[URI Uniform Resource...]的搜索结果

...可视化展示及监控。 Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) , URI是一种字符串型标识符，用于唯一地标识互联网上的资源或服务的位置以及访问方法。在文章的具体应用场景中，URI用于配置Logstash与Elasticsearch集群节点的连接地址，通常包含协议（如http或https）、主机名或IP地址以及端口号，例如http://localhost:9200，确保Logstash能准确无误地向指定的Elasticsearch节点发送数据。 SSL/TLS连接 , SSL（Secure Sockets Layer）和其继任者TLS（Transport Layer Security）是网络通信中广泛采用的安全协议，用于加密在网络上传输的数据，防止信息被窃取或篡改。在本文提到的场景下，启用SSL加密连接意味着Logstash与Elasticsearch之间的数据传输将得到安全保障，避免敏感日志信息在传输过程中遭到泄露。 基本认证 , 基本认证是一种HTTP身份验证机制，要求用户提供用户名和密码进行验证。在Logstash与Elasticsearch集成时，可以在URI中嵌入基本认证信息（如user:password@hostname），以此确保只有经过授权的用户才能访问和写入Elasticsearch集群中的数据。

...更新和删除操作。通过URI（Uniform Resource Identifier）定位资源，并以JSON、XML等形式返回资源的状态。在本文中，通过在RESTful web服务的控制器方法上应用@CrossOrigin注解，实现对这些服务的跨域访问支持。

...ful API通常以URI表示资源，并利用HTTP请求来获取、创建、更新或删除这些资源。 Beego , Beego是一个用Go语言编写的开源Web框架。其设计目标是为开发者提供一个高效、轻量级且功能全面的工具集，用于快速构建可扩展的Web应用程序和RESTful API服务。Beego框架内建了包括路由管理、中间件支持、模板渲染、ORM数据库操作等多种实用组件，从而简化了开发流程并提升了开发效率。 URI（Uniform Resource Identifier） , 在本文语境中，URI指的是统一资源标识符，它是互联网上唯一标识资源的一种字符串型标识。在RESTful API设计中，URI用来定位和识别特定资源，例如在示例代码中的/users/:id就代表了一个用户资源的URI，其中:id是一个占位符，可以被具体的用户ID所替换，这样就能通过HTTP请求精确地访问或操作指定用户的资源信息。

...QLAlchemy URI设置全攻略 在数据分析和可视化领域，Apache Superset无疑是一款备受推崇的开源工具。它不仅能让你随心所欲地选择各种图表样式，还超级灵活地接纳各种数据源接入方式，更酷的是，用户可以大展身手，自由定制数据连接配置。就像在玩乐高积木一样，你可以自定义SQLAlchemy URI设置，想怎么拼就怎么拼！本文将带您深入探索这一功能，通过实例详解如何在Superset中自定义SQLAlchemy URI，以满足您特定的数据源连接需求。 1. SQLAlchemy与URI简介 首先，我们来快速了解一下SQLAlchemy以及其URI（Uniform Resource Identifier）的概念。SQLAlchemy，这可是Python世界里鼎鼎大名的关系型数据库操作工具，大家都抢着用。而URI呢，你可以理解为一个超级实用的“地址条”，它用一种统一格式的字符串，帮我们精准定位并解锁访问数据库资源的各种路径和方式，是不是很给力？在Superset中，我们通过配置SQLAlchemy URI来建立与各种数据库（如MySQL、PostgreSQL、Oracle等）的连接。 例如，一个基本的PostgreSQL的SQLAlchemy URI可能看起来像这样： python postgresql://username:password@host:port/database 这里的各个部分分别代表数据库用户名、密码、主机地址、端口号和数据库名。 2. Superset中的SQLAlchemy URI设置 在Superset中，我们可以在“Sources” -> “Databases”页面添加或编辑数据源时，自定义SQLAlchemy URI。下面让我们一步步揭开这个过程： 2.1 添加新的数据库连接 (1) 登录到您的Superset后台管理界面，点击左侧菜单栏的"Sources"，然后选择"Databases"。 (2) 点击右上角的"+"按钮，开始创建一个新的数据库连接。 (3) 在弹出的表单中，选择适合您的数据库引擎类型，如"PostgreSQL"，并在"Database Connection URL"字段中填写您的自定义SQLAlchemy URI。 2.2 示例代码 假设我们要连接到一台本地运行的PostgreSQL数据库，用户名为superset_user，密码为secure_password，端口为5432，数据库名为superset_db，则对应的SQLAlchemy URI如下： python postgresql://superset_user:secure_password@localhost:5432/superset_db 填入上述信息后，点击"Save"保存设置，Superset便会使用该URI与指定的数据库建立连接。 2.3 进阶应用 对于一些需要额外参数的数据库（比如SSL加密连接、指定编码格式等），可以在URI中进一步扩展： python postgresql://superset_user:secure_password@localhost:5432/superset_db?sslmode=require&charset=utf8 这里，sslmode=require指定了启用SSL加密连接，charset=utf8则设置了字符集。 3. 思考与探讨 在实际应用场景中，灵活运用SQLAlchemy URI的自定义能力，可以极大地增强Superset的数据源兼容性与安全性。甭管是云端飘着的RDS服务，还是公司里头自个儿搭建的各种数据库系统，只要你摸准了那个URI构造的门道，咱们就能轻轻松松把它们拽进Superset这个大舞台，然后麻溜儿地对数据进行深度分析，再活灵活现地展示出来，那感觉倍儿爽！ 在面对复杂的数据库连接问题时，别忘了查阅SQLAlchemy官方文档以获取更多关于URI配置的细节和选项，同时结合Superset的强大功能，定能让您的数据驱动决策之路更加顺畅！ 总的来说，掌握并熟练运用自定义SQLAlchemy URI的技巧，就像是赋予了Superset一把打开任意数据宝库的钥匙，无论数据藏于何处，都能随心所欲地进行探索挖掘。这就是Superset的魅力所在，也是我们在数据科学道路上不断求索的动力源泉！

...<local|resourcemanager:port> specify a ResourceManager-files <file1,...> specify a comma-separated list of files to be copied to the map reduce cluster-libjars <jar1,...> specify a comma-separated list of jar files to be included in the classpath-archives <archive1,...> specify a comma-separated list of archives to be unarchived on the compute machinesThe general command line syntax is:command [genericOptions] [commandOptions] 查看详细命令 hadoop fs -help 命令（如cat） 更改hdfs的权限 vi core-site.xml <property><name>hadoop.http.staticuser.user</name><value>root</value></property> HDFS客户端API操作 Windows环境配置 将Windows依赖放到文件夹， 配置环境变量，添加HADOOP_HOME ，编辑Path添加%HADOOP_HOME%/bin 拷贝hadoop.dll和winutils.exe到C:\Windows\System32 创建java项目 配置 编辑pom.xml <dependencies><dependency><groupId>junit</groupId><artifactId>junit</artifactId><version>4.12</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId><artifactId>log4j-slf4j-impl</artifactId><version>2.12.0</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.apache.hadoop</groupId><artifactId>hadoop-client</artifactId><version>3.1.3</version></dependency></dependencies> 在src/main/resources中建立log4j2.xml 打印日志到控制台 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Configuration status="WARN"><Appenders><Console name="Console" target="SYSTEM_OUT"><PatternLayout pattern="%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%t] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n"/></Console></Appenders><Loggers><Root level="error"><AppenderRef ref="Console"/></Root></Loggers></Configuration> 编写代码 在/src/main/java/cn.zcx.hdfs创建TestHDFS类 public class TestHDFS {// 创建全局变量private FileSystem fs;private Configuration conf;private URI uri;private String user;// 从本地上传文件@Testpublic void testUpload() throws IOException {fs.copyFromLocalFile(false,true,new Path("F:\\Download\\使用前说明.txt"),new Path("/testhdfs"));}/ @Before 方法在@Test方法执行之前执行 /@Beforepublic void init() throws IOException, InterruptedException {uri = URI.create("hdfs://master:8020");conf = new Configuration();user = "root";fs = FileSystem.get(uri,conf,user);}/ @After方法在@Test方法结束后执行 /@Afterpublic void close() throws IOException {fs.close();}@Testpublic void testHDFS() throws IOException, InterruptedException {//1. 创建文件系统对象/URI uri = URI.create("hdfs://master:8020");Configuration conf = new Configuration();String user = "root";FileSystem fs = FileSystem.get(uri,conf,user);System.out.println("fs: " + fs);/// 2. 创建一个目录boolean b = fs.mkdirs(new Path("/testhdfs"));System.out.println(b);// 3. 关闭fs.close();} } 参数优先级 xxx-default.xml < xxx-site.xml < IDEA中resource中创建xxx-site.xml < 在代码中通过更改Configuration 参数 文件下载 @Testpublic void testDownload() throws IOException {fs.copyToLocalFile(false,new Path("/testhdfs/使用前说明.txt"),new Path("F:\\Download\\"),true);} 文件更改移动 //改名or移动（路径改变就可以）@Testpublic void testRename() throws IOException {boolean b = fs.rename(new Path("/testhdfs/使用前说明.txt"),new Path("/testhdfs/zcx.txt"));System.out.println(b);} 查看文件详细信息 // 查看文件详情@Testpublic void testListFiles() throws IOException {RemoteIterator<LocatedFileStatus> listFiles = fs.listFiles(new Path("/"), true);//迭代操作while (listFiles.hasNext()){LocatedFileStatus fileStatus = listFiles.next();//获取文件详情System.out.println("文件路径："+fileStatus.getPath());System.out.println("文件权限："+fileStatus.getPermission());System.out.println("文件主人："+fileStatus.getOwner());System.out.println("文件组："+fileStatus.getGroup());System.out.println("文件大小："+fileStatus.getLen());System.out.println("文件副本数："+fileStatus.getReplication());System.out.println("文件块位置："+ Arrays.toString(fileStatus.getBlockLocations()));System.out.println("===============================");} } 文件删除 第二参数，true递归删除 //文件删除@Testpublic void testDelete() throws IOException {boolean b = fs.delete(new Path("/testhdfs/"), true);System.out.println(b);} NN与2NN工作原理 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Python1One/article/details/108546050。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...” Aqua Security的开发人员倡导者Anaïs Urlichs则认为，支持开源的承诺必须从高层开始。 她说，“公司在多数时候往往不重视对开源的投资，所以员工自然而然不被鼓励对此作出贡献。” 在这些情况下，员工对于开源的热情也会在空闲时间里对开源的建设而消散殆尽，这对于开源的发展来说是不可持续的。 “如果公司对开源项目依赖度高，那么将开源贡献纳入工程师的日程安排是很重要的，”她说。“一些公司定义了员工可以为开源建设的时间百分比，将其作为他们正常工作日的一部分。” The New Stack 是 Insight Partners 的全资子公司，Insight Partners 是本文提到的以下公司的投资者：Sysdig、Aqua Security。 中英对照版 How an OSPO Can Help Your Engineers Give Back to Open Source OSPO （开源项目办公室）是如何使工程师回馈开源的 When it comes to open source software, there’s a big and growing problem: most organizations are takers, not givers. 谈到开源软件，有一个较大且日益严重的问题：大多数组织都是索取者，而不是给予者。 There’s a classic XKCD comic that shows a giant structure representing modern digital infrastructure, dependent on a tiny component created by “some random person in Nebraska” who has been “thanklessly maintaining since 2003.” 经典漫画XKCD展示了一个代表现代数字基础设施的巨大结构，它依赖于“内布拉斯加州的某位人士”创建的微小组件，该组件“自2003年来一直都处于吃力不讨好的状态”。 Randall Monroe’s XKCD comic illustrates the open source dilemma: overreliance on a small number of volunteer project maintainers. Randall Monroe 的XKCD漫画展示了目前开源面临的窘境：过度依赖少数项目维护志愿者的志愿服务。 This would have been funny, except that this is exactly what happened when security vulnerabilities were discovered in Log4j last December. （开源项目由志愿者自发来维护，）这听起来像是一件很滑稽的事情，但事实上去年十二月在Log4j中发现的安全漏洞也确实存在着上述情况。 The Java-based logging tool is ubiquitous in enterprise publications. In the last three months, for example, Log4j has been downloaded more than 30 million times, according to a report by the enterprise software company Sonatype. 然而这个基于Java的日志记录工具已经在企业内部刊物中无处不在。例如根据软件公司Sonatype的一份报告显示，在过去的三个月里，Log4j的下载量就已经超过3000万次。 The tool has 440,000 lines of code, according to Synopsys‘ Black Duck Open Hub research tool, with nearly 24,000 contributions by nearly 200 developers. That’s a large dev team compared to other open source projects. But looking closer at the numbers, more than 70% of commits were by just five people. 根据Synopsys(新思）公司旗下的Black Duck Open Hub 研究工具显示。Log4j有着440,000行代码，由近200名开发人员贡献了将近24,000行代码。其实与其他开源项目相比，这是一个庞大的开发团队。但是如果关注数据的话，就会发现超过70%的提交是仅仅靠五个人来完成的。 Log4j’s home page lists about a dozen members on its project team. Most projects have far fewer developers working on them — and that presents a problem for the organizations that depend on them. Log4j的主页上展示了十几位项目团队的成员。而大多项目的开发人员要比其原本需要的少得多----这是高度依赖开发人员团队所呈现出来的问题。 “There is little incentive for anyone today to contribute to an existing open source project,” said Jeremy Stretch, distinguished engineer at NS1, a DNS network company. “There’s usually no direct compensation, and few accolades are offered — most users don’t even know who maintains the software that they use.” “如今的人没有什么动力去为现有的开源项目做贡献”，来自DNS网络公司NS1的杰出工程师Jeremy Strech说，“因为通常来说，这没有直接的物质回报，也很少提供荣誉----大多数用户甚至不知道他们所用的软件是谁维护的。” The most common motivation among open source contributors is to add a feature that they themselves want to see, he said. “Once this has been achieved, the contributor rarely sticks around.” 他说，开源贡献者们最常见的动机就是添加他们自己想要的功能。“一旦实现了这一点，他们几乎都不会留下来。” Meanwhile, as a project becomes more popular, the burden on the core team of maintainers keeps increasing. 与此同时，随着项目的逐渐流行，对于维护方面的核心团队来说，他们的负担也在不断增加。 “More users means more feature requests and more bug reports — but not more maintainers,” Stretch said. “What was once an enjoyable hobby can quickly become a tedious chore, and many maintainers understandably opt to simply abandon their projects altogether.” “更多的用户意味有着更多的功能需求和错误报告----但不是更多的维护人员”，Stretch说。“曾经令人愉快的爱好很快就会变成一项乏味的项目，所以很多维护人员选择干脆完全放弃他们的项目，这也是可以理解的。” Part1The Tragedy of the Commons The open source software ecosystem is a perfect example of the “tragedy of the commons.” 开源软件的生态系统，就是“公地悲剧”的一个完美例子。 And the tragedy is — when everyone uses, but no one contributes, that resource — whether it’s an overrun park or an open source project — eventually collapses from overuse and underinvestment. Everyone loves using free stuff, but everyone expects someone else to take care of it. 这个悲剧就是---当一种资源，无论是一个超限的公园还是一个开源项目，所有人都在使用而没有人贡献之时，最终都会因为过度使用和投入不足而崩溃坍塌。 This approach can save you money in the short term, but it can become a fatal flaw over time. Especially since open source software is everywhere, running everything. 这种方式可以在短期内为你节省资金，但随着时间的推移，它可能会变成项目里致命的缺陷。 Linux, for example, the open source operating system, runs on 96% of the world’s top 1 million servers, and 90% of all cloud infrastructure is on Linux. Not to mention that 85% of all smartphones in the world run Linux, in the form of the Android OS. 拿Linux来说，这个开源操作系统在全球前100万台服务器中运行率在96%以上，且这些服务器90%的云基础设施也都在Linux上。更不用说世界上85%的智能手机都运行着Linux，即Android操作系统。 Then there’s Java, Apache, WordPress, Cassandra, Hadoop, MySQL, PHP, ElasticSearch, Kubernetes — the list of ubiquitous open source projects goes on and on. 还有Java, Apache, WordPress, Cassandra, Hadoop, MySQL, PHP, ElasticSearch, Kubernetes--这些常见开源项目的列表还在逐渐增加着。 Without open source, much of today’s technical infrastructure would immediately grind to a halt. 如果没有开源，今天的大部分技术基础设施的建设也将会戛然而止。 “It is a real problem,” said Danil Mikhailov, executive director at Data.org, a nonprofit backed by the Mastercard Center for Inclusive Growth and The Rockefeller Foundation that promotes the use of data science to tackle society’s greatest challenges. “这是一个很现实的问题”，Data.org的执行董事Danil Mikhailov说，该组织是由万事达包容性发展中心和洛克菲勒基金会支持，旨在促进使用数据科学来应对当今社会所面临的巨大挑战的非营利性组织。 While nearly all organizations use open source software, only a minority contribute to those projects. Forty-two percent of participants in a survey released in September by The New Stack, Linux Foundation Research, and the TODO Group said tthey contribute at least sometimes to open source projects. 虽然几乎所有组织都在使用着开源软件，但只有少数组织为这些项目作出了贡献。The New Stack、Linux Foundation Research 和 TODO Group 在 9 月发布的一项调查中，42% 的参与者表示，他们至少有时会为开源项目做出贡献。 The same study showed that only 36% of organizations train their engineers to contribute to open source. 而同一项研究表明，只有36%的组织会培训他们的工程师为开源作出贡献。 Individual companies should support projects that they use the most and are critical to their success, Mikhailov said: “If you use, you contribute.” 个体公司应该支持贡献这些他们使用最多且对他们成功至关重要的项目，Mikhailov认为：“如果你使用开源，你就应该为他做出属于你自己的贡献。” Part2OSPO Benefits:Less Tech Debt,Better Recruiting Participating in open source communities — especially when guided by an in-house open source program office (OSPO) — can help ensure the health of projects critical to your organization’s success, improve those projects’ security, and allow your engineers to have more impact in the projects’ development road map. 参与开源社区——特别是在内部开源项目办公室（OSPO）的指导下——不仅可以保证对组织成功至关重要项目的健康发展，还可以提高项目安全性，同时可以允许工程师在项目发展规划中起到更大的影响。 Say, for example, a company uses an open source tool and modifies it a little to make it better. If that improvement isn’t contributed back to the community, then the official version of the open source project will start to diverge from what the company is using 例如，如果一家公司使用了开源工具，并对其进行了一些调整使其变得更好。但如果这项改进没有反馈到开源社区，那么开源项目的正式版本就会一开始与该公司所使用的版本有所不同。 “You start to grow technical debt because when the original source changes and you’ve got a different version. Those differences grow rapidly, compounding daily. It doesn’t take long for you to be the proud user and maintainer of a one-of-a-kind open source project variant,” said Suzanne Ambiel, director, open source marketing and strategy at VMware. “当原始代码来源发生变化且你所使用的是不同的版本时，你的技术负债将越来越多。而这些差异是以天为单位迅速增长的。”VMware 开源营销和战略总监 Suzanne Ambiel 表示，“所以你很快就会变成一个开源项目里独一无二变体的‘自豪’用户和维护人员。” “The technical debt gets bigger and bigger and it gets very expensive for a company to manage.” “如果技术负债越来越多，那么公司的管理成本则会非常昂贵”。 Support for open source activity can also be a recruiting tool. “It’s really a talent magnet,” said Ambiel. “It’s one of the things that new hires look for.” 实际上对于开源活动的支持也变成了一种招聘途径。“这真是一块吸引人才的磁铁，”Ambiel说，“这也是新员工所寻求的“。 Some engineering managers might worry that open source contributions will detract from core product development, she said. Their rationale, she added, might run along the lines of, “I only have so much talent, and so many hours, and I need them to only work on things where I can measure and see the return on investment.” 她还提到，一些工程经理可能会对贡献开源而减损核心产品的开发的精力而感到担忧。她补充到，他们的理由有可能是这样的：“我只有有限的才华与时间，且我需要这些只做我认为可以度量且看到投资回报的事情。” But that attitude, she said, is shortsighted. Supporting employees who contribute to open source communities can build skills and develop talent, she said. 但她说，这是一种鼠目寸光的态度。支持开源社区并且作出贡献的员工，可以从中培养技能与增长才华。 Loris Degionni, chief technology officer and founder at Sysdig, a cloud security vendor, echoed this notion: “Finding employees who contribute to open source is a gold mine,” said. 云安全供应商 Sysdig 的首席技术官兼创始人 Loris Degionni 也赞同这一观点：“找出为开源做出贡献的员工无疑就找到一座金矿，”他说。 These employees are more capable of delivering features a company wants to use and merge them into community-supported standards, he said. And in a war for talent, companies that embrace open source are more attractive to developers. 他认为，这些参与开源的员工更具备公司想拥有的竞争力并将一些功能融入至社区所支持的标准中。且在人才争夺战中，拥抱开源的公司也更受到开发人员的青睐。 “Lastly, open source is driven by a community of technical experts you may not be able to hire,” he said. “When employees actively contribute and collaborate with these experts, they’ll be better informed of best practices and bring them back to your organization. “最后，开源项目是由你可能无法聘请的技术专家社区推动的”，他说，“当员工积极参与并于这些专家合作时，他们将能更好地深入这些最佳实践，并将这些收获带回到你的组织之中。” “You start to grow technical debt because when the original source changes and you’ve got a different version … It doesn’t take long for you to be the proud user and maintainer of a one-of-a-kind open source project variant.” —Suzanne Ambiel, director, open source marketing and strategy, VMware “当原始数据来源发生变化且你所使用的是不同的版本时，你的技术负债将越来越多...所以你很快就会变成一个开源项目里独一无二变体的”自豪“用户和维护人员。” — Suzanne Ambiel，VMware 开源营销和战略总监 “All of this should be rewarded — developers shouldn’t have to spend their free time honing their skills, as your company will quickly see benefits from their efforts.” “但是这一切终究不会白费--开发人员不应该把业余时间用在磨练他们的技能上，因为你的公司很快就会在他们的努力中看到好处。” An OSPO, Degionni suggested, can help achieve these goals, as well as help prioritize contributions and ensure collaboration. In addition, they can help provide governance that mirrors what companies would have for internally developed applications. Degionni认为，OSPO（开源计划办公室）可以帮助公司实现这些目标，以及帮助确定贡献的优先级并确保合作的进行。除此之外，他们也可以对公司内部开发应用程序方面的治理提供相关帮助。 “Members of the open source team are also in a position to be great internal evangelists for open source technologies, and act as bridges between the organization and the broader community,” he added. “开源团队的成员也可以成为开源技术的伟大内部布道师，并充当组织与更广泛社区之间的桥梁。”他补充道。 In the September survey from The New Stack, Linux Foundation Research and the TODO Group, nearly 53% of organizations with OSPOs said they saw more innovation as a result of having an OSPO, while almost 43% said they saw increased participation in external open source projects. 在 The New Stack、Linux Foundation Research 和 TODO Group 的 9 月调查中，近 53% 的拥有 OSPO的组织表示，由于拥有了OSPO，他们看到了更多创新，而近 43% 的组织表示，他们在外部开源项目的参与度上有所增加。 Part3More OSPO Benefits:A Business Edge Contributing to open source communities doesn’t just help the communities, but the companies that contribute to them, said Tom Hickman, chief innovation officer at ThreatX, a cybersecurity firm. 网络安全公司 ThreatX 的首席创新官 Tom Hickman 表示，为开源社区做出贡献，不仅有助于社区，还有助于为社区做出贡献的公司。 “Growing the community of developers around a project helps the code base, and attracts more developers,” he said. “It can become a virtuous circle.” “围绕一个项目而发展的开发人员社区，有助于代码库的形成，并吸引更多的开发人员参与”，他说，“这可以变成一个良性循环。” Also, companies that contribute to open source projects get twice the productive value from their use of open source than companies that don’t, according to research by Harvard Business School. 此外，根据哈佛商学院的研究，为开源项目作出贡献的公司从使用开源的项目中获得的生产价值，是不参与开源项目公司的两倍。 Many of the biggest companies in the world are contributing to open source, said Chris Aniszczyk, chief technology officer at Cloud Native Computing Foundation. He pointed to the Open Source Contributor Index as a reference for exactly just how much companies are doing. Cloud Native Computing Foundation 的首席技术官 Chris Aniszczyk 说，世界上许多巨头公司都为开源作出了贡献。他还提到，开源贡献者的指数是作为公司是否有所作为的参考。 The tech giants dominate the list: Google, Microsoft, Red Hat, Intel, IBM, Amazon, Facebook, VMware, GitHub and SAP are the top 10 contributors, in that order. But there are also a lot of end users on the top 100 list, said Aniszczyk, including Uber, the BBC, Orange, Netflix, and Square. 科技巨头占据了这份榜单的主导地位：谷歌、微软、红帽、英特尔、IBM、亚马逊、Facebook、VMware、GitHub 和 SAP 依次是排名前 10 的贡献者。但Aniszczyk 表示，但也有很多终端用户公司进入前 100 名，包括 Uber、BBC、Orange、Netflix 和 Square。 “We’ve always known working in upstream projects is not just the right thing to do —it’s the best approach to open source software development and the best way to deliver open source benefits to our customers,” he said. “It’s great to see that IT leaders recognize this as well.” “我们一直知道，在上游项目中工作不仅仅是关正确与否----它是开源软件开发的最佳方法，也是向客户提供开源福利的最佳方式“他说，“很高兴看到IT领导者们也认识到了这一点。” To contribute alongside these giants, companies need to have their own open source strategies, and having an open source program office can help. 为了和这些公司一起作出贡献，公司也需要有自己的开源策略，而拥有一个开源项目办公室则可以为其提供帮助。 “OSPOs provide a critical center of competency in a company when it comes to utilizing open source software,” he said. “在使用开源软件方面，OPSO为公司提供了一个至关重要的能力中心”他说。 It’s similar to the way that companies have security operations centers, he said. 这与公司拥有安全运营中心的方式类似，他说。 “Growing the community of developers around a project helps the code base, and attracts more developers. It can become a virtuous circle.” —Tom Hickman, chief innovation officer, ThreatX “围绕一个项目而发展的开发人员社区，有助于代码库的形成，并吸引更多的开发人员参与，这可以变成一个良性循环。” ——Tom Hickman，ThreatX 首席创新官 “If you don’t make the investment in a security team, you generally don’t expect your software to be secure or be able to respond to security incidents in a timely fashion,” he said. “如果你没有对安全团队进行相应投资，你通常是不会期望你的软件是安全的，也无法及时响应安全事件。”他说。 “The same logic applies to OSPOs and is why you see many leading companies out there such as Apple, Meta, Twitter, Goldman Sachs, Bloomberg, and Google all have OSPOs. They are ahead of the curve.” “同样的逻辑也适用于 OSPO，这就是为什么你会看到许多领先的公司，例如 Apple、Meta、Twitter、Goldman Sachs、Bloomberg 和 Google 都拥有 OSPO。他们走在了趋势的前面。” Support for open source activity within your organization can become a differentiator and marketing opportunity for software vendors. 而对组织内的开源活动的支持态度亦可成为软件供应商们的差异化原因与营销的机会。 According to a Red Hat survey released in February, 82% of IT leaders are more likely to select a vendor who contributes to the open source community. 根据Red Hat2月分发布的一项调查，82%的IT领导者更倾向于选择为开源社区作出贡献的软件供应商。 Respondents said that when vendors support open source communities they are more familiar with open source processes and are more effective if customers have technical challenges. 受访者表示，当供应商支持开源社区时，就表示着他们更熟悉开源的流程并且在客户遇到技术难题时会更加有效。 But it’s not just software vendors who benefit. 但收益的不仅仅是软件供应商们。 According to September’s survey by The New Stack, Linux Foundation Research, and the TODO Group, 57% of organizations with OSPOs use them to further strategic relationships and build partnerships. 根据 The New Stack、Linux Foundation Research 和 TODO Group 9 月份的调查，57% 拥有 OSPO 的组织将使用它们来进一步发展战略关系和建立合作伙伴关系。 Mark Hinkle started an open source program office back when he worked at Citrix a decade ago. He pointed out how having an OSPO in-house benefited the company. 十年前，Mark Hinkle 在 Citrix 工作时创办了一个开源计划办公室。他指出了在内部拥有一个 OSPO将如何使公司受益。 “For us the biggest job was to educate our employees who weren’t familiar with open source to get involved and be good community members,” he said. “We also provided guidance on how to make sure our IP didn’t enter projects without proper understanding and we made sure we didn’t incorporate open source that conflicted with our enterprise software licensing.” “对于我们来说，最大的工作是让不熟悉开源的员工学会并参与其中，成为优秀的社区成员”，他说，“我们还就如何确保我们的IP不会在没有正确理解的情况下进入项目的情况提供了指导，并确保我们没有与我们企业软件许可相冲突的开源项目合作。” The OSPO also helped Citrix identify strategic opportunities for the company to participate in open source projects and trade organizations like The Linux Foundation, he said. 他说，OSPO还帮助Citrix确定了公司参与开源项目和Linux基金会等贸易组织的战略机会。 Today, he’s the CEO and co-founder of TriggerMesh, a cloud native, open source integration platform. 如今，他是云原生开源集成平台 TriggerMesh 的首席执行官兼联合创始人。 There are some significant economic benefits to participating in the open source ecosystem, he said. 他说，参与开源系统对公司来说有着重大的经济效益。 “We participate in Knative to share the development of our underlying platform but we develop value-added services as part of our business,” he said. “By sharing the R and D for the platform, it gives us more resources to develop our own differentiated technology.” “我们参与Knative是为了分享我们基础底层平台的开发，但作为业务的一部分，我们也拥有相关的增值服务。”他说，“通过共享该平台的研发，这为我们提供了更多的资源来改进我们自己的差异化技术。” Part4How to Get Started in Open Source Sixty-three percent of companies in the September survey from The New Stack, Linux Foundation Research and the TODO Group said that having an OSPO was very or extremely critical to the success of their engineering or product teams, up from 54% in the previous annual study. 在 The New Stack、Linux Foundation Research 和 TODO Group 的 9 月份调查中，有 63% 的公司表示，拥有OSPO 对其工程或产品团队的成功至关重要，高于上一年度该项研究数据的 54%。 In particular, 77% said that their open source program had a positive impact on their software practices, such as improved code quality. 其中77% 的人表示他们的开源程序对他们的软件实践产生了积极影响，例如提高了代码质量。 But companies can’t always contribute to every single open source project that they use. 但公司也不可能总是为他们使用的每一个开源项目而花费精力。 “First, thin the herd a little bit,” advised VMware’s Ambiel. “首先，节流一下”，VMware 的 Ambiel 建议道。 Companies should look at the projects that make the most sense for their use cases. This is an area where an OSPO can help set priorities and ensure technical and strategic alignment. 公司应该关注投入使用中最有意义的项目。而这也是OSPO可以帮助确定优先事项并确保技术与战略一致性的领域。 Then, developers should go and check out the projects themselves. Projects typically offer online documentation, often with contributor guides, governance documents, and lists of open issues. 之后，开发人员应该自己去了解一下。项目通常提供相关在线文档，一般包含贡献着指南、治理文档和未解决问题列表。 “For the projects that rise to the top of your strategic list, introduce yourself — say hello,” she said. “Go to the Slack channel or the distribution list and ask where they need help. Maybe they don’t need help and everything is good. Or maybe they can use a new person to review code.” “对于那些上升到你的战略清单顶端的项目，你可以介绍一下自己----打个招呼”，她说。“然后转到Slack频道或者分发列表，询问他们需要帮助的地方。也许他们不需要帮助，一切完好；又或者他们也有可能使用新人来审查核验代码。” An open source program office can not only help make a business case for contributing to the open source community, Ambiel said, but can help companies do it in a way that’s safe, secure and sound. Ambiel 说，开源项目办公室不仅可以帮助制定为开源社区做出贡献的商业案例，还可以帮助公司以安全、可靠和健全的方式来做这件事。 “If I work for a company and want to contribute to open source, I don’t want to accidentally disclose, divulge or undermine any patents,” she said. “An OSPO helps you make smart choices.” “如果我为一家公司工作，并想为开源做出贡献，我不想意外披露、泄露或破坏任何专利，”她说。“而OSPO可以帮助您做出明智的选择。” An OSPO can also help provide leadership and the guiding philosophy about supporting open source, she said. “It can provide guidance, mentorship, coaching and best practices.” 她说，OSPO还可以在开源方面提供领导力和指导理念的支持。“它可以提供引领、指导、辅导和最佳实践的作用。” Commitment to support open source has to start at the top, said Anaïs Urlichs, developer advocate at Aqua Security. Aqua Security的开发人员倡导者Anaïs Urlichs则认为，支持开源的承诺必须从高层开始。 “Too often,” she said, “companies do not value investment into open source, so employees are not encouraged to contribute to it.” 她说，“公司在多数时候往往不重视对开源的投资，所以员工自然而然不被鼓励对此作出贡献。” In those cases, employees with a passion for open source end up contributing during their free time, which is not sustainable. 在这些情况下，员工对于开源的热情也会在空闲时间里对开源的建设而消散殆尽，这对于开源的发展来说是不可持续的。 “If companies rely on open source projects, it is important to make open source contributions part of an engineer’s work schedule,” she said. “Some companies define a time percentage that employees can contribute to open source as part of their normal workday.” “如果公司对开源项目依赖度高，那么将开源贡献纳入工程师的日程安排是很重要的，”她说。“一些公司定义了员工可以为开源建设的时间百分比，将其作为他们正常工作日的一部分。” The New Stack is a wholly owned subsidiary of Insight Partners, an investor in the following companies mentioned in this article: Sysdig, Aqua Security. The New Stack 是 Insight Partners 的全资子公司，Insight Partners 是本文提到的以下公司的投资者：Sysdig、Aqua Security。 相关阅读 | Related Reading 《开源合规指南（企业篇）》正式发布，为推动我国开源合规建设提供参考 “目标->用户->指标”——企业开源运营之道｜瞰道@谭中意 开源之夏邀请函——仅限高校学子开启 开源社简介 开源社成立于 2014 年，是由志愿贡献于开源事业的个人成员，依 “贡献、共识、共治” 原则所组成，始终维持厂商中立、公益、非营利的特点，是最早以 “开源治理、国际接轨、社区发展、开源项目” 为使命的开源社区联合体。开源社积极与支持开源的社区、企业以及政府相关单位紧密合作，以 “立足中国、贡献全球” 为愿景，旨在共创健康可持续发展的开源生态，推动中国开源社区成为全球开源体系的积极参与及贡献者。 2017 年，开源社转型为完全由个人成员组成，参照 ASF 等国际顶级开源基金会的治理模式运作。近八年来，链接了数万名开源人，集聚了上千名社区成员及志愿者、海内外数百位讲师，合作了近百家赞助、媒体、社区伙伴。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/kaiyuanshe/article/details/124976824。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...。 URL地址 , Uniform Resource Locator（统一资源定位符），是互联网上标准资源的唯一地址，通过它可以在全球范围内唯一地定位到一个信息资源。在本文上下文中，URL地址特指当前正在浏览的网页的网址，通过JavaScript的window.location.href或location.href属性可以获取到这个值，并将其作为参数传递给jQuery的get()方法，从而实现在获取动态内容的同时获取当前页面的URL信息。

...视频资源的网络地址（Uniform Resource Locator，URL）。在优酷视频分享功能中，获取的HTML代码中包含了一个特定的视频链接，这个链接对应于优酷视频服务器上的某一个视频文件。当我们将此链接作为iframe标签的src属性值时，浏览器就能加载并播放对应的视频资源。

...L , 远程URL（Uniform Resource Locator）是一种互联网上的资源定位符，它指定了网络上某一资源的具体位置，通常以\ http://\ 或\ https://\ 开头。在HTML中使用<img>标签引用远程服务器上的图片资源时，需提供其URL地址，如<img src=\ https://example.com/image.jpg\ alt=\ 远程图片\ >，这样浏览器就能根据提供的URL从远程服务器下载并显示图片。

...-2. Configuring the roles required for this chapter 图15-2. 配置本章所需的角色 15.2 Adding Custom User Properties 15.2 添加自定义用户属性 When I created the AppUser class to represent users in Chapter 13, I noted that the base class defined a basic set of properties to describe the user, such as e-mail address and telephone number. Most applications need to store more information about users, including persistent application preferences and details such as addresses—in short, any data that is useful to running the application and that should last between sessions. In ASP.NET Membership, this was handled through the user profile system, but ASP.NET Identity takes a different approach. 我在第13章创建AppUser类来表示用户时曾做过说明，基类定义了一组描述用户的基本属性，如E-mail地址、电话号码等。大多数应用程序还需要存储用户的更多信息，包括持久化应用程序爱好以及地址等细节——简言之，需要存储对运行应用程序有用并且在各次会话之间应当保持的任何数据。在ASP.NET Membership中，这是通过用户资料（User Profile）系统来处理的，但ASP.NET Identity采取了一种不同的办法。 Because the ASP.NET Identity system uses Entity Framework to store its data by default, defining additional user information is just a matter of adding properties to the user class and letting the Code First feature create the database schema required to store them. Table 15-3 puts custom user properties in context. 因为ASP.NET Identity默认是使用Entity Framework来存储其数据的，定义附加的用户信息只不过是给用户类添加属性的事情，然后让Code First特性去创建需要存储它们的数据库架构即可。表15-3描述了自定义用户属性的情形。 Table 15-3. Putting Cusotm User Properties in Context 表15-3. 自定义用户属性的情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是自定义用户属性？ Custom user properties allow you to store additional information about your users, including their preferences and settings. 自定义用户属性让你能够存储附加的用户信息，包括他们的爱好和设置。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ A persistent store of settings means that the user doesn’t have to provide the same information each time they log in to the application. 设置的持久化存储意味着，用户不必每次登录到应用程序时都提供同样的信息。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 在MVC框架中如何使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is available for use in action methods. 此特性不是由MVC框架直接使用的，但它在动作方法中使用是有效的。 15.2.1 Defining Custom Properties 15.2.1 定义自定义属性 Listing 15-1 shows how I added a simple property to the AppUser class to represent the city in which the user lives. 清单15-1演示了如何给AppUser类添加一个简单的属性，用以表示用户生活的城市。 Listing 15-1. Adding a Property in the AppUser.cs File 清单15-1. 在AppUser.cs文件中添加属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;namespace Users.Models { public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; } }} I have defined an enumeration called Cities that defines values for some large cities and added a property called City to the AppUser class. To allow the user to view and edit their City property, I added actions to the Home controller, as shown in Listing 15-2. 这里定义了一个枚举，名称为Cities，它定义了一些大城市的值，另外给AppUser类添加了一个名称为City的属性。为了让用户能够查看和编辑City属性，给Home控制器添加了几个动作方法，如清单15-2所示。 Listing 15-2. Adding Support for Custom User Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-2. 在HomeController.cs文件中添加对自定义属性的支持 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {return View(GetData("Index"));}[Authorize(Roles = "Users")]public ActionResult OtherAction() {return View("Index", GetData("OtherAction"));}private Dictionary<string, object> GetData(string actionName) {Dictionary<string, object> dict= new Dictionary<string, object>();dict.Add("Action", actionName);dict.Add("User", HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);dict.Add("Authenticated", HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated);dict.Add("Auth Type", HttpContext.User.Identity.AuthenticationType);dict.Add("In Users Role", HttpContext.User.IsInRole("Users"));return dict;} [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}private AppUser CurrentUser {get {return UserManager.FindByName(HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } I added a CurrentUser property that uses the AppUserManager class to retrieve an AppUser instance to represent the current user. I pass the AppUser object as the view model object in the GET version of the UserProps action method, and the POST method uses it to update the value of the new City property. Listing 15-3 shows the UserProps.cshtml view, which displays the City property value and contains a form to change it. 我添加了一个CurrentUser属性，它使用AppUserManager类接收了表示当前用户的AppUser实例。在GET版本的UserProps动作方法中，传递了这个AppUser对象作为视图模型。而在POST版的方法中用它更新了City属性的值。清单15-3显示了UserProps.cshtml视图，它显示了City属性的值，并包含一个修改它的表单。 Listing 15-3. The Contents of the UserProps.cshtml File in the Views/Home Folder 清单15-3. Views/Home文件夹中UserProps.cshtml文件的内容 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";}<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr></table></div> @using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Caution Don’t start the application when you have created the view. In the sections that follow, I demonstrate how to preserve the contents of the database, and if you start the application now, the ASP.NET Identity users will be deleted. 警告：创建了视图之后不要启动应用程序。在以下小节中，将演示如何保留数据库的内容，如果现在启动应用程序，将会删除ASP.NET Identity的用户。 15.2.2 Preparing for Database Migration 15.2.2 准备数据库迁移 The default behavior for the Entity Framework Code First feature is to drop the tables in the database and re-create them whenever classes that drive the schema have changed. You saw this in Chapter 14 when I added support for roles: When the application was started, the database was reset, and the user accounts were lost. Entity Framework Code First特性的默认行为是，一旦修改了派生数据库架构的类，便会删除数据库中的数据表，并重新创建它们。在第14章可以看到这种情况，在我添加角色支持时：当重启应用程序后，数据库被重置，用户账号也丢失。 Don’t start the application yet, but if you were to do so, you would see a similar effect. Deleting data during development is usually not a problem, but doing so in a production setting is usually disastrous because it deletes all of the real user accounts and causes a panic while the backups are restored. In this section, I am going to demonstrate how to use the database migration feature, which updates a Code First schema in a less brutal manner and preserves the existing data it contains. 不要启动应用程序，但如果你这么做了，会看到类似的效果。在开发期间删除数据没什么问题，但如果在产品设置中这么做了，通常是灾难性的，因为它会删除所有真实的用户账号，而备份恢复是很痛苦的事。在本小节中，我打算演示如何使用数据库迁移特性，它能以比较温和的方式更新Code First的架构，并保留架构中的已有数据。 The first step is to issue the following command in the Visual Studio Package Manager Console: 第一个步骤是在Visual Studio的“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中发布以下命令： Enable-Migrations –EnableAutomaticMigrations This enables the database migration support and creates a Migrations folder in the Solution Explorer that contains a Configuration.cs class file, the contents of which are shown in Listing 15-4. 它启用了数据库的迁移支持，并在“Solution Explorer（解决方案资源管理器）”创建一个Migrations文件夹，其中含有一个Configuration.cs类文件，内容如清单15-4所示。 Listing 15-4. The Contents of the Configuration.cs File 清单15-4. Configuration.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using System.Linq;internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext context) {// This method will be called after migrating to the latest version.// 此方法将在迁移到最新版本时调用// You can use the DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate() helper extension method// to avoid creating duplicate seed data. E.g.// 例如，你可以使用DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate()辅助器方法来避免创建重复的种子数据//// context.People.AddOrUpdate(// p => p.FullName,// new Person { FullName = "Andrew Peters" },// new Person { FullName = "Brice Lambson" },// new Person { FullName = "Rowan Miller" }// );//} }} Tip You might be wondering why you are entering a database migration command into the console used to manage NuGet packages. The answer is that the Package Manager Console is really PowerShell, which is a general-purpose tool that is mislabeled by Visual Studio. You can use the console to issue a wide range of helpful commands. See http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518 for details. 提示：你可能会觉得奇怪，为什么要在管理NuGet包的控制台中输入数据库迁移的命令？答案是“Package Manager Console（包管理控制台）”是真正的PowerShell，这是Visual studio冒用的一个通用工具。你可以使用此控制台发送大量的有用命令，详见http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518。 The class will be used to migrate existing content in the database to the new schema, and the Seed method will be called to provide an opportunity to update the existing database records. In Listing 15-5, you can see how I have used the Seed method to set a default value for the new City property I added to the AppUser class. (I have also updated the class file to reflect my usual coding style.) 这个类将用于把数据库中的现有内容迁移到新的数据库架构，Seed方法的调用为更新现有数据库记录提供了机会。在清单15-5中可以看到，我如何用Seed方法为新的City属性设置默认值，City是添加到AppUser类中自定义属性。（为了体现我一贯的编码风格，我对这个类文件也进行了更新。） Listing 15-5. Managing Existing Content in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-5. 在Configuration.cs文件中管理已有内容 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);}foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();} }} You will notice that much of the code that I added to the Seed method is taken from the IdentityDbInit class, which I used to seed the database with an administration user in Chapter 14. This is because the new Configuration class added to support database migrations will replace the seeding function of the IdentityDbInit class, which I’ll update shortly. Aside from ensuring that there is an admin user, the statements in the Seed method that are important are the ones that set the initial value for the City property I added to the AppUser class, as follows: 你可能会注意到，添加到Seed方法中的许多代码取自于IdentityDbInit类，在第14章中我用这个类将管理用户植入了数据库。这是因为这个新添加的、用以支持数据库迁移的Configuration类，将代替IdentityDbInit类的种植功能，我很快便会更新这个类。除了要确保有admin用户之外，在Seed方法中的重要语句是那些为AppUser类的City属性设置初值的语句，如下所示： ...foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) { dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();... You don’t have to set a default value for new properties—I just wanted to demonstrate that the Seed method in the Configuration class can be used to update the existing user records in the database. 你不一定要为新属性设置默认值——这里只是想演示Configuration类中的Seed方法，可以用它更新数据库中的已有用户记录。 Caution Be careful when setting values for properties in the Seed method for real projects because the values will be applied every time you change the schema, overriding any values that the user has set since the last schema update was performed. I set the value of the City property just to demonstrate that it can be done. 警告：在用于真实项目的Seed方法中为属性设置值时要小心，因为你每一次修改架构时，都会运用这些值，这会将自执行上一次架构更新之后，用户设置的任何数据覆盖掉。这里设置City属性的值只是为了演示它能够这么做。 Changing the Database Context Class 修改数据库上下文类 The reason that I added the seeding code to the Configuration class is that I need to change the IdentityDbInit class. At present, the IdentityDbInit class is derived from the descriptively named DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> class, which, as you might imagine, drops the entire database when the Code First classes change. Listing 15-6 shows the changes I made to the IdentityDbInit class to prevent it from affecting the database. 在Configuration类中添加种植代码的原因是我需要修改IdentityDbInit类。此时，IdentityDbInit类派生于描述性命名的DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> 类，和你相像的一样，它会在Code First类改变时删除整个数据库。清单15-6显示了我对IdentityDbInit类所做的修改，以防止它影响数据库。 Listing 15-6. Preventing Database Schema Changes in the AppIdentityDbContext.cs File 清单15-6. 在AppIdentityDbContext.cs文件是阻止数据库架构变化 using System.Data.Entity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppIdentityDbContext : IdentityDbContext<AppUser> {public AppIdentityDbContext() : base("IdentityDb") { }static AppIdentityDbContext() {Database.SetInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext>(new IdentityDbInit());}public static AppIdentityDbContext Create() {return new AppIdentityDbContext();} } public class IdentityDbInit : NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> {} } I have removed the methods defined by the class and changed its base to NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> , which prevents the schema from being altered. 我删除了这个类中所定义的方法，并将它的基类改为NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> ，它可以防止架构修改。 15.2.3 Performing the Migration 15.2.3 执行迁移 All that remains is to generate and apply the migration. First, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情只是生成并运用迁移了。首先，在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中执行以下命令： Add-Migration CityProperty This creates a new migration called CityProperty (I like my migration names to reflect the changes I made). A class new file will be added to the Migrations folder, and its name reflects the time at which the command was run and the name of the migration. My file is called 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs, for example. The contents of this file contain the details of how Entity Framework will change the database during the migration, as shown in Listing 15-7. 这创建了一个名称为CityProperty的新迁移（我比较喜欢让迁移的名称反映出我所做的修改）。这会在文件夹中添加一个新的类文件，而且其命名会反映出该命令执行的时间以及迁移名称，例如，我的这个文件名称为201402262244036_CityProperty.cs。该文件的内容含有迁移期间Entity Framework修改数据库的细节，如清单15-7所示。 Listing 15-7. The Contents of the 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs File 清单15-7. 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations; public partial class Init : DbMigration {public override void Up() {AddColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City", c => c.Int(nullable: false));}public override void Down() {DropColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City");} }} The Up method describes the changes that have to be made to the schema when the database is upgraded, which in this case means adding a City column to the AspNetUsers table, which is the one that is used to store user records in the ASP.NET Identity database. Up方法描述了在数据库升级时，需要对架构所做的修改，在这个例子中，意味着要在AspNetUsers数据表中添加City数据列，该数据表是ASP.NET Identity数据库用来存储用户记录的。 The final step is to perform the migration. Without starting the application, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 最后一步是执行迁移。无需启动应用程序，只需在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中运行以下命令即可： Update-Database –TargetMigration CityProperty The database schema will be modified, and the code in the Configuration.Seed method will be executed. The existing user accounts will have been preserved and enhanced with a City property (which I set to Paris in the Seed method). 这会修改数据库架构，并执行Configuration.Seed方法中的代码。已有用户账号会被保留，且增强了City属性（我在Seed方法中已将其设置为“Paris”）。 15.2.4 Testing the Migration 15.2.4 测试迁移 To test the effect of the migration, start the application, navigate to the /Home/UserProps URL, and authenticate as one of the Identity users (for example, as Alice with the password MySecret). Once authenticated, you will see the current value of the City property for the user and have the opportunity to change it, as shown in Figure 15-3. 为了测试迁移的效果，启动应用程序，导航到/Home/UserProps URL，并以Identity中的用户（例如Alice，口令MySecret）进行认证。一旦已被认证，便会看到该用户City属性的当前值，并可以对其进行修改，如图15-3所示。 Figure 15-3. Displaying and changing a custom user property 图15-3. 显示和个性自定义用户属性 15.2.5 Defining an Additional Property 15.2.5 定义附加属性 Now that database migrations are set up, I am going to define a further property just to demonstrate how subsequent changes are handled and to show a more useful (and less dangerous) example of using the Configuration.Seed method. Listing 15-8 shows how I added a Country property to the AppUser class. 现在，已经建立了数据库迁移，我打算再定义一个属性，这恰恰演示了如何处理持续不断的修改，也为了演示Configuration.Seed方法更有用（至少无害）的示例。清单15-8显示了我在AppUser类上添加了一个Country属性。 Listing 15-8. Adding Another Property in the AppUserModels.cs File 清单15-8. 在AppUserModels.cs文件中添加另一个属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework; namespace Users.Models {public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO} public enum Countries {NONE, UK, FRANCE, USA}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; }public Countries Country { get; set; }public void SetCountryFromCity(Cities city) {switch (city) {case Cities.LONDON:Country = Countries.UK;break;case Cities.PARIS:Country = Countries.FRANCE;break;case Cities.CHICAGO:Country = Countries.USA;break;default:Country = Countries.NONE;break;} }} } I have added an enumeration to define the country names and a helper method that selects a country value based on the City property. Listing 15-9 shows the change I made to the Configuration class so that the Seed method sets the Country property based on the City, but only if the value of Country is NONE (which it will be for all users when the database is migrated because the Entity Framework sets enumeration columns to the first value). 我已经添加了一个枚举，它定义了国家名称。还添加了一个辅助器方法，它可以根据City属性选择一个国家。清单15-9显示了对Configuration类所做的修改，以使Seed方法根据City设置Country属性，但只当Country为NONE时才进行设置（在迁移数据库时，所有用户都是NONE，因为Entity Framework会将枚举列设置为枚举的第一个值）。 Listing 15-9. Modifying the Database Seed in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-9. 在Configuration.cs文件中修改数据库种子 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);} foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {if (dbUser.Country == Countries.NONE) {dbUser.SetCountryFromCity(dbUser.City);} }context.SaveChanges();} }} This kind of seeding is more useful in a real project because it will set a value for the Country property only if one has not already been set—subsequent migrations won’t be affected, and user selections won’t be lost. 这种种植在实际项目中会更有用，因为它只会在Country属性未设置时，才会设置Country属性的值——后继的迁移不会受到影响，因此不会失去用户的选择。 1. Adding Application Support 1. 添加应用程序支持 There is no point defining additional user properties if they are not available in the application, so Listing 15-10 shows the change I made to the Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml file to display the value of the Country property. 应用程序中如果没有定义附加属性的地方，则附加属性就无法使用了，因此，清单15-10显示了我对Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml文件的修改，以显示Country属性的值。 Listing 15-10. Displaying an Additional Property in the UserProps.cshtml File 清单15-10. 在UserProps.cshtml文件中显示附加属性 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";} <div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr> <tr><th>Country</th><td>@Model.Country</td></tr></table></div>@using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Listing 15-11 shows the corresponding change I made to the Home controller to update the Country property when the City value changes. 为了在City值变化时能够更新Country属性，清单15-11显示了我对Home控制器所做的相应修改。 Listing 15-11. Setting Custom Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-11. 在HomeController.cs文件中设置自定义属性 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {// ...other action methods omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化，这里忽略了其他动作方法... [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;user.SetCountryFromCity(city);await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}// ...properties omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化，这里忽略了一些属性...} } 2. Performing the Migration 2. 准备迁移 All that remains is to create and apply a new migration. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情就是创建和运用新的迁移了。在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中输入以下命令： Add-Migration CountryProperty This will generate another file in the Migrations folder that contains the instruction to add the Country column. To apply the migration, execute the following command: 这将在Migrations文件夹中生成另一个文件，它含有添加Country数据表列的指令。为了运用迁移，可执行以下命令： Update-Database –TargetMigration CountryProperty The migration will be performed, and the value of the Country property will be set based on the value of the existing City property for each user. You can check the new user property by starting the application and authenticating and navigating to the /Home/UserProps URL, as shown in Figure 15-4. 这将执行迁移，Country属性的值将根据每个用户当前的City属性进行设置。通过启动应用程序，认证并导航到/Home/UserProps URL，便可以查看新的用户属性，如图15-4所示。 Figure 15-4. Creating an additional user property 图15-4. 创建附加用户属性 Tip Although I am focused on the process of upgrading the database, you can also migrate back to a previous version by specifying an earlier migration. Use the –Force argument make changes that cause data loss, such as removing a column. 提示：虽然我们关注了升级数据库的过程，但你也可以回退到以前的版本，只需指定一个早期的迁移即可。使用-Force参数进行修改，会引起数据丢失，例如删除数据表列。 15.3 Working with Claims 15.3 使用声明（Claims） In older user-management systems, such as ASP.NET Membership, the application was assumed to be the authoritative source of all information about the user, essentially treating the application as a closed world and trusting the data that is contained within it. 在旧的用户管理系统中，例如ASP.NET Membership，应用程序被假设成是用户所有信息的权威来源，本质上将应用程序视为是一个封闭的世界，并且只信任其中所包含的数据。 This is such an ingrained approach to software development that it can be hard to recognize that’s what is happening, but you saw an example of the closed-world technique in Chapter 14 when I authenticated users against the credentials stored in the database and granted access based on the roles associated with those credentials. I did the same thing again in this chapter when I added properties to the user class. Every piece of information that I needed to manage user authentication and authorization came from within my application—and that is a perfectly satisfactory approach for many web applications, which is why I demonstrated these techniques in such depth. 这是软件开发的一种根深蒂固的方法，使人很难认识到这到底意味着什么，第14章你已看到了这种封闭世界技术的例子，根据存储在数据库中的凭据来认证用户，并根据与凭据关联在一起的角色来授权访问。本章前述在用户类上添加属性，也做了同样的事情。我管理用户认证与授权所需的每一个数据片段都来自于我的应用程序——而且这是许多Web应用程序都相当满意的一种方法，这也是我如此深入地演示这些技术的原因。 ASP.NET Identity also supports an alternative approach for dealing with users, which works well when the MVC framework application isn’t the sole source of information about users and which can be used to authorize users in more flexible and fluid ways than traditional roles allow. ASP.NET Identity还支持另一种处理用户的办法，当MVC框架的应用程序不是有关用户的唯一信息源时，这种办法会工作得很好，而且能够比传统的角色授权更为灵活且流畅的方式进行授权。 This alternative approach uses claims, and in this section I’ll describe how ASP.NET Identity supports claims-based authorization. Table 15-4 puts claims in context. 这种可选的办法使用了“Claims（声明）”，因此在本小节中，我将描述ASP.NET Identity如何支持“Claims-Based Authorization（基于声明的授权）”。表15-4描述了声明（Claims）的情形。 提示：“Claim”在英文字典中不完全是“声明”的意思，根据本文的描述，感觉把它说成“声明”也不一定合适，所以在之后的译文中基本都写成中英文并用的形式，即“声明（Claims）”。根据表15-4中的声明（Claims）的定义：声明（Claims）是关于用户的一些信息片段。一个用户的信息片段当然有很多，每一个信息片段就是一项声明（Claim），用户的所有信息片段合起来就是该用户的声明（Claims）。请读者注意该单词的单复数形式——译者注 Table 15-4. Putting Claims in Context 表15-4. 声明（Claims）的情形 Question 问题 Answer 答案 What is it? 什么是声明（Claims）？ Claims are pieces of information about users that you can use to make authorization decisions. Claims can be obtained from external systems as well as from the local Identity database. 声明（Claims）是关于用户的一些信息片段，可以用它们做出授权决定。声明（Claims）可以从外部系统获取，也可以从本地的Identity数据库获取。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ Claims can be used to flexibly authorize access to action methods. Unlike conventional roles, claims allow access to be driven by the information that describes the user. 声明（Claims）可以用来对动作方法进行灵活的授权访问。与传统的角色不同，声明（Claims）让访问能够由描述用户的信息进行驱动。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is integrated into the standard authorization features, such as the Authorize attribute. 这不是直接由MVC框架使用的特性，但它集成到了标准的授权特性之中，例如Authorize注解属性。 Tip you don’t have to use claims in your applications, and as Chapter 14 showed, ASP.NET Identity is perfectly happy providing an application with the authentication and authorization services without any need to understand claims at all. 提示：你在应用程序中不一定要使用声明（Claims），正如第14章所展示的那样，ASP.NET Identity能够为应用程序提供充分的认证与授权服务，而根本不需要理解声明（Claims）。 15.3.1 Understanding Claims 15.3.1 理解声明（Claims） A claim is a piece of information about the user, along with some information about where the information came from. The easiest way to unpack claims is through some practical demonstrations, without which any discussion becomes too abstract to be truly useful. To get started, I added a Claims controller to the example project, the definition of which you can see in Listing 15-12. 一项声明（Claim）是关于用户的一个信息片段（请注意这个英文单词的单复数形式——译者注），并伴有该片段出自何处的某种信息。揭开声明（Claims）含义最容易的方式是做一些实际演示，任何讨论都会过于抽象根本没有真正的用处。为此，我在示例项目中添加了一个Claims控制器，其定义如清单15-12所示。 Listing 15-12. The Contents of the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-12. ClaimsController.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} }} } Tip You may feel a little lost as I define the code for this example. Don’t worry about the details for the moment—just stick with it until you see the output from the action method and view that I define. More than anything else, that will help put claims into perspective. 提示：你或许会对我为此例定义的代码感到有点失望。此刻对此细节不必着急——只要稍事忍耐，当看到该动作方法和视图的输出便会明白。尤为重要的是，这有助于洞察声明（Claims）。 You can get the claims associated with a user in different ways. One approach is to use the Claims property defined by the user class, but in this example, I have used the HttpContext.User.Identity property to demonstrate the way that ASP.NET Identity is integrated with the rest of the ASP.NET platform. As I explained in Chapter 13, the HttpContext.User.Identity property returns an implementation of the IIdentity interface, which is a ClaimsIdentity object when working using ASP.NET Identity. The ClaimsIdentity class is defined in the System.Security.Claims namespace, and Table 15-5 shows the members it defines that are relevant to this chapter. 可以通过不同的方式获得与用户相关联的声明（Claims）。方法之一就是使用由用户类定义的Claims属性，但在这个例子中，我使用了HttpContext.User.Identity属性，目的是演示ASP.NET Identity与ASP.NET平台集成的方式（请注意这句话所表示的含义：用户类的Claims属性属于ASP.NET Identity，而HttpContext.User.Identity属性则属于ASP.NET平台。由此可见，ASP.NET Identity已经融合到了ASP.NET平台之中——译者注）。正如第13章所解释的那样，HttpContext.User.Identity属性返回IIdentity的接口实现，当使用ASP.NET Identity时，该实现是一个ClaimsIdentity对象。ClaimsIdentity类是在System.Security.Claims命名空间中定义的，表15-5显示了它所定义的与本章有关的成员。 Table 15-5. The Members Defined by the ClaimsIdentity Class 表15-5. ClaimsIdentity类所定义的成员 Name 名称 Description 描述 Claims Returns an enumeration of Claim objects representing the claims for the user. 返回表示用户声明（Claims）的Claim对象枚举 AddClaim(claim) Adds a claim to the user identity. 给用户添加一个声明（Claim） AddClaims(claims) Adds an enumeration of Claim objects to the user identity. 给用户添加Claim对象的枚举。 HasClaim(predicate) Returns true if the user identity contains a claim that matches the specified predicate. See the “Applying Claims” section for an example predicate. 如果用户含有与指定谓词匹配的声明（Claim）时，返回true。参见“运用声明（Claims）”中的示例谓词 RemoveClaim(claim) Removes a claim from the user identity. 删除用户的声明（Claim）。 Other members are available, but the ones in the table are those that are used most often in web applications, for reason that will become obvious as I demonstrate how claims fit into the wider ASP.NET platform. 还有一些可用的其它成员，但表中的这些是在Web应用程序中最常用的，随着我演示如何将声明（Claims）融入更宽泛的ASP.NET平台，它们为什么最常用就很显然了。 In Listing 15-12, I cast the IIdentity implementation to the ClaimsIdentity type and pass the enumeration of Claim objects returned by the ClaimsIdentity.Claims property to the View method. A Claim object represents a single piece of data about the user, and the Claim class defines the properties shown in Table 15-6. 在清单15-12中，我将IIdentity实现转换成了ClaimsIdentity类型，并且给View方法传递了ClaimsIdentity.Claims属性所返回的Claim对象的枚举。Claim对象所示表示的是关于用户的一个单一的数据片段，Claim类定义的属性如表15-6所示。 Table 15-6. The Properties Defined by the Claim Class 表15-6. Claim类定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 Issuer Returns the name of the system that provided the claim 返回提供声明（Claim）的系统名称 Subject Returns the ClaimsIdentity object for the user who the claim refers to 返回声明（Claim）所指用户的ClaimsIdentity对象 Type Returns the type of information that the claim represents 返回声明（Claim）所表示的信息类型 Value Returns the piece of information that the claim represents 返回声明（Claim）所表示的信息片段 Listing 15-13 shows the contents of the Index.cshtml file that I created in the Views/Claims folder and that is rendered by the Index action of the Claims controller. The view adds a row to a table for each claim about the user. 清单15-13显示了我在Views/Claims文件夹中创建的Index.cshtml文件的内容，它由Claims控制器中的Index动作方法进行渲染。该视图为用户的每项声明（Claim）添加了一个表格行。 Listing 15-13. The Contents of the Index.cshtml File in the Views/Claims Folder 清单15-13. Views/Claims文件夹中Index.cshtml文件的内容 @using System.Security.Claims@using Users.Infrastructure@model IEnumerable<Claim>@{ ViewBag.Title = "Claims"; }<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Claims</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>Subject</th><th>Issuer</th><th>Type</th><th>Value</th></tr>@foreach (Claim claim in Model.OrderBy(x => x.Type)) {<tr><td>@claim.Subject.Name</td><td>@claim.Issuer</td><td>@Html.ClaimType(claim.Type)</td><td>@claim.Value</td></tr>}</table></div> The value of the Claim.Type property is a URI for a Microsoft schema, which isn’t especially useful. The popular schemas are used as the values for fields in the System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes class, so to make the output from the Index.cshtml view easier to read, I added an HTML helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs file, as shown in Listing 15-14. It is this helper that I use in the Index.cshtml file to format the value of the Claim.Type property. Claim.Type属性的值是一个微软模式（Microsoft Schema）的URI（统一资源标识符），这是特别有用的。System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes类中字段的值使用的是流行模式（Popular Schema），因此为了使Index.cshtml视图的输出更易于阅读，我在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加了一个HTML辅助器，如清单15-14所示。Index.cshtml文件正是使用这个辅助器格式化了Claim.Type属性的值。 Listing 15-14. Adding a Helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs File 清单15-14. 在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加辅助器 using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using System;using System.Linq;using System.Reflection;using System.Security.Claims;namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class IdentityHelpers {public static MvcHtmlString GetUserName(this HtmlHelper html, string id) {AppUserManager mgr= HttpContext.Current.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();return new MvcHtmlString(mgr.FindByIdAsync(id).Result.UserName);} public static MvcHtmlString ClaimType(this HtmlHelper html, string claimType) {FieldInfo[] fields = typeof(ClaimTypes).GetFields();foreach (FieldInfo field in fields) {if (field.GetValue(null).ToString() == claimType) {return new MvcHtmlString(field.Name);} }return new MvcHtmlString(string.Format("{0}",claimType.Split('/', '.').Last()));} }} Note The helper method isn’t at all efficient because it reflects on the fields of the ClaimType class for each claim that is displayed, but it is sufficient for my purposes in this chapter. You won’t often need to display the claim type in real applications. 注：该辅助器并非十分有效，因为它只是针对每个要显示的声明（Claim）映射出ClaimType类的字段，但对我要的目的已经足够了。在实际项目中不会经常需要显示声明（Claim）的类型。 To see why I have created a controller that uses claims without really explaining what they are, start the application, authenticate as the user Alice (with the password MySecret), and request the /Claims/Index URL. Figure 15-5 shows the content that is generated. 为了弄明白我为何要先创建一个使用声明（Claims）的控制器，而没有真正解释声明（Claims）是什么的原因，可以启动应用程序，以用户Alice进行认证（其口令是MySecret），并请求/Claims/Index URL。图15-5显示了生成的内容。 Figure 15-5. The output from the Index action of the Claims controller 图15-5. Claims控制器中Index动作的输出 It can be hard to make out the detail in the figure, so I have reproduced the content in Table 15-7. 这可能还难以认识到此图的细节，为此我在表15-7中重列了其内容。 Table 15-7. The Data Shown in Figure 15-5 表15-7. 图15-5中显示的数据 Subject（科目） Issuer（发行者） Type（类型） Value（值） Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY SecurityStamp Unique ID Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY IdentityProvider ASP.NET Identity Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Employees Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Users Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Name Alice Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY NameIdentifier Alice’s user ID The table shows the most important aspect of claims, which is that I have already been using them when I implemented the traditional authentication and authorization features in Chapter 14. You can see that some of the claims relate to user identity (the Name claim is Alice, and the NameIdentifier claim is Alice’s unique user ID in my ASP.NET Identity database). 此表展示了声明（Claims）最重要的方面，这些是我在第14章中实现传统的认证和授权特性时，一直在使用的信息。可以看出，有些声明（Claims）与用户标识有关（Name声明是Alice，NameIdentifier声明是Alice在ASP.NET Identity数据库中的唯一用户ID号）。 Other claims show membership of roles—there are two Role claims in the table, reflecting the fact that Alice is assigned to both the Users and Employees roles. There is also a claim about how Alice has been authenticated: The IdentityProvider is set to ASP.NET Identity. 其他声明（Claims）显示了角色成员——表中有两个Role声明（Claim），体现出Alice被赋予了Users和Employees两个角色这一事实。还有一个是Alice已被认证的声明（Claim）：IdentityProvider被设置到了ASP.NET Identity。 The difference when this information is expressed as a set of claims is that you can determine where the data came from. The Issuer property for all the claims shown in the table is set to LOCAL AUTHORITY, which indicates that the user’s identity has been established by the application. 当这种信息被表示成一组声明（Claims）时的差别是，你能够确定这些数据是从哪里来的。表中所显示的所有声明的Issuer属性（发布者）都被设置到了LOACL AUTHORITY（本地授权），这说明该用户的标识是由应用程序建立的。 So, now that you have seen some example claims, I can more easily describe what a claim is. A claim is any piece of information about a user that is available to the application, including the user’s identity and role memberships. And, as you have seen, the information I have been defining about my users in earlier chapters is automatically made available as claims by ASP.NET Identity. 因此，现在你已经看到了一些声明（Claims）示例，我可以更容易地描述声明（Claim）是什么了。一项声明（Claim）是可用于应用程序中的有关用户的一个信息片段，包括用户的标识以及角色成员等。而且，正如你所看到的，我在前几章定义的关于用户的信息，被ASP.NET Identity自动地作为声明（Claims）了。 15.3.2 Creating and Using Claims 15.3.2 创建和使用声明（Claims） Claims are interesting for two reasons. The first reason is that an application can obtain claims from multiple sources, rather than just relying on a local database for information about the user. You will see a real example of this when I show you how to authenticate users through a third-party system in the “Using Third-Party Authentication” section, but for the moment I am going to add a class to the example project that simulates a system that provides claims information. Listing 15-15 shows the contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure folder. 声明（Claims）比较有意思的原因有两个。第一个原因是应用程序可以从多个来源获取声明（Claims），而不是只能依靠本地数据库关于用户的信息。你将会看到一个实际的示例，在“使用第三方认证”小节中，将演示如何通过第三方系统来认证用户。不过，此刻我只打算在示例项目中添加一个类，用以模拟一个提供声明（Claims）信息的系统。清单15-15显示了我添加到Infrastructure文件夹中LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-15. The Contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs File 清单15-15. LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class LocationClaimsProvider {public static IEnumerable<Claim> GetClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.Name.ToLower() == "alice") {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "DC 20500"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "DC"));} else {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "NY 10036"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "NY"));}return claims;}private static Claim CreateClaim(string type, string value) {return new Claim(type, value, ClaimValueTypes.String, "RemoteClaims");} }} The GetClaims method takes a ClaimsIdentity argument and uses the Name property to create claims about the user’s ZIP code and state. This class allows me to simulate a system such as a central HR database, which would be the authoritative source of location information about staff, for example. GetClaims方法以ClaimsIdentity为参数，并使用Name属性创建了关于用户ZIP码（邮政编码）和州府的声明（Claims）。上述这个类使我能够模拟一个诸如中心化的HR数据库（人力资源数据库）之类的系统，它可能会成为全体职员的地点信息的权威数据源。 Claims are associated with the user’s identity during the authentication process, and Listing 15-16 shows the changes I made to the Login action method of the Account controller to call the LocationClaimsProvider class. 在认证过程期间，声明（Claims）是与用户标识关联在一起的，清单15-16显示了我对Account控制器中Login动作方法所做的修改，以便调用LocationClaimsProvider类。 Listing 15-16. Associating Claims with a User in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-16. AccountController.cs文件中用户用声明的关联 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... You can see the effect of the location claims by starting the application, authenticating as a user, and requesting the /Claim/Index URL. Figure 15-6 shows the claims for Alice. You may have to sign out and sign back in again to see the change. 为了看看这个地点声明（Claims）的效果，可以启动应用程序，以一个用户进行认证，并请求/Claim/Index URL。图15-6显示了Alice的声明（Claims）。你可能需要退出，然后再次登录才会看到发生的变化。 Figure 15-6. Defining additional claims for users 图15-6. 定义用户的附加声明 Obtaining claims from multiple locations means that the application doesn’t have to duplicate data that is held elsewhere and allows integration of data from external parties. The Claim.Issuer property tells you where a claim originated from, which helps you judge how accurate the data is likely to be and how much weight you should give the data in your application. Location data obtained from a central HR database is likely to be more accurate and trustworthy than data obtained from an external mailing list provider, for example. 从多个地点获取声明（Claims）意味着应用程序不必复制其他地方保持的数据，并且能够与外部的数据集成。Claim.Issuer属性（图15-6中的Issuer数据列——译者注）能够告诉你一个声明（Claim）的发源地，这有助于让你判断数据的精确程度，也有助于让你决定这类数据在应用程序中的权重。例如，从中心化的HR数据库获取的地点数据可能要比外部邮件列表提供器获取的数据更为精确和可信。 1. Applying Claims 1. 运用声明（Claims） The second reason that claims are interesting is that you can use them to manage user access to your application more flexibly than with standard roles. The problem with roles is that they are static, and once a user has been assigned to a role, the user remains a member until explicitly removed. This is, for example, how long-term employees of big corporations end up with incredible access to internal systems: They are assigned the roles they require for each new job they get, but the old roles are rarely removed. (The unexpectedly broad systems access sometimes becomes apparent during the investigation into how someone was able to ship the contents of the warehouse to their home address—true story.) 声明（Claims）有意思的第二个原因是，你可以用它们来管理用户对应用程序的访问，这要比标准的角色管理更为灵活。角色的问题在于它们是静态的，而且一旦用户已经被赋予了一个角色，该用户便是一个成员，直到明确地删除为止。例如，这意味着大公司的长期雇员，对内部系统的访问会十分惊人：他们每次在获得新工作时，都会赋予所需的角色，但旧角色很少被删除。（在调查某人为何能够将仓库里的东西发往他的家庭地址过程中发现，有时会出现异常宽泛的系统访问——真实的故事） Claims can be used to authorize users based directly on the information that is known about them, which ensures that the authorization changes when the data changes. The simplest way to do this is to generate Role claims based on user data that are then used by controllers to restrict access to action methods. Listing 15-17 shows the contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure. 声明（Claims）可以直接根据用户已知的信息对用户进行授权，这能够保证当数据发生变化时，授权也随之而变。此事最简单的做法是根据用户数据来生成Role声明（Claim），然后由控制器用来限制对动作方法的访问。清单15-17显示了我添加到Infrastructure中的ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-17. The Contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs File 清单15-17. ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsRoles {public static IEnumerable<Claim> CreateRolesFromClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince&& x.Issuer == "RemoteClaims" && x.Value == "DC")&& user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.Role&& x.Value == "Employees")) {claims.Add(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, "DCStaff"));}return claims;} }} The gnarly looking CreateRolesFromClaims method uses lambda expressions to determine whether the user has a StateOrProvince claim from the RemoteClaims issuer with a value of DC and a Role claim with a value of Employees. If the user has both claims, then a Role claim is returned for the DCStaff role. Listing 15-18 shows how I call the CreateRolesFromClaims method from the Login action in the Account controller. CreateRolesFromClaims是一个粗糙的考察方法，它使用了Lambda表达式，以检查用户是否具有StateOrProvince声明（Claim），该声明来自于RemoteClaims发行者（Issuer），值为DC。也检查用户是否具有Role声明（Claim），其值为Employees。如果用户这两个声明都有，那么便返回一个DCStaff角色的Role声明。清单15-18显示了如何在Account控制器中的Login动作中调用CreateRolesFromClaims方法。 Listing 15-18. Generating Roles Based on Claims in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-18. 在AccountController.cs中根据声明生成角色 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident)); ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... I can then restrict access to an action method based on membership of the DCStaff role. Listing 15-19 shows a new action method I added to the Claims controller to which I have applied the Authorize attribute. 然后我可以根据DCStaff角色的成员，来限制对一个动作方法的访问。清单15-19显示了在Claims控制器中添加的一个新的动作方法，在该方法上已经运用了Authorize注解属性。 Listing 15-19. Adding a New Action Method to the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-19. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中添加一个新的动作方法 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [Authorize(Roles="DCStaff")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} Users will be able to access OtherAction only if their claims grant them membership to the DCStaff role. Membership of this role is generated dynamically, so a change to the user’s employment status or location information will change their authorization level. 只要用户的声明（Claims）承认他们是DCStaff角色的成员，那么他们便能访问OtherAction动作。该角色的成员是动态生成的，因此，若是用户的雇用状态或地点信息发生变化，也会改变他们的授权等级。 提示：请读者从这个例子中吸取其中的思想精髓。对于读物的理解程度，仁者见仁，智者见智，能领悟多少，全凭各人，译者感觉这里的思想有无数的可能。举例说明：（1）可以根据用户的身份进行授权，比如学生在校时是“学生”，毕业后便是“校友”；（2）可以根据用户所处的部门进行授权，人事部用户属于人事团队，销售部用户属于销售团队，各团队有其自己的应用；（3）下一小节的示例是根据用户的地点授权。简言之：一方面用户的各种声明（Claim）都可以用来进行授权；另一方面用户的声明（Claim）又是可以自定义的。于是可能的运用就无法估计了。总之一句话，这种基于声明的授权（Claims-Based Authorization）有无限可能！要是没有我这里的提示，是否所有读者在此处都会有所体会？——译者注 15.3.3 Authorizing Access Using Claims 15.3.3 使用声明（Claims）授权访问 The previous example is an effective demonstration of how claims can be used to keep authorizations fresh and accurate, but it is a little indirect because I generate roles based on claims data and then enforce my authorization policy based on the membership of that role. A more direct and flexible approach is to enforce authorization directly by creating a custom authorization filter attribute. Listing 15-20 shows the contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs file, which I added to the Infrastructure folder and used to create such a filter. 前面的示例有效地演示了如何用声明（Claims）来保持新鲜和准确的授权，但有点不太直接，因为我要根据声明（Claims）数据来生成了角色，然后强制我的授权策略基于角色成员。一个更直接且灵活的办法是直接强制授权，其做法是创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性。清单15-20演示了ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容，我将它添加在Infrastructure文件夹中，并用它创建了这种过滤器。 Listing 15-20. The Contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs File 清单15-20. ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsAccessAttribute : AuthorizeAttribute {public string Issuer { get; set; }public string ClaimType { get; set; }public string Value { get; set; }protected override bool AuthorizeCore(HttpContextBase context) {return context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated&& context.User.Identity is ClaimsIdentity&& ((ClaimsIdentity)context.User.Identity).HasClaim(x =>x.Issuer == Issuer && x.Type == ClaimType && x.Value == Value);} }} The attribute I have defined is derived from the AuthorizeAttribute class, which makes it easy to create custom authorization policies in MVC framework applications by overriding the AuthorizeCore method. My implementation grants access if the user is authenticated, the IIdentity implementation is an instance of ClaimsIdentity, and the user has a claim with the issuer, type, and value matching the class properties. Listing 15-21 shows how I applied the attribute to the Claims controller to authorize access to the OtherAction method based on one of the location claims created by the LocationClaimsProvider class. 我所定义的这个注解属性派生于AuthorizeAttribute类，通过重写AuthorizeCore方法，很容易在MVC框架应用程序中创建自定义的授权策略。在这个实现中，若用户是已认证的、其IIdentity实现是一个ClaimsIdentity实例，而且该用户有一个带有issuer、type以及value的声明（Claim），它们与这个类的属性是匹配的，则该用户便是允许访问的。清单15-21显示了如何将这个注解属性运用于Claims控制器，以便根据LocationClaimsProvider类创建的地点声明（Claim），对OtherAction方法进行授权访问。 Listing 15-21. Performing Authorization on Claims in the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-21. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中执行基于声明的授权 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Infrastructure;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [ClaimsAccess(Issuer="RemoteClaims", ClaimType=ClaimTypes.PostalCode,Value="DC 20500")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} My authorization filter ensures that only users whose location claims specify a ZIP code of DC 20500 can invoke the OtherAction method. 这个授权过滤器能够确保只有地点声明（Claim）的邮编为DC 20500的用户才能请求OtherAction方法。 15.4 Using Third-Party Authentication 15.4 使用第三方认证 One of the benefits of a claims-based system such as ASP.NET Identity is that any of the claims can come from an external system, even those that identify the user to the application. This means that other systems can authenticate users on behalf of the application, and ASP.NET Identity builds on this idea to make it simple and easy to add support for authenticating users through third parties such as Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter. 基于声明的系统，如ASP.NET Identity，的好处之一是任何声明都可以来自于外部系统，即使是将用户标识到应用程序的那些声明。这意味着其他系统可以代表应用程序来认证用户，而ASP.NET Identity就建立在这样的思想之上，使之能够简单而方便地添加第三方认证用户的支持，如微软、Google、Facebook、Twitter等。 There are some substantial benefits of using third-party authentication: Many users will already have an account, users can elect to use two-factor authentication, and you don’t have to manage user credentials in the application. In the sections that follow, I’ll show you how to set up and use third-party authentication for Google users, which Table 15-8 puts into context. 使用第三方认证有一些实际的好处：许多用户已经有了账号、用户可以选择使用双因子认证、你不必在应用程序中管理用户凭据等等。在以下小节中，我将演示如何为Google用户建立并使用第三方认证，表15-8描述了事情的情形。 Table 15-8. Putting Third-Party Authentication in Context 表15-8. 第三方认证情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是第三方认证？ Authenticating with third parties lets you take advantage of the popularity of companies such as Google and Facebook. 第三方认证使你能够利用流行公司，如Google和Facebook，的优势。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ Users don’t like having to remember passwords for many different sites. Using a provider with large-scale adoption can make your application more appealing to users of the provider’s services. 用户不喜欢记住许多不同网站的口令。使用大范围适应的提供器可使你的应用程序更吸引有提供器服务的用户。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework. 这不是一个直接由MVC框架使用的特性。 Note The reason I have chosen to demonstrate Google authentication is that it is the only option that doesn’t require me to register my application with the authentication service. You can get details of the registration processes required at http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE. 提示：我选择演示Google认证的原因是，它是唯一不需要在其认证服务中注册我应用程序的公司。有关认证服务注册过程的细节，请参阅http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE。 15.4.1 Enabling Google Authentication 15.4.1 启用Google认证 ASP.NET Identity comes with built-in support for authenticating users through their Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter accounts as well more general support for any authentication service that supports OAuth. The first step is to add the NuGet package that includes the Google-specific additions for ASP.NET Identity. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: ASP.NET Identity带有通过Microsoft、Google、Facebook以及Twitter账号认证用户的内建支持，并且对于支持OAuth的认证服务具有更普遍的支持。第一个步骤是添加NuGet包，包中含有用于ASP.NET Identity的Google专用附件。请在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中输入以下命令： Install-Package Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google -version 2.0.2 There are NuGet packages for each of the services that ASP.NET Identity supports, as described in Table 15-9. 对于ASP.NET Identity支持的每一种服务都有相应的NuGet包，如表15-9所示。 Table 15-9. The NuGet Authenticaton Packages 表15-9. NuGet认证包 Name 名称 Description 描述 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google Authenticates users with Google accounts 用Google账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Facebook Authenticates users with Facebook accounts 用Facebook账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Twitter Authenticates users with Twitter accounts 用Twitter账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.MicrosoftAccount Authenticates users with Microsoft accounts 用Microsoft账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.OAuth Authenticates users against any OAuth 2.0 service 根据任一OAuth 2.0服务认证用户 Once the package is installed, I enable support for the authentication service in the OWIN startup class, which is defined in the App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs file in the example project. Listing 15-22 shows the change that I have made. 一旦安装了这个包，便可以在OWIN启动类中启用此项认证服务的支持，启动类的定义在示例项目的App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs文件中。清单15-22显示了所做的修改。 Listing 15-22. Enabling Google Authentication in the IdentityConfig.cs File 清单15-22. 在IdentityConfig.cs文件中启用Google认证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Cookies;using Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google;namespace Users {public class IdentityConfig {public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app) {app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppIdentityDbContext>(AppIdentityDbContext.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppUserManager>(AppUserManager.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppRoleManager>(AppRoleManager.Create); app.UseCookieAuthentication(new CookieAuthenticationOptions {AuthenticationType = DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie,LoginPath = new PathString("/Account/Login"),}); app.UseExternalSignInCookie(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);app.UseGoogleAuthentication();} }} Each of the packages that I listed in Table 15-9 contains an extension method that enables the corresponding service. The extension method for the Google service is called UseGoogleAuthentication, and it is called on the IAppBuilder implementation that is passed to the Configuration method. 表15-9所列的每个包都含有启用相应服务的扩展方法。用于Google服务的扩展方法名称为UseGoogleAuthentication，它通过传递给Configuration方法的IAppBuilder实现进行调用。 Next I added a button to the Views/Account/Login.cshtml file, which allows users to log in via Google. You can see the change in Listing 15-23. 下一步骤是在Views/Account/Login.cshtml文件中添加一个按钮，让用户能够通过Google进行登录。所做的修改如清单15-23所示。 Listing 15-23. Adding a Google Login Button to the Login.cshtml File 清单15-23. 在Login.cshtml文件中添加Google登录按钮 @model Users.Models.LoginModel@{ ViewBag.Title = "Login";}<h2>Log In</h2> @Html.ValidationSummary()@using (Html.BeginForm()) {@Html.AntiForgeryToken();<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><div class="form-group"><label>Name</label>@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><div class="form-group"><label>Password</label>@Html.PasswordFor(x => x.Password, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In</button>}@using (Html.BeginForm("GoogleLogin", "Account")) {<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In via Google</button>} The new button submits a form that targets the GoogleLogin action on the Account controller. You can see this method—and the other changes I made the controller—in Listing 15-24. 新按钮递交一个表单，目标是Account控制器中的GoogleLogin动作。可从清单15-24中看到该方法，以及在控制器中所做的其他修改。 Listing 15-24. Adding Support for Google Authentication to the AccountController.cs File 清单15-24. 在AccountController.cs文件中添加Google认证支持 using System.Threading.Tasks;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.Owin.Security;using System.Security.Claims;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using System.Web; namespace Users.Controllers {[Authorize]public class AccountController : Controller {[AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult Login(string returnUrl) {if (HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated) {return View("Error", new string[] { "Access Denied" });}ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View();}[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident)); AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);} [HttpPost][AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult GoogleLogin(string returnUrl) {var properties = new AuthenticationProperties {RedirectUri = Url.Action("GoogleLoginCallback",new { returnUrl = returnUrl})};HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();}[AllowAnonymous]public async Task<ActionResult> GoogleLoginCallback(string returnUrl) {ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);if (user == null) {user = new AppUser {Email = loginInfo.Email,UserName = loginInfo.DefaultUserName,City = Cities.LONDON, Country = Countries.UK};IdentityResult result = await UserManager.CreateAsync(user);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} else {result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} }}ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false }, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl ?? "/");}[Authorize]public ActionResult Logout() {AuthManager.SignOut();return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");}private IAuthenticationManager AuthManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication;} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } The GoogleLogin method creates an instance of the AuthenticationProperties class and sets the RedirectUri property to a URL that targets the GoogleLoginCallback action in the same controller. The next part is a magic phrase that causes ASP.NET Identity to respond to an unauthorized error by redirecting the user to the Google authentication page, rather than the one defined by the application: GoogleLogin方法创建了AuthenticationProperties类的一个实例，并为RedirectUri属性设置了一个URL，其目标为同一控制器中的GoogleLoginCallback动作。下一个部分是一个神奇阶段，通过将用户重定向到Google认证页面，而不是应用程序所定义的认证页面，让ASP.NET Identity对未授权的错误进行响应： ...HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();... This means that when the user clicks the Log In via Google button, their browser is redirected to the Google authentication service and then redirected back to the GoogleLoginCallback action method once they are authenticated. 这意味着，当用户通过点击Google按钮进行登录时，浏览器被重定向到Google的认证服务，一旦在那里认证之后，便被重定向回GoogleLoginCallback动作方法。 I get details of the external login by calling the GetExternalLoginInfoAsync of the IAuthenticationManager implementation, like this: 我通过调用IAuthenticationManager实现的GetExternalLoginInfoAsync方法，我获得了外部登录的细节，如下所示： ...ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();... The ExternalLoginInfo class defines the properties shown in Table 15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类定义的属性如表15-10所示： Table 15-10. The Properties Defined by the ExternalLoginInfo Class 表15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类所定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 DefaultUserName Returns the username 返回用户名 Email Returns the e-mail address 返回E-mail地址 ExternalIdentity Returns a ClaimsIdentity that identities the user 返回标识该用户的ClaimsIdentity Login Returns a UserLoginInfo that describes the external login 返回描述外部登录的UserLoginInfo I use the FindAsync method defined by the user manager class to locate the user based on the value of the ExternalLoginInfo.Login property, which returns an AppUser object if the user has been authenticated with the application before: 我使用了由用户管理器类所定义的FindAsync方法，以便根据ExternalLoginInfo.Login属性的值对用户进行定位，如果用户之前在应用程序中已经认证，该属性会返回一个AppUser对象： ...AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);... If the FindAsync method doesn’t return an AppUser object, then I know that this is the first time that this user has logged into the application, so I create a new AppUser object, populate it with values, and save it to the database. I also save details of how the user logged in so that I can find them next time: 如果FindAsync方法返回的不是AppUser对象，那么我便知道这是用户首次登录应用程序，于是便创建了一个新的AppUser对象，填充该对象的值，并将其保存到数据库。我还保存了用户如何登录的细节，以便下次能够找到他们： ...result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);... All that remains is to generate an identity the user, copy the claims provided by Google, and create an authentication cookie so that the application knows the user has been authenticated: 剩下的事情只是生成该用户的标识了，拷贝Google提供的声明（Claims），并创建一个认证Cookie，以使应用程序知道此用户已认证： ...ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties { IsPersistent = false }, ident);... 15.4.2 Testing Google Authentication 15.4.2 测试Google认证 There is one further change that I need to make before I can test Google authentication: I need to change the account verification I set up in Chapter 13 because it prevents accounts from being created with e-mail addresses that are not within the example.com domain. Listing 15-25 shows how I removed the verification from the AppUserManager class. 在测试Google认证之前还需要一处修改：需要修改第13章所建立的账号验证，因为它不允许example.com域之外的E-mail地址创建账号。清单15-25显示了如何在AppUserManager类中删除这种验证。 Listing 15-25. Disabling Account Validation in the AppUserManager.cs File 清单15-25. 在AppUserManager.cs文件中取消账号验证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppUserManager : UserManager<AppUser> {public AppUserManager(IUserStore<AppUser> store): base(store) {}public static AppUserManager Create(IdentityFactoryOptions<AppUserManager> options,IOwinContext context) {AppIdentityDbContext db = context.Get<AppIdentityDbContext>();AppUserManager manager = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(db)); manager.PasswordValidator = new CustomPasswordValidator {RequiredLength = 6,RequireNonLetterOrDigit = false,RequireDigit = false,RequireLowercase = true,RequireUppercase = true}; //manager.UserValidator = new CustomUserValidator(manager) {// AllowOnlyAlphanumericUserNames = true,// RequireUniqueEmail = true//};return manager;} }} Tip you can use validation for externally authenticated accounts, but I am just going to disable the feature for simplicity. 提示：也可以使用外部已认证账号的验证，但这里出于简化，取消了这一特性。 To test authentication, start the application, click the Log In via Google button, and provide the credentials for a valid Google account. When you have completed the authentication process, your browser will be redirected back to the application. If you navigate to the /Claims/Index URL, you will be able to see how claims from the Google system have been added to the user’s identity, as shown in Figure 15-7. 为了测试认证，启动应用程序，通过点击“Log In via Google（通过Google登录）”按钮，并提供有效的Google账号凭据。当你完成了认证过程时，浏览器将被重定向回应用程序。如果导航到/Claims/Index URL，便能够看到来自Google系统的声明（Claims），已被添加到用户的标识中了，如图15-7所示。 Figure 15-7. Claims from Google 图15-7. 来自Google的声明（Claims） 15.5 Summary 15.5 小结 In this chapter, I showed you some of the advanced features that ASP.NET Identity supports. I demonstrated the use of custom user properties and how to use database migrations to preserve data when you upgrade the schema to support them. I explained how claims work and how they can be used to create more flexible ways of authorizing users. I finished the chapter by showing you how to authenticate users via Google, which builds on the ideas behind the use of claims. 本章向你演示了ASP.NET Identity所支持的一些高级特性。演示了自定义用户属性的使用，还演示了在升级数据架构时，如何使用数据库迁移保护数据。我解释了声明（Claims）的工作机制，以及如何将它们用于创建更灵活的用户授权方式。最后演示了如何通过Google进行认证结束了本章，这是建立在使用声明（Claims）的思想基础之上的。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/gz19871113/article/details/108591802。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...lt;mapper resource="com/itcase/dao/UserMapper.xml"/></mappers> 要是加了mapper依然报错，如果是以下错误的话：点我看另一篇博客 Caused by: org.apache.ibatis.exceptions.PersistenceException: Error building SqlSession. The error may exist in com/itcase/dao/UserMapper.xml Cause: org.apache.ibatis.builder.BuilderException: Error parsing SQL Mapper Configuration. Cause: java.io.IOException: Could not find resource com/itcase/dao/UserMapper.xmlat org.apache.ibatis.exceptions.ExceptionFactory.wrapException(ExceptionFactory.java:30)at org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactoryBuilder.build(SqlSessionFactoryBuilder.java:80)at org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactoryBuilder.build(SqlSessionFactoryBuilder.java:64)at com.itcase.util.MybatisUtil.<clinit>(MybatisUtil.java:20)... 23 moreCaused by: org.apache.ibatis.builder.BuilderException: Error parsing SQL Mapper Configuration. Cause: java.io.IOException: Could not find resource com/itcase/dao/UserMapper.xmlat org.apache.ibatis.builder.xml.XMLConfigBuilder.parseConfiguration(XMLConfigBuilder.java:121)at org.apache.ibatis.builder.xml.XMLConfigBuilder.parse(XMLConfigBuilder.java:98)at org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactoryBuilder.build(SqlSessionFactoryBuilder.java:78)... 25 moreCaused by: java.io.IOException: Could not find resource com/itcase/dao/UserMapper.xmlat org.apache.ibatis.io.Resources.getResourceAsStream(Resources.java:114)at org.apache.ibatis.io.Resources.getResourceAsStream(Resources.java:100)at org.apache.ibatis.builder.xml.XMLConfigBuilder.mapperElement(XMLConfigBuilder.java:372)at org.apache.ibatis.builder.xml.XMLConfigBuilder.parseConfiguration(XMLConfigBuilder.java:119)... 27 more 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/kaikai_gege/article/details/109730197。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...lem.assertIdentifier=error org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.enumIdentifier=error org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.forbiddenReference=warning org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.source=1.5 eclipse.preferences.version=1org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.codegen.inlineJsrBytecode=enabledorg.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.codegen.targetPlatform=1.5org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.compliance=1.5org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.assertIdentifier=errororg.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.enumIdentifier=errororg.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.forbiddenReference=warningorg.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.source=1.5 把1.5改成1.6 [html] view plain copy print ? eclipse.preferences.version=1 org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.codegen.inlineJsrBytecode=enabled org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.codegen.targetPlatform=1.6 org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.compliance=1.6 org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.assertIdentifier=error org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.enumIdentifier=error org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.forbiddenReference=warning org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.source=1.6 eclipse.preferences.version=1org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.codegen.inlineJsrBytecode=enabledorg.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.codegen.targetPlatform=1.6org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.compliance=1.6org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.assertIdentifier=errororg.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.enumIdentifier=errororg.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.forbiddenReference=warningorg.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.source=1.6 3.打开org.eclipse.wst.common.component [html] view plain copy print ? <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project-modules id="moduleCoreId" project-version="1.5.0"> <wb-module deploy-name="test"> <wb-resource deploy-path="/" source-path="/target/m2e-wtp/web-resources"/> <wb-resource deploy-path="/" source-path="/src/main/webapp" tag="defaultRootSource"/> <wb-resource deploy-path="/WEB-INF/classes" source-path="/src/main/java"/> <wb-resource deploy-path="/WEB-INF/classes" source-path="/src/main/resources"/> <property name="context-root" value="test"/> <property name="java-output-path" value="/test/target/classes"/> </wb-module> </project-modules> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><project-modules id="moduleCoreId" project-version="1.5.0"><wb-module deploy-name="test"><wb-resource deploy-path="/" source-path="/target/m2e-wtp/web-resources"/><wb-resource deploy-path="/" source-path="/src/main/webapp" tag="defaultRootSource"/><wb-resource deploy-path="/WEB-INF/classes" source-path="/src/main/java"/><wb-resource deploy-path="/WEB-INF/classes" source-path="/src/main/resources"/><property name="context-root" value="test"/><property name="java-output-path" value="/test/target/classes"/></wb-module></project-modules> 把 project-version="1.5.0"改成 project-version="1.6.0" [html] view plain copy print ? <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project-modules id="moduleCoreId" project-version="1.6.0"> <wb-module deploy-name="test"> <wb-resource deploy-path="/" source-path="/target/m2e-wtp/web-resources"/> <wb-resource deploy-path="/" source-path="/src/main/webapp" tag="defaultRootSource"/> <wb-resource deploy-path="/WEB-INF/classes" source-path="/src/main/java"/> <wb-resource deploy-path="/WEB-INF/classes" source-path="/src/main/resources"/> <property name="context-root" value="test"/> <property name="java-output-path" value="/test/target/classes"/> </wb-module> </project-modules> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><project-modules id="moduleCoreId" project-version="1.6.0"><wb-module deploy-name="test"><wb-resource deploy-path="/" source-path="/target/m2e-wtp/web-resources"/><wb-resource deploy-path="/" source-path="/src/main/webapp" tag="defaultRootSource"/><wb-resource deploy-path="/WEB-INF/classes" source-path="/src/main/java"/><wb-resource deploy-path="/WEB-INF/classes" source-path="/src/main/resources"/><property name="context-root" value="test"/><property name="java-output-path" value="/test/target/classes"/></wb-module></project-modules> 4.打开org.eclipse.wst.common.project.facet.core.xml [html] view plain copy print ? <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <faceted-project> <fixed facet="wst.jsdt.web"/> <installed facet="java" version="1.5"/> <installed facet="jst.web" version="2.3"/> <installed facet="wst.jsdt.web" version="1.0"/> </faceted-project> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><faceted-project><fixed facet="wst.jsdt.web"/><installed facet="java" version="1.5"/><installed facet="jst.web" version="2.3"/><installed facet="wst.jsdt.web" version="1.0"/></faceted-project> 把<installed facet="java" version="1.5"/>改成<installed facet="java" version="1.6"/>，把 <installed facet="jst.web" version="2.3"/>改成 <installed facet="jst.web" version="2.5"/> [html] view plain copy print ? <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <faceted-project> <fixed facet="wst.jsdt.web"/> <installed facet="java" version="1.6"/> <installed facet="jst.web" version="2.5"/> <installed facet="wst.jsdt.web" version="1.0"/> </faceted-project> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><faceted-project><fixed facet="wst.jsdt.web"/><installed facet="java" version="1.6"/><installed facet="jst.web" version="2.5"/><installed facet="wst.jsdt.web" version="1.0"/></faceted-project> 都改好之后在打开看看，已经把Dynamic web module改成了2.5 好了，大功搞成，这是一种解决办法，但是治标不治本，更高级的就是自定义catalog，然后安装到本地，再创建的时候啥都有了，比如把现在流行的s(struts2)sh，ssi，s(springmvc)sh 创建catalog，包括包结构，部分代码啥的都有，下次写吧。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eclipse或STS中如何显示.setting等文件？ 解决方案： 1.点击左上角的”小三角“，鼠标停在上面可以看见它叫”view menu“ 2.点击后，弹出的下拉菜单里选择”Filters“ 3.将.resources前面的勾去掉，选择ok，这样配置完，就可以看见.setting和.classpath和.project如果用git管理项目，还可以看到.gitignore 4.上面3步骤基本就完成了，我们可以直接在这些文件里面改东西，例如改版本，当视图操作不成功的时候，不妨这里试试。 5.如果使用git作为项目管理工具，还可以看到.gitignore的文件,可以在这里配置不需要加入版本管理的文件。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/jyw935478490/article/details/50459809。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...java AtlasResource resource = client.get("/api/resources/" + resourceId); 4.2 创建资源 java Map properties = new HashMap<>(); properties.put("name", "My Resource"); resource.create(properties); 4.3 删除资源 java client.delete("/api/resources/" + resourceId); 五、结论 总的来说，Apache Atlas是一个非常好用的数据治理平台，但是在使用的过程中我们也可能会遇到一些问题。只要我们get到了正确的处理方式和小窍门，就完全能够麻溜地找出问题所在，并且妥妥地把它们解决掉。同时，我也希望大家能够通过这篇文章了解到更多关于Apache Atlas的知识，从而提高自己的工作效率。

...eaning up resources...' end 通过这种方式，我们可以针对不同类型的异常采取不同的恢复策略，同时也能确保所有必要的清理工作得以完成。 4. 思考与总结 处理异常和管理资源并不是一门精确科学，而是需要结合具体场景和需求的艺术。在Ruby的天地里，咱们得摸透并灵活玩转begin-rescue-end-ensure这套关键字组合拳，好让咱编写的代码既结实耐摔又运行飞快。这不仅仅说的是程序的稳定牢靠程度，更深层次地反映出咱们开发者对每个小细节的极致关注，以及对产品品质那份永不停歇的执着追求。 每一次与异常的“交锋”，都是我们磨砺技术、提升思维的过程。只有当你真正掌握了在Ruby中妥善处理异常，确保资源被及时释放的窍门时，你才能编写出那种既能经得起风吹雨打，又能始终保持稳定运行的应用程序。就像是建造一座坚固的房子，只有把地基打得牢靠，把每一处细节都照顾到，房子才能既抵御恶劣天气，又能在日常生活中安全可靠地居住。同样道理，编程也是如此，特别是在Ruby的世界里，唯有妥善处理异常和资源管理，你的应用程序才能健壮如牛，无惧任何挑战。这就是Ruby编程的魅力所在，它挑战着我们，也塑造着我们。

...ins maven-resources-plugin 3.1.0 default-resources resources org.apache.maven.plugins maven-test-plugin 3.1.0 default-test test org.apache.maven.plugins maven-package-plugin 3.1.0 default-package package org.apache.maven.plugins maven-install-plugin 3.0.0-M1 default-install install org.apache.maven.plugins maven-deploy-plugin 3.0.0-M1 default-deploy deploy 在这个例子中，我们定义了一系列的生命周期阶段，并为每一个阶段指定了具体的插件和目标。 序号六：总结 通过本文的学习，你应该对 Invalidlifecyclephase 有了更深入的理解。记住了啊，只要你严格按照Maven的那些最佳操作步骤来，并且仔仔细细地审查了你的配置设定，这个错误就能被你轻松躲过去。希望你在未来的开发工作中能够顺利地使用Maven！

...appMaster.resource.memory.mb=1024 yarn.appMaster.heap.memory.mb=512 executor.resource.memory.mb=512 executor.heap.memory.mb=256 executor.instances=1 如果有Hadoop环境 hadoop.home.dir=/path/to/hadoop hadoop.security.authentication=kerberos hadoop.conf.dir=/path/to/hadoop/conf 如果有Spark环境 spark.master=local[2] spark.executor.memory=512m spark.driver.memory=512m 3. 配置DataX任务配置文件 在conf目录下创建一个新的XML配置文件，例如my_data_sync.xml，用于定义具体的源和目标数据源、数据传输规则等信息。以下是简单的配置示例： xml 0 0 五、启动DataX任务 配置完成后，我们可以通过DataX CLI命令行工具来启动我们的数据同步任务： bash $ ./bin/datax job submit conf/my_data_sync.xml 此时，DataX会按照my_data_sync.xml中的配置内容，定时从MySQL数据库读取数据，并将其写入到HDFS指定的路径上。 六、总结 通过本文的介绍，相信您已经对DataX的基本安装及配置有了初步的认识和实践。在实际操作的时候，你可能还会碰到需要根据不同的业务情况，灵活调整DataX任务配置的情况。这样一来，才能让它更好地符合你的数据传输需求，就像是给它量身定制了一样，更加贴心地服务于你的业务场景。不断探索和实践，DataX将成为您数据处理与迁移的强大助手！

...get("user.resource.dir"); //上传的图片零时保存路径 String tempShowPath = ConfigurationUtils.get("user.resource.url"); //用户保存的头像路径 if(tempSavePath.equals("/img")) { tempSavePath=sc.getRealPath("/")+tempSavePath; } Msg msg = new Msg(); msg.setCode(204); msg.setMsg("上传头像失败！"); String type = request.getParameter("type"); if (!Strings.isNullOrEmpty(type) && type.equals("first")) { request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8"); DiskFileItemFactory factory = new DiskFileItemFactory(); ServletFileUpload servletFileUpload = new ServletFileUpload(factory); try { List items = servletFileUpload.parseRequest(request); Iterator iterator = items.iterator(); while (iterator.hasNext()) { FileItem item = (FileItem) iterator.next(); if (!item.isFormField()) { { File tempFile = new File(item.getName()); File saveTemp = new File(tempSavePath+"/tempImg/"); String getItemName=tempFile.getName(); String fileName = UUID.randomUUID()+"." +getItemName.substring(getItemName.lastIndexOf(".") + 1, getItemName.length()); File saveDir = new File(tempSavePath+"/tempImg/", fileName); //如果目录不存在，创建。 if (saveTemp.exists() == false) { if (!saveTemp.mkdir()) { // 创建失败 saveTemp.getParentFile().mkdir(); saveTemp.mkdir(); } else { } } if (saveDir.exists()) { log.info("存在同名文件···"); saveDir.delete(); } item.write(saveDir); log.info("上传头像成功!"+saveDir.getName()); msg.setCode(200); msg.setMsg("上传头像成功!"); Image image = new Image(); BufferedImage bufferedImage = null; try { bufferedImage = ImageIO.read(saveDir); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } image.setHeight(bufferedImage.getHeight()); image.setWidth(bufferedImage.getWidth()); image.setPath(tempShowPath+ "/tempImg/" + fileName); log.info(image.getPath()); image.setRealPath(tempSavePath+"/tempImg/"+ fileName); image.setFileExt(fileName.substring(fileName.lastIndexOf(".") + 1, fileName.length())); msg.setObject(image); } } else { log.info("" + item.getFieldName()); } } } catch (Exception ex) { log.error("上传用户头像图片异常!"); ex.printStackTrace(); } finally { AppHelper.returnJsonAjaxForm(response, msg); } } 上传成功后，可以看到照片和照片的预览效果。看图： 上传头像之后的效果 Friday, October 05, 2012 第二步：编辑和保存头像 选中图中的区域，保存头像，就完成头像的修改。 修改之后的效果入下： 修改之后的头像(因为传了一张动态图片，得到的跟上图有些不同) 实现细节： 首先用了一个js控件：Jcrop，有兴趣的屌丝可以去搜一下，然后，利用上传之后的图片和之前的选定区域，完成了一个截图，保存为用户的头像。 连接层的js： $("saveHead").bind("click", function () { var width = $("width").val(); var height = $("height").val(); var oldImgPath = $("oldImgPath").val(); var imgFileExt = $("imgFileExt").val(); var x = $('x').val(); var y = $('y').val(); var w = $('w').val(); var h = $('h').val(); $.ajax({ url:'/imgCrop', type:'post', data:{x:x, y:y, w:w, h:h, width:width, height:height, oldImgPath:oldImgPath, fileExt:imgFileExt}, datatype:'json', success:function (msg) { if (msg.code == 200) { $("avatar").attr("src", msg.object); forword('/nav', 'index'); } else { alert(msg.msg); } } }); }); function checkImg() { //限制上传文件的大小和后缀名 var filePath = $("input[name='uploadImg']").val(); if (!filePath) { $("uploadMsg").html("请选择上传文件!").show(); return false; } else { var extStart = filePath.lastIndexOf("."); var ext = filePath.substring(extStart, filePath.length).toUpperCase(); if (ext != ".PNG" && ext != ".GIF" && ext != ".JPG") { $("uploadMsg").html("图片限于png,gif,jpg格式!").show(); return false; } } return true; } 服务器端处理代码： String savePath = ConfigurationUtils.get("user.resource.dir"); //上传的图片保存路径 String showPath = ConfigurationUtils.get("user.resource.url"); //显示图片的路径 if(savePath.equals("/img")) { savePath=sc.getRealPath("/")+savePath; } int userId = AppHelper.getUserId(request); String userName=AppHelper.getUserName(request); Msg msg = new Msg(); msg.setCode(204); msg.setMsg("剪切图片失败！"); if (userId <= 0) { msg.setMsg("请先登录"); return; } // 用户经过剪辑后的图片的大小 Integer x = (int)Float.parseFloat(request.getParameter("x")); Integer y = (int)Float.parseFloat(request.getParameter("y")); Integer w = (int)Float.parseFloat(request.getParameter("w")); Integer h = (int)Float.parseFloat(request.getParameter("h")); //获取原显示图片路径 和大小 String oldImgPath = request.getParameter("oldImgPath"); Integer width = (int)Float.parseFloat(request.getParameter("width")); Integer height = (int)Float.parseFloat(request.getParameter("height")); //图片后缀 String imgFileExt = request.getParameter("fileExt"); String foldName="/"+ DateUtils.nowDatetoStrToMonth()+"/"; String imgName = foldName + UUID.randomUUID()+userName + "." + imgFileExt; //组装图片真实名称 String createImgPath = savePath + imgName; //进行剪切图片操作 ImageCut.abscut(oldImgPath,createImgPath, xwidth/300, yheight/300, wwidth/300, hheight/300); File f = new File(createImgPath); if (f.exists()) { msg.setObject(imgName); //把显示路径保存到用户信息下面。 UserService userService = userServiceProvider.get(); int rel = userService.updateUserAvatar(userId, showPath+imgName); if (rel >= 1) { msg.setCode(200); msg.setMsg("剪切图片成功!"); log.info("剪切图片成功!"); //记录日志，更新session log(showPath+imgName,userName); UserObject userObject= userService.getUserObject(userName); request.getSession().setAttribute("userObject", userObject); if (userObject != null && Strings.isNullOrEmpty(userObject.getHeadDir())) userObject.setHeadDir("/images/geren_right_01.jpg"); } else { msg.setCode(204); msg.setMsg("剪切图片失败!"); log.info("剪切图片失败!"); } } AppHelper.returnJson(response, msg); File file=new File(oldImgPath); boolean deleteFile= file.delete(); if(deleteFile==true) { log.info("删除原来图片成功"); } / 图像切割(改) @param srcImageFile 源图像地址 @param dirImageFile 新图像地址 @param x 目标切片起点x坐标 @param y 目标切片起点y坐标 @param destWidth 目标切片宽度 @param destHeight 目标切片高度 / public static void abscut(String srcImageFile, String dirImageFile, int x, int y, int destWidth, int destHeight) { try { Image img; ImageFilter cropFilter; // 读取源图像 BufferedImage bi = ImageIO.read(new File(srcImageFile)); int srcWidth = bi.getWidth(); // 源图宽度 int srcHeight = bi.getHeight(); // 源图高度 if (srcWidth >= destWidth && srcHeight >= destHeight) { Image image = bi.getScaledInstance(srcWidth, srcHeight, Image.SCALE_DEFAULT); // 改进的想法:是否可用多线程加快切割速度 // 四个参数分别为图像起点坐标和宽高 // 即: CropImageFilter(int x,int y,int width,int height) cropFilter = new CropImageFilter(x, y, destWidth, destHeight); img = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().createImage(new FilteredImageSource(image.getSource(), cropFilter)); BufferedImage tag = new BufferedImage(destWidth, destHeight, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB); Graphics g = tag.getGraphics(); g.drawImage(img, 0, 0, null); // 绘制缩小后的图 g.dispose(); // 输出为文件 ImageIO.write(tag, "JPEG", new File(dirImageFile)); } } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } 最后一个处理的比较好的地方就是图片的存储路径问题： 我在服务器端的nginx中做了一个图片的地址映射，把图片放到了跟程序不同的路径中，每次存储图片都是存到图片路径中，客户端拿到图片的地址确实经过nginx映射过的地址。 还有就是关于限制上传图片的大小的问题： 我在服务器端显示了资源的最大大小为1M，当上传的资源超过1M，服务器自动报错413，通过异常处理，可以在客户端得到正确的提示信息。 4，总结优点和不足。 关于修改头像，这么做下来确实达到了目的，用户可以从容的修改头像，性能也还可以。但是，上传图片的大小判断是依靠服务器端来判断的，等待的时间比较久，改进的方向是使用flash控件来限制，使用flash来上传，也不会出现弹出层，这样比较大众化，更容易为用户接受一点。我会不断改进。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_39849287/article/details/111489534。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

...用try-with-resources语句自动关闭资源，这不仅能简化代码，还能确保在发生异常时资源一定能得到正确释放，避免了潜在的内存泄漏问题。 从软件工程的角度来看，学术界和工业界都在持续研究如何提高异常处理的效率和准确性。例如，有研究者提出了基于机器学习预测异常行为的方法，使得程序能够在运行时提前预判并预防可能出现的错误，极大地提升了系统的稳健性和响应速度。 因此，对Java异常机制的理解不应仅停留在语法层面，更要结合最新的技术发展、最佳实践以及前沿理论研究成果，不断优化和完善我们的异常处理逻辑，使程序具备更强的健壮性和可靠性。

...用try-with-resources语句确保文件资源的释放，以及适时监控文件系统状态以预防潜在的权限或空间不足等问题。同时，结合现代化运维工具进行日志分析和异常预警，能够在出现问题时快速定位并解决诸如目录缺失等故障，进一步保障基于Apache Lucene的应用服务稳定性与可靠性。

...importlib.resources" module"的新特性，进一步优化了对内置资源（包括模块）的访问和管理方式。这项改进使得开发者可以直接在特定目录下读取或写入包内的文件，无需通过添加到sys.path来实现，从而简化了局部模块的使用流程，并提升了安全性。 此外，在大型项目开发中，像虚拟环境（Virtual Environment）这样的工具也越来越受到重视，它允许开发者为每个独立项目创建一个隔离的Python环境，其中包含项目的特定模块及其依赖库，这样可以避免全局Python环境下的模块冲突问题，进一步规范模块存放与使用。 同时，随着开源社区的发展，诸如PyPI（Python Package Index）等第三方模块仓库已成为Python开发者共享和获取模块的重要平台。如何正确地发布和引用这些模块，涉及到模块存放路径、版本控制等一系列复杂问题，值得深入研究和探讨。 对于企业级应用来说，遵循最佳实践如采用模块化设计原则，结合像Conda这样的包管理器以及容器化技术（如Docker），能够更好地实现跨团队协作和持续集成/部署（CI/CD），有效提升Python模块的管理效率和整个软件开发生命周期的质量。 总之，Python模块的存放与管理是一个不断演进的话题，了解最新技术和工具动态，结合实际应用场景进行策略选择和实践操作，有助于提升工作效率，确保代码的可维护性和扩展性。

...化try-with-resources语句在多资源管理场景下的应用，以及如何利用异常链（Exception Chaining）来保留原始异常上下文，以便于排查深层次的程序错误。 综上所述，Java异常处理是一个持续演进和深化实践的主题，开发人员需紧跟技术发展步伐，结合具体业务场景灵活运用异常处理机制，从而构建出更加稳定、可靠的系统。

...t get() = resources.displayMetrics.density dipToPix(dp) private fun dipToPix(dipValue: Float): Float { return dipValue resources.displayMetrics.density } } } 步骤二：在我们的AndroidManifest.xml文件中注册我们的自定义View。 xml ... 步骤三：在我们的布局文件中使用我们的自定义View。 xml xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" app:cardCornerRadius="@dimen/card_radius"> android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content"> 以上就是我在遇到类似问题时，通过学习和实践找到的解决方法。希望对你有所帮助。如果你有任何疑问或者更好的解决方法，欢迎留言讨论。 五、总结 总的来说，虽然我们在使用cardview的时候可能会遇到一些问题，但是只要我们能够灵活运用Kotlin的各种特性，就能够很好地解决问题。而且，这就是编程最让人着迷的地方啦——永远有学不完的新知识等你去挖掘，让你的能力不断升级打怪，越来越强！ 最后，我想说的一点是，无论是编程还是其他的事情，我们都应该保持一颗热爱和探索的心。只有这样，我们才能更好地面对挑战，取得更大的进步。