前端技术
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前端框架和UI库
VUE
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[Vue组件中class列表的动态管理 ]的搜索结果
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VUE
在Vue.js框架中实现图片排版不仅展现了其组件化和数据绑定的高效性,也充分利用了现代CSS布局技术如Flexbox的优势。实际上,随着Web开发技术的不断进步,Vue生态下的UI库如Element UI、Vuetify等,更是将图片排版和其他复杂布局封装成了易用的组件,开发者可以便捷地引入并快速实现美观且响应式的图片画廊或轮播图效果。 近期,Vue 3.x版本的发布进一步优化了性能,并提供了Composition API使得代码组织更为灵活。同时,Vue团队倡导的“无障碍”(a11y)理念,在图片排版上亦有所体现,鼓励开发者关注图片alt属性的设置,以提升网站对视障用户的友好度。 此外,对于大规模图片项目的管理和优化,诸如使用Vue配合Webpack进行图片懒加载、预加载等技术方案,已成为前端开发者的必备技能。例如,Vue官方文档推荐的vue-lazyload插件,就可以轻松实现图片的按需加载,有效提高了页面加载速度和用户体验。 深入探究,Vue与现代CSS Grid布局结合,能够创造出更多样化的布局形态,包括复杂的网格系统、瀑布流布局等。在实际项目中,熟练掌握这些技术将极大地丰富前端界面设计的可能性,让Vue在图片排版乃至整个Web应用构建领域大放异彩。 综上所述,Vue框架及其生态系统为前端图片处理提供了强大的支持,从基本的图片排版到更高级的图片优化策略,都展现出Vue作为主流前端框架的强大实力和广泛适用性。
2023-10-22 16:29:35
173
算法侠
VUE
...前端技术的不断演进,Vue.js与CSS在现代Web开发中的融合应用日益深化。近期,Vue 3.0的发布为开发者提供了更多优化组件样式和交互的新特性。例如,Teleport功能使得Vue组件能够将样式和内容渲染到DOM树的任意位置,增强了CSS样式的灵活性和可管理性。 同时,Vue SFC(单文件组件)中对CSS Modules的支持也在持续增强,通过模块化的方式隔离样式,有效避免了全局命名空间的污染问题,提升大型项目的可维护性。此外,Vue框架结合Tailwind CSS等实用工具库,正在引领一场以实用性、易用性和高效性为核心的UI设计风潮,让开发者能快速构建出符合现代化设计规范的应用界面。 另一方面,Vue社区积极倡导并实践“CSS-in-JS”理念,如通过Vue.js配合Emotion或styled-components等库,实现动态、可维护且高度灵活的CSS编写方式,这无疑为Vue应用的视觉效果和互动体验带来了革命性的提升。 综上所述,在当前的前端开发领域,Vue.js与CSS的结合不仅局限于基本的样式绑定和动画效果,更扩展到了深层次的架构优化、样式隔离以及动态样式生成等方面,正推动着前端技术向更高层次发展。对于热衷于提升用户体验和代码质量的前端工程师来说,深入理解和掌握Vue与CSS的最新结合使用方法至关重要。
2023-09-02 10:50:23
49
编程狂人
VUE
Vue.js , Vue.js(通常简称为Vue)是一个开源的渐进式JavaScript框架,由尤雨溪创建,用于构建用户界面。在本文中,Vue被推荐为简化开发过程、提高代码可维护性的工具,并特别适用于博客制作场景。通过Vue,开发者可以快速构建现代化的单页应用,利用其独特的模板语法、响应式数据绑定机制和组件化系统实现高效的数据更新和视图渲染。 双向绑定技术 , 双向绑定是Vue.js中的核心特性之一,在前端开发中用于同步视图与模型的数据状态。在本文提供的Vue博客制作教程中,当我们在模板中使用 插值表达式时,实际上就是在利用Vue的双向绑定功能。这意味着当模型数据发生变化时,视图会自动更新;反之,如果视图层发生改变(如用户交互),也会相应地更新底层的数据模型。 v-for指令 , v-for是Vue.js中的一种迭代或遍历指令,它允许开发者基于数组或者对象的属性来循环渲染一个列表或多个元素。在上述博客示例代码中,v-for=\ post in posts\ 用于遍历定义在组件data对象中的posts数组,并为每一篇博客文章生成对应的HTML结构,如标题和内容部分。这极大地简化了动态列表渲染的过程,提升了开发效率和代码可读性。 路由管理(Vue Router) , Vue Router是Vue.js官方提供的路由库,专门用于Vue.js应用程序中的页面导航和路由控制。尽管在给出的文章片段中并未直接提到Vue Router,但在实际的博客网站开发过程中,它对于处理多页面切换、参数传递及页面间的联动逻辑等至关重要。通过Vue Router,开发者能够轻松构建包含多个视图、具有不同URL路径的现代Web应用。 状态管理(Vuex) , Vuex是Vue.js生态中的状态管理模式+库,它专为管理Vue应用中复杂的状态而设计。虽然文中未详细提及Vuex,但在复杂的博客项目中,全局状态管理是非常关键的一环。Vuex帮助开发者集中存储并管理所有组件共享的状态数据,提供了一套明确的规则保证状态以可预测的方式发生变化,从而使得大型应用的状态管理和维护变得更加简单和可控。
2023-02-07 16:45:07
118
数据库专家
Struts2
...展,诸如React、Vue等现代化JavaScript框架也逐渐成为处理后端传递集合数据的主流选择。它们通过组件化的设计模式以及虚拟DOM的高效更新机制,使得开发者可以便捷地对集合数据进行动态渲染与交互,如Vue.js中的v-for指令便能轻松实现列表遍历与状态管理。 不仅如此,对于大数据量的场景,为提升用户体验,分页技术和懒加载策略的应用也越来越普遍。例如,Apache Struts2已支持与众多第三方分页插件集成,而新兴的GraphQL查询语言则从API层面对数据获取进行了革新,允许客户端精确指定需要的数据字段及数量,从而有效减少网络传输负载并提高性能。 总之,无论是在传统Java Web开发框架还是现代前端技术领域,处理集合数据的方式正持续演进,开发者应关注最新技术动态,结合实际需求灵活运用各种工具与方案,以提升开发效率和用户体验。
2023-01-03 18:14:02
44
追梦人
转载文章
...在不断进化。例如,在Vue.js、React等现代前端框架中,通过声明式的数据绑定和组件化的设计,开发者能够更便捷地管理和操作表单元素状态,同时结合最新的HTML5表单特性(如required属性进行非空验证、pattern属性进行自定义正则表达式合法性校验),进一步简化了表单验证的过程。 近期,GitHub上开源了一款名为“Formik”的库,专门针对React应用中的表单处理,它提供了一套完整的解决方案,包括字段管理、错误处理、异步提交和表单生命周期钩子等功能,极大地提升了开发效率和代码可读性。此外,随着Web API接口的丰富和完善,原生Ajax已经逐渐被Fetch API取代,Fetch提供了更强大的功能和更好的错误处理机制,使得前端与后端数据交互更为流畅。 对于想要进一步提升前端技能的开发者来说,紧跟时下热门的前端UI库如Ant Design、Element UI等对表单组件的封装与优化也是必不可少的学习内容。这些库不仅提供了丰富的表单样式,还内置了诸多实用的功能,如联动选择器、动态加载选项等,有助于打造更为复杂的业务场景表单。 综上所述,前端表单处理是一个持续演进的话题,从基础的DOM操作到利用现代框架和API提升开发体验,再到借鉴优秀开源项目的设计思想,都是值得前端开发者关注并深入探索的方向。
2023-10-22 17:32:41
521
转载
VUE
在深入理解Vue中v-bind:class指令如何根据条件动态添加或移除class后,我们发现Vue框架的响应式机制在CSS类管理上的强大之处。为了进一步掌握这一技术,可关注Vue.js官方文档的最新更新和最佳实践,了解Vue3.0版本中对v-bind:class指令的优化改进。 近期一篇来自Vue.js官方博客的文章“Vue 3中的新特性:Conditional Classes with v-bind:class”详细解读了如何利用新的语法糖更好地实现条件class绑定,并通过实例代码展示了与旧版Vue的差异和优势。此外,文章还探讨了v-bind:class结合模板refs、计算属性以及组合式API(Composition API)等Vue高级特性的应用场景,帮助开发者提升组件化开发效率。 另外,InfoQ的一篇报道《Vue.js在大型项目中的CSS类管理策略》也值得一看,文中不仅回顾了v-bind:class的基本用法,还分享了一些实际项目中如何结合模块化、CSS预处理器等工具进行复杂场景下的class动态管理,这对于面临大规模应用架构挑战的前端开发者具有很高的参考价值。 最后,Vue社区的一些教程如"Vue Conditional Classes: The Complete Guide",提供了大量实战案例,引导读者逐步掌握条件class的各种绑定技巧,包括但不限于基于状态切换、事件驱动、以及与其他Vue指令如v-if、v-for等协同工作的方法,为读者深化Vue技能树提供有力支撑。
2023-07-15 17:19:02
197
键盘勇士
Java
...Web开发领域的最新动态和相关技术解读。近期,Spring Boot 3.0正式发布,其中对Web MVC框架进行了多项优化升级,包括对Thymeleaf、FreeMarker等现代模板引擎的支持更加完善,并强化了与前端框架如React、Vue.js等的集成能力。 针对多模块项目中的视图层管理,Spring官方推荐采用模块化、组件化的前端架构,结合微前端理念,通过Spring Boot提供的统一资源处理机制,实现前后端分离下的高效协同开发。例如,可以借助Webpack或Parcel等构建工具进行静态资源打包,再利用Spring Boot的ResourceHandlerMapping进行统一映射,确保跨模块视图资源的有效加载。 此外,随着云原生趋势的发展,Spring Boot也在容器化部署、服务发现、熔断限流等方面提供了更强大的支持。开发者在使用Spring Boot构建多模块应用时,应关注如何在Kubernetes、Docker等环境下正确配置和管理包含JSP视图的Web模块,以适应现代云环境的需求。 另外,对于坚持使用传统JSP技术的团队,可参考Spring官方文档及社区讨论,了解如何在新版本Spring Boot中调整配置以适配JSP,同时关注业界关于JSP未来发展的探讨,以便适时调整技术栈,提高项目的长期可维护性和扩展性。 综上所述,在实际项目开发中,持续跟进Spring Boot的最新进展,结合项目需求合理选择视图层技术,并在多模块结构中灵活运用和配置,是提升开发效率和保证系统稳定性的关键所在。
2024-02-17 11:18:11
271
半夏微凉_t
JQuery
...ry改变HTML元素class名的艺术之后,我们可以进一步探索现代前端开发中的CSS类操作和JavaScript框架的最新进展。例如,Vue.js、React和Angular等主流框架提供了更强大且直观的方式来处理元素样式切换。 近期,Vue 3.x版本中引入了新的Composition API,开发者可以更精细地控制组件级别的class绑定,实现复杂的条件类样式逻辑。同时,Vue Transition组件使得类名驱动的动画效果更为流畅自然。 而在React领域,最新的 Hooks API 提供了useState和useEffect等工具函数,能够高效管理组件状态并同步更新类名,比如通过useState设置一个状态变量来动态切换class,结合useEffect监听状态变化并执行相应DOM操作。 另外,Angular也对类名操作进行了优化,使用NgClass指令或者[class.someClass]绑定语法,开发者可以直接将类名与组件数据模型关联,实现双向数据绑定下的实时样式切换。 此外,随着Web Components标准的发展,原生Shadow DOM的出现让CSS作用域更加清晰可控,为class名管理带来了更多可能性。未来,无论是在库还是原生API层面,我们都有理由期待更多便捷高效的class操作方式涌现,持续推动前端开发体验的进步与提升。
2024-02-29 11:24:53
340
烟雨江南-t
HTML
...avaScript来动态地改变HTML代码的顺序。 <script> window.onload = function() { // 获取元素列表 var list = document.getElementsByClassName('list'); // 获取列表长度 var len = list.length; // 遍历列表,生成倒序HTML代码 for(var i = len-1; i >= 0; i--) { // 获取当前元素的HTML代码 var html = list[i].innerHTML; // 将当前元素的HTML代码添加到倒序列表 document.getElementById('reversed-list').innerHTML += '<li>' + html + '</li>'; } } </script> <ul id="list"> <li class="list">1</li> <li class="list">2</li> <li class="list">3</li> <li class="list">4</li> <li class="list">5</li> </ul> <ul id="reversed-list"></ul> 通过上面的代码,我们就能够将一个正序的列表转化为一个倒序的列表了。需要注意的是,在JavaScript中,我们使用了DOM操作来修改HTML代码。具体来说,就是通过document对象来获取HTML元素,并修改它们的属性和值。
2023-11-11 23:44:19
581
编程狂人
VUE
...充满娱乐性和潮流感。Vue作为一种前端结构,在这方面也有着不小的优势。下面我们就来一起研究一下Vue+圣诞的神奇搭配吧! <template> <div class="tree" :style="{'background-color': themeColor}"> <div class="trunk"></div> <div class="leaves"> <div class="leaf" :class="{red: isRed}"> <div class="ornament" :style="{'background-color': ornamentColor}"></div> </div> <div class="leaf" :class="{yellow: isYellow}"> <div class="ornament" :style="{'background-color': ornamentColor}"></div> </div> <div class="leaf" :class="{blue: isBlue}"> <div class="ornament" :style="{'background-color': ornamentColor}"></div> </div> </div> </div> </template> <script> export default { name: 'ChristmasTree', props: { themeColor: { type: String, default: 'fff' }, ornamentColor: { type: String, default: 'f00' } }, computed: { isRed() { return this.ornamentColor === 'f00' }, isYellow() { return this.ornamentColor === 'ff0' }, isBlue() { return this.ornamentColor === '00f' } } } </script> 这里我们展现的是一个圣诞树组件的代码,通过Vue的模块化构建,我们可以将它轻松地融入到自己的网页中。其中,我们使用了Vue的动态属性来检测装饰球颜色的转变,并将其即时展示在视图中。通过写一个简单的规则,组件就能够随意地变换颜色,成为一个拥有多种主题色彩的可爱小组件。 当然,Vue作为一种结构还有很多其他的使用方法。我们可以利用Vue的生命周期方法来实现元素的动态效果,也可以使用Vue的路由功能来构建单页应用。此外,Vue还有许多优秀的第三方组件,如Vue-cli、Vuex、Vue-router等,这些组件的应用能够大大提升我们的生产力。 总之,Vue的使用领域是非常广泛的,我们只需要充分挖掘它所带来的优势,就能够创造出更加牛逼的前端作品啦!
2023-05-09 21:46:47
80
电脑达人
转载文章
...公司开发的一款基于 Vue.js 的前端开发框架,它允许开发者使用一套代码同时构建Web、H5、iOS、Android以及微信小程序等多个平台的应用程序。在本文的语境中,uni-app 被用于构建一个根据用户权限动态更改底部导航栏(tabbar)的小程序项目。 Vuex , Vuex 是 Vue.js 生态系统中的状态管理库,它专为管理复杂的单页应用而设计,能够帮助开发者集中存储和管理组件间的共享状态,并通过可预测化的状态变更方式确保多个组件间的同步和通信。在本文中,Vuex 用于存储和管理当前登录用户的权限角色以及对应的tabbar菜单列表信息,以实现在不同角色间切换时动态更新底部导航栏的内容。 uview-ui , uview-ui 是一款基于 uni-app 的高质量UI框架,提供了丰富的组件库和样式定制能力,使得开发者可以快速搭建美观且功能完善的跨端界面。在本文所述需求场景下,uview-ui 提供了灵活易用的 Tabbar 组件,支持根据 vuex 中的状态数据动态渲染不同的底部导航栏菜单,满足不同用户角色展示不同tabbar的需求。 动态设置tabbar , 在移动应用开发中,动态设置tabbar是指根据特定条件(如用户权限、登录状态等)实时改变应用程序底部导航栏的布局、内容或样式的过程。本文提到的实现方案中,当用户登录并确定其角色后,会根据角色权限动态配置并显示相应的底部导航栏菜单项,这就是动态设置tabbar的具体应用场景。
2023-03-06 15:14:00
135
转载
VUE
Vue.js , Vue.js是一款流行的、渐进式的JavaScript框架,用于构建用户界面。它易于上手,同时也能够应对复杂的单页应用开发需求。在本文语境中,Vue.js是实现页面元素固定效果的基础技术栈,开发者通过在其项目中使用Vue.js和相关的插件(如vue-sticky-directive)来实现在页面滚动时特定元素的固定位置。 v-sticky指令 , v-sticky是Vue.js的一个自定义指令,专门用来实现元素的“图钉”效果,即当页面滚动时,被此指令修饰的元素会保持在可视区域内的某个固定位置。在本文中,开发者通过在Vue组件模板中给需要固定的元素添加v-sticky指令,并设置相关参数(如top、zIndex、bottom和class等),来实现元素位置的动态调整,确保它们在滚动过程中始终保持可见。 npm包管理器 , npm(Node Package Manager)是一个用于JavaScript编程语言的软件包管理器,它是Node.js生态中的核心工具之一。在本文的上下文中,开发者借助npm包管理器安装了名为 vue-sticky-directive 的Vue.js插件,以扩展Vue.js的功能,使得能够在Vue项目中方便地引入并使用v-sticky指令来实现页面元素固定效果。
2023-05-09 22:41:38
61
逻辑鬼才
Element-UI
在深入探讨Vue2.x与Element-UI中el-table和el-select组件优化的问题后,我们了解到DOM元素数量对页面性能的影响至关重要。实际上,前端性能优化不仅限于单个组件的精简优化,更关乎整体应用架构的设计以及最新技术的应用。 近期,Vue3.x版本发布并逐渐被广大开发者采纳,它凭借全新的Composition API、响应式系统改进以及更好的性能表现,为解决此类问题提供了新思路。Vue3.x中的Teleport功能可以将大量DOM元素移出主渲染树,从而降低复杂组件对页面渲染速度的影响。同时,Vue3.x搭配最新的虚拟滚动库如vue-virtual-scroller,能够更高效地实现列表滚动渲染,大大提升大型表格或列表场景下的用户体验。 此外,随着Web Components标准的发展和完善,未来更多高性能的原生Web组件有望取代部分第三方UI库的功能,进一步减少不必要的性能开销。例如,Chrome团队正在研发一款名为“Lit Element”的轻量级Web组件库,它具有出色的性能和内存管理机制,有助于我们在构建复杂表格及选择器时获得更好的性能表现。 综上所述,在面对类似问题时,我们除了持续关注和实践上述针对Vue2.x的具体优化方案,还应积极跟进前端开发领域的最新动态和技术趋势,以便更好地应对各种性能挑战,提供更加流畅的用户体验。
2023-05-13 13:31:23
491
风轻云淡_t
VUE
Vue图形化H5编辑器是一款依赖Vue.js框架开发的前端图形化网页编辑应用,旨在帮助用户迅速创建美观的H5网页。它兼容多种样式的模块编辑,涵盖文字、图片、音视频、图表和动画等,用户可以自由更改它们的位置、大小、色彩、字体、边框等,以及插入动态交互和个性化风格。 <template> <div class="editor"> <div class="tools"> <button @click="addElement('text')">文本</button> <button @click="addElement('image')">图片</button> <button @click="addElement('audio')">音频</button> <button @click="addElement('video')">视频</button> <button @click="addElement('chart')">图表</button> <button @click="addElement('animation')">动画</button> </div> <div class="canvas"> <div v-for="(el, index) in elements" :key="index" :style="{ ...el.styles, transform: el.transform }" @mousedown="onMouseDown(index)" @mousemove="onMouseMove(index)" @mouseup="onMouseUp(index)"> <component :is="el.type" :props="el.props"></component> </div> </div> </div> </template> Vue图形化H5编辑器的架构遵守MVVM模式,并采纳了Vuex、Vue-Router、ES6等技术。它提供了以下特性: 多模块拖放 多模块缩放 多模块旋转 多模块变形 多模块样式调整 多模块动态交互插入 多模块自定义事件兼容 Vue图形化H5编辑器的界面友好、操作简单、概念清晰,适合广大前端开发者使用。同时,它也是开源软件,欢迎大家踊跃贡献代码和提出意见。
2023-09-25 09:42:00
91
逻辑鬼才
VUE
Vue基础与框架实战 一、Vue入门初探 --- Vue.js,作为一款渐进式JavaScript框架,以其易上手的API和高效的响应式系统在前端开发领域广受好评。它的核心理念是让开发者能专注于视图层的构建,通过简洁明了的指令和组件化设计,实现数据驱动视图的更新。 javascript // Vue的基本使用示例 import Vue from 'vue'; new Vue({ el: 'app', // 指定挂载元素 data: { message: 'Hello Vue!' // 数据绑定 } }); 在这个简单的例子中,Vue会将message的值实时绑定到app元素内的任何内容。当我们修改message时,视图会自动进行更新。 二、Vue的核心特性详解 --- 1. 响应式系统 Vue内部通过Object.defineProperty对数据对象进行监听,使得当数据发生变化时,视图能够自动响应并更新。 javascript data: { count: 0 }, methods: { increment() { this.count++; // 改变count值,视图会相应更新 } } 2. 模板与指令 Vue的模板语法允许我们声明式地渲染DOM,例如v-bind(简写::)用于动态绑定属性,v-if和v-show用于条件渲染,v-for用于列表渲染。 html Increment Count is greater than zero! { { item } } 三、Vue组件化实战 --- Vue的强大之处在于其组件化的设计思想,让我们可以像搭积木一样构建大型应用。 javascript // 定义一个名为my-component的组件 Vue.component('my-component', { template: { { message } } , props: ['message'], // 接收外部传入的数据 data() { return { localMessage: 'From component' // 组件内部状态 } } }); new Vue({ el: 'app', components: { 'my-component': MyComponent // 注册组件 }, data: { sharedMessage: 'From parent' } }); 然后在HTML中引用: html 这个例子展示了如何定义和使用一个组件,并且组件之间可以通过props进行通信。 四、Vue实战探讨 --- 在实际项目中,Vue结合Vuex处理状态管理,搭配Vue Router完成路由跳转,再辅以Axios等库处理HTTP请求,可轻松应对复杂的业务场景。 javascript // Vuex状态管理示例 import Vuex from 'vuex'; const store = new Vuex.Store({ state: { todos: [] }, mutations: { addTodo(state, todo) { state.todos.push(todo); } }, actions: { async fetchTodos({ commit }) { const response = await axios.get('/api/todos'); commit('addTodo', response.data); } } }); new Vue({ store, // ... }); 总结来说,Vue以其优雅而灵活的设计,为开发者提供了高效且愉悦的开发体验。Vue这个小家伙,从最基础的双向数据绑定开始,到复杂的组件化开发这块硬骨头,再到状态管理和路由控制这些高难度动作,它都能耍得溜溜的。这就是为啥Vue能在众多前端框架的大军中,像颗闪亮的星星脱颖而出,深受大家喜爱的重要原因~无论你是初涉前端的小白,还是经验丰富的老手,Vue都能助你一臂之力,让你在Web开发的世界里游刃有余。
2023-07-21 13:11:18
61
岁月如歌
VUE
Vue应用反应慢的问题分析与优化策略 在Vue.js这一渐进式JavaScript框架的广泛应用中,我们偶尔会遇到性能瓶颈,尤其是在大型或复杂的单页面应用中,“Vue反应慢”的问题可能会对用户体验造成影响。这篇东西,咱们打算全方位、立体式地琢磨这个问题,不仅会掰开揉碎地讲明白,还会结合实际的代码例子,给你一步步展示,并且附带些贴心的优化小建议~ 1. 数据监听与虚拟DOM更新 Vue核心机制的理解 Vue利用其响应式系统来跟踪数据变化,并自动触发相应的视图更新。然而,当数据层级过深或者数据量过大时,Vue的依赖追踪和Diff算法可能会影响性能。 vue { { item.content } } 在此例中,当items数组中的任何元素发生变化时,Vue将会遍历整个列表重新渲染。为解决这个问题,我们可以使用computed属性配合filter、map等方法减少不必要的计算,或者使用v-if和track-by优化列表渲染。 2. 防止过度渲染 Vue生命周期钩子的合理运用 Vue组件的生命周期钩子函数如created、updated等会在特定阶段执行,频繁的生命周期调用也可能导致性能下降。 vue { { data } } 在这个例子中,每次点击都会触发更新操作,可能导致过度渲染。为了实现这个目标,我们可以考虑加入缓存这个小妙招,或者更酷一点,借助Vue的watch功能,让它像个机智的小侦探一样,只在数据真正“动起来”的时候,才会触发更新的操作。 3. 第三方库与组件优化 按需加载与懒加载 大型项目中通常会引用许多第三方库和自定义组件,一次性加载所有资源无疑会使初始渲染变慢。Vue提供了动态导入(异步组件)的功能来实现按需加载。 vue // 异步组件示例 const AsyncComponent = () => import('./AsyncComponent.vue'); export default { components: { AsyncComponent } } 上述代码中,AsyncComponent只有在被渲染到视图时才会被真正加载。此外,路由懒加载也是提升Vue应用性能的重要手段。 4. 性能工具的使用与监控 Vue DevTools的威力 最后,Vue DevTools是一款强大的开发者工具,它可以帮助我们深入洞察Vue应用内部的工作原理,定位性能瓶颈。比如,咱们可以通过“组件树”这个小工具,瞅瞅哪些组件被渲染得过于频繁,有点儿劳模转世的感觉;再者呢,利用“性能分析器”这位高手,好好查查哪些生命周期钩子耗时太长,像蜗牛赛跑似的。 综上所述,面对Vue应用可能出现的反应慢问题,我们需要理解Vue的核心机制,合理利用各种API与功能,适时引入性能优化策略,并借助工具进行问题定位与排查。这样操作,咱们的Vue应用才能既塞满各种实用功能,又能确保用户体验丝滑流畅,一点儿不卡顿。记住,优化是个持续的过程,需要我们在实践中不断探索与改进。
2023-02-07 14:18:17
138
落叶归根
Netty
...化技术的发展,如何在动态环境中高效、准确地进行服务发现与连接成为开发者关注的重点。 例如,Istio服务网格项目提供了一套强大的服务间通信管理机制,其中的服务发现组件可以通过Sidecar代理自动管理和更新服务地址列表,有效避免了手动配置带来的“CannotFindServerSelection”类错误。此外,对于大规模分布式系统,Consul等服务注册与发现工具也能够帮助开发者实时获取目标服务器地址,实现灵活且健壮的网络连接。 同时,深入研究Netty对多种传输层协议的支持(如TCP、UDP以及Unix Domain Socket),以及如何根据实际业务场景合理选用,也是提高网络编程实践能力的重要环节。尤其在高并发、低延迟的场景下,理解并优化这些底层细节往往能带来显著的性能提升。 综上所述,掌握正确的服务器选择策略并结合先进的服务治理理念和技术,将有助于我们在复杂多变的网络编程实践中应对自如,构建出更稳定、高效的分布式系统。
2023-06-18 15:58:19
172
初心未变
SpringCloud
...ckFactory.class) public interface UserService { // ... } @Component public class UserServiceFallbackFactory implements FallbackFactory { @Override public UserService create(Throwable cause) { return new UserService() { @Override public User getUser(Long id) { log.warn("UserService is unavailable, fallback in action due to: {}", cause.getMessage()); return new User(-1L, "Fallback User"); } }; } } 2.2 负载均衡与重试(Ribbon & Retry) SpringCloud Ribbon实现了客户端负载均衡,可以在多个服务实例间进行智能路由。同时呢,要是用上了Retry注解这个小玩意儿,就能让那些失败的请求再接再厉地试一次,这样一来,即使在网络状况不稳定的时候,也能大大提高咱们的成功率。 java @FeignClient(name = "userService", configuration = FeignRetryConfig.class) public interface UserService { // ... } @Configuration public class FeignRetryConfig { @Bean public Retryer feignRetryer() { return new Retryer.Default(3, 1000, true); } } 2.3 服务注册与发现(Eureka) Eureka作为SpringCloud的服务注册与发现组件,能够动态管理服务实例的上线、下线,确保在发生网络故障时,客户端能及时感知并切换到健康的实例,从而维持微服务间的通信连通性。 3. 总结与思考 尽管网络故障难以完全避免,但借助SpringCloud提供的丰富功能,我们可以有效地实现微服务间的健壮通信,减轻乃至消除其带来的负面影响。在实际做项目的时候,把这些技术手段摸透,并且灵活运用起来,就像是给咱们的分布式系统穿上了铁布衫,让它在面对各种网络环境的风云变幻时,都能稳如泰山,妥妥应对挑战。 此外,面对复杂多变的网络环境,我们还应持续关注并探索如服务网格Istio等更先进的服务治理方案,以进一步提升微服务架构的韧性与稳定性。在实际操作中,不断吸取经验教训,逐步摸索出一套与自家业务场景完美契合的最佳方案,这正是我们在“微服务探索之路”上能够稳步向前、不摔跟头的秘诀所在。
2023-05-11 19:41:57
112
柳暗花明又一村
转载文章
...tml scroll组件:<template name="scroll"><view class=""><view class="all"><scroll-view class="nav-bar" scroll-x @scroll="scroll"><!-- 要想使用flex布局实现横向滚动,就要在scroll-view里加一层容器包裹,并且使用子组件才会出现滚动效果 --><view class="nav-bar-wrap"><block v-for="(item,index) in navbarArr" :key="index"><view class="nav-bar-item" @click="onNavbarItem(item.id)" :id="item.id"><image :src="item.pic_url" /><text>{ {item.name} }</text></view></block></view></scroll-view></view><view class="slider"><view class="slider-inside .slider-inside-location" :style="{left:lefts}"></view></view></view></template><script>export default {name: "scroll",data() {return {lefts:0} },props: {navbarArr: {type: Array},left: {type: Number} },created: function(e) {console.log(this.left,"leftinfo")},methods: {onNavbarItem(id) {console.log(id)// const id = options.currentTarget.dataset.id// wx.navigateTo({// url: /pages/mysignup/mysignup?id=${id},// })},scroll(event) {let that = thisconsole.log(event)let scrollLeft = event.detail.scrollLeft;let scrllWidth = event.detail.scrollWidth - 375;// that.left = ${(scrollLeft) / scrllWidth 100}%// this.$emit("changeLeft",that.lefts)// 32是剩余要滑动的地方let newLeft = scrollLeft / scrllWidth 32that.lefts =newLeft + 'rpx'} }}</script><style>.all {position: relative;height: 330rpx;overflow: hidden;background: fff;}scroll-view {white-space: nowrap;}/ 去除滚动条 /::-webkit-scrollbar {display: none;width: 0;height: 0;color: transparent;}.nav-bar-wrap {display: flex;flex-flow: column wrap;height: 330rpx;}.nav-bar-item {width: 187.5rpx;display: flex;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;padding-top: 28rpx;}.nav-bar-item image {display: block;height: 90rpx;width: 90rpx;margin: 0;}.nav-bar-item text {margin-top: 5rpx;line-height: 32rpx;font-size: 25rpx;}.slider {position: relative;margin-left: 50%;/ left: 50%; /transform: translateX(-50%);width: 64rpx;height: 6rpx;border-radius: 3rpx;background: eee;}.slider-inside {/ transform: translateX(-50%); /width: 32rpx;height: 100%;border-radius: 3rpx;background-color: 11BEA7;}.slider-inside-location {position: absolute;/ left: 50%; /}</style> 使用组件:<template><view><scroll :navbarArr="navbarArr" :left="left" @changeLeft="changeLeft"></scroll></view></template><script>import scroll from "../../components/scroll.vue"export default {components:{scroll},data() {return {navbarArr: [{pic_url: '../static/images/ic_57@2x.png',name: '骨科',id: 1},{pic_url: '../static/images/ic_59@2x.png',name: '检验科',id: 2},{pic_url: '../static/images/ic_56@2x.png',name: '外壳',id: 3},{pic_url: '../static/images/ic_53@2x.png',name: '口腔科',id: 4},{pic_url: '../static/images/ic_54@2x.png',name: '猫科',id: 5},{pic_url: '../static/images/ic_52@2x.png',name: '内科',id: 6},{pic_url: '../static/images/ic_50@2x.png',name: '皮肤科',id: 7},{pic_url: '../static/images/ic_52@2x.png',name: '肾病',id: 8},{pic_url: '../static/images/ic_58@2x.png',name: '血透科',id: 9},{pic_url: '../static/images/ic_62@2x.png',name: '肾病',id: 10},{pic_url: '../static/images/ic_64@2x.png',name: '血透科',id: 11},],left:0.65625} },methods: {changeLeft(e){let that = thisthat.left = e} },}</script> 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_45584157/article/details/117958700。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2024-05-06 12:38:02
624
转载
转载文章
...y实现应用程序的用户管理,以及实现应用程序的认证与授权等相关技术,译者希望本系列教程能成为掌握ASP.NET Identity技术的一份完整而有价值的资料。读者若是能够按照文章的描述,一边阅读、一边实践、一边理解,定能有意想不到的巨大收获!希望本系列博文能够得到广大园友的高度推荐。 15 Advanced ASP.NET Identity 15 ASP.NET Identity高级技术 In this chapter, I finish my description of ASP.NET Identity by showing you some of the advanced features it offers. I demonstrate how you can extend the database schema by defining custom properties on the user class and how to use database migrations to apply those properties without deleting the data in the ASP.NET Identity database. I also explain how ASP.NET Identity supports the concept of claims and demonstrates how they can be used to flexibly authorize access to action methods. I finish the chapter—and the book—by showing you how ASP.NET Identity makes it easy to authenticate users through third parties. I demonstrate authentication with Google accounts, but ASP.NET Identity has built-in support for Microsoft, Facebook, and Twitter accounts as well. Table 15-1 summarizes this chapter. 本章将完成对ASP.NET Identity的描述,向你展示它所提供的一些高级特性。我将演示,你可以扩展ASP.NET Identity的数据库架构,其办法是在用户类上定义一些自定义属性。也会演示如何使用数据库迁移,这样可以运用自定义属性,而不必删除ASP.NET Identity数据库中的数据。还会解释ASP.NET Identity如何支持声明(Claims)概念,并演示如何将它们灵活地用来对动作方法进行授权访问。最后向你展示ASP.NET Identity很容易通过第三方部件来认证用户,以此结束本章以及本书。将要演示的是使用Google账号认证,但ASP.NET Identity对于Microsoft、Facebook以及Twitter账号,都有内建的支持。表15-1是本章概要。 Table 15-1. Chapter Summary 表15-1. 本章概要 Problem 问题 Solution 解决方案 Listing 清单号 Store additional information about users. 存储用户的附加信息 Define custom user properties. 定义自定义用户属性 1–3, 8–11 Update the database schema without deleting user data. 更新数据库架构而不删除用户数据 Perform a database migration. 执行数据库迁移 4–7 Perform fine-grained authorization. 执行细粒度授权 Use claims. 使用声明(Claims) 12–14 Add claims about a user. 添加用户的声明(Claims) Use the ClaimsIdentity.AddClaims method. 使用ClaimsIdentity.AddClaims方法 15–19 Authorize access based on claim values. 基于声明(Claims)值授权访问 Create a custom authorization filter attribute. 创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性 20–21 Authenticate through a third party. 通过第三方认证 Install the NuGet package for the authentication provider, redirect requests to that provider, and specify a callback URL that creates the user account. 安装认证提供器的NuGet包,将请求重定向到该提供器,并指定一个创建用户账号的回调URL。 22–25 15.1 Preparing the Example Project 15.1 准备示例项目 In this chapter, I am going to continue working on the Users project I created in Chapter 13 and enhanced in Chapter 14. No changes to the application are required, but start the application and make sure that there are users in the database. Figure 15-1 shows the state of my database, which contains the users Admin, Alice, Bob, and Joe from the previous chapter. To check the users, start the application and request the /Admin/Index URL and authenticate as the Admin user. 本章打算继续使用第13章创建并在第14章增强的Users项目。对应用程序无需做什么改变,但需要启动应用程序,并确保数据库中有一些用户。图15-1显示了数据库的状态,它含有上一章的用户Admin、Alice、Bob以及Joe。为了检查用户,请启动应用程序,请求/Admin/Index URL,并以Admin用户进行认证。 Figure 15-1. The initial users in the Identity database 图15-1. Identity数据库中的最初用户 I also need some roles for this chapter. I used the RoleAdmin controller to create roles called Users and Employees and assigned the users to those roles, as described in Table 15-2. 本章还需要一些角色。我用RoleAdmin控制器创建了角色Users和Employees,并为这些角色指定了一些用户,如表15-2所示。 Table 15-2. The Types of Web Forms Code Nuggets 表15-2. 角色及成员(作者将此表的标题写错了——译者注) Role 角色 Members 成员 Users Alice, Joe Employees Alice, Bob Figure 15-2 shows the required role configuration displayed by the RoleAdmin controller. 图15-2显示了由RoleAdmin控制器所显示出来的必要的角色配置。 Figure 15-2. Configuring the roles required for this chapter 图15-2. 配置本章所需的角色 15.2 Adding Custom User Properties 15.2 添加自定义用户属性 When I created the AppUser class to represent users in Chapter 13, I noted that the base class defined a basic set of properties to describe the user, such as e-mail address and telephone number. Most applications need to store more information about users, including persistent application preferences and details such as addresses—in short, any data that is useful to running the application and that should last between sessions. In ASP.NET Membership, this was handled through the user profile system, but ASP.NET Identity takes a different approach. 我在第13章创建AppUser类来表示用户时曾做过说明,基类定义了一组描述用户的基本属性,如E-mail地址、电话号码等。大多数应用程序还需要存储用户的更多信息,包括持久化应用程序爱好以及地址等细节——简言之,需要存储对运行应用程序有用并且在各次会话之间应当保持的任何数据。在ASP.NET Membership中,这是通过用户资料(User Profile)系统来处理的,但ASP.NET Identity采取了一种不同的办法。 Because the ASP.NET Identity system uses Entity Framework to store its data by default, defining additional user information is just a matter of adding properties to the user class and letting the Code First feature create the database schema required to store them. Table 15-3 puts custom user properties in context. 因为ASP.NET Identity默认是使用Entity Framework来存储其数据的,定义附加的用户信息只不过是给用户类添加属性的事情,然后让Code First特性去创建需要存储它们的数据库架构即可。表15-3描述了自定义用户属性的情形。 Table 15-3. Putting Cusotm User Properties in Context 表15-3. 自定义用户属性的情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是自定义用户属性? Custom user properties allow you to store additional information about your users, including their preferences and settings. 自定义用户属性让你能够存储附加的用户信息,包括他们的爱好和设置。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它? A persistent store of settings means that the user doesn’t have to provide the same information each time they log in to the application. 设置的持久化存储意味着,用户不必每次登录到应用程序时都提供同样的信息。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 在MVC框架中如何使用它? This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is available for use in action methods. 此特性不是由MVC框架直接使用的,但它在动作方法中使用是有效的。 15.2.1 Defining Custom Properties 15.2.1 定义自定义属性 Listing 15-1 shows how I added a simple property to the AppUser class to represent the city in which the user lives. 清单15-1演示了如何给AppUser类添加一个简单的属性,用以表示用户生活的城市。 Listing 15-1. Adding a Property in the AppUser.cs File 清单15-1. 在AppUser.cs文件中添加属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;namespace Users.Models { public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; } }} I have defined an enumeration called Cities that defines values for some large cities and added a property called City to the AppUser class. To allow the user to view and edit their City property, I added actions to the Home controller, as shown in Listing 15-2. 这里定义了一个枚举,名称为Cities,它定义了一些大城市的值,另外给AppUser类添加了一个名称为City的属性。为了让用户能够查看和编辑City属性,给Home控制器添加了几个动作方法,如清单15-2所示。 Listing 15-2. Adding Support for Custom User Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-2. 在HomeController.cs文件中添加对自定义属性的支持 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {return View(GetData("Index"));}[Authorize(Roles = "Users")]public ActionResult OtherAction() {return View("Index", GetData("OtherAction"));}private Dictionary<string, object> GetData(string actionName) {Dictionary<string, object> dict= new Dictionary<string, object>();dict.Add("Action", actionName);dict.Add("User", HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);dict.Add("Authenticated", HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated);dict.Add("Auth Type", HttpContext.User.Identity.AuthenticationType);dict.Add("In Users Role", HttpContext.User.IsInRole("Users"));return dict;} [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}private AppUser CurrentUser {get {return UserManager.FindByName(HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } I added a CurrentUser property that uses the AppUserManager class to retrieve an AppUser instance to represent the current user. I pass the AppUser object as the view model object in the GET version of the UserProps action method, and the POST method uses it to update the value of the new City property. Listing 15-3 shows the UserProps.cshtml view, which displays the City property value and contains a form to change it. 我添加了一个CurrentUser属性,它使用AppUserManager类接收了表示当前用户的AppUser实例。在GET版本的UserProps动作方法中,传递了这个AppUser对象作为视图模型。而在POST版的方法中用它更新了City属性的值。清单15-3显示了UserProps.cshtml视图,它显示了City属性的值,并包含一个修改它的表单。 Listing 15-3. The Contents of the UserProps.cshtml File in the Views/Home Folder 清单15-3. Views/Home文件夹中UserProps.cshtml文件的内容 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";}<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr></table></div> @using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Caution Don’t start the application when you have created the view. In the sections that follow, I demonstrate how to preserve the contents of the database, and if you start the application now, the ASP.NET Identity users will be deleted. 警告:创建了视图之后不要启动应用程序。在以下小节中,将演示如何保留数据库的内容,如果现在启动应用程序,将会删除ASP.NET Identity的用户。 15.2.2 Preparing for Database Migration 15.2.2 准备数据库迁移 The default behavior for the Entity Framework Code First feature is to drop the tables in the database and re-create them whenever classes that drive the schema have changed. You saw this in Chapter 14 when I added support for roles: When the application was started, the database was reset, and the user accounts were lost. Entity Framework Code First特性的默认行为是,一旦修改了派生数据库架构的类,便会删除数据库中的数据表,并重新创建它们。在第14章可以看到这种情况,在我添加角色支持时:当重启应用程序后,数据库被重置,用户账号也丢失。 Don’t start the application yet, but if you were to do so, you would see a similar effect. Deleting data during development is usually not a problem, but doing so in a production setting is usually disastrous because it deletes all of the real user accounts and causes a panic while the backups are restored. In this section, I am going to demonstrate how to use the database migration feature, which updates a Code First schema in a less brutal manner and preserves the existing data it contains. 不要启动应用程序,但如果你这么做了,会看到类似的效果。在开发期间删除数据没什么问题,但如果在产品设置中这么做了,通常是灾难性的,因为它会删除所有真实的用户账号,而备份恢复是很痛苦的事。在本小节中,我打算演示如何使用数据库迁移特性,它能以比较温和的方式更新Code First的架构,并保留架构中的已有数据。 The first step is to issue the following command in the Visual Studio Package Manager Console: 第一个步骤是在Visual Studio的“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中发布以下命令: Enable-Migrations –EnableAutomaticMigrations This enables the database migration support and creates a Migrations folder in the Solution Explorer that contains a Configuration.cs class file, the contents of which are shown in Listing 15-4. 它启用了数据库的迁移支持,并在“Solution Explorer(解决方案资源管理器)”创建一个Migrations文件夹,其中含有一个Configuration.cs类文件,内容如清单15-4所示。 Listing 15-4. The Contents of the Configuration.cs File 清单15-4. Configuration.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using System.Linq;internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext context) {// This method will be called after migrating to the latest version.// 此方法将在迁移到最新版本时调用// You can use the DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate() helper extension method// to avoid creating duplicate seed data. E.g.// 例如,你可以使用DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate()辅助器方法来避免创建重复的种子数据//// context.People.AddOrUpdate(// p => p.FullName,// new Person { FullName = "Andrew Peters" },// new Person { FullName = "Brice Lambson" },// new Person { FullName = "Rowan Miller" }// );//} }} Tip You might be wondering why you are entering a database migration command into the console used to manage NuGet packages. The answer is that the Package Manager Console is really PowerShell, which is a general-purpose tool that is mislabeled by Visual Studio. You can use the console to issue a wide range of helpful commands. See http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518 for details. 提示:你可能会觉得奇怪,为什么要在管理NuGet包的控制台中输入数据库迁移的命令?答案是“Package Manager Console(包管理控制台)”是真正的PowerShell,这是Visual studio冒用的一个通用工具。你可以使用此控制台发送大量的有用命令,详见http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518。 The class will be used to migrate existing content in the database to the new schema, and the Seed method will be called to provide an opportunity to update the existing database records. In Listing 15-5, you can see how I have used the Seed method to set a default value for the new City property I added to the AppUser class. (I have also updated the class file to reflect my usual coding style.) 这个类将用于把数据库中的现有内容迁移到新的数据库架构,Seed方法的调用为更新现有数据库记录提供了机会。在清单15-5中可以看到,我如何用Seed方法为新的City属性设置默认值,City是添加到AppUser类中自定义属性。(为了体现我一贯的编码风格,我对这个类文件也进行了更新。) Listing 15-5. Managing Existing Content in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-5. 在Configuration.cs文件中管理已有内容 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);}foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();} }} You will notice that much of the code that I added to the Seed method is taken from the IdentityDbInit class, which I used to seed the database with an administration user in Chapter 14. This is because the new Configuration class added to support database migrations will replace the seeding function of the IdentityDbInit class, which I’ll update shortly. Aside from ensuring that there is an admin user, the statements in the Seed method that are important are the ones that set the initial value for the City property I added to the AppUser class, as follows: 你可能会注意到,添加到Seed方法中的许多代码取自于IdentityDbInit类,在第14章中我用这个类将管理用户植入了数据库。这是因为这个新添加的、用以支持数据库迁移的Configuration类,将代替IdentityDbInit类的种植功能,我很快便会更新这个类。除了要确保有admin用户之外,在Seed方法中的重要语句是那些为AppUser类的City属性设置初值的语句,如下所示: ...foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) { dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();... You don’t have to set a default value for new properties—I just wanted to demonstrate that the Seed method in the Configuration class can be used to update the existing user records in the database. 你不一定要为新属性设置默认值——这里只是想演示Configuration类中的Seed方法,可以用它更新数据库中的已有用户记录。 Caution Be careful when setting values for properties in the Seed method for real projects because the values will be applied every time you change the schema, overriding any values that the user has set since the last schema update was performed. I set the value of the City property just to demonstrate that it can be done. 警告:在用于真实项目的Seed方法中为属性设置值时要小心,因为你每一次修改架构时,都会运用这些值,这会将自执行上一次架构更新之后,用户设置的任何数据覆盖掉。这里设置City属性的值只是为了演示它能够这么做。 Changing the Database Context Class 修改数据库上下文类 The reason that I added the seeding code to the Configuration class is that I need to change the IdentityDbInit class. At present, the IdentityDbInit class is derived from the descriptively named DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> class, which, as you might imagine, drops the entire database when the Code First classes change. Listing 15-6 shows the changes I made to the IdentityDbInit class to prevent it from affecting the database. 在Configuration类中添加种植代码的原因是我需要修改IdentityDbInit类。此时,IdentityDbInit类派生于描述性命名的DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> 类,和你相像的一样,它会在Code First类改变时删除整个数据库。清单15-6显示了我对IdentityDbInit类所做的修改,以防止它影响数据库。 Listing 15-6. Preventing Database Schema Changes in the AppIdentityDbContext.cs File 清单15-6. 在AppIdentityDbContext.cs文件是阻止数据库架构变化 using System.Data.Entity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppIdentityDbContext : IdentityDbContext<AppUser> {public AppIdentityDbContext() : base("IdentityDb") { }static AppIdentityDbContext() {Database.SetInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext>(new IdentityDbInit());}public static AppIdentityDbContext Create() {return new AppIdentityDbContext();} } public class IdentityDbInit : NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> {} } I have removed the methods defined by the class and changed its base to NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> , which prevents the schema from being altered. 我删除了这个类中所定义的方法,并将它的基类改为NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> ,它可以防止架构修改。 15.2.3 Performing the Migration 15.2.3 执行迁移 All that remains is to generate and apply the migration. First, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情只是生成并运用迁移了。首先,在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中执行以下命令: Add-Migration CityProperty This creates a new migration called CityProperty (I like my migration names to reflect the changes I made). A class new file will be added to the Migrations folder, and its name reflects the time at which the command was run and the name of the migration. My file is called 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs, for example. The contents of this file contain the details of how Entity Framework will change the database during the migration, as shown in Listing 15-7. 这创建了一个名称为CityProperty的新迁移(我比较喜欢让迁移的名称反映出我所做的修改)。这会在文件夹中添加一个新的类文件,而且其命名会反映出该命令执行的时间以及迁移名称,例如,我的这个文件名称为201402262244036_CityProperty.cs。该文件的内容含有迁移期间Entity Framework修改数据库的细节,如清单15-7所示。 Listing 15-7. The Contents of the 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs File 清单15-7. 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations; public partial class Init : DbMigration {public override void Up() {AddColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City", c => c.Int(nullable: false));}public override void Down() {DropColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City");} }} The Up method describes the changes that have to be made to the schema when the database is upgraded, which in this case means adding a City column to the AspNetUsers table, which is the one that is used to store user records in the ASP.NET Identity database. Up方法描述了在数据库升级时,需要对架构所做的修改,在这个例子中,意味着要在AspNetUsers数据表中添加City数据列,该数据表是ASP.NET Identity数据库用来存储用户记录的。 The final step is to perform the migration. Without starting the application, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 最后一步是执行迁移。无需启动应用程序,只需在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中运行以下命令即可: Update-Database –TargetMigration CityProperty The database schema will be modified, and the code in the Configuration.Seed method will be executed. The existing user accounts will have been preserved and enhanced with a City property (which I set to Paris in the Seed method). 这会修改数据库架构,并执行Configuration.Seed方法中的代码。已有用户账号会被保留,且增强了City属性(我在Seed方法中已将其设置为“Paris”)。 15.2.4 Testing the Migration 15.2.4 测试迁移 To test the effect of the migration, start the application, navigate to the /Home/UserProps URL, and authenticate as one of the Identity users (for example, as Alice with the password MySecret). Once authenticated, you will see the current value of the City property for the user and have the opportunity to change it, as shown in Figure 15-3. 为了测试迁移的效果,启动应用程序,导航到/Home/UserProps URL,并以Identity中的用户(例如Alice,口令MySecret)进行认证。一旦已被认证,便会看到该用户City属性的当前值,并可以对其进行修改,如图15-3所示。 Figure 15-3. Displaying and changing a custom user property 图15-3. 显示和个性自定义用户属性 15.2.5 Defining an Additional Property 15.2.5 定义附加属性 Now that database migrations are set up, I am going to define a further property just to demonstrate how subsequent changes are handled and to show a more useful (and less dangerous) example of using the Configuration.Seed method. Listing 15-8 shows how I added a Country property to the AppUser class. 现在,已经建立了数据库迁移,我打算再定义一个属性,这恰恰演示了如何处理持续不断的修改,也为了演示Configuration.Seed方法更有用(至少无害)的示例。清单15-8显示了我在AppUser类上添加了一个Country属性。 Listing 15-8. Adding Another Property in the AppUserModels.cs File 清单15-8. 在AppUserModels.cs文件中添加另一个属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework; namespace Users.Models {public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO} public enum Countries {NONE, UK, FRANCE, USA}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; }public Countries Country { get; set; }public void SetCountryFromCity(Cities city) {switch (city) {case Cities.LONDON:Country = Countries.UK;break;case Cities.PARIS:Country = Countries.FRANCE;break;case Cities.CHICAGO:Country = Countries.USA;break;default:Country = Countries.NONE;break;} }} } I have added an enumeration to define the country names and a helper method that selects a country value based on the City property. Listing 15-9 shows the change I made to the Configuration class so that the Seed method sets the Country property based on the City, but only if the value of Country is NONE (which it will be for all users when the database is migrated because the Entity Framework sets enumeration columns to the first value). 我已经添加了一个枚举,它定义了国家名称。还添加了一个辅助器方法,它可以根据City属性选择一个国家。清单15-9显示了对Configuration类所做的修改,以使Seed方法根据City设置Country属性,但只当Country为NONE时才进行设置(在迁移数据库时,所有用户都是NONE,因为Entity Framework会将枚举列设置为枚举的第一个值)。 Listing 15-9. Modifying the Database Seed in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-9. 在Configuration.cs文件中修改数据库种子 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);} foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {if (dbUser.Country == Countries.NONE) {dbUser.SetCountryFromCity(dbUser.City);} }context.SaveChanges();} }} This kind of seeding is more useful in a real project because it will set a value for the Country property only if one has not already been set—subsequent migrations won’t be affected, and user selections won’t be lost. 这种种植在实际项目中会更有用,因为它只会在Country属性未设置时,才会设置Country属性的值——后继的迁移不会受到影响,因此不会失去用户的选择。 1. Adding Application Support 1. 添加应用程序支持 There is no point defining additional user properties if they are not available in the application, so Listing 15-10 shows the change I made to the Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml file to display the value of the Country property. 应用程序中如果没有定义附加属性的地方,则附加属性就无法使用了,因此,清单15-10显示了我对Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml文件的修改,以显示Country属性的值。 Listing 15-10. Displaying an Additional Property in the UserProps.cshtml File 清单15-10. 在UserProps.cshtml文件中显示附加属性 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";} <div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr> <tr><th>Country</th><td>@Model.Country</td></tr></table></div>@using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Listing 15-11 shows the corresponding change I made to the Home controller to update the Country property when the City value changes. 为了在City值变化时能够更新Country属性,清单15-11显示了我对Home控制器所做的相应修改。 Listing 15-11. Setting Custom Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-11. 在HomeController.cs文件中设置自定义属性 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {// ...other action methods omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化,这里忽略了其他动作方法... [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;user.SetCountryFromCity(city);await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}// ...properties omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化,这里忽略了一些属性...} } 2. Performing the Migration 2. 准备迁移 All that remains is to create and apply a new migration. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情就是创建和运用新的迁移了。在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中输入以下命令: Add-Migration CountryProperty This will generate another file in the Migrations folder that contains the instruction to add the Country column. To apply the migration, execute the following command: 这将在Migrations文件夹中生成另一个文件,它含有添加Country数据表列的指令。为了运用迁移,可执行以下命令: Update-Database –TargetMigration CountryProperty The migration will be performed, and the value of the Country property will be set based on the value of the existing City property for each user. You can check the new user property by starting the application and authenticating and navigating to the /Home/UserProps URL, as shown in Figure 15-4. 这将执行迁移,Country属性的值将根据每个用户当前的City属性进行设置。通过启动应用程序,认证并导航到/Home/UserProps URL,便可以查看新的用户属性,如图15-4所示。 Figure 15-4. Creating an additional user property 图15-4. 创建附加用户属性 Tip Although I am focused on the process of upgrading the database, you can also migrate back to a previous version by specifying an earlier migration. Use the –Force argument make changes that cause data loss, such as removing a column. 提示:虽然我们关注了升级数据库的过程,但你也可以回退到以前的版本,只需指定一个早期的迁移即可。使用-Force参数进行修改,会引起数据丢失,例如删除数据表列。 15.3 Working with Claims 15.3 使用声明(Claims) In older user-management systems, such as ASP.NET Membership, the application was assumed to be the authoritative source of all information about the user, essentially treating the application as a closed world and trusting the data that is contained within it. 在旧的用户管理系统中,例如ASP.NET Membership,应用程序被假设成是用户所有信息的权威来源,本质上将应用程序视为是一个封闭的世界,并且只信任其中所包含的数据。 This is such an ingrained approach to software development that it can be hard to recognize that’s what is happening, but you saw an example of the closed-world technique in Chapter 14 when I authenticated users against the credentials stored in the database and granted access based on the roles associated with those credentials. I did the same thing again in this chapter when I added properties to the user class. Every piece of information that I needed to manage user authentication and authorization came from within my application—and that is a perfectly satisfactory approach for many web applications, which is why I demonstrated these techniques in such depth. 这是软件开发的一种根深蒂固的方法,使人很难认识到这到底意味着什么,第14章你已看到了这种封闭世界技术的例子,根据存储在数据库中的凭据来认证用户,并根据与凭据关联在一起的角色来授权访问。本章前述在用户类上添加属性,也做了同样的事情。我管理用户认证与授权所需的每一个数据片段都来自于我的应用程序——而且这是许多Web应用程序都相当满意的一种方法,这也是我如此深入地演示这些技术的原因。 ASP.NET Identity also supports an alternative approach for dealing with users, which works well when the MVC framework application isn’t the sole source of information about users and which can be used to authorize users in more flexible and fluid ways than traditional roles allow. ASP.NET Identity还支持另一种处理用户的办法,当MVC框架的应用程序不是有关用户的唯一信息源时,这种办法会工作得很好,而且能够比传统的角色授权更为灵活且流畅的方式进行授权。 This alternative approach uses claims, and in this section I’ll describe how ASP.NET Identity supports claims-based authorization. Table 15-4 puts claims in context. 这种可选的办法使用了“Claims(声明)”,因此在本小节中,我将描述ASP.NET Identity如何支持“Claims-Based Authorization(基于声明的授权)”。表15-4描述了声明(Claims)的情形。 提示:“Claim”在英文字典中不完全是“声明”的意思,根据本文的描述,感觉把它说成“声明”也不一定合适,所以在之后的译文中基本都写成中英文并用的形式,即“声明(Claims)”。根据表15-4中的声明(Claims)的定义:声明(Claims)是关于用户的一些信息片段。一个用户的信息片段当然有很多,每一个信息片段就是一项声明(Claim),用户的所有信息片段合起来就是该用户的声明(Claims)。请读者注意该单词的单复数形式——译者注 Table 15-4. Putting Claims in Context 表15-4. 声明(Claims)的情形 Question 问题 Answer 答案 What is it? 什么是声明(Claims)? Claims are pieces of information about users that you can use to make authorization decisions. Claims can be obtained from external systems as well as from the local Identity database. 声明(Claims)是关于用户的一些信息片段,可以用它们做出授权决定。声明(Claims)可以从外部系统获取,也可以从本地的Identity数据库获取。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它? Claims can be used to flexibly authorize access to action methods. Unlike conventional roles, claims allow access to be driven by the information that describes the user. 声明(Claims)可以用来对动作方法进行灵活的授权访问。与传统的角色不同,声明(Claims)让访问能够由描述用户的信息进行驱动。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它? This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is integrated into the standard authorization features, such as the Authorize attribute. 这不是直接由MVC框架使用的特性,但它集成到了标准的授权特性之中,例如Authorize注解属性。 Tip you don’t have to use claims in your applications, and as Chapter 14 showed, ASP.NET Identity is perfectly happy providing an application with the authentication and authorization services without any need to understand claims at all. 提示:你在应用程序中不一定要使用声明(Claims),正如第14章所展示的那样,ASP.NET Identity能够为应用程序提供充分的认证与授权服务,而根本不需要理解声明(Claims)。 15.3.1 Understanding Claims 15.3.1 理解声明(Claims) A claim is a piece of information about the user, along with some information about where the information came from. The easiest way to unpack claims is through some practical demonstrations, without which any discussion becomes too abstract to be truly useful. To get started, I added a Claims controller to the example project, the definition of which you can see in Listing 15-12. 一项声明(Claim)是关于用户的一个信息片段(请注意这个英文单词的单复数形式——译者注),并伴有该片段出自何处的某种信息。揭开声明(Claims)含义最容易的方式是做一些实际演示,任何讨论都会过于抽象根本没有真正的用处。为此,我在示例项目中添加了一个Claims控制器,其定义如清单15-12所示。 Listing 15-12. The Contents of the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-12. ClaimsController.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} }} } Tip You may feel a little lost as I define the code for this example. Don’t worry about the details for the moment—just stick with it until you see the output from the action method and view that I define. More than anything else, that will help put claims into perspective. 提示:你或许会对我为此例定义的代码感到有点失望。此刻对此细节不必着急——只要稍事忍耐,当看到该动作方法和视图的输出便会明白。尤为重要的是,这有助于洞察声明(Claims)。 You can get the claims associated with a user in different ways. One approach is to use the Claims property defined by the user class, but in this example, I have used the HttpContext.User.Identity property to demonstrate the way that ASP.NET Identity is integrated with the rest of the ASP.NET platform. As I explained in Chapter 13, the HttpContext.User.Identity property returns an implementation of the IIdentity interface, which is a ClaimsIdentity object when working using ASP.NET Identity. The ClaimsIdentity class is defined in the System.Security.Claims namespace, and Table 15-5 shows the members it defines that are relevant to this chapter. 可以通过不同的方式获得与用户相关联的声明(Claims)。方法之一就是使用由用户类定义的Claims属性,但在这个例子中,我使用了HttpContext.User.Identity属性,目的是演示ASP.NET Identity与ASP.NET平台集成的方式(请注意这句话所表示的含义:用户类的Claims属性属于ASP.NET Identity,而HttpContext.User.Identity属性则属于ASP.NET平台。由此可见,ASP.NET Identity已经融合到了ASP.NET平台之中——译者注)。正如第13章所解释的那样,HttpContext.User.Identity属性返回IIdentity的接口实现,当使用ASP.NET Identity时,该实现是一个ClaimsIdentity对象。ClaimsIdentity类是在System.Security.Claims命名空间中定义的,表15-5显示了它所定义的与本章有关的成员。 Table 15-5. The Members Defined by the ClaimsIdentity Class 表15-5. ClaimsIdentity类所定义的成员 Name 名称 Description 描述 Claims Returns an enumeration of Claim objects representing the claims for the user. 返回表示用户声明(Claims)的Claim对象枚举 AddClaim(claim) Adds a claim to the user identity. 给用户添加一个声明(Claim) AddClaims(claims) Adds an enumeration of Claim objects to the user identity. 给用户添加Claim对象的枚举。 HasClaim(predicate) Returns true if the user identity contains a claim that matches the specified predicate. See the “Applying Claims” section for an example predicate. 如果用户含有与指定谓词匹配的声明(Claim)时,返回true。参见“运用声明(Claims)”中的示例谓词 RemoveClaim(claim) Removes a claim from the user identity. 删除用户的声明(Claim)。 Other members are available, but the ones in the table are those that are used most often in web applications, for reason that will become obvious as I demonstrate how claims fit into the wider ASP.NET platform. 还有一些可用的其它成员,但表中的这些是在Web应用程序中最常用的,随着我演示如何将声明(Claims)融入更宽泛的ASP.NET平台,它们为什么最常用就很显然了。 In Listing 15-12, I cast the IIdentity implementation to the ClaimsIdentity type and pass the enumeration of Claim objects returned by the ClaimsIdentity.Claims property to the View method. A Claim object represents a single piece of data about the user, and the Claim class defines the properties shown in Table 15-6. 在清单15-12中,我将IIdentity实现转换成了ClaimsIdentity类型,并且给View方法传递了ClaimsIdentity.Claims属性所返回的Claim对象的枚举。Claim对象所示表示的是关于用户的一个单一的数据片段,Claim类定义的属性如表15-6所示。 Table 15-6. The Properties Defined by the Claim Class 表15-6. Claim类定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 Issuer Returns the name of the system that provided the claim 返回提供声明(Claim)的系统名称 Subject Returns the ClaimsIdentity object for the user who the claim refers to 返回声明(Claim)所指用户的ClaimsIdentity对象 Type Returns the type of information that the claim represents 返回声明(Claim)所表示的信息类型 Value Returns the piece of information that the claim represents 返回声明(Claim)所表示的信息片段 Listing 15-13 shows the contents of the Index.cshtml file that I created in the Views/Claims folder and that is rendered by the Index action of the Claims controller. The view adds a row to a table for each claim about the user. 清单15-13显示了我在Views/Claims文件夹中创建的Index.cshtml文件的内容,它由Claims控制器中的Index动作方法进行渲染。该视图为用户的每项声明(Claim)添加了一个表格行。 Listing 15-13. The Contents of the Index.cshtml File in the Views/Claims Folder 清单15-13. Views/Claims文件夹中Index.cshtml文件的内容 @using System.Security.Claims@using Users.Infrastructure@model IEnumerable<Claim>@{ ViewBag.Title = "Claims"; }<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Claims</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>Subject</th><th>Issuer</th><th>Type</th><th>Value</th></tr>@foreach (Claim claim in Model.OrderBy(x => x.Type)) {<tr><td>@claim.Subject.Name</td><td>@claim.Issuer</td><td>@Html.ClaimType(claim.Type)</td><td>@claim.Value</td></tr>}</table></div> The value of the Claim.Type property is a URI for a Microsoft schema, which isn’t especially useful. The popular schemas are used as the values for fields in the System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes class, so to make the output from the Index.cshtml view easier to read, I added an HTML helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs file, as shown in Listing 15-14. It is this helper that I use in the Index.cshtml file to format the value of the Claim.Type property. Claim.Type属性的值是一个微软模式(Microsoft Schema)的URI(统一资源标识符),这是特别有用的。System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes类中字段的值使用的是流行模式(Popular Schema),因此为了使Index.cshtml视图的输出更易于阅读,我在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加了一个HTML辅助器,如清单15-14所示。Index.cshtml文件正是使用这个辅助器格式化了Claim.Type属性的值。 Listing 15-14. Adding a Helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs File 清单15-14. 在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加辅助器 using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using System;using System.Linq;using System.Reflection;using System.Security.Claims;namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class IdentityHelpers {public static MvcHtmlString GetUserName(this HtmlHelper html, string id) {AppUserManager mgr= HttpContext.Current.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();return new MvcHtmlString(mgr.FindByIdAsync(id).Result.UserName);} public static MvcHtmlString ClaimType(this HtmlHelper html, string claimType) {FieldInfo[] fields = typeof(ClaimTypes).GetFields();foreach (FieldInfo field in fields) {if (field.GetValue(null).ToString() == claimType) {return new MvcHtmlString(field.Name);} }return new MvcHtmlString(string.Format("{0}",claimType.Split('/', '.').Last()));} }} Note The helper method isn’t at all efficient because it reflects on the fields of the ClaimType class for each claim that is displayed, but it is sufficient for my purposes in this chapter. You won’t often need to display the claim type in real applications. 注:该辅助器并非十分有效,因为它只是针对每个要显示的声明(Claim)映射出ClaimType类的字段,但对我要的目的已经足够了。在实际项目中不会经常需要显示声明(Claim)的类型。 To see why I have created a controller that uses claims without really explaining what they are, start the application, authenticate as the user Alice (with the password MySecret), and request the /Claims/Index URL. Figure 15-5 shows the content that is generated. 为了弄明白我为何要先创建一个使用声明(Claims)的控制器,而没有真正解释声明(Claims)是什么的原因,可以启动应用程序,以用户Alice进行认证(其口令是MySecret),并请求/Claims/Index URL。图15-5显示了生成的内容。 Figure 15-5. The output from the Index action of the Claims controller 图15-5. Claims控制器中Index动作的输出 It can be hard to make out the detail in the figure, so I have reproduced the content in Table 15-7. 这可能还难以认识到此图的细节,为此我在表15-7中重列了其内容。 Table 15-7. The Data Shown in Figure 15-5 表15-7. 图15-5中显示的数据 Subject(科目) Issuer(发行者) Type(类型) Value(值) Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY SecurityStamp Unique ID Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY IdentityProvider ASP.NET Identity Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Employees Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Users Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Name Alice Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY NameIdentifier Alice’s user ID The table shows the most important aspect of claims, which is that I have already been using them when I implemented the traditional authentication and authorization features in Chapter 14. You can see that some of the claims relate to user identity (the Name claim is Alice, and the NameIdentifier claim is Alice’s unique user ID in my ASP.NET Identity database). 此表展示了声明(Claims)最重要的方面,这些是我在第14章中实现传统的认证和授权特性时,一直在使用的信息。可以看出,有些声明(Claims)与用户标识有关(Name声明是Alice,NameIdentifier声明是Alice在ASP.NET Identity数据库中的唯一用户ID号)。 Other claims show membership of roles—there are two Role claims in the table, reflecting the fact that Alice is assigned to both the Users and Employees roles. There is also a claim about how Alice has been authenticated: The IdentityProvider is set to ASP.NET Identity. 其他声明(Claims)显示了角色成员——表中有两个Role声明(Claim),体现出Alice被赋予了Users和Employees两个角色这一事实。还有一个是Alice已被认证的声明(Claim):IdentityProvider被设置到了ASP.NET Identity。 The difference when this information is expressed as a set of claims is that you can determine where the data came from. The Issuer property for all the claims shown in the table is set to LOCAL AUTHORITY, which indicates that the user’s identity has been established by the application. 当这种信息被表示成一组声明(Claims)时的差别是,你能够确定这些数据是从哪里来的。表中所显示的所有声明的Issuer属性(发布者)都被设置到了LOACL AUTHORITY(本地授权),这说明该用户的标识是由应用程序建立的。 So, now that you have seen some example claims, I can more easily describe what a claim is. A claim is any piece of information about a user that is available to the application, including the user’s identity and role memberships. And, as you have seen, the information I have been defining about my users in earlier chapters is automatically made available as claims by ASP.NET Identity. 因此,现在你已经看到了一些声明(Claims)示例,我可以更容易地描述声明(Claim)是什么了。一项声明(Claim)是可用于应用程序中的有关用户的一个信息片段,包括用户的标识以及角色成员等。而且,正如你所看到的,我在前几章定义的关于用户的信息,被ASP.NET Identity自动地作为声明(Claims)了。 15.3.2 Creating and Using Claims 15.3.2 创建和使用声明(Claims) Claims are interesting for two reasons. The first reason is that an application can obtain claims from multiple sources, rather than just relying on a local database for information about the user. You will see a real example of this when I show you how to authenticate users through a third-party system in the “Using Third-Party Authentication” section, but for the moment I am going to add a class to the example project that simulates a system that provides claims information. Listing 15-15 shows the contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure folder. 声明(Claims)比较有意思的原因有两个。第一个原因是应用程序可以从多个来源获取声明(Claims),而不是只能依靠本地数据库关于用户的信息。你将会看到一个实际的示例,在“使用第三方认证”小节中,将演示如何通过第三方系统来认证用户。不过,此刻我只打算在示例项目中添加一个类,用以模拟一个提供声明(Claims)信息的系统。清单15-15显示了我添加到Infrastructure文件夹中LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-15. The Contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs File 清单15-15. LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class LocationClaimsProvider {public static IEnumerable<Claim> GetClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.Name.ToLower() == "alice") {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "DC 20500"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "DC"));} else {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "NY 10036"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "NY"));}return claims;}private static Claim CreateClaim(string type, string value) {return new Claim(type, value, ClaimValueTypes.String, "RemoteClaims");} }} The GetClaims method takes a ClaimsIdentity argument and uses the Name property to create claims about the user’s ZIP code and state. This class allows me to simulate a system such as a central HR database, which would be the authoritative source of location information about staff, for example. GetClaims方法以ClaimsIdentity为参数,并使用Name属性创建了关于用户ZIP码(邮政编码)和州府的声明(Claims)。上述这个类使我能够模拟一个诸如中心化的HR数据库(人力资源数据库)之类的系统,它可能会成为全体职员的地点信息的权威数据源。 Claims are associated with the user’s identity during the authentication process, and Listing 15-16 shows the changes I made to the Login action method of the Account controller to call the LocationClaimsProvider class. 在认证过程期间,声明(Claims)是与用户标识关联在一起的,清单15-16显示了我对Account控制器中Login动作方法所做的修改,以便调用LocationClaimsProvider类。 Listing 15-16. Associating Claims with a User in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-16. AccountController.cs文件中用户用声明的关联 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... You can see the effect of the location claims by starting the application, authenticating as a user, and requesting the /Claim/Index URL. Figure 15-6 shows the claims for Alice. You may have to sign out and sign back in again to see the change. 为了看看这个地点声明(Claims)的效果,可以启动应用程序,以一个用户进行认证,并请求/Claim/Index URL。图15-6显示了Alice的声明(Claims)。你可能需要退出,然后再次登录才会看到发生的变化。 Figure 15-6. Defining additional claims for users 图15-6. 定义用户的附加声明 Obtaining claims from multiple locations means that the application doesn’t have to duplicate data that is held elsewhere and allows integration of data from external parties. The Claim.Issuer property tells you where a claim originated from, which helps you judge how accurate the data is likely to be and how much weight you should give the data in your application. Location data obtained from a central HR database is likely to be more accurate and trustworthy than data obtained from an external mailing list provider, for example. 从多个地点获取声明(Claims)意味着应用程序不必复制其他地方保持的数据,并且能够与外部的数据集成。Claim.Issuer属性(图15-6中的Issuer数据列——译者注)能够告诉你一个声明(Claim)的发源地,这有助于让你判断数据的精确程度,也有助于让你决定这类数据在应用程序中的权重。例如,从中心化的HR数据库获取的地点数据可能要比外部邮件列表提供器获取的数据更为精确和可信。 1. Applying Claims 1. 运用声明(Claims) The second reason that claims are interesting is that you can use them to manage user access to your application more flexibly than with standard roles. The problem with roles is that they are static, and once a user has been assigned to a role, the user remains a member until explicitly removed. This is, for example, how long-term employees of big corporations end up with incredible access to internal systems: They are assigned the roles they require for each new job they get, but the old roles are rarely removed. (The unexpectedly broad systems access sometimes becomes apparent during the investigation into how someone was able to ship the contents of the warehouse to their home address—true story.) 声明(Claims)有意思的第二个原因是,你可以用它们来管理用户对应用程序的访问,这要比标准的角色管理更为灵活。角色的问题在于它们是静态的,而且一旦用户已经被赋予了一个角色,该用户便是一个成员,直到明确地删除为止。例如,这意味着大公司的长期雇员,对内部系统的访问会十分惊人:他们每次在获得新工作时,都会赋予所需的角色,但旧角色很少被删除。(在调查某人为何能够将仓库里的东西发往他的家庭地址过程中发现,有时会出现异常宽泛的系统访问——真实的故事) Claims can be used to authorize users based directly on the information that is known about them, which ensures that the authorization changes when the data changes. The simplest way to do this is to generate Role claims based on user data that are then used by controllers to restrict access to action methods. Listing 15-17 shows the contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure. 声明(Claims)可以直接根据用户已知的信息对用户进行授权,这能够保证当数据发生变化时,授权也随之而变。此事最简单的做法是根据用户数据来生成Role声明(Claim),然后由控制器用来限制对动作方法的访问。清单15-17显示了我添加到Infrastructure中的ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-17. The Contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs File 清单15-17. ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsRoles {public static IEnumerable<Claim> CreateRolesFromClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince&& x.Issuer == "RemoteClaims" && x.Value == "DC")&& user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.Role&& x.Value == "Employees")) {claims.Add(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, "DCStaff"));}return claims;} }} The gnarly looking CreateRolesFromClaims method uses lambda expressions to determine whether the user has a StateOrProvince claim from the RemoteClaims issuer with a value of DC and a Role claim with a value of Employees. If the user has both claims, then a Role claim is returned for the DCStaff role. Listing 15-18 shows how I call the CreateRolesFromClaims method from the Login action in the Account controller. CreateRolesFromClaims是一个粗糙的考察方法,它使用了Lambda表达式,以检查用户是否具有StateOrProvince声明(Claim),该声明来自于RemoteClaims发行者(Issuer),值为DC。也检查用户是否具有Role声明(Claim),其值为Employees。如果用户这两个声明都有,那么便返回一个DCStaff角色的Role声明。清单15-18显示了如何在Account控制器中的Login动作中调用CreateRolesFromClaims方法。 Listing 15-18. Generating Roles Based on Claims in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-18. 在AccountController.cs中根据声明生成角色 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident)); ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... I can then restrict access to an action method based on membership of the DCStaff role. Listing 15-19 shows a new action method I added to the Claims controller to which I have applied the Authorize attribute. 然后我可以根据DCStaff角色的成员,来限制对一个动作方法的访问。清单15-19显示了在Claims控制器中添加的一个新的动作方法,在该方法上已经运用了Authorize注解属性。 Listing 15-19. Adding a New Action Method to the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-19. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中添加一个新的动作方法 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [Authorize(Roles="DCStaff")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} Users will be able to access OtherAction only if their claims grant them membership to the DCStaff role. Membership of this role is generated dynamically, so a change to the user’s employment status or location information will change their authorization level. 只要用户的声明(Claims)承认他们是DCStaff角色的成员,那么他们便能访问OtherAction动作。该角色的成员是动态生成的,因此,若是用户的雇用状态或地点信息发生变化,也会改变他们的授权等级。 提示:请读者从这个例子中吸取其中的思想精髓。对于读物的理解程度,仁者见仁,智者见智,能领悟多少,全凭各人,译者感觉这里的思想有无数的可能。举例说明:(1)可以根据用户的身份进行授权,比如学生在校时是“学生”,毕业后便是“校友”;(2)可以根据用户所处的部门进行授权,人事部用户属于人事团队,销售部用户属于销售团队,各团队有其自己的应用;(3)下一小节的示例是根据用户的地点授权。简言之:一方面用户的各种声明(Claim)都可以用来进行授权;另一方面用户的声明(Claim)又是可以自定义的。于是可能的运用就无法估计了。总之一句话,这种基于声明的授权(Claims-Based Authorization)有无限可能!要是没有我这里的提示,是否所有读者在此处都会有所体会?——译者注 15.3.3 Authorizing Access Using Claims 15.3.3 使用声明(Claims)授权访问 The previous example is an effective demonstration of how claims can be used to keep authorizations fresh and accurate, but it is a little indirect because I generate roles based on claims data and then enforce my authorization policy based on the membership of that role. A more direct and flexible approach is to enforce authorization directly by creating a custom authorization filter attribute. Listing 15-20 shows the contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs file, which I added to the Infrastructure folder and used to create such a filter. 前面的示例有效地演示了如何用声明(Claims)来保持新鲜和准确的授权,但有点不太直接,因为我要根据声明(Claims)数据来生成了角色,然后强制我的授权策略基于角色成员。一个更直接且灵活的办法是直接强制授权,其做法是创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性。清单15-20演示了ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容,我将它添加在Infrastructure文件夹中,并用它创建了这种过滤器。 Listing 15-20. The Contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs File 清单15-20. ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsAccessAttribute : AuthorizeAttribute {public string Issuer { get; set; }public string ClaimType { get; set; }public string Value { get; set; }protected override bool AuthorizeCore(HttpContextBase context) {return context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated&& context.User.Identity is ClaimsIdentity&& ((ClaimsIdentity)context.User.Identity).HasClaim(x =>x.Issuer == Issuer && x.Type == ClaimType && x.Value == Value);} }} The attribute I have defined is derived from the AuthorizeAttribute class, which makes it easy to create custom authorization policies in MVC framework applications by overriding the AuthorizeCore method. My implementation grants access if the user is authenticated, the IIdentity implementation is an instance of ClaimsIdentity, and the user has a claim with the issuer, type, and value matching the class properties. Listing 15-21 shows how I applied the attribute to the Claims controller to authorize access to the OtherAction method based on one of the location claims created by the LocationClaimsProvider class. 我所定义的这个注解属性派生于AuthorizeAttribute类,通过重写AuthorizeCore方法,很容易在MVC框架应用程序中创建自定义的授权策略。在这个实现中,若用户是已认证的、其IIdentity实现是一个ClaimsIdentity实例,而且该用户有一个带有issuer、type以及value的声明(Claim),它们与这个类的属性是匹配的,则该用户便是允许访问的。清单15-21显示了如何将这个注解属性运用于Claims控制器,以便根据LocationClaimsProvider类创建的地点声明(Claim),对OtherAction方法进行授权访问。 Listing 15-21. Performing Authorization on Claims in the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-21. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中执行基于声明的授权 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Infrastructure;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [ClaimsAccess(Issuer="RemoteClaims", ClaimType=ClaimTypes.PostalCode,Value="DC 20500")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} My authorization filter ensures that only users whose location claims specify a ZIP code of DC 20500 can invoke the OtherAction method. 这个授权过滤器能够确保只有地点声明(Claim)的邮编为DC 20500的用户才能请求OtherAction方法。 15.4 Using Third-Party Authentication 15.4 使用第三方认证 One of the benefits of a claims-based system such as ASP.NET Identity is that any of the claims can come from an external system, even those that identify the user to the application. This means that other systems can authenticate users on behalf of the application, and ASP.NET Identity builds on this idea to make it simple and easy to add support for authenticating users through third parties such as Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter. 基于声明的系统,如ASP.NET Identity,的好处之一是任何声明都可以来自于外部系统,即使是将用户标识到应用程序的那些声明。这意味着其他系统可以代表应用程序来认证用户,而ASP.NET Identity就建立在这样的思想之上,使之能够简单而方便地添加第三方认证用户的支持,如微软、Google、Facebook、Twitter等。 There are some substantial benefits of using third-party authentication: Many users will already have an account, users can elect to use two-factor authentication, and you don’t have to manage user credentials in the application. In the sections that follow, I’ll show you how to set up and use third-party authentication for Google users, which Table 15-8 puts into context. 使用第三方认证有一些实际的好处:许多用户已经有了账号、用户可以选择使用双因子认证、你不必在应用程序中管理用户凭据等等。在以下小节中,我将演示如何为Google用户建立并使用第三方认证,表15-8描述了事情的情形。 Table 15-8. Putting Third-Party Authentication in Context 表15-8. 第三方认证情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是第三方认证? Authenticating with third parties lets you take advantage of the popularity of companies such as Google and Facebook. 第三方认证使你能够利用流行公司,如Google和Facebook,的优势。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它? Users don’t like having to remember passwords for many different sites. Using a provider with large-scale adoption can make your application more appealing to users of the provider’s services. 用户不喜欢记住许多不同网站的口令。使用大范围适应的提供器可使你的应用程序更吸引有提供器服务的用户。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它? This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework. 这不是一个直接由MVC框架使用的特性。 Note The reason I have chosen to demonstrate Google authentication is that it is the only option that doesn’t require me to register my application with the authentication service. You can get details of the registration processes required at http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE. 提示:我选择演示Google认证的原因是,它是唯一不需要在其认证服务中注册我应用程序的公司。有关认证服务注册过程的细节,请参阅http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE。 15.4.1 Enabling Google Authentication 15.4.1 启用Google认证 ASP.NET Identity comes with built-in support for authenticating users through their Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter accounts as well more general support for any authentication service that supports OAuth. The first step is to add the NuGet package that includes the Google-specific additions for ASP.NET Identity. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: ASP.NET Identity带有通过Microsoft、Google、Facebook以及Twitter账号认证用户的内建支持,并且对于支持OAuth的认证服务具有更普遍的支持。第一个步骤是添加NuGet包,包中含有用于ASP.NET Identity的Google专用附件。请在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中输入以下命令: Install-Package Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google -version 2.0.2 There are NuGet packages for each of the services that ASP.NET Identity supports, as described in Table 15-9. 对于ASP.NET Identity支持的每一种服务都有相应的NuGet包,如表15-9所示。 Table 15-9. The NuGet Authenticaton Packages 表15-9. NuGet认证包 Name 名称 Description 描述 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google Authenticates users with Google accounts 用Google账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Facebook Authenticates users with Facebook accounts 用Facebook账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Twitter Authenticates users with Twitter accounts 用Twitter账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.MicrosoftAccount Authenticates users with Microsoft accounts 用Microsoft账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.OAuth Authenticates users against any OAuth 2.0 service 根据任一OAuth 2.0服务认证用户 Once the package is installed, I enable support for the authentication service in the OWIN startup class, which is defined in the App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs file in the example project. Listing 15-22 shows the change that I have made. 一旦安装了这个包,便可以在OWIN启动类中启用此项认证服务的支持,启动类的定义在示例项目的App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs文件中。清单15-22显示了所做的修改。 Listing 15-22. Enabling Google Authentication in the IdentityConfig.cs File 清单15-22. 在IdentityConfig.cs文件中启用Google认证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Cookies;using Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google;namespace Users {public class IdentityConfig {public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app) {app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppIdentityDbContext>(AppIdentityDbContext.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppUserManager>(AppUserManager.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppRoleManager>(AppRoleManager.Create); app.UseCookieAuthentication(new CookieAuthenticationOptions {AuthenticationType = DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie,LoginPath = new PathString("/Account/Login"),}); app.UseExternalSignInCookie(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);app.UseGoogleAuthentication();} }} Each of the packages that I listed in Table 15-9 contains an extension method that enables the corresponding service. The extension method for the Google service is called UseGoogleAuthentication, and it is called on the IAppBuilder implementation that is passed to the Configuration method. 表15-9所列的每个包都含有启用相应服务的扩展方法。用于Google服务的扩展方法名称为UseGoogleAuthentication,它通过传递给Configuration方法的IAppBuilder实现进行调用。 Next I added a button to the Views/Account/Login.cshtml file, which allows users to log in via Google. You can see the change in Listing 15-23. 下一步骤是在Views/Account/Login.cshtml文件中添加一个按钮,让用户能够通过Google进行登录。所做的修改如清单15-23所示。 Listing 15-23. Adding a Google Login Button to the Login.cshtml File 清单15-23. 在Login.cshtml文件中添加Google登录按钮 @model Users.Models.LoginModel@{ ViewBag.Title = "Login";}<h2>Log In</h2> @Html.ValidationSummary()@using (Html.BeginForm()) {@Html.AntiForgeryToken();<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><div class="form-group"><label>Name</label>@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><div class="form-group"><label>Password</label>@Html.PasswordFor(x => x.Password, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In</button>}@using (Html.BeginForm("GoogleLogin", "Account")) {<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In via Google</button>} The new button submits a form that targets the GoogleLogin action on the Account controller. You can see this method—and the other changes I made the controller—in Listing 15-24. 新按钮递交一个表单,目标是Account控制器中的GoogleLogin动作。可从清单15-24中看到该方法,以及在控制器中所做的其他修改。 Listing 15-24. Adding Support for Google Authentication to the AccountController.cs File 清单15-24. 在AccountController.cs文件中添加Google认证支持 using System.Threading.Tasks;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.Owin.Security;using System.Security.Claims;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using System.Web; namespace Users.Controllers {[Authorize]public class AccountController : Controller {[AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult Login(string returnUrl) {if (HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated) {return View("Error", new string[] { "Access Denied" });}ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View();}[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident)); AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);} [HttpPost][AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult GoogleLogin(string returnUrl) {var properties = new AuthenticationProperties {RedirectUri = Url.Action("GoogleLoginCallback",new { returnUrl = returnUrl})};HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();}[AllowAnonymous]public async Task<ActionResult> GoogleLoginCallback(string returnUrl) {ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);if (user == null) {user = new AppUser {Email = loginInfo.Email,UserName = loginInfo.DefaultUserName,City = Cities.LONDON, Country = Countries.UK};IdentityResult result = await UserManager.CreateAsync(user);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} else {result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} }}ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false }, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl ?? "/");}[Authorize]public ActionResult Logout() {AuthManager.SignOut();return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");}private IAuthenticationManager AuthManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication;} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } The GoogleLogin method creates an instance of the AuthenticationProperties class and sets the RedirectUri property to a URL that targets the GoogleLoginCallback action in the same controller. The next part is a magic phrase that causes ASP.NET Identity to respond to an unauthorized error by redirecting the user to the Google authentication page, rather than the one defined by the application: GoogleLogin方法创建了AuthenticationProperties类的一个实例,并为RedirectUri属性设置了一个URL,其目标为同一控制器中的GoogleLoginCallback动作。下一个部分是一个神奇阶段,通过将用户重定向到Google认证页面,而不是应用程序所定义的认证页面,让ASP.NET Identity对未授权的错误进行响应: ...HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();... This means that when the user clicks the Log In via Google button, their browser is redirected to the Google authentication service and then redirected back to the GoogleLoginCallback action method once they are authenticated. 这意味着,当用户通过点击Google按钮进行登录时,浏览器被重定向到Google的认证服务,一旦在那里认证之后,便被重定向回GoogleLoginCallback动作方法。 I get details of the external login by calling the GetExternalLoginInfoAsync of the IAuthenticationManager implementation, like this: 我通过调用IAuthenticationManager实现的GetExternalLoginInfoAsync方法,我获得了外部登录的细节,如下所示: ...ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();... The ExternalLoginInfo class defines the properties shown in Table 15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类定义的属性如表15-10所示: Table 15-10. The Properties Defined by the ExternalLoginInfo Class 表15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类所定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 DefaultUserName Returns the username 返回用户名 Email Returns the e-mail address 返回E-mail地址 ExternalIdentity Returns a ClaimsIdentity that identities the user 返回标识该用户的ClaimsIdentity Login Returns a UserLoginInfo that describes the external login 返回描述外部登录的UserLoginInfo I use the FindAsync method defined by the user manager class to locate the user based on the value of the ExternalLoginInfo.Login property, which returns an AppUser object if the user has been authenticated with the application before: 我使用了由用户管理器类所定义的FindAsync方法,以便根据ExternalLoginInfo.Login属性的值对用户进行定位,如果用户之前在应用程序中已经认证,该属性会返回一个AppUser对象: ...AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);... If the FindAsync method doesn’t return an AppUser object, then I know that this is the first time that this user has logged into the application, so I create a new AppUser object, populate it with values, and save it to the database. I also save details of how the user logged in so that I can find them next time: 如果FindAsync方法返回的不是AppUser对象,那么我便知道这是用户首次登录应用程序,于是便创建了一个新的AppUser对象,填充该对象的值,并将其保存到数据库。我还保存了用户如何登录的细节,以便下次能够找到他们: ...result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);... All that remains is to generate an identity the user, copy the claims provided by Google, and create an authentication cookie so that the application knows the user has been authenticated: 剩下的事情只是生成该用户的标识了,拷贝Google提供的声明(Claims),并创建一个认证Cookie,以使应用程序知道此用户已认证: ...ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties { IsPersistent = false }, ident);... 15.4.2 Testing Google Authentication 15.4.2 测试Google认证 There is one further change that I need to make before I can test Google authentication: I need to change the account verification I set up in Chapter 13 because it prevents accounts from being created with e-mail addresses that are not within the example.com domain. Listing 15-25 shows how I removed the verification from the AppUserManager class. 在测试Google认证之前还需要一处修改:需要修改第13章所建立的账号验证,因为它不允许example.com域之外的E-mail地址创建账号。清单15-25显示了如何在AppUserManager类中删除这种验证。 Listing 15-25. Disabling Account Validation in the AppUserManager.cs File 清单15-25. 在AppUserManager.cs文件中取消账号验证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppUserManager : UserManager<AppUser> {public AppUserManager(IUserStore<AppUser> store): base(store) {}public static AppUserManager Create(IdentityFactoryOptions<AppUserManager> options,IOwinContext context) {AppIdentityDbContext db = context.Get<AppIdentityDbContext>();AppUserManager manager = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(db)); manager.PasswordValidator = new CustomPasswordValidator {RequiredLength = 6,RequireNonLetterOrDigit = false,RequireDigit = false,RequireLowercase = true,RequireUppercase = true}; //manager.UserValidator = new CustomUserValidator(manager) {// AllowOnlyAlphanumericUserNames = true,// RequireUniqueEmail = true//};return manager;} }} Tip you can use validation for externally authenticated accounts, but I am just going to disable the feature for simplicity. 提示:也可以使用外部已认证账号的验证,但这里出于简化,取消了这一特性。 To test authentication, start the application, click the Log In via Google button, and provide the credentials for a valid Google account. When you have completed the authentication process, your browser will be redirected back to the application. If you navigate to the /Claims/Index URL, you will be able to see how claims from the Google system have been added to the user’s identity, as shown in Figure 15-7. 为了测试认证,启动应用程序,通过点击“Log In via Google(通过Google登录)”按钮,并提供有效的Google账号凭据。当你完成了认证过程时,浏览器将被重定向回应用程序。如果导航到/Claims/Index URL,便能够看到来自Google系统的声明(Claims),已被添加到用户的标识中了,如图15-7所示。 Figure 15-7. Claims from Google 图15-7. 来自Google的声明(Claims) 15.5 Summary 15.5 小结 In this chapter, I showed you some of the advanced features that ASP.NET Identity supports. I demonstrated the use of custom user properties and how to use database migrations to preserve data when you upgrade the schema to support them. I explained how claims work and how they can be used to create more flexible ways of authorizing users. I finished the chapter by showing you how to authenticate users via Google, which builds on the ideas behind the use of claims. 本章向你演示了ASP.NET Identity所支持的一些高级特性。演示了自定义用户属性的使用,还演示了在升级数据架构时,如何使用数据库迁移保护数据。我解释了声明(Claims)的工作机制,以及如何将它们用于创建更灵活的用户授权方式。最后演示了如何通过Google进行认证结束了本章,这是建立在使用声明(Claims)的思想基础之上的。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/gz19871113/article/details/108591802。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2023-10-28 08:49:21
283
转载
JQuery
...技术的快速发展,诸如Vue.js、React等现代框架逐渐崭露头角,并提供了更为强大的DOM操作能力。然而,jQuery因其简单易学的API设计和对旧版浏览器的良好兼容性,在许多项目中依然不可或缺。 例如,在Bootstrap 5这一流行CSS框架中,尽管其自身组件已支持原生JavaScript交互,但仍推荐开发者结合jQuery以实现更复杂的功能。jQuery对class属性值的操作不仅限于查找,还包括动态添加、删除以及切换,这在响应式布局或状态管理时显得尤为重要。 另外值得注意的是,虽然JavaScript原生API(如querySelectorAll和classList)现在也能够实现类似jQuery的功能,但在跨浏览器兼容性、简化语法及链式调用等方面,jQuery仍有其独特优势。近期,jQuery团队持续更新维护,进一步优化性能并保持与现代Web标准的同步。 此外,对于初学者而言,通过学习jQuery对class属性值的操作,不仅能理解DOM操作的基本原理,还能为今后掌握其他前端框架打下坚实基础。深入研究jQuery的选择器机制和事件处理方法,将有助于提升开发者对整个Web应用架构的理解与实践能力。 总之,在实际项目开发中,根据具体需求选择合适的工具和技术栈至关重要。无论是坚持使用jQuery,还是转向现代前端框架,理解并熟练运用对class属性值的操作始终是前端工程师必备的核心技能之一。
2023-08-05 19:20:47
84
算法侠
JQuery
...t结构,可以轻松地将动态效果加入网站中。其中一个最常见的效果是收起多有ul导航菜单。 运用jQuery建立收起导航菜单非常简单。先在HTML中建立一个ul元素,并将所有子项作为子项加入列表中。运用CSS对列表样式进行配置,然后运用jQuery将导航菜单收起起来。 以下是一个基础的ul导航菜单代码例子: <ul class="menu"> <li>导航菜单项一</li> <li>导航菜单项二</li> <li>导航菜单项三 <ul> <li>子导航菜单项一</li> <li>子导航菜单项二</li> <li>子导航菜单项三</li> </ul> </li> <li>导航菜单项四</li> </ul> 这个例子中包含一个内嵌的ul列表。要将其收起,我们需要运用jQuery选取器并关联一个触发事件。在本例中,我们将运用click事件。以下是jQuery代码: $(document).ready(function() { $('li:has(ul)').click(function(event) { if (this == event.target) { $(this).toggleClass('expanded'); $(this).children('ul').toggle('medium'); return false; } }); }); 这个代码段中,我们首先运用jQuery的ready()函数来保证所有文档元素都已经加载。接着,运用选取器来选择所有包含子项的li元素,并关联一个click事件。在click事件中,我们先检查点击事件是否是由当前元素触发的。只有当前元素被点击时,我们才会执行代码。接下来,我们运用toggleClass()函数来添加或删除“expanded”类别,这样可以更改文本样式并显示或隐藏子列表。 最后,我们运用toggle()函数来达成收起效果,并通过medium参数指定动画的速度。 通过这些简单的代码,您可以将收起导航菜单加入自己的网站中,使其更加动态且易用。
2023-06-21 10:03:27
331
逻辑鬼才
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