++){(function(i){setTimeout(function(){squareSet[choose[i].row][choose[i].col] = null; //为状态数组置空table.removeChild(choose[i]); //将其从桌面上移除} , i 50);})(i);}//需要等星星消除完毕后再移动，故需增加一个延迟setTimeout(function(){move(); //调用移动函数setTimeout(function(){var judge = isFinish();if(judge){ //游戏达到结束条件if(totalScore > targetScore){alert('Congratulations! You win!');}else{alert('Mission Failed!');} }else{flag = true;choose = [];mouseOver(tempSquare); //处理可能存在的冲突} },300 + choose.length 75); //需要一个判断延迟},choose.length 50);}squareSet[i][j] = square; //必须将新创建的方块放回到数组中table.appendChild(square); //需要将创建的新元素添加到桌面上} }refresh(); //每次页面内容发生变化需要重绘页面}window.onload = function(){init();} // window.onload 保证了在页面全部加载完毕后再执行JS代码 效果 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_56471396/article/details/128681321。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...操作，采用常见的界面窗口来登录界面，通过电脑进行访问操作，会员只要平时使用过电脑都能进行访问操作。此系统的开发采用PHP语言开发，基于B/S结构，这些开发环境使系统更加完善。本系统具有易操作、易管理、交互性好的特点，在操作上是非常简单的。因此本系统可以进行开发。 3.1.3 经济可行性 腕表交易系统是基于B/S模式，采用MYSQL数据库储存数据，所要求的硬件和软件环境，市场上都很容易购买，程序开发主要是管理系统的开发和维护。所以程序在开发人力、财力上要求不高，而且此系统不是很复杂，开发周期短，在经济方面具有较高的可行性。 3.1.4 法律可行性 此腕表交易系统是自己设计的管理系统，具有很大的实际意义。开发环境软件和使用的数据库都是开源代码，因此对这个系统进行开发与普通的系统软件设计存在很大不同，没有侵权等问题，在法律上完全具有可行性。 综上所述，腕表交易系统在技术、经济、操作和法律上都具有很高的可行性，开发此程序是很必要的。 3.2 腕表交易系统功能需求分析 此基于SSM的腕表交易系统分前台功能和后台功能： 1）前台部分由用户使用，主要包括用户注册，腕表购物车管理，订单管理，个人资料管理，留言板管理 2）后台部分由管理员使用，主要包括管理员身份验证，商品管理，处理订单，用户信息管理，连接信息管理 3.3 数据库需求分析 数据库的设计通常是以一个已经存在的数据库管理系统为基础的，常用的数据库管理系统有MYSQL，SQL，Oracle等。我采用了Mysql数据库管理系统，建立的数据库名为db_business。 整个系统功能需要以下数据项： 用户：用户id、用户名称、登录密码、用户真实姓名、性别、邮箱地址、联系地址、联系电话、密码问题、答案、注册时间。 留言：主题id、作者姓名、Email、主题名称、留言内容、发布时间。 商品：商品id、名称、价格、图片路径、类型、简要介绍、存储地址、上传人姓名、发布时间、是否推荐。 订单：订单号、用户名、真实姓名、订购日期、Email、地址、邮编、付款方式、联系方式、运送方式、订单核对、其他。 管理员：管理员id、管理员名称、管理员密码。 公告：公告内容、公告时间。 4系统设计 4.1 系统功能模块设计 功能结构图如下： 图9 功能模块设计图 从图中可以看出，网上腕表交易系统可以分为前台和后台两个部分，前台部分由用户使用，主要包括用户注册，生成订单，腕表购物车管理，查看腕表购物车，查看留言，订购产品，订单查询和发布留言7个模块；本文转载自http://www.biyezuopin.vip/onews.asp?id=11975后台部分由管理员使用，主要包括管理员身份验证，商品管理，处理订单，用户信息管理，连接信息管理5个模块。 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html><head><base href="<%=basePath%>"/><title>腕表商城</title><meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="expires" content="0"> <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"><meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><!-- Favicon --><link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="img/favicon.png"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="<%=basePath%>home/css/font-awesome.min.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="<%=basePath%>home/css/bootstrap.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="<%=basePath%>home/css/style.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="<%=basePath%>home/css/magnific-popup.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="<%=basePath%>home/css/owl.carousel.css"><script type="text/javascript">function getprofenlei(){ var html = ""; $.ajax({url: "leixing.action?list&page=0&rows=30",type: "POST",async: false, contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=UTF-8",success: function (data) { $.each(data.rows, function (i, val) { html += ' <li ><a href="home/search.jsp?fenlei='+val.id+'" >'+val.a1+' </a></li>';})} }); $("fenlei").html(html);}function gettop1(){var html = "";$.ajax({url: "leixing.action?list&page=0&rows=10",type: "POST",async: false,success: function (data) {var total='';//<div class="tab-pane active" id="nArrivals">// <div class="nArrivals owl-carousel" id="top1">$.each(data.rows, function (i, valmm) { html+='<div class="nArrivals owl-carousel" id="'+valmm.id+'">';$.ajax({url: "shangpin.action?list&page=0&rows=10",type: "POST",async: false,data: { fenlei:valmm.id },success: function (data) { $.each(data.rows, function (i, val) { html+='<div class="product-grid">'+'<div class="item">'+' <div class="product-thumb">'+' <div class="image product-imageblock"> <a href="home/details.jsp?ids='+val.id+'"> <img data-name="product_image" style="width:223px;height:285px;" src="<%=basePath%>'+val.tupian1+'" alt="iPod Classic" title="iPod Classic" class="img-responsive"> <img style="width:223px;height:285px;" src="<%=basePath%>'+val.tupian1+'" alt="iPod Classic" title="iPod Classic" class="img-responsive"> </a> </div>'+' <div class="caption product-detail text-left">'+' <h6 data-name="product_name" class="product-name mt_20"><a href="home/details.jsp?ids='+val.id+'" title="Casual Shirt With Ruffle Hem">'+val.biaoti+'</a></h6>'+' <div class="rating"> <span class="fa fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-star-o fa-stack-1x"></i><i class="fa fa-star fa-stack-1x"></i></span> <span class="fa fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-star-o fa-stack-1x"></i><i class="fa fa-star fa-stack-1x"></i></span> <span class="fa fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-star-o fa-stack-1x"></i><i class="fa fa-star fa-stack-1x"></i></span> <span class="fa fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-star-o fa-stack-1x"></i><i class="fa fa-star fa-stack-1x"></i></span> <span class="fa fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-star-o fa-stack-1x"></i><i class="fa fa-star fa-stack-x"></i></span> </div>'+'<span class="price"><span class="amount"><span class="currencySymbol">$</span>'+val.jiage+'</span>'+'</span>'+'<div class="button-group text-center">'+' <div class="wishlist"><a href="home/details.jsp?ids='+val.id+'"><span>wishlist</span></a></div>'+'<div class="quickview"><a href="home/details.jsp?ids='+val.id+'"><span>Quick View</span></a></div>'+'<div class="compare"><a href="home/details.jsp?ids='+val.id+'"><span>Compare</span></a></div>'+'<div class="add-to-cart"><a href="home/details.jsp?ids='+val.id+'"><span>Add to cart</span></a></div>'+'</div>'+'</div>'+'</div>'+'</div>'+' </div>'; })html+='</div>'; } })}) $("nArrivals").html(html); } }); 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/newlw/article/details/127608579。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...方案。通过Intl.NumberFormat组件，不仅能轻松实现千位分隔符的自动添加，还能根据不同地区习惯进行货币符号及小数点格式的自适应调整，大大提升了全球化应用程序的用户体验。 此外，针对财务报表、大数据分析等场景下的复杂数据显示需求，一些开源项目如v-money、vue-number-format等也提供了丰富且易用的封装组件，它们不仅支持基础的千位分隔和货币格式设定，还允许用户自定义样式、添加精度控制以及响应式更新等功能，为Vue.js开发者在实际项目中提升数字显示的专业性和可读性提供了更多选择。 总之，在Vue.js的世界里，无论是内置工具还是社区资源，都为我们提供了丰富的手段来应对各类数字格式化的需求，不断推动着Web应用程序在数据展示层面的精细化与专业化发展。

...一个序列。 var numbers = [1, 2, 3]; 现在，我们要将这个序列中的数值连接成字符串。我们只需要像下面这样引用 .join() 方法，就可以完成这个功能。 var string = numbers.join(""); 在上面的代码中，我们把无内容字符串 "" 作为参数传送给 .join() 方法。这意味着我们不希望数值之间添加任何分隔符。 如果我们想要在数值之间添加分隔符（比如逗号），我们可以将逗号作为参数传送给 .join() 方法。像下面这样： var string = numbers.join(","); 现在，我们建立了一个逗号分隔的字符串，内容如下所示。 "1,2,3" 总之，.join() 方法是一个非常方便的方法。它让你轻松地将数值连接成字符串，并且可以在数值之间添加分隔符。

...展开/收起的效果。 row-click事件 , row-click是Element-UI el-table组件提供的一个原生事件，当用户点击表格中的某一行时会触发该事件，并将被点击行的数据作为参数传递给绑定的事件处理函数。在此应用场景下，通过监听row-click事件，开发者能够获取到用户点击的具体行数据，进而控制该行的展开或收起状态。 ARIA角色属性 , ARIA（Accessible Rich Internet Applications）角色属性是一种W3C标准，用于增强网页元素的语义和辅助功能信息，以便于辅助技术（如屏幕阅读器）识别和解释网页内容。在无障碍设计领域，为el-table组件添加合适的ARIA角色属性有助于确保其展开/收起功能对键盘操作友好，符合WCAG 2.1标准，使得所有用户都能顺畅地与具有此功能的数据表格进行交互。

...ysqli_num_rows($result) >0) { while ($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result)) { echo '账号: ' . $row['username'] . ', 口令: ' . $row['password'] . ' '; } } else { echo '没有结果'; } // 关闭连接 mysqli_close($conn); 常规连接的代码比较简单，用mysqli_connect()函数连接MySQL服务器，然后用mysqli_query()函数执行查询，最后用mysqli_fetch_assoc()函数处理查询结果。这种连接方式适用于在本地开发和测试。 SSH连接： // 连接MySQL服务器 $host = 'localhost'; // 主机名 $user = 'root'; // 账号 $password = '123456'; // 口令 $database = 'test'; // 数据库名称 // SSH设置 $ssh_host = 'ssh.example.com'; // SSH主机名 $ssh_user = 'sshuser'; // SSH账号 $ssh_password = 'sshpassword'; // SSH口令 $ssh_port = 22; // SSH端口 // SSH到MySQL服务器 $connection = ssh2_connect($ssh_host, $ssh_port); if (ssh2_auth_password($connection, $ssh_user, $ssh_password)) { // SSH认证成功 $tunnel = ssh2_tunnel($connection, $host, 3306); // 连接MySQL服务器 $conn = mysqli_connect('127.0.0.1', $user, $password, $database, '3306', $tunnel); // 检测连接是否成功 if (!$conn) { die('连接不成功: ' . mysqli_connect_error()); } // 查询数据 $sql = 'SELECT FROM user'; $result = mysqli_query($conn, $sql); // 处理查询结果 if (mysqli_num_rows($result) >0) { while ($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result)) { echo '账号: ' . $row['username'] . ', 口令: ' . $row['password'] . ' '; } } else { echo '没有结果'; } // 关闭连接 mysqli_close($conn); } else { // SSH认证不成功 die('SSH认证不成功'); } SSH连接的代码相对复杂，需要用ssh2_connect()函数连接SSH服务器，用ssh2_auth_password()函数进行SSH认证，然后用ssh2_tunnel()函数创建隧道，最后用mysqli_connect()函数连接MySQL服务器和数据库。SSH连接的好处是可以通过SSH隧道连接到远程的MySQL服务器，提升了数据传输的安全性。

...新selectedRows数组。 3. 动态取消选中状态 那么，如何主动取消某一行的选中状态呢？关键在于根据业务需求去更新selectedRows数组。假设我们想要取消id为2的项的选中状态： vue // 在methods中增加一个方法 unselectRow(id) { this.selectedRows = this.selectedRows.filter(row => row.id !== id); } // 调用该方法 this.unselectRow(2); 上面的unselectRow方法通过filter函数移除了selectedRows中id为2的项，这样在视图层上对应id为2的行就会自动变为未选中状态。 4. 深入思考与探讨 实际上，取消选中状态的过程并不是直接对table组件进行操作，而是通过操作绑定的数据源间接影响了组件的状态。这体现了Vue的核心思想——数据驱动视图，也展示了iview table组件设计的灵活性。 当然，实际项目中可能还会涉及更复杂的交互逻辑，例如批量取消、联动其他组件等，但只要遵循“数据驱动”的原则，灵活运用Vue的数据绑定和计算属性等功能，都能迎刃而解。同时，也要注意适时地利用生命周期钩子或者watcher来监听数据变化，确保视图及时响应数据的变化，以提供流畅的用户体验。 总的来说，理解并掌握iview table组件数据绑定机制以及Vue的数据驱动特性，对于处理这类问题至关重要。在编程的世界里，我们在摸爬滚打的探索旅程中，不断挠头苦思、动手尝试、优化打磨，直到最后能把实际问题迎刃而解，这就是编程让人着迷的地方啦！

...sqli_query函数，我们可以检索表格的内容并将显示保存在参数$result中。 加入数据 完成以上流程后，我们可以开始加入数据。使用以下代码可以向表格中加入添加数据： $ sql = “INSERT INTO customers (name，email，phone) VALUES ('John Doe'，'johndoe@example.com'，'555-555-5555')”; 在这个示例中，我们向名为“customers”的表格加入三个新数据：姓名为“John Doe”，电子邮箱为“johndoe@example.com”，电话号码为“555-555-5555”。 使用mysqli_query函数可以将SQL检索发送到资料库服务端，并运行检索。 展示显示 最后，我们需要展示添加数据。使用以下代码可以显示已加入的添加数据： if ($ result->num_rows>0) { // 显示数据 while ($ row = $ result->fetch_assoc ()) { echo “Name：”。$ row [“name”]。” - Email：”。$ row [“email”]。” - Phone：”。$ row [“phone”]。”\ n”; } } else { echo “暂无显示”; } 在这个示例中，我们使用while循环循环遍历新加入的数据，并通过echo语句输出每条数据的姓名、电子邮箱和电话号码。 总结 使用以上流程，我们可以成功地向MySQL资料库中加入添加数据，以及正确地展示添加数据。将此过程反复实践，您就可以轻松地加入和管理数据，从而更好地利用MySQL资料库的功能。

...的forEach函数如何使用？ 1. 什么是forEach函数？ 嗨，小伙伴们！今天我们要聊的是Kotlin中一个超级实用的方法——forEach。这货就像是你口袋里的瑞士军刀，虽然小巧但功能强大。简单来说，forEach是集合（比如列表、数组等）的一个扩展方法，它允许我们对集合中的每一个元素执行指定的操作。想象一下，当你有一堆数据需要逐一处理时，forEach就像是你的专属助手，帮你轻松搞定！ 2. 如何使用forEach？ 先别急着动手，让我们先来理清思路。首先，要想用forEach，你得有个集合对象，比如列表（List）、数组（Array）或者任何其他能遍历的东西。接着，你可以在调用那个对象的forEach方法时，给它传一个lambda表达式，这样就能指定你要对每个元素做啥操作了。 示例代码： kotlin val numbers = listOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) numbers.forEach { println(it) // 输出: 1 2 3 4 5 } 在这个例子中，我们创建了一个包含五个整数的列表numbers，然后使用forEach遍历了这个列表，并打印出了每个数字。是不是很简单呢？感觉就像在说：“嘿，老兄，把这些数字挨个儿念一遍！” 3. forEach与索引的结合 有时候，光知道当前处理的元素还不够，我们还想知道它在集合中的位置。这时候，就需要稍微修改一下我们的lambda表达式了。我们可以使用forEachIndexed方法，这样就可以同时获取到元素及其对应的索引值。 示例代码： kotlin val names = listOf("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie") names.forEachIndexed { index, name -> println("第 $index 个人的名字是 $name") // 输出: 第 0 个人的名字是 Alice 第 1 个人的名字是 Bob 第 2 个人的名字是 Charlie } 在这个例子中，我们使用了forEachIndexed，并在lambda表达式中添加了两个参数：index（索引）和name（元素）。这样我们就能在输出的时候不仅显示名字，还能显示它的位置啦！是不是觉得挺酷的？ 4. 处理更复杂的情况 当然，实际开发中你可能会遇到更复杂的需求。比如，你想要挑出符合特定条件的元素，或者在查看每个项目时做一些决定。这个时候，forEach可能就显得有点力不从心了。不过不用担心，Kotlin还有其他强大的工具可以帮到你，比如filter、map等。 示例代码： kotlin val numbers = listOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) val evenNumbers = mutableListOf() numbers.forEach { if (it % 2 == 0) { evenNumbers.add(it) } } println(evenNumbers) // 输出: [2, 4] 在这个例子中，我们想找出所有偶数。所以我们建了个空的evenNumbers列表，在循环里挨个儿检查，看看哪个是偶数。如果是偶数，我们就把它添加到evenNumbers列表中。最后，我们打印出了结果，看到了所有的偶数都被正确地找出来了。 5. 总结 好了，小伙伴们，今天的内容就到这里啦！forEach确实是一个非常强大的工具，可以帮助我们轻松地处理集合中的每一个元素。无论你是初学者还是有一定经验的开发者，都能从中受益匪浅。希望今天的分享能让你对forEach有更深的理解，也期待你在未来的项目中能够灵活运用它。如果你有任何问题或想法，欢迎随时交流哦！

...{data.map(row => ( {row.columns.map(column => ( key={column.id} value={column.value} format={column.formatType} // 这是一个非标准属性，用于指示单元格内容的格式化方式 > {/ 根据formatType对value进行相应格式化 /} ))} ))} 在这个例子中，format就是一个非标准属性，用于告知组件如何格式化单元格的内容。 （2）事件绑定 非标准属性还可以用来绑定自定义事件处理器： jsx 虽然onClick是HTML的标准事件，但onDoubleClick并不是。然而，在React中，我们可以自由地定义这样的属性，并在组件内部通过this.props.onDoubleClick访问到。 4. 非标准属性的最佳实践及注意事项 尽管非标准属性赋予了我们极大的灵活性，但也需要注意以下几点： - 命名规范：确保自定义属性名不会与React保留的关键字冲突，同时遵循驼峰式命名法，以避免与HTML的kebab-case命名混淆。 - 无障碍性：对于非视觉相关的特性，尽量使用现有的ARIA属性，以提高页面的无障碍性。若必须使用自定义属性，请确保它们能正确地反映在无障碍API中。 - 性能优化：大量使用非标准属性可能会增加组件的大小，特别是当它们包含复杂的数据结构时。应合理设计属性结构，避免无谓的数据冗余。 5. 结语 ReactJS通过支持非标准属性，为我们提供了一种强大而灵活的方式来扩展组件的功能和交互。这不仅让我们可以更贴近实际业务需求去定制组件，也体现了React框架“一切皆组件”的设计理念。不过呢，咱们在畅享这种自由度的同时，也得时刻绷紧一根弦，牢记住三个大原则——性能、可维护性和无障碍性，像这样灵活运用非标准属性才算是物尽其用。下次当你在代码中看到那些独特的属性时，不妨多思考一下它们背后的设计意图和实现策略，或许你会发现更多React编程的乐趣所在！

...) { int[] numbers = {5, 3, 8, 2, 7}; int[] differences = new int[numbers.length - 1]; // 新数组长度比原数组少1 // 遍历原数组，从索引1开始，因为我们需要比较相邻项 for (int i = 1; i < numbers.length; i++) { // 计算相邻项的差值并存入新数组 differences[i - 1] = numbers[i] - numbers[i - 1]; System.out.println("The difference between " + numbers[i - 1] + " and " + numbers[i] + " is: " + differences[i - 1]); } // 输出最终的差值数组 System.out.println("\nFinal differences array: " + Arrays.toString(differences)); } } 上述代码中，我们创建了一个新数组differences来存放相邻元素的差值。在用for循环的时候，我们相当于手牵手地让当前索引i和它的前一位朋友i-1对应的数组元素见个面，然后呢，咱们就能轻轻松松算出这两个小家伙之间的差值。别忘了，把这个差值乖乖放到新数组相应的位置上~ 3. 深入探讨及优化思路 上述方法虽然可以解决基本问题，但当我们考虑更复杂的情况时，比如数组可能为空或只包含一个元素，或者我们希望对任何类型的数据（不仅仅是整数）执行类似的操作，就需要进一步思考和优化。 例如，为了提高代码的健壮性，我们可以增加边界条件检查： java if (numbers.length <= 1) { System.out.println("The array has fewer than two elements, so no differences can be calculated."); return; } 另外，如果数组元素是浮点数或其他对象类型，只要这些类型支持减法操作，我们的算法依然适用，只需相应修改数据类型即可。 4. 总结与延伸 通过以上示例，我们不难看出，在Java中实现遍历数组并计算相邻项之差是一个既考验基础语法又富有实际应用价值的操作。同时，这也是我们在编程过程中不断迭代思维、适应变化、提升代码质量的重要实践。甭管你碰上啥类型的数组或是运算难题，重点就在于把循环结构整明白了，还有对数据的操作手法得玩得溜。只要把这个基础打扎实了，咱就能在编程的世界里挥洒自如地解决各种问题，就跟切豆腐一样轻松。这就是编程的魅力所在，它不只是机械化的执行命令，更是充满智慧与创新的人类思考过程的体现。

...过将数据分割成行块（row-based）和数据文件（data files），使得数据读写效率得到提升，尤其是在处理频繁的插入和删除操作时，能够实现实时分析。 Hive ML , Hive ML是Hive的一个扩展模块，专为在Hive SQL环境中进行机器学习而设计。它允许用户在SQL查询中直接调用预定义的机器学习函数，无需编写复杂的脚本或切换到专门的机器学习工具。这样可以简化数据分析流程，提高数据科学家的生产力，同时也降低了学习曲线，使得非专业开发人员也能利用Hive进行基本的机器学习任务。 Hive-on-Spark , 这是一个Hive与Apache Spark的集成项目，它允许用户在Hive SQL中利用Spark的分布式计算能力。Hive-on-Spark通过将Hive SQL编译为Spark SQL，然后在Spark集群上执行，实现了Hive查询的高性能执行。这对于处理大数据集和复杂分析场景非常有效，因为它可以利用Spark的内存计算优势，避免了Hive自身的磁盘I/O瓶颈。

...一个HTTP路由处理函数，其中包含SQL查询 app.Get("/users/{id}", func(ctx iris.Context) { id := ctx.Params().Get("id") var user User err = db.QueryRow("SELECT FROM users WHERE id=?", id).Scan(&user.ID, &user.Name, &user.Email) if err != nil { if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) { // 处理查询结果为空的情况 ctx.StatusCode(iris.StatusNotFound) ctx.WriteString("User not found.") } else if mysqlErr, ok := err.(mysql.MySQLError); ok { // 对特定的MySQL错误进行判断和处理 ctx.StatusCode(iris.StatusInternalServerError) ctx.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("MySQL Error: %d - %s", mysqlErr.Number, mysqlErr.Message)) } else { // 其他未知错误，记录日志并返回500状态码 log.Printf("Unexpected error: %v", err) ctx.StatusCode(iris.StatusInternalServerError) ctx.WriteString("Internal Server Error.") } return } // 查询成功，继续处理业务逻辑... // ... }) app.Listen(":8080") } 4. 深入思考与讨论 面对SQL查询错误，我们应该首先确保它被正确捕获并分类处理。就像刚刚提到的例子那样，面对各种不同的错误类型，我们完全能够灵活应对。比如说，可以选择扔出合适的HTTP状态码，让用户一眼就明白是哪里出了岔子；还可以提供一些既友好又贴心的错误提示信息，让人一看就懂；甚至可以细致地记录下每一次错误的详细日志，方便咱们后续顺藤摸瓜，找出问题所在。 在实际项目中，我们不仅要关注错误的处理方式，还要注重设计良好的错误处理策略，例如使用中间件统一处理数据库操作异常，或者在ORM层封装通用的错误处理逻辑等。这些方法不仅能提升代码的可读性和维护性，还能增强系统的稳定性和健壮性。 5. 结语 总之，理解和掌握Go Iris中SQL查询错误的处理方法至关重要。只有当咱们应用程序装上一个聪明的错误处理机制，才能保证在数据库查询出岔子的时候，程序还能稳稳当当地运行。这样一来，咱就能给用户带来更稳定、更靠谱的服务体验啦！在实际编程的过程中，咱们得不断摸爬滚打，积攒经验，像升级打怪一样，一步步完善我们的错误处理招数。这可是我们每一位开发者都该瞄准的方向，努力做到的事儿啊！

...理可能返回null的函数时尤为重要。哎呀，咱们在那个safeDivide函数里头啊，咱不搞那些硬核的错误处理，直接用返回null的方式，优雅地解决了分母为零的问题。这样一来，程序就不会突然蹦出个啥运行时错误，搞得人心惶惶的。这样子一来，咱们的代码不仅健健康康的，还能让人心情舒畅，多好啊！这样的设计大大提升了代码的安全性和健壮性。 4. 功能性编程与面向对象编程的结合 示例代码： kotlin fun calculateSum(numbers: List): Int { return numbers.fold(0) { acc, num -> acc + num } } fun main() { println(calculateSum(listOf(1, 2, 3, 4))) // 10 } Kotlin允许你轻松地将功能性编程与传统的面向对象编程结合起来。想象一下，fold函数就像是一个超级聪明的厨师，它能将一堆食材（也就是列表中的元素）巧妙地混合在一起，做出一道美味的大餐（即列表的总和）。这种方式既简单又充满创意，就像是一场烹饪表演，让人看得津津有味。这不仅提高了代码的可读性，还使得功能组合变得更加灵活和强大。 5. Kotlin与生态系统融合 Kotlin不仅自身强大，而且与Java虚拟机(JVM)兼容，这意味着它能无缝集成到现有的Java项目中。此外，Kotlin还能直接编译为JavaScript，使得跨平台开发变得简单。这事儿对那些手握现代Kotlin大棒，却又不打算彻底扔掉旧武器的程序员们来说，简直就是个天大的利好！他们既能享受到新工具带来的便利，又能稳稳守住自己的老阵地，这不是两全其美嘛！ 结语 通过上述例子，我们可以看到Kotlin是如何在代码的简洁性、安全性以及与现有技术生态系统的融合上提供了一种更加高效、可靠和愉悦的编程体验。从“Expected';butfound''的挣扎中解脱出来，Kotlin让我们专注于创造，而不是被繁琐的细节所困扰。哎呀，你猜怎么着？Kotlin 这个编程小能手，在 Android 开发圈可是越来越火了，还慢慢往外扩散，走进了更多程序员的日常工作中。这货简直就是个万能钥匙，不仅能帮咱们打造超赞的手机应用，还能在其他领域大展身手，简直就是编程界的超级英雄嘛！用 Kotlin 编写的代码，不仅质量高，还能让工作变得更高效，开发者们可喜欢它了！

...用于通过一系列的行（row）与列（column）的组合来创建页面布局，你的内容就可以放入这些创建好的布局中。下面就介绍一下 Bootstrap 栅格系统的工作原理： “行（row）”必须包含在 .container （固定宽度）或 .container-fluid （100% 宽度）中，以便为其赋予合适的排列（aligment）和内补（padding）。 通过“行（row）”在水平方向创建一组“列（column）”。 你的内容应当放置于“列（column）”内，并且，只有“列（column）”可以作为行（row）”的直接子元素。 类似 .row 和 .col-xs-4 这种预定义的类，可以用来快速创建栅格布局。Bootstrap 源码中定义的 mixin 也可以用来创建语义化的布局。 通过为“列（column）”设置 padding 属性，从而创建列与列之间的间隔（gutter）。通过为 .row 元素设置负值 margin 从而抵消掉为 .container 元素设置的 padding，也就间接为“行（row）”所包含的“列（column）”抵消掉了padding。 负值的 margin就是下面的示例为什么是向外突出的原因。在栅格列中的内容排成一行。 栅格系统中的列是通过指定1到12的值来表示其跨越的范围。例如，三个等宽的列可以使用三个 .col-xs-4 来创建。 如果一“行（row）”中包含了的“列（column）”大于 12，多余的“列（column）”所在的元素将被作为一个整体另起一行排列。 栅格类适用于与屏幕宽度大于或等于分界点大小的设备 ， 并且针对小屏幕设备覆盖栅格类。 因此，在元素上应用任何 .col-md-栅格类适用于与屏幕宽度大于或等于分界点大小的设备 ， 并且针对小屏幕设备覆盖栅格类。 因此，在元素上应用任何 .col-lg-不存在， 也影响大屏幕设备。 2.2 栅格参数 超小屏幕 手机 (<768px) 小屏幕 平板 (≥768px) 中等屏幕 桌面显示器 (≥992px) 大屏幕 大桌面显示器 (≥1200px) .container 最大宽度 None （自动） 750px 970px 1170px 类前缀 .col-xs- .col-sm- .col-md- .col-lg- 最大列（column）宽 自动 ~62px ~81px ~97px 2.3 栅格系统使用 使用单一的一组 .col-md- 栅格类，就可以创建一个基本的栅格系统，在手机和平板设备上一开始是堆叠在一起的（超小屏幕到小屏幕这一范围），在桌面（中等）屏幕设备上变为水平排列。所有“列（column）必须放在 ” .row 内。 <div class="row"><div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div><div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div><div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div><div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div><div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div><div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div><div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div><div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div><div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div><div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div><div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div><div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-8">.col-md-8</div><div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div><div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div><div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-6">.col-md-6</div><div class="col-md-6">.col-md-6</div></div> 2.4 不同屏幕设置不同宽度 <div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-8">.col-xs-12 .col-sm-6 .col-md-8</div><div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6 .col-md-4</div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4</div><div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4</div><!-- Optional: clear the XS cols if their content doesn't match in height --><div class="clearfix visible-xs-block"></div><div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4</div></div> 2.5 列偏移 使用 .col-md-offset- 类可以将列向右侧偏移。这些类实际是通过使用 选择器为当前元素增加了左侧的边距（margin）。例如，.col-md-offset-4 类将 .col-md-4 元素向右侧偏移了4个列（column）的宽度。 <div class="row"><div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div><div class="col-md-4 col-md-offset-4">.col-md-4 .col-md-offset-4</div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-3 col-md-offset-3">.col-md-3 .col-md-offset-3</div><div class="col-md-3 col-md-offset-3">.col-md-3 .col-md-offset-3</div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-3">.col-md-6 .col-md-offset-3</div></div> 2.6 列位置移动 通过使用 .col-md-push- 和 .col-md-pull- 类就可以很容易的改变列（column）的顺序。 <div class="row"><div class="col-md-9 col-md-push-3">.col-md-9 .col-md-push-3</div><div class="col-md-3 col-md-pull-9">.col-md-3 .col-md-pull-9</div></div> 3 排版 3.1 标题 HTML 中的所有标题标签，<h1> 到 <h6> 均可使用。另外，还提供了 .h1 到 .h6 类，为的是给内联（inline）属性的文本赋予标题的样式。 <h1>h1. Bootstrap heading</h1><h2>h2. Bootstrap heading</h2><h3>h3. Bootstrap heading</h3><h4>h4. Bootstrap heading</h4><h5>h5. Bootstrap heading</h5><h6>h6. Bootstrap heading</h6> 在标题内还可以包含 <small> 标签或赋予 .small 类的元素，可以用来标记副标题。 <h1>h1. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h1><h2>h2. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h2><h3>h3. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h3><h4>h4. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h4><h5>h5. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h5><h6>h6. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h6> 3.2 突出显示 通过添加 .lead 类可以让段落突出显示。 <p class="lead">...</p> 3.3 对齐 <p class="text-left">Left aligned text.</p><p class="text-center">Center aligned text.</p><p class="text-right">Right aligned text.</p><p class="text-justify">Justified text.</p><p class="text-nowrap">No wrap text.</p> 3.4 改变大小写 <p class="text-lowercase">Lowercased text.</p><p class="text-uppercase">Uppercased text.</p><p class="text-capitalize">Capitalized text.</p> 3.5 引用 <blockquote><p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.</p><footer>Someone famous in <cite title="Source Title">Source Title</cite></footer></blockquote><blockquote class="blockquote-reverse">...</blockquote> 3.6 列表 无样式列表 <ul class="list-unstyled"><li>...</li></ul> 内联列表 <ul class="list-inline"><li>...</li></ul> 水平排列的内联列表 <dl class="dl-horizontal"><dt>...</dt><dd>...</dd></dl> 4 代码 4.1 内联代码 通过 <code> 标签包裹内联样式的代码片段。 For example, <code><section></code> should be wrapped as inline. 4.2 用户输入 通过 <kbd> 标签标记用户通过键盘输入的内容。 To switch directories, type <kbd>cd</kbd> followed by the name of the directory.<br>To edit settings, press <kbd><kbd>ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>,</kbd></kbd> 4.3 代码块 多行代码可以使用 <pre> 标签。为了正确的展示代码，注意将尖括号做转义处理。 <pre><p>Sample text here...</p></pre> 还可以使用 .pre-scrollable 类，其作用是设置 max-height 为 350px ，并在垂直方向展示滚动条。 4.3 变量 通过 <var> 标签标记变量。 <var>y</var> = <var>m</var><var>x</var> + <var>b</var> 4.4 程序输出 通过 <samp> 标签来标记程序输出的内容。 <samp>This text is meant to be treated as sample output from a computer program.</samp> 5 表格 5.1 基本 为任意 <table> 标签添加 .table 类可以为其赋予基本的样式 <table class="table">...</table> 5.2 条纹状表格 <table class="table table-striped">...</table> 5.3 带边框的表格 <table class="table table-bordered">...</table> 5.4 鼠标悬停 <table class="table table-hover">...</table> 5.5 紧缩表格 <table class="table table-condensed">...</table> 5.6 状态类 通过这些状态类可以为行或单元格设置颜色。 Class 描述 .active 鼠标悬停在行或单元格上时所设置的颜色 .success 标识成功或积极的动作 .info 标识普通的提示信息或动作 .warning 标识警告或需要用户注意 .danger 标识危险或潜在的带来负面影响的动作 5.7 响应式表格 将任何 .table 元素包裹在 .table-responsive 元素内，即可创建响应式表格，其会在小屏幕设备上（小于768px）水平滚动。当屏幕大于 768px 宽度时，水平滚动条消失。 6 表单 6.1 基本实例 单独的表单控件会被自动赋予一些全局样式。所有设置了 .form-control 类的 <input>、<textarea> 和 <select> 元素都将被默认设置宽度属性为 width: 100%;。 将 label 元素和前面提到的控件包裹在 .form-group 中可以获得最好的排列。 <form><div class="form-group"><label for="exampleInputEmail1">Email address</label><input type="email" class="form-control" id="exampleInputEmail1" placeholder="Email"></div><div class="form-group"><label for="exampleInputPassword1">Password</label><input type="password" class="form-control" id="exampleInputPassword1" placeholder="Password"></div><div class="form-group"><label for="exampleInputFile">File input</label><input type="file" id="exampleInputFile"><p class="help-block">Example block-level help text here.</p></div><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox"> Check me out</label></div><button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">Submit</button></form> 6.2 内联表单 为 <form> 元素添加 .form-inline 类可使其内容左对齐并且表现为 inline-block 级别的控件。只适用于视口（viewport）至少在 768px 宽度时（视口宽度再小的话就会使表单折叠） 6.3 水平排列的表单 通过为表单添加 .form-horizontal 类，并联合使用 Bootstrap 预置的栅格类，可以将 label 标签和控件组水平并排布局。这样做将改变 .form-group 的行为，使其表现为栅格系统中的行（row），因此就无需再额外添加 .row 了 <form class="form-horizontal"><div class="form-group"><label for="inputEmail3" class="col-sm-2 control-label">Email</label><div class="col-sm-10"><input type="email" class="form-control" id="inputEmail3" placeholder="Email"></div></div><div class="form-group"><label for="inputPassword3" class="col-sm-2 control-label">Password</label><div class="col-sm-10"><input type="password" class="form-control" id="inputPassword3" placeholder="Password"></div></div><div class="form-group"><div class="col-sm-offset-2 col-sm-10"><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox"> Remember me</label></div></div></div><div class="form-group"><div class="col-sm-offset-2 col-sm-10"><button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">Sign in</button></div></div></form> 6.4 表单控件 输入框 包括大部分表单控件、文本输入域控件，还支持所有 HTML5 类型的输入控件： text、password、datetime、datetime-local、date、month、time、week、number、email、url、search、tel 和 color。 只有正确设置了 type 属性的输入控件才能被赋予正确的样式。 文本域 支持多行文本的表单控件。可根据需要改变 rows 属性。 多选和单选框 默认样式 <div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" value="">Option one is this and that—be sure to include why it's great</label></div><div class="checkbox disabled"><label><input type="checkbox" value="" disabled>Option two is disabled</label></div><div class="radio"><label><input type="radio" name="optionsRadios" id="optionsRadios1" value="option1" checked>Option one is this and that—be sure to include why it's great</label></div><div class="radio"><label><input type="radio" name="optionsRadios" id="optionsRadios2" value="option2">Option two can be something else and selecting it will deselect option one</label></div><div class="radio disabled"><label><input type="radio" name="optionsRadios" id="optionsRadios3" value="option3" disabled>Option three is disabled</label></div> 内联单选和多选框 <label class="checkbox-inline"><input type="checkbox" id="inlineCheckbox1" value="option1"> 1</label><label class="checkbox-inline"><input type="checkbox" id="inlineCheckbox2" value="option2"> 2</label><label class="checkbox-inline"><input type="checkbox" id="inlineCheckbox3" value="option3"> 3</label><label class="radio-inline"><input type="radio" name="inlineRadioOptions" id="inlineRadio1" value="option1"> 1</label><label class="radio-inline"><input type="radio" name="inlineRadioOptions" id="inlineRadio2" value="option2"> 2</label><label class="radio-inline"><input type="radio" name="inlineRadioOptions" id="inlineRadio3" value="option3"> 3</label> 不带文本的Checkbox 和 radio <label><input type="checkbox" id="blankCheckbox" value="option1" aria-label="..."></label></div><div class="radio"><label><input type="radio" name="blankRadio" id="blankRadio1" value="option1" aria-label="..."></label></div> 下拉列表 <select class="form-control"><option>1</option><option>2</option><option>3</option><option>4</option><option>5</option></select> 静态内容 如果需要在表单中将一行纯文本和 label 元素放置于同一行，为 <p> 元素添加 .form-control-static 类即可 <form class="form-horizontal"><div class="form-group"><label class="col-sm-2 control-label">Email</label><div class="col-sm-10"><p class="form-control-static">email@example.com</p></div></div><div class="form-group"><label for="inputPassword" class="col-sm-2 control-label">Password</label><div class="col-sm-10"><input type="password" class="form-control" id="inputPassword" placeholder="Password"></div></div></form> 帮助文字 <label class="sr-only" for="inputHelpBlock">Input with help text</label><input type="text" id="inputHelpBlock" class="form-control" aria-describedby="helpBlock">...<span id="helpBlock" class="help-block">A block of help text that breaks onto a new line and may extend beyond one line.</span> 校验状态 Bootstrap 对表单控件的校验状态，如 error、warning 和 success 状态，都定义了样式。使用时，添加 .has-warning、.has-error或 .has-success 类到这些控件的父元素即可。任何包含在此元素之内的 .control-label、.form-control 和 .help-block 元素都将接受这些校验状态的样式。 <div class="form-group has-success"><label class="control-label" for="inputSuccess1">Input with success</label><input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputSuccess1" aria-describedby="helpBlock2"><span id="helpBlock2" class="help-block">A block of help text that breaks onto a new line and may extend beyond one line.</span></div><div class="form-group has-warning"><label class="control-label" for="inputWarning1">Input with warning</label><input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputWarning1"></div><div class="form-group has-error"><label class="control-label" for="inputError1">Input with error</label><input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputError1"></div><div class="has-success"><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" id="checkboxSuccess" value="option1">Checkbox with success</label></div></div><div class="has-warning"><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" id="checkboxWarning" value="option1">Checkbox with warning</label></div></div><div class="has-error"><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" id="checkboxError" value="option1">Checkbox with error</label></div></div> 添加额外的图标 你还可以针对校验状态为输入框添加额外的图标。只需设置相应的 .has-feedback 类并添加正确的图标即可 <div class="form-group has-success has-feedback"><label class="control-label" for="inputSuccess2">Input with success</label><input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputSuccess2" aria-describedby="inputSuccess2Status"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-ok form-control-feedback" aria-hidden="true"></span><span id="inputSuccess2Status" class="sr-only">(success)</span></div> 控件尺寸 通过 .input-lg 类似的类可以为控件设置高度，通过 .col-lg- 类似的类可以为控件设置宽度。 高度尺寸 创建大一些或小一些的表单控件以匹配按钮尺寸 <input class="form-control input-lg" type="text" placeholder=".input-lg"><input class="form-control" type="text" placeholder="Default input"><input class="form-control input-sm" type="text" placeholder=".input-sm"><select class="form-control input-lg">...</select><select class="form-control">...</select><select class="form-control input-sm">...</select> 水平排列的表单组的尺寸 通过添加 .form-group-lg 或 .form-group-sm 类，为 .form-horizontal 包裹的 label 元素和表单控件快速设置尺寸。 <form class="form-horizontal"><div class="form-group form-group-lg"><label class="col-sm-2 control-label" for="formGroupInputLarge">Large label</label><div class="col-sm-10"><input class="form-control" type="text" id="formGroupInputLarge" placeholder="Large input"></div></div><div class="form-group form-group-sm"><label class="col-sm-2 control-label" for="formGroupInputSmall">Small label</label><div class="col-sm-10"><input class="form-control" type="text" id="formGroupInputSmall" placeholder="Small input"></div></div></form> 7 按钮 7.1 可作为按钮使用的标签或元素 为 <a>、<button> 或 <input> 元素添加按钮类（button class）即可使用 Bootstrap 提供的样式 <a class="btn btn-default" href="" role="button">Link</a><button class="btn btn-default" type="submit">Button</button><input class="btn btn-default" type="button" value="Input"><input class="btn btn-default" type="submit" value="Submit"> 7.2 预定义样式 <!-- Standard button --><button type="button" class="btn btn-default">（默认样式）Default</button><!-- Provides extra visual weight and identifies the primary action in a set of buttons --><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">（首选项）Primary</button><!-- Indicates a successful or positive action --><button type="button" class="btn btn-success">（成功）Success</button><!-- Contextual button for informational alert messages --><button type="button" class="btn btn-info">（一般信息）Info</button><!-- Indicates caution should be taken with this action --><button type="button" class="btn btn-warning">（警告）Warning</button><!-- Indicates a dangerous or potentially negative action --><button type="button" class="btn btn-danger">（危险）Danger</button><!-- Deemphasize a button by making it look like a link while maintaining button behavior --><button type="button" class="btn btn-link">（链接）Link</button> 7.3 尺寸 需要让按钮具有不同尺寸吗？使用 .btn-lg、.btn-sm 或 .btn-xs 就可以获得不同尺寸的按钮。 通过给按钮添加 .btn-block 类可以将其拉伸至父元素100%的宽度，而且按钮也变为了块级（block）元素。 7.4 激活状态 添加 .active 类 7.5 禁用状态 为 <button> 元素添加 disabled 属性，使其表现出禁用状态。 为基于 <a> 元素创建的按钮添加 .disabled 类。 8 图片 8.1 响应式图片 在 Bootstrap 版本 3 中，通过为图片添加 .img-responsive 类可以让图片支持响应式布局。其实质是为图片设置了 max-width: 100%;、 height: auto; 和 display: block; 属性，从而让图片在其父元素中更好的缩放。 如果需要让使用了 .img-responsive 类的图片水平居中，请使用 .center-block 类，不要用 .text-center <img src="..." class="img-responsive" alt="Responsive image"> 8.2 图片形状 <img src="..." alt="..." class="img-rounded"><img src="..." alt="..." class="img-circle"><img src="..." alt="..." class="img-thumbnail"> 9 辅助类 9.1 文本颜色 <p class="text-muted">...</p><p class="text-primary">...</p><p class="text-success">...</p><p class="text-info">...</p><p class="text-warning">...</p><p class="text-danger">...</p> 9.2 背景色 <p class="bg-primary">...</p><p class="bg-success">...</p><p class="bg-info">...</p><p class="bg-warning">...</p><p class="bg-danger">...</p> 9.3 三角符号 <span class="caret"></span> 9.4 浮动 <div class="pull-left">...</div><div class="pull-right">...</div> 9.5 让内容块居中 <div class="center-block">...</div> 9.6 清除浮动 通过为父元素添加 .clearfix 类可以很容易地清除浮动（float） <!-- Usage as a class --><div class="clearfix">...</div> 9.7 显示或隐藏内容 <div class="show">...</div><div class="hidden">...</div> 9.10 图片替换 使用 .text-hide 类或对应的 mixin 可以用来将元素的文本内容替换为一张背景图。 <h1 class="text-hide">Custom heading</h1> 10 响应式工具 10.1 不同视口下隐藏显示 .visible-xs- .visible-sm- .visible-md- .visible-lg- .hidden-xs .hidden-sm .hidden-md .hidden-lg.visible--block .visible--inline .visible--inline-block 10.2 打印类 .visible-print-block.visible-print-inline.visible-print-inline-block.hidden-print 打印机下隐藏 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_67155975/article/details/123351126。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...添加新的 数据类型 函数 操作 聚合函数 索引类型 过程语言 安装 环境说明 由于资源有限，gtm一台、另外两台身兼数职。 主机名 IP 角色 端口 nodename 数据目录 gtm 192.168.20.132 GTM 6666 gtm /nodes/gtm 协调器 5432 coord1 /nodes/coordinator xl1 192.168.20.133 数据节点 5433 node1 /nodes/pgdata gtm代理 6666 gtmpoxy01 /nodes/gtm_pxy1 协调器 5432 coord2 /nodes/coordinator xl2 192.168.20.134 数据节点 5433 node2 /nodes/pgdata gtm代理 6666 gtmpoxy02 /nodes/gtm_pxy2 要求 GNU make版本 3.8及以上版本 [root@pg ~] make --versionGNU Make 3.82Built for x86_64-redhat-linux-gnuCopyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. 需安装GCC包 需安装tar包 用于解压缩文件 默认需要GNU Readline library 其作用是可以让psql命令行记住执行过的命令，并且可以通过键盘上下键切换命令。但是可以通过--without-readline禁用这个特性，或者可以指定--withlibedit-preferred选项来使用libedit 默认使用zlib压缩库 可通过--without-zlib选项来禁用 配置hosts 所有主机上都配置 [root@xl2 11] cat /etc/hosts127.0.0.1 localhost192.168.20.132 gtm192.168.20.133 xl1192.168.20.134 xl2 关闭防火墙、Selinux 所有主机都执行 关闭防火墙： [root@gtm ~] systemctl stop firewalld.service[root@gtm ~] systemctl disable firewalld.service selinux设置: [root@gtm ~]vim /etc/selinux/config 设置SELINUX=disabled，保存退出。 This file controls the state of SELinux on the system. SELINUX= can take one of these three values: enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced. permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing. disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.SELINUX=disabled SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values: targeted - Targeted processes are protected, minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected. mls - Multi Level Security protection. 安装依赖包 所有主机上都执行 yum install -y flex bison readline-devel zlib-devel openjade docbook-style-dsssl gcc 创建用户 所有主机上都执行 [root@gtm ~] useradd postgres[root@gtm ~] passwd postgres[root@gtm ~] su - postgres[root@gtm ~] mkdir ~/.ssh[root@gtm ~] chmod 700 ~/.ssh 配置SSH免密登录 仅仅在gtm节点配置如下操作： [root@gtm ~] su - postgres[postgres@gtm ~] ssh-keygen -t rsa[postgres@gtm ~] cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys[postgres@gtm ~] chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys 将刚生成的认证文件拷贝到xl1到xl2中，使得gtm节点可以免密码登录xl1~xl2的任意一个节点： [postgres@gtm ~] scp ~/.ssh/authorized_keys postgres@xl1:~/.ssh/[postgres@gtm ~] scp ~/.ssh/authorized_keys postgres@xl2:~/.ssh/ 对所有提示都不要输入，直接enter下一步。直到最后，因为第一次要求输入目标机器的用户密码，输入即可。 下载源码 下载地址：https://www.postgres-xl.org/download/ [root@slave ~] ll postgres-xl-10r1.1.tar.gz-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 28121666 May 30 05:21 postgres-xl-10r1.1.tar.gz 编译、安装Postgres-XL 所有节点都安装，编译需要一点时间，最好同时进行编译。 [root@slave ~] tar xvf postgres-xl-10r1.1.tar.gz[root@slave ~] ./configure --prefix=/home/postgres/pgxl/[root@slave ~] make[root@slave ~] make install[root@slave ~] cd contrib/ --安装必要的工具,在gtm节点上安装即可[root@slave ~] make[root@slave ~] make install 配置环境变量 所有节点都要配置 进入postgres用户，修改其环境变量，开始编辑 [root@gtm ~]su - postgres[postgres@gtm ~]vi .bashrc --不是.bash_profile 在打开的文件末尾，新增如下变量配置： export PGHOME=/home/postgres/pgxlexport LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$PGHOME/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATHexport PATH=$PGHOME/bin:$PATH 按住esc，然后输入:wq!保存退出。输入以下命令对更改重启生效。 [postgres@gtm ~] source .bashrc --不是.bash_profile 输入以下语句，如果输出变量结果，代表生效 [postgres@gtm ~] echo $PGHOME 应该输出/home/postgres/pgxl代表生效 配置集群 生成pgxc_ctl.conf配置文件 [postgres@gtm ~] pgxc_ctl prepare/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.ERROR: File "/home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf" not found or not a regular file. No such file or directoryInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.confFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc_ctl 配置pgxc_ctl.conf 新建/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf文件，编辑如下： 对着模板文件一个一个修改，否则会造成初始化过程出现各种神奇问题。 pgxcInstallDir=$PGHOMEpgxlDATA=$PGHOME/data pgxcOwner=postgres---- GTM Master -----------------------------------------gtmName=gtmgtmMasterServer=gtmgtmMasterPort=6666gtmMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtmgtmSlave=y Specify y if you configure GTM Slave. Otherwise, GTM slave will not be configured and all the following variables will be reset.gtmSlaveName=gtmSlavegtmSlaveServer=gtm value none means GTM slave is not available. Give none if you don't configure GTM Slave.gtmSlavePort=20001 Not used if you don't configure GTM slave.gtmSlaveDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtmSlave Not used if you don't configure GTM slave.---- GTM-Proxy Master -------gtmProxyDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/gtm_proxygtmProxy=y gtmProxyNames=(gtm_pxy1 gtm_pxy2) gtmProxyServers=(xl1 xl2) gtmProxyPorts=(6666 6666) gtmProxyDirs=($gtmProxyDir $gtmProxyDir) ---- Coordinators ---------coordMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/coordcoordNames=(coord1 coord2) coordPorts=(5432 5432) poolerPorts=(6667 6667) coordPgHbaEntries=(0.0.0.0/0)coordMasterServers=(xl1 xl2) coordMasterDirs=($coordMasterDir $coordMasterDir)coordMaxWALsernder=0 没设置备份节点，设置为0coordMaxWALSenders=($coordMaxWALsernder $coordMaxWALsernder) 数量保持和coordMasterServers一致coordSlave=n---- Datanodes ----------datanodeMasterDir=$pgxlDATA/nodes/dn_masterprimaryDatanode=xl1 主数据节点datanodeNames=(node1 node2)datanodePorts=(5433 5433) datanodePoolerPorts=(6668 6668) datanodePgHbaEntries=(0.0.0.0/0)datanodeMasterServers=(xl1 xl2)datanodeMasterDirs=($datanodeMasterDir $datanodeMasterDir)datanodeMaxWalSender=4datanodeMaxWALSenders=($datanodeMaxWalSender $datanodeMaxWalSender) 集群初始化，启动，停止 初始化 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all 输出结果： /bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlStopping all the coordinator masters.Stopping coordinator master coord1.Stopping coordinator master coord2.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existpg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2" does not existDone.Stopping all the datanode masters.Stopping datanode master datanode1.Stopping datanode master datanode2.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.Stop GTM masterwaiting for server to shut down.... doneserver stopped[postgres@gtm ~]$ echo $PGHOME/home/postgres/pgxl[postgres@gtm ~]$ ll /home/postgres/pgxl/pgxc/nodes/gtm/gtm.^C[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlInitialize GTM masterERROR: target directory (/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/gtm) exists and not empty. Skip GTM initilializationDone.Start GTM masterserver startingInitialize all the coordinator masters.Initialize coordinator master coord1.ERROR: target coordinator master coord1 is running now. Skip initilialization.Initialize coordinator master coord2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting coordinator master.Starting coordinator master coord1ERROR: target coordinator master coord1 is already running now. Skip initialization.Starting coordinator master coord22019-05-30 21:09:25.562 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:09:25.562 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:09:25.563 EDT [2148] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:09:25.601 EDT [2149] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:09:22 EDT2019-05-30 21:09:25.605 EDT [2148] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:09:25.612 EDT [2156] LOG: cluster monitor startedDone.Initialize all the datanode masters.Initialize the datanode master datanode1.Initialize the datanode master datanode2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting all the datanode masters.Starting datanode master datanode1.WARNING: datanode master datanode1 is running now. Skipping.Starting datanode master datanode2.2019-05-30 21:09:33.352 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:09:33.352 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:09:33.355 EDT [2404] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:09:33.392 EDT [2404] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:09:33.392 EDT [2404] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf stop all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlStopping all the coordinator masters.Stopping coordinator master coord1.Stopping coordinator master coord2.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existDone.Stopping all the datanode masters.Stopping datanode master datanode1.Stopping datanode master datanode2.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.Stop GTM masterwaiting for server to shut down.... doneserver stopped[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlPGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC stop coordinator master coord1Stopping coordinator master coord1.pg_ctl: directory "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1" does not existDone.PGXC stop datanode master datanode1Stopping datanode master datanode1.pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1/postmaster.pid" does not existIs server running?Done.PGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC monitor allNot running: gtm masterNot running: coordinator master coord1Not running: coordinator master coord2Not running: datanode master datanode1Not running: datanode master datanode2PGXC exit[postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf init all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlInitialize GTM masterERROR: target directory (/home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/gtm) exists and not empty. Skip GTM initilializationDone.Start GTM masterserver startingInitialize all the coordinator masters.Initialize coordinator master coord1.Initialize coordinator master coord2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/coord/coord2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting coordinator master.Starting coordinator master coord1Starting coordinator master coord22019-05-30 21:13:03.998 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:03.998 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.000 EDT [25137] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:13:04.038 EDT [25138] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:13:00 EDT2019-05-30 21:13:04.042 EDT [25137] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:13:04.049 EDT [25145] LOG: cluster monitor started2019-05-30 21:13:04.020 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.020 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 54322019-05-30 21:13:04.021 EDT [2730] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 21:13:04.057 EDT [2731] LOG: database system was shut down at 2019-05-30 21:13:00 EDT2019-05-30 21:13:04.061 EDT [2730] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections2019-05-30 21:13:04.062 EDT [2738] LOG: cluster monitor startedDone.Initialize all the datanode masters.Initialize the datanode master datanode1.Initialize the datanode master datanode2.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode1 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".This user must also own the server process.The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".The default text search configuration will be set to "english".Data page checksums are disabled.fixing permissions on existing directory /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode2 ... okcreating subdirectories ... okselecting default max_connections ... 100selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MBselecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posixcreating configuration files ... okrunning bootstrap script ... okperforming post-bootstrap initialization ... creating cluster information ... oksyncing data to disk ... okfreezing database template0 ... okfreezing database template1 ... okfreezing database postgres ... okWARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connectionsYou can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.Success.Done.Starting all the datanode masters.Starting datanode master datanode1.Starting datanode master datanode2.2019-05-30 21:13:12.077 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.077 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [25392] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:13:12.114 EDT [25392] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:13:12.114 EDT [25392] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".2019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.079 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 154322019-05-30 21:13:12.081 EDT [2985] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.15432"2019-05-30 21:13:12.117 EDT [2985] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 21:13:12.117 EDT [2985] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "pg_log".Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done.psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"psql: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.20.132", user "postgres", database "postgres"Done. 启动 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf start all 关闭 pgxc_ctl -c /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf stop all 查看集群状态 [postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl monitor all/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf/home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.conf: line 189: $coordExtraConfig: ambiguous redirectFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlRunning: gtm masterRunning: coordinator master coord1Running: coordinator master coord2Running: datanode master datanode1Running: datanode master datanode2 配置集群信息 分别在数据节点、协调器节点上分别执行以下命令： 注：本节点只执行修改操作即可(alert node)，其他节点执行创建命令(create node)。因为本节点已经包含本节点的信息。 create node coord1 with (type=coordinator,host=xl1, port=5432);create node coord2 with (type=coordinator,host=xl2, port=5432);alter node coord1 with (type=coordinator,host=xl1, port=5432);alter node coord2 with (type=coordinator,host=xl2, port=5432);create node datanode1 with (type=datanode, host=xl1,port=15432,primary=true,PREFERRED);create node datanode2 with (type=datanode, host=xl2,port=15432);alter node datanode1 with (type=datanode, host=xl1,port=15432,primary=true,PREFERRED);alter node datanode2 with (type=datanode, host=xl2,port=15432);select pgxc_pool_reload(); 分别登陆数据节点、协调器节点验证 postgres= select from pgxc_node;node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 1885696643coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -1197102633datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -905831925datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | f | 888802358(4 rows) 测试 插入数据 在数据节点1，执行相关操作。 通过协调器端口登录PG [postgres@xl1 ~]$ psql -p 5432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= create database lei;CREATE DATABASEpostgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= create table test1(id int,name text);CREATE TABLElei= insert into test1(id,name) select generate_series(1,8),'测试';INSERT 0 8lei= select from test1;id | name----+------1 | 测试2 | 测试5 | 测试6 | 测试8 | 测试3 | 测试4 | 测试7 | 测试(8 rows) 注：默认创建的表为分布式表，也就是每个数据节点值存储表的部分数据。关于表类型具体说明，下面有说明。 通过15432端口登录数据节点，查看数据 有5条数据 [postgres@xl1 ~]$ psql -p 15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= select from test1;id | name----+------1 | 测试2 | 测试5 | 测试6 | 测试8 | 测试(5 rows) 登录到节点2，查看数据 有3条数据 [postgres@xl2 ~]$ psql -p15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= \c lei;You are now connected to database "lei" as user "postgres".lei= select from test1;id | name----+------3 | 测试4 | 测试7 | 测试(3 rows) 两个节点的数据加起来整个8条，没有问题。 至此Postgre-XL集群搭建完成。 创建数据库、表时可能会出现以下错误： ERROR: Failed to get pooled connections 是因为pg_hba.conf配置不对，所有节点加上host all all 192.168.20.0/0 trust并重启集群即可。 ERROR: No Datanode defined in cluster 首先确认是否创建了数据节点，也就是create node相关的命令。如果创建了则执行select pgxc_pool_reload();使其生效即可。 集群管理与应用 表类型说明 REPLICATION表：各个datanode节点中，表的数据完全相同，也就是说，插入数据时，会分别在每个datanode节点插入相同数据。读数据时，只需要读任意一个datanode节点上的数据。 建表语法： CREATE TABLE repltab (col1 int, col2 int) DISTRIBUTE BY REPLICATION; DISTRIBUTE ：会将插入的数据，按照拆分规则，分配到不同的datanode节点中存储，也就是sharding技术。每个datanode节点只保存了部分数据，通过coordinate节点可以查询完整的数据视图。 CREATE TABLE disttab(col1 int, col2 int, col3 text) DISTRIBUTE BY HASH(col1); 模拟数据插入 任意登录一个coordinate节点进行建表操作 [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl1 -p 5432 -U postgrespostgres= INSERT INTO disttab SELECT generate_series(1,100), generate_series(101, 200), 'foo';INSERT 0 100postgres= INSERT INTO repltab SELECT generate_series(1,100), generate_series(101, 200);INSERT 0 100 查看数据分布结果： DISTRIBUTE表分布结果 postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+-------1148549230 | 42-927910690 | 58(2 rows) REPLICATION表分布结果 postgres= SELECT count() FROM repltab;count -------100(1 row) 查看另一个datanode2中repltab表结果 [postgres@datanode2 pgxl9.5]$ psql -p 15432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= SELECT count() FROM repltab;count -------100(1 row) 结论：REPLICATION表中，datanode1,datanode2中表是全部数据，一模一样。而DISTRIBUTE表，数据散落近乎平均分配到了datanode1,datanode2节点中。 新增数据节点与数据重分布 在线新增节点、并重新分布数据。 新增datanode节点 在gtm集群管理节点上执行pgxc_ctl命令 [postgres@gtm ~]$ pgxc_ctl/bin/bashInstalling pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Installing pgxc_ctl_bash script as /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash.Reading configuration using /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl_bash --home /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl --configuration /home/postgres/pgxc_ctl/pgxc_ctl.confFinished reading configuration. PGXC_CTL START Current directory: /home/postgres/pgxc_ctlPGXC 在服务器xl3上，新增一个master角色的datanode节点，名称是datanode3 端口号暂定5430，pool master暂定6669 ，指定好数据目录位置，从两个节点升级到3个节点，之后要写3个none none应该是datanodeSpecificExtraConfig或者datanodeSpecificExtraPgHba配置PGXC add datanode master datanode3 xl3 15432 6671 /home/postgres/pgxc/nodes/datanode/datanode3 none none none 等待新增完成后，查询集群节点状态： postgres= select from pgxc_node;node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | f | 888802358datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -905831925datanode3 | D | 15432 | xl3 | f | f | -705831925coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 1885696643coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -1197102633(4 rows) 节点新增完毕 数据重新分布 由于新增节点后无法自动完成数据重新分布，需要手动操作。 DISTRIBUTE表分布在了node1,node2节点上，如下： postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+-------1148549230 | 42-927910690 | 58(2 rows) 新增一个节点后，将sharding表数据重新分配到三个节点上，将repl表复制到新节点 重分布sharding表postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab ADD NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 复制数据到新节点postgres= ALTER TABLE repltab ADD NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 查看新的数据分布： postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;xc_node_id | count ------------+--------700122826 | 36-927910690 | 321148549230 | 32(3 rows) 登录datanode3(新增的时候，放在了xl3服务器上，端口15432)节点查看数据： [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl3 -p 15432 -U postgrespsql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= select count() from repltab;count -------100(1 row) 很明显,通过 ALTER TABLE tt ADD NODE (dn)命令，可以将DISTRIBUTE表数据重新分布到新节点，重分布过程中会中断所有事务。可以将REPLICATION表数据复制到新节点。 从datanode节点中回收数据 postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab DELETE NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= ALTER TABLE repltab DELETE NODE (datanode3);ALTER TABLE 删除数据节点 Postgresql-XL并没有检查将被删除的datanode节点是否有replicated/distributed表的数据，为了数据安全，在删除之前需要检查下被删除节点上的数据，有数据的话，要回收掉分配到其他节点，然后才能安全删除。删除数据节点分为四步骤： 1.查询要删除节点dn3的oid postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id -------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11819 | coord1 | C | 5432 | datanode1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | datanode2 | f | f | -119710263316385 | node1 | D | 5433 | datanode1 | f | t | 114854923016386 | node2 | D | 5433 | datanode2 | f | f | -92791069016397 | dn3 | D | 5430 | datanode1 | f | f | -700122826(5 rows) 2.查询dn3对应的oid中是否有数据 testdb= SELECT FROM pgxc_class WHERE nodeoids::integer[] @> ARRAY[16397];pcrelid | pclocatortype | pcattnum | pchashalgorithm | pchashbuckets | nodeoids ---------+---------------+----------+-----------------+---------------+-------------------16388 | H | 1 | 1 | 4096 | 16397 16385 1638616394 | R | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16397 16385 16386(2 rows) 3.有数据的先回收数据 postgres= ALTER TABLE disttab DELETE NODE (dn3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= ALTER TABLE repltab DELETE NODE (dn3);ALTER TABLEpostgres= SELECT FROM pgxc_class WHERE nodeoids::integer[] @> ARRAY[16397];pcrelid | pclocatortype | pcattnum | pchashalgorithm | pchashbuckets | nodeoids ---------+---------------+----------+-----------------+---------------+----------(0 rows) 4.安全删除dn3 PGXC$ remove datanode master dn3 clean 故障节点FAILOVER 1.查看当前集群状态 [postgres@gtm ~]$ psql -h xl1 -p 5432psql (PGXL 10r1.1, based on PG 10.6 (Postgres-XL 10r1.1))Type "help" for help.postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id-------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11739 | coord1 | C | 5432 | xl1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | xl2 | f | f | -119710263316387 | datanode2 | D | 15432 | xl2 | f | f | -90583192516388 | datanode1 | D | 15432 | xl1 | t | t | 888802358(4 rows) 2.模拟datanode1节点故障 直接关闭即可 PGXC stop -m immediate datanode master datanode1Stopping datanode master datanode1.Done. 3.测试查询 只要查询涉及到datanode1上的数据，那么该查询就会报错 postgres= SELECT xc_node_id, count() FROM disttab GROUP BY xc_node_id;WARNING: failed to receive file descriptors for connectionsERROR: Failed to get pooled connectionsHINT: This may happen because one or more nodes are currently unreachable, either because of node or network failure.Its also possible that the target node may have hit the connection limit or the pooler is configured with low connections.Please check if all nodes are running fine and also review max_connections and max_pool_size configuration parameterspostgres= SELECT xc_node_id, FROM disttab WHERE col1 = 3;xc_node_id | col1 | col2 | col3------------+------+------+-------905831925 | 3 | 103 | foo(1 row) 测试发现，查询范围如果涉及到故障的node1节点，会报错，而查询的数据范围不在node1上的话，仍然可以查询。 4.手动切换 要想切换，必须要提前配置slave节点。 PGXC$ failover datanode node1 切换完成后，查询集群 postgres= SELECT oid, FROM pgxc_node;oid | node_name | node_type | node_port | node_host | nodeis_primary | nodeis_preferred | node_id -------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+------------------+-------------11819 | coord1 | C | 5432 | datanode1 | f | f | 188569664316384 | coord2 | C | 5432 | datanode2 | f | f | -119710263316386 | node2 | D | 15432 | datanode2 | f | f | -92791069016385 | node1 | D | 15433 | datanode2 | f | t | 1148549230(4 rows) 发现datanode1节点的ip和端口都已经替换为配置的slave了。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qianglei6077/article/details/94379331。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...telephone number. Most applications need to store more information about users, including persistent application preferences and details such as addresses—in short, any data that is useful to running the application and that should last between sessions. In ASP.NET Membership, this was handled through the user profile system, but ASP.NET Identity takes a different approach. 我在第13章创建AppUser类来表示用户时曾做过说明，基类定义了一组描述用户的基本属性，如E-mail地址、电话号码等。大多数应用程序还需要存储用户的更多信息，包括持久化应用程序爱好以及地址等细节——简言之，需要存储对运行应用程序有用并且在各次会话之间应当保持的任何数据。在ASP.NET Membership中，这是通过用户资料（User Profile）系统来处理的，但ASP.NET Identity采取了一种不同的办法。 Because the ASP.NET Identity system uses Entity Framework to store its data by default, defining additional user information is just a matter of adding properties to the user class and letting the Code First feature create the database schema required to store them. Table 15-3 puts custom user properties in context. 因为ASP.NET Identity默认是使用Entity Framework来存储其数据的，定义附加的用户信息只不过是给用户类添加属性的事情，然后让Code First特性去创建需要存储它们的数据库架构即可。表15-3描述了自定义用户属性的情形。 Table 15-3. Putting Cusotm User Properties in Context 表15-3. 自定义用户属性的情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是自定义用户属性？ Custom user properties allow you to store additional information about your users, including their preferences and settings. 自定义用户属性让你能够存储附加的用户信息，包括他们的爱好和设置。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ A persistent store of settings means that the user doesn’t have to provide the same information each time they log in to the application. 设置的持久化存储意味着，用户不必每次登录到应用程序时都提供同样的信息。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 在MVC框架中如何使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is available for use in action methods. 此特性不是由MVC框架直接使用的，但它在动作方法中使用是有效的。 15.2.1 Defining Custom Properties 15.2.1 定义自定义属性 Listing 15-1 shows how I added a simple property to the AppUser class to represent the city in which the user lives. 清单15-1演示了如何给AppUser类添加一个简单的属性，用以表示用户生活的城市。 Listing 15-1. Adding a Property in the AppUser.cs File 清单15-1. 在AppUser.cs文件中添加属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;namespace Users.Models { public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; } }} I have defined an enumeration called Cities that defines values for some large cities and added a property called City to the AppUser class. To allow the user to view and edit their City property, I added actions to the Home controller, as shown in Listing 15-2. 这里定义了一个枚举，名称为Cities，它定义了一些大城市的值，另外给AppUser类添加了一个名称为City的属性。为了让用户能够查看和编辑City属性，给Home控制器添加了几个动作方法，如清单15-2所示。 Listing 15-2. Adding Support for Custom User Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-2. 在HomeController.cs文件中添加对自定义属性的支持 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {return View(GetData("Index"));}[Authorize(Roles = "Users")]public ActionResult OtherAction() {return View("Index", GetData("OtherAction"));}private Dictionary<string, object> GetData(string actionName) {Dictionary<string, object> dict= new Dictionary<string, object>();dict.Add("Action", actionName);dict.Add("User", HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);dict.Add("Authenticated", HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated);dict.Add("Auth Type", HttpContext.User.Identity.AuthenticationType);dict.Add("In Users Role", HttpContext.User.IsInRole("Users"));return dict;} [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}private AppUser CurrentUser {get {return UserManager.FindByName(HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } I added a CurrentUser property that uses the AppUserManager class to retrieve an AppUser instance to represent the current user. I pass the AppUser object as the view model object in the GET version of the UserProps action method, and the POST method uses it to update the value of the new City property. Listing 15-3 shows the UserProps.cshtml view, which displays the City property value and contains a form to change it. 我添加了一个CurrentUser属性，它使用AppUserManager类接收了表示当前用户的AppUser实例。在GET版本的UserProps动作方法中，传递了这个AppUser对象作为视图模型。而在POST版的方法中用它更新了City属性的值。清单15-3显示了UserProps.cshtml视图，它显示了City属性的值，并包含一个修改它的表单。 Listing 15-3. The Contents of the UserProps.cshtml File in the Views/Home Folder 清单15-3. Views/Home文件夹中UserProps.cshtml文件的内容 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";}<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr></table></div> @using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Caution Don’t start the application when you have created the view. In the sections that follow, I demonstrate how to preserve the contents of the database, and if you start the application now, the ASP.NET Identity users will be deleted. 警告：创建了视图之后不要启动应用程序。在以下小节中，将演示如何保留数据库的内容，如果现在启动应用程序，将会删除ASP.NET Identity的用户。 15.2.2 Preparing for Database Migration 15.2.2 准备数据库迁移 The default behavior for the Entity Framework Code First feature is to drop the tables in the database and re-create them whenever classes that drive the schema have changed. You saw this in Chapter 14 when I added support for roles: When the application was started, the database was reset, and the user accounts were lost. Entity Framework Code First特性的默认行为是，一旦修改了派生数据库架构的类，便会删除数据库中的数据表，并重新创建它们。在第14章可以看到这种情况，在我添加角色支持时：当重启应用程序后，数据库被重置，用户账号也丢失。 Don’t start the application yet, but if you were to do so, you would see a similar effect. Deleting data during development is usually not a problem, but doing so in a production setting is usually disastrous because it deletes all of the real user accounts and causes a panic while the backups are restored. In this section, I am going to demonstrate how to use the database migration feature, which updates a Code First schema in a less brutal manner and preserves the existing data it contains. 不要启动应用程序，但如果你这么做了，会看到类似的效果。在开发期间删除数据没什么问题，但如果在产品设置中这么做了，通常是灾难性的，因为它会删除所有真实的用户账号，而备份恢复是很痛苦的事。在本小节中，我打算演示如何使用数据库迁移特性，它能以比较温和的方式更新Code First的架构，并保留架构中的已有数据。 The first step is to issue the following command in the Visual Studio Package Manager Console: 第一个步骤是在Visual Studio的“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中发布以下命令： Enable-Migrations –EnableAutomaticMigrations This enables the database migration support and creates a Migrations folder in the Solution Explorer that contains a Configuration.cs class file, the contents of which are shown in Listing 15-4. 它启用了数据库的迁移支持，并在“Solution Explorer（解决方案资源管理器）”创建一个Migrations文件夹，其中含有一个Configuration.cs类文件，内容如清单15-4所示。 Listing 15-4. The Contents of the Configuration.cs File 清单15-4. Configuration.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using System.Linq;internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext context) {// This method will be called after migrating to the latest version.// 此方法将在迁移到最新版本时调用// You can use the DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate() helper extension method// to avoid creating duplicate seed data. E.g.// 例如，你可以使用DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate()辅助器方法来避免创建重复的种子数据//// context.People.AddOrUpdate(// p => p.FullName,// new Person { FullName = "Andrew Peters" },// new Person { FullName = "Brice Lambson" },// new Person { FullName = "Rowan Miller" }// );//} }} Tip You might be wondering why you are entering a database migration command into the console used to manage NuGet packages. The answer is that the Package Manager Console is really PowerShell, which is a general-purpose tool that is mislabeled by Visual Studio. You can use the console to issue a wide range of helpful commands. See http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518 for details. 提示：你可能会觉得奇怪，为什么要在管理NuGet包的控制台中输入数据库迁移的命令？答案是“Package Manager Console（包管理控制台）”是真正的PowerShell，这是Visual studio冒用的一个通用工具。你可以使用此控制台发送大量的有用命令，详见http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518。 The class will be used to migrate existing content in the database to the new schema, and the Seed method will be called to provide an opportunity to update the existing database records. In Listing 15-5, you can see how I have used the Seed method to set a default value for the new City property I added to the AppUser class. (I have also updated the class file to reflect my usual coding style.) 这个类将用于把数据库中的现有内容迁移到新的数据库架构，Seed方法的调用为更新现有数据库记录提供了机会。在清单15-5中可以看到，我如何用Seed方法为新的City属性设置默认值，City是添加到AppUser类中自定义属性。（为了体现我一贯的编码风格，我对这个类文件也进行了更新。） Listing 15-5. Managing Existing Content in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-5. 在Configuration.cs文件中管理已有内容 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);}foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();} }} You will notice that much of the code that I added to the Seed method is taken from the IdentityDbInit class, which I used to seed the database with an administration user in Chapter 14. This is because the new Configuration class added to support database migrations will replace the seeding function of the IdentityDbInit class, which I’ll update shortly. Aside from ensuring that there is an admin user, the statements in the Seed method that are important are the ones that set the initial value for the City property I added to the AppUser class, as follows: 你可能会注意到，添加到Seed方法中的许多代码取自于IdentityDbInit类，在第14章中我用这个类将管理用户植入了数据库。这是因为这个新添加的、用以支持数据库迁移的Configuration类，将代替IdentityDbInit类的种植功能，我很快便会更新这个类。除了要确保有admin用户之外，在Seed方法中的重要语句是那些为AppUser类的City属性设置初值的语句，如下所示： ...foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) { dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();... You don’t have to set a default value for new properties—I just wanted to demonstrate that the Seed method in the Configuration class can be used to update the existing user records in the database. 你不一定要为新属性设置默认值——这里只是想演示Configuration类中的Seed方法，可以用它更新数据库中的已有用户记录。 Caution Be careful when setting values for properties in the Seed method for real projects because the values will be applied every time you change the schema, overriding any values that the user has set since the last schema update was performed. I set the value of the City property just to demonstrate that it can be done. 警告：在用于真实项目的Seed方法中为属性设置值时要小心，因为你每一次修改架构时，都会运用这些值，这会将自执行上一次架构更新之后，用户设置的任何数据覆盖掉。这里设置City属性的值只是为了演示它能够这么做。 Changing the Database Context Class 修改数据库上下文类 The reason that I added the seeding code to the Configuration class is that I need to change the IdentityDbInit class. At present, the IdentityDbInit class is derived from the descriptively named DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> class, which, as you might imagine, drops the entire database when the Code First classes change. Listing 15-6 shows the changes I made to the IdentityDbInit class to prevent it from affecting the database. 在Configuration类中添加种植代码的原因是我需要修改IdentityDbInit类。此时，IdentityDbInit类派生于描述性命名的DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> 类，和你相像的一样，它会在Code First类改变时删除整个数据库。清单15-6显示了我对IdentityDbInit类所做的修改，以防止它影响数据库。 Listing 15-6. Preventing Database Schema Changes in the AppIdentityDbContext.cs File 清单15-6. 在AppIdentityDbContext.cs文件是阻止数据库架构变化 using System.Data.Entity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppIdentityDbContext : IdentityDbContext<AppUser> {public AppIdentityDbContext() : base("IdentityDb") { }static AppIdentityDbContext() {Database.SetInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext>(new IdentityDbInit());}public static AppIdentityDbContext Create() {return new AppIdentityDbContext();} } public class IdentityDbInit : NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> {} } I have removed the methods defined by the class and changed its base to NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> , which prevents the schema from being altered. 我删除了这个类中所定义的方法，并将它的基类改为NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> ，它可以防止架构修改。 15.2.3 Performing the Migration 15.2.3 执行迁移 All that remains is to generate and apply the migration. First, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情只是生成并运用迁移了。首先，在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中执行以下命令： Add-Migration CityProperty This creates a new migration called CityProperty (I like my migration names to reflect the changes I made). A class new file will be added to the Migrations folder, and its name reflects the time at which the command was run and the name of the migration. My file is called 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs, for example. The contents of this file contain the details of how Entity Framework will change the database during the migration, as shown in Listing 15-7. 这创建了一个名称为CityProperty的新迁移（我比较喜欢让迁移的名称反映出我所做的修改）。这会在文件夹中添加一个新的类文件，而且其命名会反映出该命令执行的时间以及迁移名称，例如，我的这个文件名称为201402262244036_CityProperty.cs。该文件的内容含有迁移期间Entity Framework修改数据库的细节，如清单15-7所示。 Listing 15-7. The Contents of the 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs File 清单15-7. 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations; public partial class Init : DbMigration {public override void Up() {AddColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City", c => c.Int(nullable: false));}public override void Down() {DropColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City");} }} The Up method describes the changes that have to be made to the schema when the database is upgraded, which in this case means adding a City column to the AspNetUsers table, which is the one that is used to store user records in the ASP.NET Identity database. Up方法描述了在数据库升级时，需要对架构所做的修改，在这个例子中，意味着要在AspNetUsers数据表中添加City数据列，该数据表是ASP.NET Identity数据库用来存储用户记录的。 The final step is to perform the migration. Without starting the application, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 最后一步是执行迁移。无需启动应用程序，只需在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中运行以下命令即可： Update-Database –TargetMigration CityProperty The database schema will be modified, and the code in the Configuration.Seed method will be executed. The existing user accounts will have been preserved and enhanced with a City property (which I set to Paris in the Seed method). 这会修改数据库架构，并执行Configuration.Seed方法中的代码。已有用户账号会被保留，且增强了City属性（我在Seed方法中已将其设置为“Paris”）。 15.2.4 Testing the Migration 15.2.4 测试迁移 To test the effect of the migration, start the application, navigate to the /Home/UserProps URL, and authenticate as one of the Identity users (for example, as Alice with the password MySecret). Once authenticated, you will see the current value of the City property for the user and have the opportunity to change it, as shown in Figure 15-3. 为了测试迁移的效果，启动应用程序，导航到/Home/UserProps URL，并以Identity中的用户（例如Alice，口令MySecret）进行认证。一旦已被认证，便会看到该用户City属性的当前值，并可以对其进行修改，如图15-3所示。 Figure 15-3. Displaying and changing a custom user property 图15-3. 显示和个性自定义用户属性 15.2.5 Defining an Additional Property 15.2.5 定义附加属性 Now that database migrations are set up, I am going to define a further property just to demonstrate how subsequent changes are handled and to show a more useful (and less dangerous) example of using the Configuration.Seed method. Listing 15-8 shows how I added a Country property to the AppUser class. 现在，已经建立了数据库迁移，我打算再定义一个属性，这恰恰演示了如何处理持续不断的修改，也为了演示Configuration.Seed方法更有用（至少无害）的示例。清单15-8显示了我在AppUser类上添加了一个Country属性。 Listing 15-8. Adding Another Property in the AppUserModels.cs File 清单15-8. 在AppUserModels.cs文件中添加另一个属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework; namespace Users.Models {public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO} public enum Countries {NONE, UK, FRANCE, USA}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; }public Countries Country { get; set; }public void SetCountryFromCity(Cities city) {switch (city) {case Cities.LONDON:Country = Countries.UK;break;case Cities.PARIS:Country = Countries.FRANCE;break;case Cities.CHICAGO:Country = Countries.USA;break;default:Country = Countries.NONE;break;} }} } I have added an enumeration to define the country names and a helper method that selects a country value based on the City property. Listing 15-9 shows the change I made to the Configuration class so that the Seed method sets the Country property based on the City, but only if the value of Country is NONE (which it will be for all users when the database is migrated because the Entity Framework sets enumeration columns to the first value). 我已经添加了一个枚举，它定义了国家名称。还添加了一个辅助器方法，它可以根据City属性选择一个国家。清单15-9显示了对Configuration类所做的修改，以使Seed方法根据City设置Country属性，但只当Country为NONE时才进行设置（在迁移数据库时，所有用户都是NONE，因为Entity Framework会将枚举列设置为枚举的第一个值）。 Listing 15-9. Modifying the Database Seed in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-9. 在Configuration.cs文件中修改数据库种子 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);} foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {if (dbUser.Country == Countries.NONE) {dbUser.SetCountryFromCity(dbUser.City);} }context.SaveChanges();} }} This kind of seeding is more useful in a real project because it will set a value for the Country property only if one has not already been set—subsequent migrations won’t be affected, and user selections won’t be lost. 这种种植在实际项目中会更有用，因为它只会在Country属性未设置时，才会设置Country属性的值——后继的迁移不会受到影响，因此不会失去用户的选择。 1. Adding Application Support 1. 添加应用程序支持 There is no point defining additional user properties if they are not available in the application, so Listing 15-10 shows the change I made to the Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml file to display the value of the Country property. 应用程序中如果没有定义附加属性的地方，则附加属性就无法使用了，因此，清单15-10显示了我对Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml文件的修改，以显示Country属性的值。 Listing 15-10. Displaying an Additional Property in the UserProps.cshtml File 清单15-10. 在UserProps.cshtml文件中显示附加属性 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";} <div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr> <tr><th>Country</th><td>@Model.Country</td></tr></table></div>@using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Listing 15-11 shows the corresponding change I made to the Home controller to update the Country property when the City value changes. 为了在City值变化时能够更新Country属性，清单15-11显示了我对Home控制器所做的相应修改。 Listing 15-11. Setting Custom Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-11. 在HomeController.cs文件中设置自定义属性 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {// ...other action methods omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化，这里忽略了其他动作方法... [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;user.SetCountryFromCity(city);await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}// ...properties omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化，这里忽略了一些属性...} } 2. Performing the Migration 2. 准备迁移 All that remains is to create and apply a new migration. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情就是创建和运用新的迁移了。在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中输入以下命令： Add-Migration CountryProperty This will generate another file in the Migrations folder that contains the instruction to add the Country column. To apply the migration, execute the following command: 这将在Migrations文件夹中生成另一个文件，它含有添加Country数据表列的指令。为了运用迁移，可执行以下命令： Update-Database –TargetMigration CountryProperty The migration will be performed, and the value of the Country property will be set based on the value of the existing City property for each user. You can check the new user property by starting the application and authenticating and navigating to the /Home/UserProps URL, as shown in Figure 15-4. 这将执行迁移，Country属性的值将根据每个用户当前的City属性进行设置。通过启动应用程序，认证并导航到/Home/UserProps URL，便可以查看新的用户属性，如图15-4所示。 Figure 15-4. Creating an additional user property 图15-4. 创建附加用户属性 Tip Although I am focused on the process of upgrading the database, you can also migrate back to a previous version by specifying an earlier migration. Use the –Force argument make changes that cause data loss, such as removing a column. 提示：虽然我们关注了升级数据库的过程，但你也可以回退到以前的版本，只需指定一个早期的迁移即可。使用-Force参数进行修改，会引起数据丢失，例如删除数据表列。 15.3 Working with Claims 15.3 使用声明（Claims） In older user-management systems, such as ASP.NET Membership, the application was assumed to be the authoritative source of all information about the user, essentially treating the application as a closed world and trusting the data that is contained within it. 在旧的用户管理系统中，例如ASP.NET Membership，应用程序被假设成是用户所有信息的权威来源，本质上将应用程序视为是一个封闭的世界，并且只信任其中所包含的数据。 This is such an ingrained approach to software development that it can be hard to recognize that’s what is happening, but you saw an example of the closed-world technique in Chapter 14 when I authenticated users against the credentials stored in the database and granted access based on the roles associated with those credentials. I did the same thing again in this chapter when I added properties to the user class. Every piece of information that I needed to manage user authentication and authorization came from within my application—and that is a perfectly satisfactory approach for many web applications, which is why I demonstrated these techniques in such depth. 这是软件开发的一种根深蒂固的方法，使人很难认识到这到底意味着什么，第14章你已看到了这种封闭世界技术的例子，根据存储在数据库中的凭据来认证用户，并根据与凭据关联在一起的角色来授权访问。本章前述在用户类上添加属性，也做了同样的事情。我管理用户认证与授权所需的每一个数据片段都来自于我的应用程序——而且这是许多Web应用程序都相当满意的一种方法，这也是我如此深入地演示这些技术的原因。 ASP.NET Identity also supports an alternative approach for dealing with users, which works well when the MVC framework application isn’t the sole source of information about users and which can be used to authorize users in more flexible and fluid ways than traditional roles allow. ASP.NET Identity还支持另一种处理用户的办法，当MVC框架的应用程序不是有关用户的唯一信息源时，这种办法会工作得很好，而且能够比传统的角色授权更为灵活且流畅的方式进行授权。 This alternative approach uses claims, and in this section I’ll describe how ASP.NET Identity supports claims-based authorization. Table 15-4 puts claims in context. 这种可选的办法使用了“Claims（声明）”，因此在本小节中，我将描述ASP.NET Identity如何支持“Claims-Based Authorization（基于声明的授权）”。表15-4描述了声明（Claims）的情形。 提示：“Claim”在英文字典中不完全是“声明”的意思，根据本文的描述，感觉把它说成“声明”也不一定合适，所以在之后的译文中基本都写成中英文并用的形式，即“声明（Claims）”。根据表15-4中的声明（Claims）的定义：声明（Claims）是关于用户的一些信息片段。一个用户的信息片段当然有很多，每一个信息片段就是一项声明（Claim），用户的所有信息片段合起来就是该用户的声明（Claims）。请读者注意该单词的单复数形式——译者注 Table 15-4. Putting Claims in Context 表15-4. 声明（Claims）的情形 Question 问题 Answer 答案 What is it? 什么是声明（Claims）？ Claims are pieces of information about users that you can use to make authorization decisions. Claims can be obtained from external systems as well as from the local Identity database. 声明（Claims）是关于用户的一些信息片段，可以用它们做出授权决定。声明（Claims）可以从外部系统获取，也可以从本地的Identity数据库获取。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ Claims can be used to flexibly authorize access to action methods. Unlike conventional roles, claims allow access to be driven by the information that describes the user. 声明（Claims）可以用来对动作方法进行灵活的授权访问。与传统的角色不同，声明（Claims）让访问能够由描述用户的信息进行驱动。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is integrated into the standard authorization features, such as the Authorize attribute. 这不是直接由MVC框架使用的特性，但它集成到了标准的授权特性之中，例如Authorize注解属性。 Tip you don’t have to use claims in your applications, and as Chapter 14 showed, ASP.NET Identity is perfectly happy providing an application with the authentication and authorization services without any need to understand claims at all. 提示：你在应用程序中不一定要使用声明（Claims），正如第14章所展示的那样，ASP.NET Identity能够为应用程序提供充分的认证与授权服务，而根本不需要理解声明（Claims）。 15.3.1 Understanding Claims 15.3.1 理解声明（Claims） A claim is a piece of information about the user, along with some information about where the information came from. The easiest way to unpack claims is through some practical demonstrations, without which any discussion becomes too abstract to be truly useful. To get started, I added a Claims controller to the example project, the definition of which you can see in Listing 15-12. 一项声明（Claim）是关于用户的一个信息片段（请注意这个英文单词的单复数形式——译者注），并伴有该片段出自何处的某种信息。揭开声明（Claims）含义最容易的方式是做一些实际演示，任何讨论都会过于抽象根本没有真正的用处。为此，我在示例项目中添加了一个Claims控制器，其定义如清单15-12所示。 Listing 15-12. The Contents of the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-12. ClaimsController.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} }} } Tip You may feel a little lost as I define the code for this example. Don’t worry about the details for the moment—just stick with it until you see the output from the action method and view that I define. More than anything else, that will help put claims into perspective. 提示：你或许会对我为此例定义的代码感到有点失望。此刻对此细节不必着急——只要稍事忍耐，当看到该动作方法和视图的输出便会明白。尤为重要的是，这有助于洞察声明（Claims）。 You can get the claims associated with a user in different ways. One approach is to use the Claims property defined by the user class, but in this example, I have used the HttpContext.User.Identity property to demonstrate the way that ASP.NET Identity is integrated with the rest of the ASP.NET platform. As I explained in Chapter 13, the HttpContext.User.Identity property returns an implementation of the IIdentity interface, which is a ClaimsIdentity object when working using ASP.NET Identity. The ClaimsIdentity class is defined in the System.Security.Claims namespace, and Table 15-5 shows the members it defines that are relevant to this chapter. 可以通过不同的方式获得与用户相关联的声明（Claims）。方法之一就是使用由用户类定义的Claims属性，但在这个例子中，我使用了HttpContext.User.Identity属性，目的是演示ASP.NET Identity与ASP.NET平台集成的方式（请注意这句话所表示的含义：用户类的Claims属性属于ASP.NET Identity，而HttpContext.User.Identity属性则属于ASP.NET平台。由此可见，ASP.NET Identity已经融合到了ASP.NET平台之中——译者注）。正如第13章所解释的那样，HttpContext.User.Identity属性返回IIdentity的接口实现，当使用ASP.NET Identity时，该实现是一个ClaimsIdentity对象。ClaimsIdentity类是在System.Security.Claims命名空间中定义的，表15-5显示了它所定义的与本章有关的成员。 Table 15-5. The Members Defined by the ClaimsIdentity Class 表15-5. ClaimsIdentity类所定义的成员 Name 名称 Description 描述 Claims Returns an enumeration of Claim objects representing the claims for the user. 返回表示用户声明（Claims）的Claim对象枚举 AddClaim(claim) Adds a claim to the user identity. 给用户添加一个声明（Claim） AddClaims(claims) Adds an enumeration of Claim objects to the user identity. 给用户添加Claim对象的枚举。 HasClaim(predicate) Returns true if the user identity contains a claim that matches the specified predicate. See the “Applying Claims” section for an example predicate. 如果用户含有与指定谓词匹配的声明（Claim）时，返回true。参见“运用声明（Claims）”中的示例谓词 RemoveClaim(claim) Removes a claim from the user identity. 删除用户的声明（Claim）。 Other members are available, but the ones in the table are those that are used most often in web applications, for reason that will become obvious as I demonstrate how claims fit into the wider ASP.NET platform. 还有一些可用的其它成员，但表中的这些是在Web应用程序中最常用的，随着我演示如何将声明（Claims）融入更宽泛的ASP.NET平台，它们为什么最常用就很显然了。 In Listing 15-12, I cast the IIdentity implementation to the ClaimsIdentity type and pass the enumeration of Claim objects returned by the ClaimsIdentity.Claims property to the View method. A Claim object represents a single piece of data about the user, and the Claim class defines the properties shown in Table 15-6. 在清单15-12中，我将IIdentity实现转换成了ClaimsIdentity类型，并且给View方法传递了ClaimsIdentity.Claims属性所返回的Claim对象的枚举。Claim对象所示表示的是关于用户的一个单一的数据片段，Claim类定义的属性如表15-6所示。 Table 15-6. The Properties Defined by the Claim Class 表15-6. Claim类定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 Issuer Returns the name of the system that provided the claim 返回提供声明（Claim）的系统名称 Subject Returns the ClaimsIdentity object for the user who the claim refers to 返回声明（Claim）所指用户的ClaimsIdentity对象 Type Returns the type of information that the claim represents 返回声明（Claim）所表示的信息类型 Value Returns the piece of information that the claim represents 返回声明（Claim）所表示的信息片段 Listing 15-13 shows the contents of the Index.cshtml file that I created in the Views/Claims folder and that is rendered by the Index action of the Claims controller. The view adds a row to a table for each claim about the user. 清单15-13显示了我在Views/Claims文件夹中创建的Index.cshtml文件的内容，它由Claims控制器中的Index动作方法进行渲染。该视图为用户的每项声明（Claim）添加了一个表格行。 Listing 15-13. The Contents of the Index.cshtml File in the Views/Claims Folder 清单15-13. Views/Claims文件夹中Index.cshtml文件的内容 @using System.Security.Claims@using Users.Infrastructure@model IEnumerable<Claim>@{ ViewBag.Title = "Claims"; }<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Claims</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>Subject</th><th>Issuer</th><th>Type</th><th>Value</th></tr>@foreach (Claim claim in Model.OrderBy(x => x.Type)) {<tr><td>@claim.Subject.Name</td><td>@claim.Issuer</td><td>@Html.ClaimType(claim.Type)</td><td>@claim.Value</td></tr>}</table></div> The value of the Claim.Type property is a URI for a Microsoft schema, which isn’t especially useful. The popular schemas are used as the values for fields in the System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes class, so to make the output from the Index.cshtml view easier to read, I added an HTML helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs file, as shown in Listing 15-14. It is this helper that I use in the Index.cshtml file to format the value of the Claim.Type property. Claim.Type属性的值是一个微软模式（Microsoft Schema）的URI（统一资源标识符），这是特别有用的。System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes类中字段的值使用的是流行模式（Popular Schema），因此为了使Index.cshtml视图的输出更易于阅读，我在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加了一个HTML辅助器，如清单15-14所示。Index.cshtml文件正是使用这个辅助器格式化了Claim.Type属性的值。 Listing 15-14. Adding a Helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs File 清单15-14. 在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加辅助器 using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using System;using System.Linq;using System.Reflection;using System.Security.Claims;namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class IdentityHelpers {public static MvcHtmlString GetUserName(this HtmlHelper html, string id) {AppUserManager mgr= HttpContext.Current.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();return new MvcHtmlString(mgr.FindByIdAsync(id).Result.UserName);} public static MvcHtmlString ClaimType(this HtmlHelper html, string claimType) {FieldInfo[] fields = typeof(ClaimTypes).GetFields();foreach (FieldInfo field in fields) {if (field.GetValue(null).ToString() == claimType) {return new MvcHtmlString(field.Name);} }return new MvcHtmlString(string.Format("{0}",claimType.Split('/', '.').Last()));} }} Note The helper method isn’t at all efficient because it reflects on the fields of the ClaimType class for each claim that is displayed, but it is sufficient for my purposes in this chapter. You won’t often need to display the claim type in real applications. 注：该辅助器并非十分有效，因为它只是针对每个要显示的声明（Claim）映射出ClaimType类的字段，但对我要的目的已经足够了。在实际项目中不会经常需要显示声明（Claim）的类型。 To see why I have created a controller that uses claims without really explaining what they are, start the application, authenticate as the user Alice (with the password MySecret), and request the /Claims/Index URL. Figure 15-5 shows the content that is generated. 为了弄明白我为何要先创建一个使用声明（Claims）的控制器，而没有真正解释声明（Claims）是什么的原因，可以启动应用程序，以用户Alice进行认证（其口令是MySecret），并请求/Claims/Index URL。图15-5显示了生成的内容。 Figure 15-5. The output from the Index action of the Claims controller 图15-5. Claims控制器中Index动作的输出 It can be hard to make out the detail in the figure, so I have reproduced the content in Table 15-7. 这可能还难以认识到此图的细节，为此我在表15-7中重列了其内容。 Table 15-7. The Data Shown in Figure 15-5 表15-7. 图15-5中显示的数据 Subject（科目） Issuer（发行者） Type（类型） Value（值） Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY SecurityStamp Unique ID Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY IdentityProvider ASP.NET Identity Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Employees Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Users Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Name Alice Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY NameIdentifier Alice’s user ID The table shows the most important aspect of claims, which is that I have already been using them when I implemented the traditional authentication and authorization features in Chapter 14. You can see that some of the claims relate to user identity (the Name claim is Alice, and the NameIdentifier claim is Alice’s unique user ID in my ASP.NET Identity database). 此表展示了声明（Claims）最重要的方面，这些是我在第14章中实现传统的认证和授权特性时，一直在使用的信息。可以看出，有些声明（Claims）与用户标识有关（Name声明是Alice，NameIdentifier声明是Alice在ASP.NET Identity数据库中的唯一用户ID号）。 Other claims show membership of roles—there are two Role claims in the table, reflecting the fact that Alice is assigned to both the Users and Employees roles. There is also a claim about how Alice has been authenticated: The IdentityProvider is set to ASP.NET Identity. 其他声明（Claims）显示了角色成员——表中有两个Role声明（Claim），体现出Alice被赋予了Users和Employees两个角色这一事实。还有一个是Alice已被认证的声明（Claim）：IdentityProvider被设置到了ASP.NET Identity。 The difference when this information is expressed as a set of claims is that you can determine where the data came from. The Issuer property for all the claims shown in the table is set to LOCAL AUTHORITY, which indicates that the user’s identity has been established by the application. 当这种信息被表示成一组声明（Claims）时的差别是，你能够确定这些数据是从哪里来的。表中所显示的所有声明的Issuer属性（发布者）都被设置到了LOACL AUTHORITY（本地授权），这说明该用户的标识是由应用程序建立的。 So, now that you have seen some example claims, I can more easily describe what a claim is. A claim is any piece of information about a user that is available to the application, including the user’s identity and role memberships. And, as you have seen, the information I have been defining about my users in earlier chapters is automatically made available as claims by ASP.NET Identity. 因此，现在你已经看到了一些声明（Claims）示例，我可以更容易地描述声明（Claim）是什么了。一项声明（Claim）是可用于应用程序中的有关用户的一个信息片段，包括用户的标识以及角色成员等。而且，正如你所看到的，我在前几章定义的关于用户的信息，被ASP.NET Identity自动地作为声明（Claims）了。 15.3.2 Creating and Using Claims 15.3.2 创建和使用声明（Claims） Claims are interesting for two reasons. The first reason is that an application can obtain claims from multiple sources, rather than just relying on a local database for information about the user. You will see a real example of this when I show you how to authenticate users through a third-party system in the “Using Third-Party Authentication” section, but for the moment I am going to add a class to the example project that simulates a system that provides claims information. Listing 15-15 shows the contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure folder. 声明（Claims）比较有意思的原因有两个。第一个原因是应用程序可以从多个来源获取声明（Claims），而不是只能依靠本地数据库关于用户的信息。你将会看到一个实际的示例，在“使用第三方认证”小节中，将演示如何通过第三方系统来认证用户。不过，此刻我只打算在示例项目中添加一个类，用以模拟一个提供声明（Claims）信息的系统。清单15-15显示了我添加到Infrastructure文件夹中LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-15. The Contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs File 清单15-15. LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class LocationClaimsProvider {public static IEnumerable<Claim> GetClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.Name.ToLower() == "alice") {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "DC 20500"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "DC"));} else {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "NY 10036"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "NY"));}return claims;}private static Claim CreateClaim(string type, string value) {return new Claim(type, value, ClaimValueTypes.String, "RemoteClaims");} }} The GetClaims method takes a ClaimsIdentity argument and uses the Name property to create claims about the user’s ZIP code and state. This class allows me to simulate a system such as a central HR database, which would be the authoritative source of location information about staff, for example. GetClaims方法以ClaimsIdentity为参数，并使用Name属性创建了关于用户ZIP码（邮政编码）和州府的声明（Claims）。上述这个类使我能够模拟一个诸如中心化的HR数据库（人力资源数据库）之类的系统，它可能会成为全体职员的地点信息的权威数据源。 Claims are associated with the user’s identity during the authentication process, and Listing 15-16 shows the changes I made to the Login action method of the Account controller to call the LocationClaimsProvider class. 在认证过程期间，声明（Claims）是与用户标识关联在一起的，清单15-16显示了我对Account控制器中Login动作方法所做的修改，以便调用LocationClaimsProvider类。 Listing 15-16. Associating Claims with a User in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-16. AccountController.cs文件中用户用声明的关联 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... You can see the effect of the location claims by starting the application, authenticating as a user, and requesting the /Claim/Index URL. Figure 15-6 shows the claims for Alice. You may have to sign out and sign back in again to see the change. 为了看看这个地点声明（Claims）的效果，可以启动应用程序，以一个用户进行认证，并请求/Claim/Index URL。图15-6显示了Alice的声明（Claims）。你可能需要退出，然后再次登录才会看到发生的变化。 Figure 15-6. Defining additional claims for users 图15-6. 定义用户的附加声明 Obtaining claims from multiple locations means that the application doesn’t have to duplicate data that is held elsewhere and allows integration of data from external parties. The Claim.Issuer property tells you where a claim originated from, which helps you judge how accurate the data is likely to be and how much weight you should give the data in your application. Location data obtained from a central HR database is likely to be more accurate and trustworthy than data obtained from an external mailing list provider, for example. 从多个地点获取声明（Claims）意味着应用程序不必复制其他地方保持的数据，并且能够与外部的数据集成。Claim.Issuer属性（图15-6中的Issuer数据列——译者注）能够告诉你一个声明（Claim）的发源地，这有助于让你判断数据的精确程度，也有助于让你决定这类数据在应用程序中的权重。例如，从中心化的HR数据库获取的地点数据可能要比外部邮件列表提供器获取的数据更为精确和可信。 1. Applying Claims 1. 运用声明（Claims） The second reason that claims are interesting is that you can use them to manage user access to your application more flexibly than with standard roles. The problem with roles is that they are static, and once a user has been assigned to a role, the user remains a member until explicitly removed. This is, for example, how long-term employees of big corporations end up with incredible access to internal systems: They are assigned the roles they require for each new job they get, but the old roles are rarely removed. (The unexpectedly broad systems access sometimes becomes apparent during the investigation into how someone was able to ship the contents of the warehouse to their home address—true story.) 声明（Claims）有意思的第二个原因是，你可以用它们来管理用户对应用程序的访问，这要比标准的角色管理更为灵活。角色的问题在于它们是静态的，而且一旦用户已经被赋予了一个角色，该用户便是一个成员，直到明确地删除为止。例如，这意味着大公司的长期雇员，对内部系统的访问会十分惊人：他们每次在获得新工作时，都会赋予所需的角色，但旧角色很少被删除。（在调查某人为何能够将仓库里的东西发往他的家庭地址过程中发现，有时会出现异常宽泛的系统访问——真实的故事） Claims can be used to authorize users based directly on the information that is known about them, which ensures that the authorization changes when the data changes. The simplest way to do this is to generate Role claims based on user data that are then used by controllers to restrict access to action methods. Listing 15-17 shows the contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure. 声明（Claims）可以直接根据用户已知的信息对用户进行授权，这能够保证当数据发生变化时，授权也随之而变。此事最简单的做法是根据用户数据来生成Role声明（Claim），然后由控制器用来限制对动作方法的访问。清单15-17显示了我添加到Infrastructure中的ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-17. The Contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs File 清单15-17. ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsRoles {public static IEnumerable<Claim> CreateRolesFromClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince&& x.Issuer == "RemoteClaims" && x.Value == "DC")&& user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.Role&& x.Value == "Employees")) {claims.Add(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, "DCStaff"));}return claims;} }} The gnarly looking CreateRolesFromClaims method uses lambda expressions to determine whether the user has a StateOrProvince claim from the RemoteClaims issuer with a value of DC and a Role claim with a value of Employees. If the user has both claims, then a Role claim is returned for the DCStaff role. Listing 15-18 shows how I call the CreateRolesFromClaims method from the Login action in the Account controller. CreateRolesFromClaims是一个粗糙的考察方法，它使用了Lambda表达式，以检查用户是否具有StateOrProvince声明（Claim），该声明来自于RemoteClaims发行者（Issuer），值为DC。也检查用户是否具有Role声明（Claim），其值为Employees。如果用户这两个声明都有，那么便返回一个DCStaff角色的Role声明。清单15-18显示了如何在Account控制器中的Login动作中调用CreateRolesFromClaims方法。 Listing 15-18. Generating Roles Based on Claims in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-18. 在AccountController.cs中根据声明生成角色 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident)); ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... I can then restrict access to an action method based on membership of the DCStaff role. Listing 15-19 shows a new action method I added to the Claims controller to which I have applied the Authorize attribute. 然后我可以根据DCStaff角色的成员，来限制对一个动作方法的访问。清单15-19显示了在Claims控制器中添加的一个新的动作方法，在该方法上已经运用了Authorize注解属性。 Listing 15-19. Adding a New Action Method to the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-19. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中添加一个新的动作方法 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [Authorize(Roles="DCStaff")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} Users will be able to access OtherAction only if their claims grant them membership to the DCStaff role. Membership of this role is generated dynamically, so a change to the user’s employment status or location information will change their authorization level. 只要用户的声明（Claims）承认他们是DCStaff角色的成员，那么他们便能访问OtherAction动作。该角色的成员是动态生成的，因此，若是用户的雇用状态或地点信息发生变化，也会改变他们的授权等级。 提示：请读者从这个例子中吸取其中的思想精髓。对于读物的理解程度，仁者见仁，智者见智，能领悟多少，全凭各人，译者感觉这里的思想有无数的可能。举例说明：（1）可以根据用户的身份进行授权，比如学生在校时是“学生”，毕业后便是“校友”；（2）可以根据用户所处的部门进行授权，人事部用户属于人事团队，销售部用户属于销售团队，各团队有其自己的应用；（3）下一小节的示例是根据用户的地点授权。简言之：一方面用户的各种声明（Claim）都可以用来进行授权；另一方面用户的声明（Claim）又是可以自定义的。于是可能的运用就无法估计了。总之一句话，这种基于声明的授权（Claims-Based Authorization）有无限可能！要是没有我这里的提示，是否所有读者在此处都会有所体会？——译者注 15.3.3 Authorizing Access Using Claims 15.3.3 使用声明（Claims）授权访问 The previous example is an effective demonstration of how claims can be used to keep authorizations fresh and accurate, but it is a little indirect because I generate roles based on claims data and then enforce my authorization policy based on the membership of that role. A more direct and flexible approach is to enforce authorization directly by creating a custom authorization filter attribute. Listing 15-20 shows the contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs file, which I added to the Infrastructure folder and used to create such a filter. 前面的示例有效地演示了如何用声明（Claims）来保持新鲜和准确的授权，但有点不太直接，因为我要根据声明（Claims）数据来生成了角色，然后强制我的授权策略基于角色成员。一个更直接且灵活的办法是直接强制授权，其做法是创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性。清单15-20演示了ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容，我将它添加在Infrastructure文件夹中，并用它创建了这种过滤器。 Listing 15-20. The Contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs File 清单15-20. ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsAccessAttribute : AuthorizeAttribute {public string Issuer { get; set; }public string ClaimType { get; set; }public string Value { get; set; }protected override bool AuthorizeCore(HttpContextBase context) {return context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated&& context.User.Identity is ClaimsIdentity&& ((ClaimsIdentity)context.User.Identity).HasClaim(x =>x.Issuer == Issuer && x.Type == ClaimType && x.Value == Value);} }} The attribute I have defined is derived from the AuthorizeAttribute class, which makes it easy to create custom authorization policies in MVC framework applications by overriding the AuthorizeCore method. My implementation grants access if the user is authenticated, the IIdentity implementation is an instance of ClaimsIdentity, and the user has a claim with the issuer, type, and value matching the class properties. Listing 15-21 shows how I applied the attribute to the Claims controller to authorize access to the OtherAction method based on one of the location claims created by the LocationClaimsProvider class. 我所定义的这个注解属性派生于AuthorizeAttribute类，通过重写AuthorizeCore方法，很容易在MVC框架应用程序中创建自定义的授权策略。在这个实现中，若用户是已认证的、其IIdentity实现是一个ClaimsIdentity实例，而且该用户有一个带有issuer、type以及value的声明（Claim），它们与这个类的属性是匹配的，则该用户便是允许访问的。清单15-21显示了如何将这个注解属性运用于Claims控制器，以便根据LocationClaimsProvider类创建的地点声明（Claim），对OtherAction方法进行授权访问。 Listing 15-21. Performing Authorization on Claims in the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-21. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中执行基于声明的授权 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Infrastructure;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [ClaimsAccess(Issuer="RemoteClaims", ClaimType=ClaimTypes.PostalCode,Value="DC 20500")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} My authorization filter ensures that only users whose location claims specify a ZIP code of DC 20500 can invoke the OtherAction method. 这个授权过滤器能够确保只有地点声明（Claim）的邮编为DC 20500的用户才能请求OtherAction方法。 15.4 Using Third-Party Authentication 15.4 使用第三方认证 One of the benefits of a claims-based system such as ASP.NET Identity is that any of the claims can come from an external system, even those that identify the user to the application. This means that other systems can authenticate users on behalf of the application, and ASP.NET Identity builds on this idea to make it simple and easy to add support for authenticating users through third parties such as Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter. 基于声明的系统，如ASP.NET Identity，的好处之一是任何声明都可以来自于外部系统，即使是将用户标识到应用程序的那些声明。这意味着其他系统可以代表应用程序来认证用户，而ASP.NET Identity就建立在这样的思想之上，使之能够简单而方便地添加第三方认证用户的支持，如微软、Google、Facebook、Twitter等。 There are some substantial benefits of using third-party authentication: Many users will already have an account, users can elect to use two-factor authentication, and you don’t have to manage user credentials in the application. In the sections that follow, I’ll show you how to set up and use third-party authentication for Google users, which Table 15-8 puts into context. 使用第三方认证有一些实际的好处：许多用户已经有了账号、用户可以选择使用双因子认证、你不必在应用程序中管理用户凭据等等。在以下小节中，我将演示如何为Google用户建立并使用第三方认证，表15-8描述了事情的情形。 Table 15-8. Putting Third-Party Authentication in Context 表15-8. 第三方认证情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是第三方认证？ Authenticating with third parties lets you take advantage of the popularity of companies such as Google and Facebook. 第三方认证使你能够利用流行公司，如Google和Facebook，的优势。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ Users don’t like having to remember passwords for many different sites. Using a provider with large-scale adoption can make your application more appealing to users of the provider’s services. 用户不喜欢记住许多不同网站的口令。使用大范围适应的提供器可使你的应用程序更吸引有提供器服务的用户。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework. 这不是一个直接由MVC框架使用的特性。 Note The reason I have chosen to demonstrate Google authentication is that it is the only option that doesn’t require me to register my application with the authentication service. You can get details of the registration processes required at http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE. 提示：我选择演示Google认证的原因是，它是唯一不需要在其认证服务中注册我应用程序的公司。有关认证服务注册过程的细节，请参阅http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE。 15.4.1 Enabling Google Authentication 15.4.1 启用Google认证 ASP.NET Identity comes with built-in support for authenticating users through their Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter accounts as well more general support for any authentication service that supports OAuth. The first step is to add the NuGet package that includes the Google-specific additions for ASP.NET Identity. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: ASP.NET Identity带有通过Microsoft、Google、Facebook以及Twitter账号认证用户的内建支持，并且对于支持OAuth的认证服务具有更普遍的支持。第一个步骤是添加NuGet包，包中含有用于ASP.NET Identity的Google专用附件。请在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中输入以下命令： Install-Package Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google -version 2.0.2 There are NuGet packages for each of the services that ASP.NET Identity supports, as described in Table 15-9. 对于ASP.NET Identity支持的每一种服务都有相应的NuGet包，如表15-9所示。 Table 15-9. The NuGet Authenticaton Packages 表15-9. NuGet认证包 Name 名称 Description 描述 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google Authenticates users with Google accounts 用Google账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Facebook Authenticates users with Facebook accounts 用Facebook账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Twitter Authenticates users with Twitter accounts 用Twitter账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.MicrosoftAccount Authenticates users with Microsoft accounts 用Microsoft账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.OAuth Authenticates users against any OAuth 2.0 service 根据任一OAuth 2.0服务认证用户 Once the package is installed, I enable support for the authentication service in the OWIN startup class, which is defined in the App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs file in the example project. Listing 15-22 shows the change that I have made. 一旦安装了这个包，便可以在OWIN启动类中启用此项认证服务的支持，启动类的定义在示例项目的App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs文件中。清单15-22显示了所做的修改。 Listing 15-22. Enabling Google Authentication in the IdentityConfig.cs File 清单15-22. 在IdentityConfig.cs文件中启用Google认证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Cookies;using Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google;namespace Users {public class IdentityConfig {public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app) {app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppIdentityDbContext>(AppIdentityDbContext.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppUserManager>(AppUserManager.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppRoleManager>(AppRoleManager.Create); app.UseCookieAuthentication(new CookieAuthenticationOptions {AuthenticationType = DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie,LoginPath = new PathString("/Account/Login"),}); app.UseExternalSignInCookie(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);app.UseGoogleAuthentication();} }} Each of the packages that I listed in Table 15-9 contains an extension method that enables the corresponding service. The extension method for the Google service is called UseGoogleAuthentication, and it is called on the IAppBuilder implementation that is passed to the Configuration method. 表15-9所列的每个包都含有启用相应服务的扩展方法。用于Google服务的扩展方法名称为UseGoogleAuthentication，它通过传递给Configuration方法的IAppBuilder实现进行调用。 Next I added a button to the Views/Account/Login.cshtml file, which allows users to log in via Google. You can see the change in Listing 15-23. 下一步骤是在Views/Account/Login.cshtml文件中添加一个按钮，让用户能够通过Google进行登录。所做的修改如清单15-23所示。 Listing 15-23. Adding a Google Login Button to the Login.cshtml File 清单15-23. 在Login.cshtml文件中添加Google登录按钮 @model Users.Models.LoginModel@{ ViewBag.Title = "Login";}<h2>Log In</h2> @Html.ValidationSummary()@using (Html.BeginForm()) {@Html.AntiForgeryToken();<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><div class="form-group"><label>Name</label>@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><div class="form-group"><label>Password</label>@Html.PasswordFor(x => x.Password, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In</button>}@using (Html.BeginForm("GoogleLogin", "Account")) {<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In via Google</button>} The new button submits a form that targets the GoogleLogin action on the Account controller. You can see this method—and the other changes I made the controller—in Listing 15-24. 新按钮递交一个表单，目标是Account控制器中的GoogleLogin动作。可从清单15-24中看到该方法，以及在控制器中所做的其他修改。 Listing 15-24. Adding Support for Google Authentication to the AccountController.cs File 清单15-24. 在AccountController.cs文件中添加Google认证支持 using System.Threading.Tasks;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.Owin.Security;using System.Security.Claims;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using System.Web; namespace Users.Controllers {[Authorize]public class AccountController : Controller {[AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult Login(string returnUrl) {if (HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated) {return View("Error", new string[] { "Access Denied" });}ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View();}[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident)); AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);} [HttpPost][AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult GoogleLogin(string returnUrl) {var properties = new AuthenticationProperties {RedirectUri = Url.Action("GoogleLoginCallback",new { returnUrl = returnUrl})};HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();}[AllowAnonymous]public async Task<ActionResult> GoogleLoginCallback(string returnUrl) {ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);if (user == null) {user = new AppUser {Email = loginInfo.Email,UserName = loginInfo.DefaultUserName,City = Cities.LONDON, Country = Countries.UK};IdentityResult result = await UserManager.CreateAsync(user);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} else {result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} }}ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false }, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl ?? "/");}[Authorize]public ActionResult Logout() {AuthManager.SignOut();return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");}private IAuthenticationManager AuthManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication;} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } The GoogleLogin method creates an instance of the AuthenticationProperties class and sets the RedirectUri property to a URL that targets the GoogleLoginCallback action in the same controller. The next part is a magic phrase that causes ASP.NET Identity to respond to an unauthorized error by redirecting the user to the Google authentication page, rather than the one defined by the application: GoogleLogin方法创建了AuthenticationProperties类的一个实例，并为RedirectUri属性设置了一个URL，其目标为同一控制器中的GoogleLoginCallback动作。下一个部分是一个神奇阶段，通过将用户重定向到Google认证页面，而不是应用程序所定义的认证页面，让ASP.NET Identity对未授权的错误进行响应： ...HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();... This means that when the user clicks the Log In via Google button, their browser is redirected to the Google authentication service and then redirected back to the GoogleLoginCallback action method once they are authenticated. 这意味着，当用户通过点击Google按钮进行登录时，浏览器被重定向到Google的认证服务，一旦在那里认证之后，便被重定向回GoogleLoginCallback动作方法。 I get details of the external login by calling the GetExternalLoginInfoAsync of the IAuthenticationManager implementation, like this: 我通过调用IAuthenticationManager实现的GetExternalLoginInfoAsync方法，我获得了外部登录的细节，如下所示： ...ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();... The ExternalLoginInfo class defines the properties shown in Table 15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类定义的属性如表15-10所示： Table 15-10. The Properties Defined by the ExternalLoginInfo Class 表15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类所定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 DefaultUserName Returns the username 返回用户名 Email Returns the e-mail address 返回E-mail地址 ExternalIdentity Returns a ClaimsIdentity that identities the user 返回标识该用户的ClaimsIdentity Login Returns a UserLoginInfo that describes the external login 返回描述外部登录的UserLoginInfo I use the FindAsync method defined by the user manager class to locate the user based on the value of the ExternalLoginInfo.Login property, which returns an AppUser object if the user has been authenticated with the application before: 我使用了由用户管理器类所定义的FindAsync方法，以便根据ExternalLoginInfo.Login属性的值对用户进行定位，如果用户之前在应用程序中已经认证，该属性会返回一个AppUser对象： ...AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);... If the FindAsync method doesn’t return an AppUser object, then I know that this is the first time that this user has logged into the application, so I create a new AppUser object, populate it with values, and save it to the database. I also save details of how the user logged in so that I can find them next time: 如果FindAsync方法返回的不是AppUser对象，那么我便知道这是用户首次登录应用程序，于是便创建了一个新的AppUser对象，填充该对象的值，并将其保存到数据库。我还保存了用户如何登录的细节，以便下次能够找到他们： ...result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);... All that remains is to generate an identity the user, copy the claims provided by Google, and create an authentication cookie so that the application knows the user has been authenticated: 剩下的事情只是生成该用户的标识了，拷贝Google提供的声明（Claims），并创建一个认证Cookie，以使应用程序知道此用户已认证： ...ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties { IsPersistent = false }, ident);... 15.4.2 Testing Google Authentication 15.4.2 测试Google认证 There is one further change that I need to make before I can test Google authentication: I need to change the account verification I set up in Chapter 13 because it prevents accounts from being created with e-mail addresses that are not within the example.com domain. Listing 15-25 shows how I removed the verification from the AppUserManager class. 在测试Google认证之前还需要一处修改：需要修改第13章所建立的账号验证，因为它不允许example.com域之外的E-mail地址创建账号。清单15-25显示了如何在AppUserManager类中删除这种验证。 Listing 15-25. Disabling Account Validation in the AppUserManager.cs File 清单15-25. 在AppUserManager.cs文件中取消账号验证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppUserManager : UserManager<AppUser> {public AppUserManager(IUserStore<AppUser> store): base(store) {}public static AppUserManager Create(IdentityFactoryOptions<AppUserManager> options,IOwinContext context) {AppIdentityDbContext db = context.Get<AppIdentityDbContext>();AppUserManager manager = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(db)); manager.PasswordValidator = new CustomPasswordValidator {RequiredLength = 6,RequireNonLetterOrDigit = false,RequireDigit = false,RequireLowercase = true,RequireUppercase = true}; //manager.UserValidator = new CustomUserValidator(manager) {// AllowOnlyAlphanumericUserNames = true,// RequireUniqueEmail = true//};return manager;} }} Tip you can use validation for externally authenticated accounts, but I am just going to disable the feature for simplicity. 提示：也可以使用外部已认证账号的验证，但这里出于简化，取消了这一特性。 To test authentication, start the application, click the Log In via Google button, and provide the credentials for a valid Google account. When you have completed the authentication process, your browser will be redirected back to the application. If you navigate to the /Claims/Index URL, you will be able to see how claims from the Google system have been added to the user’s identity, as shown in Figure 15-7. 为了测试认证，启动应用程序，通过点击“Log In via Google（通过Google登录）”按钮，并提供有效的Google账号凭据。当你完成了认证过程时，浏览器将被重定向回应用程序。如果导航到/Claims/Index URL，便能够看到来自Google系统的声明（Claims），已被添加到用户的标识中了，如图15-7所示。 Figure 15-7. Claims from Google 图15-7. 来自Google的声明（Claims） 15.5 Summary 15.5 小结 In this chapter, I showed you some of the advanced features that ASP.NET Identity supports. I demonstrated the use of custom user properties and how to use database migrations to preserve data when you upgrade the schema to support them. I explained how claims work and how they can be used to create more flexible ways of authorizing users. I finished the chapter by showing you how to authenticate users via Google, which builds on the ideas behind the use of claims. 本章向你演示了ASP.NET Identity所支持的一些高级特性。演示了自定义用户属性的使用，还演示了在升级数据架构时，如何使用数据库迁移保护数据。我解释了声明（Claims）的工作机制，以及如何将它们用于创建更灵活的用户授权方式。最后演示了如何通过Google进行认证结束了本章，这是建立在使用声明（Claims）的思想基础之上的。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/gz19871113/article/details/108591802。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。