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...互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。 大容量文件上传早已不是什么新鲜问题,在.net 2.0时代,HTML5也还没有问世,要实现这样的功能,要么是改web.config,要么是用flash,要么是用一些第三方控件,然而这些解决问题的方法要么很麻烦,比如改配置,要么不稳定,比如文件上G以后,上传要么死掉,要么卡住,通过设置web.config并不能很好的解决这些问题。 这是一个Html5统治浏览器的时代,在这个新的时代,这种问题已被简化并解决,我们可以利用Html5分片上传的技术,那么Plupload则是一个对此技术进行封装的前端脚本库,这个库的好处是可以自动检测浏览器是否支持html5技术,不支持再检测是否支持flash技术,甚至是sliverlight技术,如果支持,就使用检测到的技术。 那么这个库到哪里下载,怎么搭建呢,比较懒的童鞋还是用Install-Package Plupload搞定吧,一个命令搞定所有事 Plupload支持的功能这里就不细说了,什么批量上传,这里我没有用到,主要是感觉它支持的事件非常丰富,文件选取后的事件,文件上传中的事件(可获得文件的上传进度),文件上传成功的事件,文件上传失败的事件,等等 我的例子主要是上传一个单个文件,并显示上传的进度条(使用jQuery的一个进度条插件) 下面的例子主要是为文件上传交给 UploadCoursePackage.ashx 来处理 /ProgressBar/ var progressBar = $("loading").progressbar({ width: '500px', color: 'B3240E', border: '1px solid 000000' }); /Plupload/ //实例化一个plupload上传对象 var uploader = new plupload.Uploader({ browse_button: 'browse', //触发文件选择对话框的按钮,为那个元素id runtimes: 'html5,flash,silverlight,html4',//兼容的上传方式 url: "Handlers/UploadCoursePackage.ashx", //后端交互处理地址 max_retries: 3, //允许重试次数 chunk_size: '10mb', //分块大小 rename: true, //重命名 dragdrop: false, //允许拖拽文件进行上传 unique_names: true, //文件名称唯一性 filters: { //过滤器 max_file_size: '999999999mb', //文件最大尺寸 mime_types: [ //允许上传的文件类型 { title: "Zip", extensions: "zip" }, { title: "PE", extensions: "pe" } ] }, //自定义参数 (键值对形式) 此处可以定义参数 multipart_params: { type: "misoft" }, // FLASH的配置 flash_swf_url: "../Scripts/plupload/Moxie.swf", // Silverligh的配置 silverlight_xap_url: "../Scripts/plupload/Moxie.xap", multi_selection: false //true:ctrl多文件上传, false 单文件上传 }); //在实例对象上调用init()方法进行初始化 uploader.init(); uploader.bind('FilesAdded', function (uploader, files) { $("<%=fileSource.ClientID %>").val(files[0].name); $.ajax( { type: 'post', url: 'HardDiskSpace.aspx/GetHardDiskFreeSpace', data: {}, dataType: 'json', contentType: 'application/json;charset=utf-8', success: function (result) { //选择文件以后检测服务器剩余磁盘空间是否够用 if (files.length > 0) { if (parseInt(files[0].size) > parseInt(result.d)) { $('error-msg').text("文件容量大于剩余磁盘空间,请联系管理员!"); } else { $('error-msg').text(""); } } }, error: function (xhr, err, obj) { $('error-msg').text("检测服务器剩余磁盘空间失败"); } }); }); uploader.bind('UploadProgress', function (uploader, file) { var percent = file.percent; progressBar.progress(percent); }); uploader.bind('FileUploaded', function (up, file, callBack) { var data = $.parseJSON(callBack.response); if (data.statusCode === "1") { $("<%=hfPackagePath.ClientID %>").val(data.filePath); var id = $("<%=hfCourseID.ClientID %>").val(); __doPostBack("save", id); } else { hideLoading(); $('error-msg').text(data.message); } }); uploader.bind('Error', function (up, err) { alert("文件上传失败,错误信息: " + err.message); }); /Plupload/ 后台 UploadCoursePackage.ashx 的代码也重要,主要是文件分片跟不分片的处理方式不一样 using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Web; using System.IO; namespace WebUI.Handlers { /// <summary> /// UploadCoursePackage 的摘要说明 /// </summary> public class UploadCoursePackage : IHttpHandler { public void ProcessRequest(HttpContext context) { context.Response.ContentType = "text/plain"; int statuscode = 1; string message = string.Empty; string filepath = string.Empty; if (context.Request.Files.Count > 0) { try { string resourceDirectoryName = System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["resourceDirectory"]; string path = context.Server.MapPath("~/" + resourceDirectoryName); if (!Directory.Exists(path)) Directory.CreateDirectory(path); int chunk = context.Request.Params["chunk"] != null ? int.Parse(context.Request.Params["chunk"]) : 0; //获取当前的块ID,如果不是分块上传的。chunk则为0 string fileName = context.Request.Params["name"]; //这里写的比较潦草。判断文件名是否为空。 string type = context.Request.Params["type"]; //在前面JS中不是定义了自定义参数multipart_params的值么。其中有个值是type:"misoft",此处就可以获取到这个值了。获取到的type="misoft"; string ext = Path.GetExtension(fileName); //fileName = string.Format("{0}{1}", Guid.NewGuid().ToString(), ext); filepath = resourceDirectoryName + "/" + fileName; fileName = Path.Combine(path, fileName); //对文件流进行存储 需要注意的是 files目录必须存在(此处可以做个判断) 根据上面的chunk来判断是块上传还是普通上传 上传方式不一样 ,导致的保存方式也会不一样 FileStream fs = new FileStream(fileName, chunk == 0 ? FileMode.OpenOrCreate : FileMode.Append); //write our input stream to a buffer Byte[] buffer = null; if (context.Request.ContentType == "application/octet-stream" && context.Request.ContentLength > 0) { buffer = new Byte[context.Request.InputStream.Length]; context.Request.InputStream.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length); } else if (context.Request.ContentType.Contains("multipart/form-data") && context.Request.Files.Count > 0 && context.Request.Files[0].ContentLength > 0) { buffer = new Byte[context.Request.Files[0].InputStream.Length]; context.Request.Files[0].InputStream.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length); } //write the buffer to a file. if (buffer != null) fs.Write(buffer, 0, buffer.Length); fs.Close(); statuscode = 1; message = "上传成功"; } catch (Exception ex) { statuscode = -1001; message = "保存时发生错误,请确保文件有效且格式正确"; Util.LogHelper logger = new Util.LogHelper(); string path = context.Server.MapPath("~/Logs"); logger.WriteLog(ex.Message, path); } } else { statuscode = -404; message = "上传失败,未接收到资源文件"; } string msg = "{\"statusCode\":\"" + statuscode + "\",\"message\":\"" + message + "\",\"filePath\":\"" + filepath + "\"}"; context.Response.Write(msg); } public bool IsReusable { get { return false; } } } } 再附送一个检测服务器端硬盘剩余空间的功能吧 using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.IO; using System.Linq; using System.Web; using System.Web.Script.Services; using System.Web.Services; using System.Web.UI; using System.Web.UI.WebControls; namespace WebUI { public partial class CheckHardDiskFreeSpace : System.Web.UI.Page { protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { } /// <summary> /// 获取磁盘剩余容量 /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> [WebMethod] public static string GetHardDiskFreeSpace() { const string strHardDiskName = @"F:\"; var freeSpace = string.Empty; var drives = DriveInfo.GetDrives(); var myDrive = (from drive in drives where drive.Name == strHardDiskName select drive).FirstOrDefault(); if (myDrive != null) { freeSpace = myDrive.TotalFreeSpace+""; } return freeSpace; } } } 效果展示: 详细配置信息可以参考这篇文章:http://blog.ncmem.com/wordpress/2019/08/12/plupload%e4%b8%8a%e4%bc%a0%e6%95%b4%e4%b8%aa%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6%e5%a4%b9-2/ 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_45525177/article/details/100654639。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2023-12-19 09:43:46
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...互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。 注:本文是【ASP.NET Identity系列教程】的第三篇。本系列教程详细、完整、深入地介绍了微软的ASP.NET Identity技术,描述了如何运用ASP.NET Identity实现应用程序的用户管理,以及实现应用程序的认证与授权等相关技术,译者希望本系列教程能成为掌握ASP.NET Identity技术的一份完整而有价值的资料。读者若是能够按照文章的描述,一边阅读、一边实践、一边理解,定能有意想不到的巨大收获!希望本系列博文能够得到广大园友的高度推荐。 15 Advanced ASP.NET Identity 15 ASP.NET Identity高级技术 In this chapter, I finish my description of ASP.NET Identity by showing you some of the advanced features it offers. I demonstrate how you can extend the database schema by defining custom properties on the user class and how to use database migrations to apply those properties without deleting the data in the ASP.NET Identity database. I also explain how ASP.NET Identity supports the concept of claims and demonstrates how they can be used to flexibly authorize access to action methods. I finish the chapter—and the book—by showing you how ASP.NET Identity makes it easy to authenticate users through third parties. I demonstrate authentication with Google accounts, but ASP.NET Identity has built-in support for Microsoft, Facebook, and Twitter accounts as well. Table 15-1 summarizes this chapter. 本章将完成对ASP.NET Identity的描述,向你展示它所提供的一些高级特性。我将演示,你可以扩展ASP.NET Identity的数据库架构,其办法是在用户类上定义一些自定义属性。也会演示如何使用数据库迁移,这样可以运用自定义属性,而不必删除ASP.NET Identity数据库中的数据。还会解释ASP.NET Identity如何支持声明(Claims)概念,并演示如何将它们灵活地用来对动作方法进行授权访问。最后向你展示ASP.NET Identity很容易通过第三方部件来认证用户,以此结束本章以及本书。将要演示的是使用Google账号认证,但ASP.NET Identity对于Microsoft、Facebook以及Twitter账号,都有内建的支持。表15-1是本章概要。 Table 15-1. Chapter Summary 表15-1. 本章概要 Problem 问题 Solution 解决方案 Listing 清单号 Store additional information about users. 存储用户的附加信息 Define custom user properties. 定义自定义用户属性 1–3, 8–11 Update the database schema without deleting user data. 更新数据库架构而不删除用户数据 Perform a database migration. 执行数据库迁移 4–7 Perform fine-grained authorization. 执行细粒度授权 Use claims. 使用声明(Claims) 12–14 Add claims about a user. 添加用户的声明(Claims) Use the ClaimsIdentity.AddClaims method. 使用ClaimsIdentity.AddClaims方法 15–19 Authorize access based on claim values. 基于声明(Claims)值授权访问 Create a custom authorization filter attribute. 创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性 20–21 Authenticate through a third party. 通过第三方认证 Install the NuGet package for the authentication provider, redirect requests to that provider, and specify a callback URL that creates the user account. 安装认证提供器的NuGet包,将请求重定向到该提供器,并指定一个创建用户账号的回调URL。 22–25 15.1 Preparing the Example Project 15.1 准备示例项目 In this chapter, I am going to continue working on the Users project I created in Chapter 13 and enhanced in Chapter 14. No changes to the application are required, but start the application and make sure that there are users in the database. Figure 15-1 shows the state of my database, which contains the users Admin, Alice, Bob, and Joe from the previous chapter. To check the users, start the application and request the /Admin/Index URL and authenticate as the Admin user. 本章打算继续使用第13章创建并在第14章增强的Users项目。对应用程序无需做什么改变,但需要启动应用程序,并确保数据库中有一些用户。图15-1显示了数据库的状态,它含有上一章的用户Admin、Alice、Bob以及Joe。为了检查用户,请启动应用程序,请求/Admin/Index URL,并以Admin用户进行认证。 Figure 15-1. The initial users in the Identity database 图15-1. Identity数据库中的最初用户 I also need some roles for this chapter. I used the RoleAdmin controller to create roles called Users and Employees and assigned the users to those roles, as described in Table 15-2. 本章还需要一些角色。我用RoleAdmin控制器创建了角色Users和Employees,并为这些角色指定了一些用户,如表15-2所示。 Table 15-2. The Types of Web Forms Code Nuggets 表15-2. 角色及成员(作者将此表的标题写错了——译者注) Role 角色 Members 成员 Users Alice, Joe Employees Alice, Bob Figure 15-2 shows the required role configuration displayed by the RoleAdmin controller. 图15-2显示了由RoleAdmin控制器所显示出来的必要的角色配置。 Figure 15-2. Configuring the roles required for this chapter 图15-2. 配置本章所需的角色 15.2 Adding Custom User Properties 15.2 添加自定义用户属性 When I created the AppUser class to represent users in Chapter 13, I noted that the base class defined a basic set of properties to describe the user, such as e-mail address and telephone number. Most applications need to store more information about users, including persistent application preferences and details such as addresses—in short, any data that is useful to running the application and that should last between sessions. In ASP.NET Membership, this was handled through the user profile system, but ASP.NET Identity takes a different approach. 我在第13章创建AppUser类来表示用户时曾做过说明,基类定义了一组描述用户的基本属性,如E-mail地址、电话号码等。大多数应用程序还需要存储用户的更多信息,包括持久化应用程序爱好以及地址等细节——简言之,需要存储对运行应用程序有用并且在各次会话之间应当保持的任何数据。在ASP.NET Membership中,这是通过用户资料(User Profile)系统来处理的,但ASP.NET Identity采取了一种不同的办法。 Because the ASP.NET Identity system uses Entity Framework to store its data by default, defining additional user information is just a matter of adding properties to the user class and letting the Code First feature create the database schema required to store them. Table 15-3 puts custom user properties in context. 因为ASP.NET Identity默认是使用Entity Framework来存储其数据的,定义附加的用户信息只不过是给用户类添加属性的事情,然后让Code First特性去创建需要存储它们的数据库架构即可。表15-3描述了自定义用户属性的情形。 Table 15-3. Putting Cusotm User Properties in Context 表15-3. 自定义用户属性的情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是自定义用户属性? Custom user properties allow you to store additional information about your users, including their preferences and settings. 自定义用户属性让你能够存储附加的用户信息,包括他们的爱好和设置。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它? A persistent store of settings means that the user doesn’t have to provide the same information each time they log in to the application. 设置的持久化存储意味着,用户不必每次登录到应用程序时都提供同样的信息。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 在MVC框架中如何使用它? This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is available for use in action methods. 此特性不是由MVC框架直接使用的,但它在动作方法中使用是有效的。 15.2.1 Defining Custom Properties 15.2.1 定义自定义属性 Listing 15-1 shows how I added a simple property to the AppUser class to represent the city in which the user lives. 清单15-1演示了如何给AppUser类添加一个简单的属性,用以表示用户生活的城市。 Listing 15-1. Adding a Property in the AppUser.cs File 清单15-1. 在AppUser.cs文件中添加属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;namespace Users.Models { public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; } }} I have defined an enumeration called Cities that defines values for some large cities and added a property called City to the AppUser class. To allow the user to view and edit their City property, I added actions to the Home controller, as shown in Listing 15-2. 这里定义了一个枚举,名称为Cities,它定义了一些大城市的值,另外给AppUser类添加了一个名称为City的属性。为了让用户能够查看和编辑City属性,给Home控制器添加了几个动作方法,如清单15-2所示。 Listing 15-2. Adding Support for Custom User Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-2. 在HomeController.cs文件中添加对自定义属性的支持 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {return View(GetData("Index"));}[Authorize(Roles = "Users")]public ActionResult OtherAction() {return View("Index", GetData("OtherAction"));}private Dictionary<string, object> GetData(string actionName) {Dictionary<string, object> dict= new Dictionary<string, object>();dict.Add("Action", actionName);dict.Add("User", HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);dict.Add("Authenticated", HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated);dict.Add("Auth Type", HttpContext.User.Identity.AuthenticationType);dict.Add("In Users Role", HttpContext.User.IsInRole("Users"));return dict;} [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}private AppUser CurrentUser {get {return UserManager.FindByName(HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } I added a CurrentUser property that uses the AppUserManager class to retrieve an AppUser instance to represent the current user. I pass the AppUser object as the view model object in the GET version of the UserProps action method, and the POST method uses it to update the value of the new City property. Listing 15-3 shows the UserProps.cshtml view, which displays the City property value and contains a form to change it. 我添加了一个CurrentUser属性,它使用AppUserManager类接收了表示当前用户的AppUser实例。在GET版本的UserProps动作方法中,传递了这个AppUser对象作为视图模型。而在POST版的方法中用它更新了City属性的值。清单15-3显示了UserProps.cshtml视图,它显示了City属性的值,并包含一个修改它的表单。 Listing 15-3. The Contents of the UserProps.cshtml File in the Views/Home Folder 清单15-3. Views/Home文件夹中UserProps.cshtml文件的内容 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";}<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr></table></div> @using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Caution Don’t start the application when you have created the view. In the sections that follow, I demonstrate how to preserve the contents of the database, and if you start the application now, the ASP.NET Identity users will be deleted. 警告:创建了视图之后不要启动应用程序。在以下小节中,将演示如何保留数据库的内容,如果现在启动应用程序,将会删除ASP.NET Identity的用户。 15.2.2 Preparing for Database Migration 15.2.2 准备数据库迁移 The default behavior for the Entity Framework Code First feature is to drop the tables in the database and re-create them whenever classes that drive the schema have changed. You saw this in Chapter 14 when I added support for roles: When the application was started, the database was reset, and the user accounts were lost. Entity Framework Code First特性的默认行为是,一旦修改了派生数据库架构的类,便会删除数据库中的数据表,并重新创建它们。在第14章可以看到这种情况,在我添加角色支持时:当重启应用程序后,数据库被重置,用户账号也丢失。 Don’t start the application yet, but if you were to do so, you would see a similar effect. Deleting data during development is usually not a problem, but doing so in a production setting is usually disastrous because it deletes all of the real user accounts and causes a panic while the backups are restored. In this section, I am going to demonstrate how to use the database migration feature, which updates a Code First schema in a less brutal manner and preserves the existing data it contains. 不要启动应用程序,但如果你这么做了,会看到类似的效果。在开发期间删除数据没什么问题,但如果在产品设置中这么做了,通常是灾难性的,因为它会删除所有真实的用户账号,而备份恢复是很痛苦的事。在本小节中,我打算演示如何使用数据库迁移特性,它能以比较温和的方式更新Code First的架构,并保留架构中的已有数据。 The first step is to issue the following command in the Visual Studio Package Manager Console: 第一个步骤是在Visual Studio的“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中发布以下命令: Enable-Migrations –EnableAutomaticMigrations This enables the database migration support and creates a Migrations folder in the Solution Explorer that contains a Configuration.cs class file, the contents of which are shown in Listing 15-4. 它启用了数据库的迁移支持,并在“Solution Explorer(解决方案资源管理器)”创建一个Migrations文件夹,其中含有一个Configuration.cs类文件,内容如清单15-4所示。 Listing 15-4. The Contents of the Configuration.cs File 清单15-4. Configuration.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using System.Linq;internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext context) {// This method will be called after migrating to the latest version.// 此方法将在迁移到最新版本时调用// You can use the DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate() helper extension method// to avoid creating duplicate seed data. E.g.// 例如,你可以使用DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate()辅助器方法来避免创建重复的种子数据//// context.People.AddOrUpdate(// p => p.FullName,// new Person { FullName = "Andrew Peters" },// new Person { FullName = "Brice Lambson" },// new Person { FullName = "Rowan Miller" }// );//} }} Tip You might be wondering why you are entering a database migration command into the console used to manage NuGet packages. The answer is that the Package Manager Console is really PowerShell, which is a general-purpose tool that is mislabeled by Visual Studio. You can use the console to issue a wide range of helpful commands. See http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518 for details. 提示:你可能会觉得奇怪,为什么要在管理NuGet包的控制台中输入数据库迁移的命令?答案是“Package Manager Console(包管理控制台)”是真正的PowerShell,这是Visual studio冒用的一个通用工具。你可以使用此控制台发送大量的有用命令,详见http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518。 The class will be used to migrate existing content in the database to the new schema, and the Seed method will be called to provide an opportunity to update the existing database records. In Listing 15-5, you can see how I have used the Seed method to set a default value for the new City property I added to the AppUser class. (I have also updated the class file to reflect my usual coding style.) 这个类将用于把数据库中的现有内容迁移到新的数据库架构,Seed方法的调用为更新现有数据库记录提供了机会。在清单15-5中可以看到,我如何用Seed方法为新的City属性设置默认值,City是添加到AppUser类中自定义属性。(为了体现我一贯的编码风格,我对这个类文件也进行了更新。) Listing 15-5. Managing Existing Content in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-5. 在Configuration.cs文件中管理已有内容 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);}foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();} }} You will notice that much of the code that I added to the Seed method is taken from the IdentityDbInit class, which I used to seed the database with an administration user in Chapter 14. This is because the new Configuration class added to support database migrations will replace the seeding function of the IdentityDbInit class, which I’ll update shortly. Aside from ensuring that there is an admin user, the statements in the Seed method that are important are the ones that set the initial value for the City property I added to the AppUser class, as follows: 你可能会注意到,添加到Seed方法中的许多代码取自于IdentityDbInit类,在第14章中我用这个类将管理用户植入了数据库。这是因为这个新添加的、用以支持数据库迁移的Configuration类,将代替IdentityDbInit类的种植功能,我很快便会更新这个类。除了要确保有admin用户之外,在Seed方法中的重要语句是那些为AppUser类的City属性设置初值的语句,如下所示: ...foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) { dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();... You don’t have to set a default value for new properties—I just wanted to demonstrate that the Seed method in the Configuration class can be used to update the existing user records in the database. 你不一定要为新属性设置默认值——这里只是想演示Configuration类中的Seed方法,可以用它更新数据库中的已有用户记录。 Caution Be careful when setting values for properties in the Seed method for real projects because the values will be applied every time you change the schema, overriding any values that the user has set since the last schema update was performed. I set the value of the City property just to demonstrate that it can be done. 警告:在用于真实项目的Seed方法中为属性设置值时要小心,因为你每一次修改架构时,都会运用这些值,这会将自执行上一次架构更新之后,用户设置的任何数据覆盖掉。这里设置City属性的值只是为了演示它能够这么做。 Changing the Database Context Class 修改数据库上下文类 The reason that I added the seeding code to the Configuration class is that I need to change the IdentityDbInit class. At present, the IdentityDbInit class is derived from the descriptively named DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> class, which, as you might imagine, drops the entire database when the Code First classes change. Listing 15-6 shows the changes I made to the IdentityDbInit class to prevent it from affecting the database. 在Configuration类中添加种植代码的原因是我需要修改IdentityDbInit类。此时,IdentityDbInit类派生于描述性命名的DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> 类,和你相像的一样,它会在Code First类改变时删除整个数据库。清单15-6显示了我对IdentityDbInit类所做的修改,以防止它影响数据库。 Listing 15-6. Preventing Database Schema Changes in the AppIdentityDbContext.cs File 清单15-6. 在AppIdentityDbContext.cs文件是阻止数据库架构变化 using System.Data.Entity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppIdentityDbContext : IdentityDbContext<AppUser> {public AppIdentityDbContext() : base("IdentityDb") { }static AppIdentityDbContext() {Database.SetInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext>(new IdentityDbInit());}public static AppIdentityDbContext Create() {return new AppIdentityDbContext();} } public class IdentityDbInit : NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> {} } I have removed the methods defined by the class and changed its base to NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> , which prevents the schema from being altered. 我删除了这个类中所定义的方法,并将它的基类改为NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> ,它可以防止架构修改。 15.2.3 Performing the Migration 15.2.3 执行迁移 All that remains is to generate and apply the migration. First, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情只是生成并运用迁移了。首先,在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中执行以下命令: Add-Migration CityProperty This creates a new migration called CityProperty (I like my migration names to reflect the changes I made). A class new file will be added to the Migrations folder, and its name reflects the time at which the command was run and the name of the migration. My file is called 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs, for example. The contents of this file contain the details of how Entity Framework will change the database during the migration, as shown in Listing 15-7. 这创建了一个名称为CityProperty的新迁移(我比较喜欢让迁移的名称反映出我所做的修改)。这会在文件夹中添加一个新的类文件,而且其命名会反映出该命令执行的时间以及迁移名称,例如,我的这个文件名称为201402262244036_CityProperty.cs。该文件的内容含有迁移期间Entity Framework修改数据库的细节,如清单15-7所示。 Listing 15-7. The Contents of the 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs File 清单15-7. 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations; public partial class Init : DbMigration {public override void Up() {AddColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City", c => c.Int(nullable: false));}public override void Down() {DropColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City");} }} The Up method describes the changes that have to be made to the schema when the database is upgraded, which in this case means adding a City column to the AspNetUsers table, which is the one that is used to store user records in the ASP.NET Identity database. Up方法描述了在数据库升级时,需要对架构所做的修改,在这个例子中,意味着要在AspNetUsers数据表中添加City数据列,该数据表是ASP.NET Identity数据库用来存储用户记录的。 The final step is to perform the migration. Without starting the application, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 最后一步是执行迁移。无需启动应用程序,只需在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中运行以下命令即可: Update-Database –TargetMigration CityProperty The database schema will be modified, and the code in the Configuration.Seed method will be executed. The existing user accounts will have been preserved and enhanced with a City property (which I set to Paris in the Seed method). 这会修改数据库架构,并执行Configuration.Seed方法中的代码。已有用户账号会被保留,且增强了City属性(我在Seed方法中已将其设置为“Paris”)。 15.2.4 Testing the Migration 15.2.4 测试迁移 To test the effect of the migration, start the application, navigate to the /Home/UserProps URL, and authenticate as one of the Identity users (for example, as Alice with the password MySecret). Once authenticated, you will see the current value of the City property for the user and have the opportunity to change it, as shown in Figure 15-3. 为了测试迁移的效果,启动应用程序,导航到/Home/UserProps URL,并以Identity中的用户(例如Alice,口令MySecret)进行认证。一旦已被认证,便会看到该用户City属性的当前值,并可以对其进行修改,如图15-3所示。 Figure 15-3. Displaying and changing a custom user property 图15-3. 显示和个性自定义用户属性 15.2.5 Defining an Additional Property 15.2.5 定义附加属性 Now that database migrations are set up, I am going to define a further property just to demonstrate how subsequent changes are handled and to show a more useful (and less dangerous) example of using the Configuration.Seed method. Listing 15-8 shows how I added a Country property to the AppUser class. 现在,已经建立了数据库迁移,我打算再定义一个属性,这恰恰演示了如何处理持续不断的修改,也为了演示Configuration.Seed方法更有用(至少无害)的示例。清单15-8显示了我在AppUser类上添加了一个Country属性。 Listing 15-8. Adding Another Property in the AppUserModels.cs File 清单15-8. 在AppUserModels.cs文件中添加另一个属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework; namespace Users.Models {public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO} public enum Countries {NONE, UK, FRANCE, USA}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; }public Countries Country { get; set; }public void SetCountryFromCity(Cities city) {switch (city) {case Cities.LONDON:Country = Countries.UK;break;case Cities.PARIS:Country = Countries.FRANCE;break;case Cities.CHICAGO:Country = Countries.USA;break;default:Country = Countries.NONE;break;} }} } I have added an enumeration to define the country names and a helper method that selects a country value based on the City property. Listing 15-9 shows the change I made to the Configuration class so that the Seed method sets the Country property based on the City, but only if the value of Country is NONE (which it will be for all users when the database is migrated because the Entity Framework sets enumeration columns to the first value). 我已经添加了一个枚举,它定义了国家名称。还添加了一个辅助器方法,它可以根据City属性选择一个国家。清单15-9显示了对Configuration类所做的修改,以使Seed方法根据City设置Country属性,但只当Country为NONE时才进行设置(在迁移数据库时,所有用户都是NONE,因为Entity Framework会将枚举列设置为枚举的第一个值)。 Listing 15-9. Modifying the Database Seed in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-9. 在Configuration.cs文件中修改数据库种子 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);} foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {if (dbUser.Country == Countries.NONE) {dbUser.SetCountryFromCity(dbUser.City);} }context.SaveChanges();} }} This kind of seeding is more useful in a real project because it will set a value for the Country property only if one has not already been set—subsequent migrations won’t be affected, and user selections won’t be lost. 这种种植在实际项目中会更有用,因为它只会在Country属性未设置时,才会设置Country属性的值——后继的迁移不会受到影响,因此不会失去用户的选择。 1. Adding Application Support 1. 添加应用程序支持 There is no point defining additional user properties if they are not available in the application, so Listing 15-10 shows the change I made to the Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml file to display the value of the Country property. 应用程序中如果没有定义附加属性的地方,则附加属性就无法使用了,因此,清单15-10显示了我对Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml文件的修改,以显示Country属性的值。 Listing 15-10. Displaying an Additional Property in the UserProps.cshtml File 清单15-10. 在UserProps.cshtml文件中显示附加属性 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";} <div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr> <tr><th>Country</th><td>@Model.Country</td></tr></table></div>@using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Listing 15-11 shows the corresponding change I made to the Home controller to update the Country property when the City value changes. 为了在City值变化时能够更新Country属性,清单15-11显示了我对Home控制器所做的相应修改。 Listing 15-11. Setting Custom Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-11. 在HomeController.cs文件中设置自定义属性 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {// ...other action methods omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化,这里忽略了其他动作方法... [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;user.SetCountryFromCity(city);await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}// ...properties omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化,这里忽略了一些属性...} } 2. Performing the Migration 2. 准备迁移 All that remains is to create and apply a new migration. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情就是创建和运用新的迁移了。在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中输入以下命令: Add-Migration CountryProperty This will generate another file in the Migrations folder that contains the instruction to add the Country column. To apply the migration, execute the following command: 这将在Migrations文件夹中生成另一个文件,它含有添加Country数据表列的指令。为了运用迁移,可执行以下命令: Update-Database –TargetMigration CountryProperty The migration will be performed, and the value of the Country property will be set based on the value of the existing City property for each user. You can check the new user property by starting the application and authenticating and navigating to the /Home/UserProps URL, as shown in Figure 15-4. 这将执行迁移,Country属性的值将根据每个用户当前的City属性进行设置。通过启动应用程序,认证并导航到/Home/UserProps URL,便可以查看新的用户属性,如图15-4所示。 Figure 15-4. Creating an additional user property 图15-4. 创建附加用户属性 Tip Although I am focused on the process of upgrading the database, you can also migrate back to a previous version by specifying an earlier migration. Use the –Force argument make changes that cause data loss, such as removing a column. 提示:虽然我们关注了升级数据库的过程,但你也可以回退到以前的版本,只需指定一个早期的迁移即可。使用-Force参数进行修改,会引起数据丢失,例如删除数据表列。 15.3 Working with Claims 15.3 使用声明(Claims) In older user-management systems, such as ASP.NET Membership, the application was assumed to be the authoritative source of all information about the user, essentially treating the application as a closed world and trusting the data that is contained within it. 在旧的用户管理系统中,例如ASP.NET Membership,应用程序被假设成是用户所有信息的权威来源,本质上将应用程序视为是一个封闭的世界,并且只信任其中所包含的数据。 This is such an ingrained approach to software development that it can be hard to recognize that’s what is happening, but you saw an example of the closed-world technique in Chapter 14 when I authenticated users against the credentials stored in the database and granted access based on the roles associated with those credentials. I did the same thing again in this chapter when I added properties to the user class. Every piece of information that I needed to manage user authentication and authorization came from within my application—and that is a perfectly satisfactory approach for many web applications, which is why I demonstrated these techniques in such depth. 这是软件开发的一种根深蒂固的方法,使人很难认识到这到底意味着什么,第14章你已看到了这种封闭世界技术的例子,根据存储在数据库中的凭据来认证用户,并根据与凭据关联在一起的角色来授权访问。本章前述在用户类上添加属性,也做了同样的事情。我管理用户认证与授权所需的每一个数据片段都来自于我的应用程序——而且这是许多Web应用程序都相当满意的一种方法,这也是我如此深入地演示这些技术的原因。 ASP.NET Identity also supports an alternative approach for dealing with users, which works well when the MVC framework application isn’t the sole source of information about users and which can be used to authorize users in more flexible and fluid ways than traditional roles allow. ASP.NET Identity还支持另一种处理用户的办法,当MVC框架的应用程序不是有关用户的唯一信息源时,这种办法会工作得很好,而且能够比传统的角色授权更为灵活且流畅的方式进行授权。 This alternative approach uses claims, and in this section I’ll describe how ASP.NET Identity supports claims-based authorization. Table 15-4 puts claims in context. 这种可选的办法使用了“Claims(声明)”,因此在本小节中,我将描述ASP.NET Identity如何支持“Claims-Based Authorization(基于声明的授权)”。表15-4描述了声明(Claims)的情形。 提示:“Claim”在英文字典中不完全是“声明”的意思,根据本文的描述,感觉把它说成“声明”也不一定合适,所以在之后的译文中基本都写成中英文并用的形式,即“声明(Claims)”。根据表15-4中的声明(Claims)的定义:声明(Claims)是关于用户的一些信息片段。一个用户的信息片段当然有很多,每一个信息片段就是一项声明(Claim),用户的所有信息片段合起来就是该用户的声明(Claims)。请读者注意该单词的单复数形式——译者注 Table 15-4. Putting Claims in Context 表15-4. 声明(Claims)的情形 Question 问题 Answer 答案 What is it? 什么是声明(Claims)? Claims are pieces of information about users that you can use to make authorization decisions. Claims can be obtained from external systems as well as from the local Identity database. 声明(Claims)是关于用户的一些信息片段,可以用它们做出授权决定。声明(Claims)可以从外部系统获取,也可以从本地的Identity数据库获取。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它? Claims can be used to flexibly authorize access to action methods. Unlike conventional roles, claims allow access to be driven by the information that describes the user. 声明(Claims)可以用来对动作方法进行灵活的授权访问。与传统的角色不同,声明(Claims)让访问能够由描述用户的信息进行驱动。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它? This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is integrated into the standard authorization features, such as the Authorize attribute. 这不是直接由MVC框架使用的特性,但它集成到了标准的授权特性之中,例如Authorize注解属性。 Tip you don’t have to use claims in your applications, and as Chapter 14 showed, ASP.NET Identity is perfectly happy providing an application with the authentication and authorization services without any need to understand claims at all. 提示:你在应用程序中不一定要使用声明(Claims),正如第14章所展示的那样,ASP.NET Identity能够为应用程序提供充分的认证与授权服务,而根本不需要理解声明(Claims)。 15.3.1 Understanding Claims 15.3.1 理解声明(Claims) A claim is a piece of information about the user, along with some information about where the information came from. The easiest way to unpack claims is through some practical demonstrations, without which any discussion becomes too abstract to be truly useful. To get started, I added a Claims controller to the example project, the definition of which you can see in Listing 15-12. 一项声明(Claim)是关于用户的一个信息片段(请注意这个英文单词的单复数形式——译者注),并伴有该片段出自何处的某种信息。揭开声明(Claims)含义最容易的方式是做一些实际演示,任何讨论都会过于抽象根本没有真正的用处。为此,我在示例项目中添加了一个Claims控制器,其定义如清单15-12所示。 Listing 15-12. The Contents of the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-12. ClaimsController.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} }} } Tip You may feel a little lost as I define the code for this example. Don’t worry about the details for the moment—just stick with it until you see the output from the action method and view that I define. More than anything else, that will help put claims into perspective. 提示:你或许会对我为此例定义的代码感到有点失望。此刻对此细节不必着急——只要稍事忍耐,当看到该动作方法和视图的输出便会明白。尤为重要的是,这有助于洞察声明(Claims)。 You can get the claims associated with a user in different ways. One approach is to use the Claims property defined by the user class, but in this example, I have used the HttpContext.User.Identity property to demonstrate the way that ASP.NET Identity is integrated with the rest of the ASP.NET platform. As I explained in Chapter 13, the HttpContext.User.Identity property returns an implementation of the IIdentity interface, which is a ClaimsIdentity object when working using ASP.NET Identity. The ClaimsIdentity class is defined in the System.Security.Claims namespace, and Table 15-5 shows the members it defines that are relevant to this chapter. 可以通过不同的方式获得与用户相关联的声明(Claims)。方法之一就是使用由用户类定义的Claims属性,但在这个例子中,我使用了HttpContext.User.Identity属性,目的是演示ASP.NET Identity与ASP.NET平台集成的方式(请注意这句话所表示的含义:用户类的Claims属性属于ASP.NET Identity,而HttpContext.User.Identity属性则属于ASP.NET平台。由此可见,ASP.NET Identity已经融合到了ASP.NET平台之中——译者注)。正如第13章所解释的那样,HttpContext.User.Identity属性返回IIdentity的接口实现,当使用ASP.NET Identity时,该实现是一个ClaimsIdentity对象。ClaimsIdentity类是在System.Security.Claims命名空间中定义的,表15-5显示了它所定义的与本章有关的成员。 Table 15-5. The Members Defined by the ClaimsIdentity Class 表15-5. ClaimsIdentity类所定义的成员 Name 名称 Description 描述 Claims Returns an enumeration of Claim objects representing the claims for the user. 返回表示用户声明(Claims)的Claim对象枚举 AddClaim(claim) Adds a claim to the user identity. 给用户添加一个声明(Claim) AddClaims(claims) Adds an enumeration of Claim objects to the user identity. 给用户添加Claim对象的枚举。 HasClaim(predicate) Returns true if the user identity contains a claim that matches the specified predicate. See the “Applying Claims” section for an example predicate. 如果用户含有与指定谓词匹配的声明(Claim)时,返回true。参见“运用声明(Claims)”中的示例谓词 RemoveClaim(claim) Removes a claim from the user identity. 删除用户的声明(Claim)。 Other members are available, but the ones in the table are those that are used most often in web applications, for reason that will become obvious as I demonstrate how claims fit into the wider ASP.NET platform. 还有一些可用的其它成员,但表中的这些是在Web应用程序中最常用的,随着我演示如何将声明(Claims)融入更宽泛的ASP.NET平台,它们为什么最常用就很显然了。 In Listing 15-12, I cast the IIdentity implementation to the ClaimsIdentity type and pass the enumeration of Claim objects returned by the ClaimsIdentity.Claims property to the View method. A Claim object represents a single piece of data about the user, and the Claim class defines the properties shown in Table 15-6. 在清单15-12中,我将IIdentity实现转换成了ClaimsIdentity类型,并且给View方法传递了ClaimsIdentity.Claims属性所返回的Claim对象的枚举。Claim对象所示表示的是关于用户的一个单一的数据片段,Claim类定义的属性如表15-6所示。 Table 15-6. The Properties Defined by the Claim Class 表15-6. Claim类定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 Issuer Returns the name of the system that provided the claim 返回提供声明(Claim)的系统名称 Subject Returns the ClaimsIdentity object for the user who the claim refers to 返回声明(Claim)所指用户的ClaimsIdentity对象 Type Returns the type of information that the claim represents 返回声明(Claim)所表示的信息类型 Value Returns the piece of information that the claim represents 返回声明(Claim)所表示的信息片段 Listing 15-13 shows the contents of the Index.cshtml file that I created in the Views/Claims folder and that is rendered by the Index action of the Claims controller. The view adds a row to a table for each claim about the user. 清单15-13显示了我在Views/Claims文件夹中创建的Index.cshtml文件的内容,它由Claims控制器中的Index动作方法进行渲染。该视图为用户的每项声明(Claim)添加了一个表格行。 Listing 15-13. The Contents of the Index.cshtml File in the Views/Claims Folder 清单15-13. Views/Claims文件夹中Index.cshtml文件的内容 @using System.Security.Claims@using Users.Infrastructure@model IEnumerable<Claim>@{ ViewBag.Title = "Claims"; }<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Claims</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>Subject</th><th>Issuer</th><th>Type</th><th>Value</th></tr>@foreach (Claim claim in Model.OrderBy(x => x.Type)) {<tr><td>@claim.Subject.Name</td><td>@claim.Issuer</td><td>@Html.ClaimType(claim.Type)</td><td>@claim.Value</td></tr>}</table></div> The value of the Claim.Type property is a URI for a Microsoft schema, which isn’t especially useful. The popular schemas are used as the values for fields in the System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes class, so to make the output from the Index.cshtml view easier to read, I added an HTML helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs file, as shown in Listing 15-14. It is this helper that I use in the Index.cshtml file to format the value of the Claim.Type property. Claim.Type属性的值是一个微软模式(Microsoft Schema)的URI(统一资源标识符),这是特别有用的。System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes类中字段的值使用的是流行模式(Popular Schema),因此为了使Index.cshtml视图的输出更易于阅读,我在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加了一个HTML辅助器,如清单15-14所示。Index.cshtml文件正是使用这个辅助器格式化了Claim.Type属性的值。 Listing 15-14. Adding a Helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs File 清单15-14. 在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加辅助器 using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using System;using System.Linq;using System.Reflection;using System.Security.Claims;namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class IdentityHelpers {public static MvcHtmlString GetUserName(this HtmlHelper html, string id) {AppUserManager mgr= HttpContext.Current.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();return new MvcHtmlString(mgr.FindByIdAsync(id).Result.UserName);} public static MvcHtmlString ClaimType(this HtmlHelper html, string claimType) {FieldInfo[] fields = typeof(ClaimTypes).GetFields();foreach (FieldInfo field in fields) {if (field.GetValue(null).ToString() == claimType) {return new MvcHtmlString(field.Name);} }return new MvcHtmlString(string.Format("{0}",claimType.Split('/', '.').Last()));} }} Note The helper method isn’t at all efficient because it reflects on the fields of the ClaimType class for each claim that is displayed, but it is sufficient for my purposes in this chapter. You won’t often need to display the claim type in real applications. 注:该辅助器并非十分有效,因为它只是针对每个要显示的声明(Claim)映射出ClaimType类的字段,但对我要的目的已经足够了。在实际项目中不会经常需要显示声明(Claim)的类型。 To see why I have created a controller that uses claims without really explaining what they are, start the application, authenticate as the user Alice (with the password MySecret), and request the /Claims/Index URL. Figure 15-5 shows the content that is generated. 为了弄明白我为何要先创建一个使用声明(Claims)的控制器,而没有真正解释声明(Claims)是什么的原因,可以启动应用程序,以用户Alice进行认证(其口令是MySecret),并请求/Claims/Index URL。图15-5显示了生成的内容。 Figure 15-5. The output from the Index action of the Claims controller 图15-5. Claims控制器中Index动作的输出 It can be hard to make out the detail in the figure, so I have reproduced the content in Table 15-7. 这可能还难以认识到此图的细节,为此我在表15-7中重列了其内容。 Table 15-7. The Data Shown in Figure 15-5 表15-7. 图15-5中显示的数据 Subject(科目) Issuer(发行者) Type(类型) Value(值) Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY SecurityStamp Unique ID Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY IdentityProvider ASP.NET Identity Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Employees Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Users Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Name Alice Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY NameIdentifier Alice’s user ID The table shows the most important aspect of claims, which is that I have already been using them when I implemented the traditional authentication and authorization features in Chapter 14. You can see that some of the claims relate to user identity (the Name claim is Alice, and the NameIdentifier claim is Alice’s unique user ID in my ASP.NET Identity database). 此表展示了声明(Claims)最重要的方面,这些是我在第14章中实现传统的认证和授权特性时,一直在使用的信息。可以看出,有些声明(Claims)与用户标识有关(Name声明是Alice,NameIdentifier声明是Alice在ASP.NET Identity数据库中的唯一用户ID号)。 Other claims show membership of roles—there are two Role claims in the table, reflecting the fact that Alice is assigned to both the Users and Employees roles. There is also a claim about how Alice has been authenticated: The IdentityProvider is set to ASP.NET Identity. 其他声明(Claims)显示了角色成员——表中有两个Role声明(Claim),体现出Alice被赋予了Users和Employees两个角色这一事实。还有一个是Alice已被认证的声明(Claim):IdentityProvider被设置到了ASP.NET Identity。 The difference when this information is expressed as a set of claims is that you can determine where the data came from. The Issuer property for all the claims shown in the table is set to LOCAL AUTHORITY, which indicates that the user’s identity has been established by the application. 当这种信息被表示成一组声明(Claims)时的差别是,你能够确定这些数据是从哪里来的。表中所显示的所有声明的Issuer属性(发布者)都被设置到了LOACL AUTHORITY(本地授权),这说明该用户的标识是由应用程序建立的。 So, now that you have seen some example claims, I can more easily describe what a claim is. A claim is any piece of information about a user that is available to the application, including the user’s identity and role memberships. And, as you have seen, the information I have been defining about my users in earlier chapters is automatically made available as claims by ASP.NET Identity. 因此,现在你已经看到了一些声明(Claims)示例,我可以更容易地描述声明(Claim)是什么了。一项声明(Claim)是可用于应用程序中的有关用户的一个信息片段,包括用户的标识以及角色成员等。而且,正如你所看到的,我在前几章定义的关于用户的信息,被ASP.NET Identity自动地作为声明(Claims)了。 15.3.2 Creating and Using Claims 15.3.2 创建和使用声明(Claims) Claims are interesting for two reasons. The first reason is that an application can obtain claims from multiple sources, rather than just relying on a local database for information about the user. You will see a real example of this when I show you how to authenticate users through a third-party system in the “Using Third-Party Authentication” section, but for the moment I am going to add a class to the example project that simulates a system that provides claims information. Listing 15-15 shows the contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure folder. 声明(Claims)比较有意思的原因有两个。第一个原因是应用程序可以从多个来源获取声明(Claims),而不是只能依靠本地数据库关于用户的信息。你将会看到一个实际的示例,在“使用第三方认证”小节中,将演示如何通过第三方系统来认证用户。不过,此刻我只打算在示例项目中添加一个类,用以模拟一个提供声明(Claims)信息的系统。清单15-15显示了我添加到Infrastructure文件夹中LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-15. The Contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs File 清单15-15. LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class LocationClaimsProvider {public static IEnumerable<Claim> GetClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.Name.ToLower() == "alice") {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "DC 20500"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "DC"));} else {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "NY 10036"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "NY"));}return claims;}private static Claim CreateClaim(string type, string value) {return new Claim(type, value, ClaimValueTypes.String, "RemoteClaims");} }} The GetClaims method takes a ClaimsIdentity argument and uses the Name property to create claims about the user’s ZIP code and state. This class allows me to simulate a system such as a central HR database, which would be the authoritative source of location information about staff, for example. GetClaims方法以ClaimsIdentity为参数,并使用Name属性创建了关于用户ZIP码(邮政编码)和州府的声明(Claims)。上述这个类使我能够模拟一个诸如中心化的HR数据库(人力资源数据库)之类的系统,它可能会成为全体职员的地点信息的权威数据源。 Claims are associated with the user’s identity during the authentication process, and Listing 15-16 shows the changes I made to the Login action method of the Account controller to call the LocationClaimsProvider class. 在认证过程期间,声明(Claims)是与用户标识关联在一起的,清单15-16显示了我对Account控制器中Login动作方法所做的修改,以便调用LocationClaimsProvider类。 Listing 15-16. Associating Claims with a User in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-16. AccountController.cs文件中用户用声明的关联 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... You can see the effect of the location claims by starting the application, authenticating as a user, and requesting the /Claim/Index URL. Figure 15-6 shows the claims for Alice. You may have to sign out and sign back in again to see the change. 为了看看这个地点声明(Claims)的效果,可以启动应用程序,以一个用户进行认证,并请求/Claim/Index URL。图15-6显示了Alice的声明(Claims)。你可能需要退出,然后再次登录才会看到发生的变化。 Figure 15-6. Defining additional claims for users 图15-6. 定义用户的附加声明 Obtaining claims from multiple locations means that the application doesn’t have to duplicate data that is held elsewhere and allows integration of data from external parties. The Claim.Issuer property tells you where a claim originated from, which helps you judge how accurate the data is likely to be and how much weight you should give the data in your application. Location data obtained from a central HR database is likely to be more accurate and trustworthy than data obtained from an external mailing list provider, for example. 从多个地点获取声明(Claims)意味着应用程序不必复制其他地方保持的数据,并且能够与外部的数据集成。Claim.Issuer属性(图15-6中的Issuer数据列——译者注)能够告诉你一个声明(Claim)的发源地,这有助于让你判断数据的精确程度,也有助于让你决定这类数据在应用程序中的权重。例如,从中心化的HR数据库获取的地点数据可能要比外部邮件列表提供器获取的数据更为精确和可信。 1. Applying Claims 1. 运用声明(Claims) The second reason that claims are interesting is that you can use them to manage user access to your application more flexibly than with standard roles. The problem with roles is that they are static, and once a user has been assigned to a role, the user remains a member until explicitly removed. This is, for example, how long-term employees of big corporations end up with incredible access to internal systems: They are assigned the roles they require for each new job they get, but the old roles are rarely removed. (The unexpectedly broad systems access sometimes becomes apparent during the investigation into how someone was able to ship the contents of the warehouse to their home address—true story.) 声明(Claims)有意思的第二个原因是,你可以用它们来管理用户对应用程序的访问,这要比标准的角色管理更为灵活。角色的问题在于它们是静态的,而且一旦用户已经被赋予了一个角色,该用户便是一个成员,直到明确地删除为止。例如,这意味着大公司的长期雇员,对内部系统的访问会十分惊人:他们每次在获得新工作时,都会赋予所需的角色,但旧角色很少被删除。(在调查某人为何能够将仓库里的东西发往他的家庭地址过程中发现,有时会出现异常宽泛的系统访问——真实的故事) Claims can be used to authorize users based directly on the information that is known about them, which ensures that the authorization changes when the data changes. The simplest way to do this is to generate Role claims based on user data that are then used by controllers to restrict access to action methods. Listing 15-17 shows the contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure. 声明(Claims)可以直接根据用户已知的信息对用户进行授权,这能够保证当数据发生变化时,授权也随之而变。此事最简单的做法是根据用户数据来生成Role声明(Claim),然后由控制器用来限制对动作方法的访问。清单15-17显示了我添加到Infrastructure中的ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-17. The Contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs File 清单15-17. ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsRoles {public static IEnumerable<Claim> CreateRolesFromClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince&& x.Issuer == "RemoteClaims" && x.Value == "DC")&& user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.Role&& x.Value == "Employees")) {claims.Add(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, "DCStaff"));}return claims;} }} The gnarly looking CreateRolesFromClaims method uses lambda expressions to determine whether the user has a StateOrProvince claim from the RemoteClaims issuer with a value of DC and a Role claim with a value of Employees. If the user has both claims, then a Role claim is returned for the DCStaff role. Listing 15-18 shows how I call the CreateRolesFromClaims method from the Login action in the Account controller. CreateRolesFromClaims是一个粗糙的考察方法,它使用了Lambda表达式,以检查用户是否具有StateOrProvince声明(Claim),该声明来自于RemoteClaims发行者(Issuer),值为DC。也检查用户是否具有Role声明(Claim),其值为Employees。如果用户这两个声明都有,那么便返回一个DCStaff角色的Role声明。清单15-18显示了如何在Account控制器中的Login动作中调用CreateRolesFromClaims方法。 Listing 15-18. Generating Roles Based on Claims in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-18. 在AccountController.cs中根据声明生成角色 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident)); ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... I can then restrict access to an action method based on membership of the DCStaff role. Listing 15-19 shows a new action method I added to the Claims controller to which I have applied the Authorize attribute. 然后我可以根据DCStaff角色的成员,来限制对一个动作方法的访问。清单15-19显示了在Claims控制器中添加的一个新的动作方法,在该方法上已经运用了Authorize注解属性。 Listing 15-19. Adding a New Action Method to the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-19. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中添加一个新的动作方法 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [Authorize(Roles="DCStaff")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} Users will be able to access OtherAction only if their claims grant them membership to the DCStaff role. Membership of this role is generated dynamically, so a change to the user’s employment status or location information will change their authorization level. 只要用户的声明(Claims)承认他们是DCStaff角色的成员,那么他们便能访问OtherAction动作。该角色的成员是动态生成的,因此,若是用户的雇用状态或地点信息发生变化,也会改变他们的授权等级。 提示:请读者从这个例子中吸取其中的思想精髓。对于读物的理解程度,仁者见仁,智者见智,能领悟多少,全凭各人,译者感觉这里的思想有无数的可能。举例说明:(1)可以根据用户的身份进行授权,比如学生在校时是“学生”,毕业后便是“校友”;(2)可以根据用户所处的部门进行授权,人事部用户属于人事团队,销售部用户属于销售团队,各团队有其自己的应用;(3)下一小节的示例是根据用户的地点授权。简言之:一方面用户的各种声明(Claim)都可以用来进行授权;另一方面用户的声明(Claim)又是可以自定义的。于是可能的运用就无法估计了。总之一句话,这种基于声明的授权(Claims-Based Authorization)有无限可能!要是没有我这里的提示,是否所有读者在此处都会有所体会?——译者注 15.3.3 Authorizing Access Using Claims 15.3.3 使用声明(Claims)授权访问 The previous example is an effective demonstration of how claims can be used to keep authorizations fresh and accurate, but it is a little indirect because I generate roles based on claims data and then enforce my authorization policy based on the membership of that role. A more direct and flexible approach is to enforce authorization directly by creating a custom authorization filter attribute. Listing 15-20 shows the contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs file, which I added to the Infrastructure folder and used to create such a filter. 前面的示例有效地演示了如何用声明(Claims)来保持新鲜和准确的授权,但有点不太直接,因为我要根据声明(Claims)数据来生成了角色,然后强制我的授权策略基于角色成员。一个更直接且灵活的办法是直接强制授权,其做法是创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性。清单15-20演示了ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容,我将它添加在Infrastructure文件夹中,并用它创建了这种过滤器。 Listing 15-20. The Contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs File 清单15-20. ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsAccessAttribute : AuthorizeAttribute {public string Issuer { get; set; }public string ClaimType { get; set; }public string Value { get; set; }protected override bool AuthorizeCore(HttpContextBase context) {return context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated&& context.User.Identity is ClaimsIdentity&& ((ClaimsIdentity)context.User.Identity).HasClaim(x =>x.Issuer == Issuer && x.Type == ClaimType && x.Value == Value);} }} The attribute I have defined is derived from the AuthorizeAttribute class, which makes it easy to create custom authorization policies in MVC framework applications by overriding the AuthorizeCore method. My implementation grants access if the user is authenticated, the IIdentity implementation is an instance of ClaimsIdentity, and the user has a claim with the issuer, type, and value matching the class properties. Listing 15-21 shows how I applied the attribute to the Claims controller to authorize access to the OtherAction method based on one of the location claims created by the LocationClaimsProvider class. 我所定义的这个注解属性派生于AuthorizeAttribute类,通过重写AuthorizeCore方法,很容易在MVC框架应用程序中创建自定义的授权策略。在这个实现中,若用户是已认证的、其IIdentity实现是一个ClaimsIdentity实例,而且该用户有一个带有issuer、type以及value的声明(Claim),它们与这个类的属性是匹配的,则该用户便是允许访问的。清单15-21显示了如何将这个注解属性运用于Claims控制器,以便根据LocationClaimsProvider类创建的地点声明(Claim),对OtherAction方法进行授权访问。 Listing 15-21. Performing Authorization on Claims in the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-21. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中执行基于声明的授权 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Infrastructure;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [ClaimsAccess(Issuer="RemoteClaims", ClaimType=ClaimTypes.PostalCode,Value="DC 20500")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} My authorization filter ensures that only users whose location claims specify a ZIP code of DC 20500 can invoke the OtherAction method. 这个授权过滤器能够确保只有地点声明(Claim)的邮编为DC 20500的用户才能请求OtherAction方法。 15.4 Using Third-Party Authentication 15.4 使用第三方认证 One of the benefits of a claims-based system such as ASP.NET Identity is that any of the claims can come from an external system, even those that identify the user to the application. This means that other systems can authenticate users on behalf of the application, and ASP.NET Identity builds on this idea to make it simple and easy to add support for authenticating users through third parties such as Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter. 基于声明的系统,如ASP.NET Identity,的好处之一是任何声明都可以来自于外部系统,即使是将用户标识到应用程序的那些声明。这意味着其他系统可以代表应用程序来认证用户,而ASP.NET Identity就建立在这样的思想之上,使之能够简单而方便地添加第三方认证用户的支持,如微软、Google、Facebook、Twitter等。 There are some substantial benefits of using third-party authentication: Many users will already have an account, users can elect to use two-factor authentication, and you don’t have to manage user credentials in the application. In the sections that follow, I’ll show you how to set up and use third-party authentication for Google users, which Table 15-8 puts into context. 使用第三方认证有一些实际的好处:许多用户已经有了账号、用户可以选择使用双因子认证、你不必在应用程序中管理用户凭据等等。在以下小节中,我将演示如何为Google用户建立并使用第三方认证,表15-8描述了事情的情形。 Table 15-8. Putting Third-Party Authentication in Context 表15-8. 第三方认证情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是第三方认证? Authenticating with third parties lets you take advantage of the popularity of companies such as Google and Facebook. 第三方认证使你能够利用流行公司,如Google和Facebook,的优势。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它? Users don’t like having to remember passwords for many different sites. Using a provider with large-scale adoption can make your application more appealing to users of the provider’s services. 用户不喜欢记住许多不同网站的口令。使用大范围适应的提供器可使你的应用程序更吸引有提供器服务的用户。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它? This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework. 这不是一个直接由MVC框架使用的特性。 Note The reason I have chosen to demonstrate Google authentication is that it is the only option that doesn’t require me to register my application with the authentication service. You can get details of the registration processes required at http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE. 提示:我选择演示Google认证的原因是,它是唯一不需要在其认证服务中注册我应用程序的公司。有关认证服务注册过程的细节,请参阅http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE。 15.4.1 Enabling Google Authentication 15.4.1 启用Google认证 ASP.NET Identity comes with built-in support for authenticating users through their Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter accounts as well more general support for any authentication service that supports OAuth. The first step is to add the NuGet package that includes the Google-specific additions for ASP.NET Identity. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: ASP.NET Identity带有通过Microsoft、Google、Facebook以及Twitter账号认证用户的内建支持,并且对于支持OAuth的认证服务具有更普遍的支持。第一个步骤是添加NuGet包,包中含有用于ASP.NET Identity的Google专用附件。请在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中输入以下命令: Install-Package Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google -version 2.0.2 There are NuGet packages for each of the services that ASP.NET Identity supports, as described in Table 15-9. 对于ASP.NET Identity支持的每一种服务都有相应的NuGet包,如表15-9所示。 Table 15-9. The NuGet Authenticaton Packages 表15-9. NuGet认证包 Name 名称 Description 描述 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google Authenticates users with Google accounts 用Google账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Facebook Authenticates users with Facebook accounts 用Facebook账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Twitter Authenticates users with Twitter accounts 用Twitter账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.MicrosoftAccount Authenticates users with Microsoft accounts 用Microsoft账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.OAuth Authenticates users against any OAuth 2.0 service 根据任一OAuth 2.0服务认证用户 Once the package is installed, I enable support for the authentication service in the OWIN startup class, which is defined in the App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs file in the example project. Listing 15-22 shows the change that I have made. 一旦安装了这个包,便可以在OWIN启动类中启用此项认证服务的支持,启动类的定义在示例项目的App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs文件中。清单15-22显示了所做的修改。 Listing 15-22. Enabling Google Authentication in the IdentityConfig.cs File 清单15-22. 在IdentityConfig.cs文件中启用Google认证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Cookies;using Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google;namespace Users {public class IdentityConfig {public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app) {app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppIdentityDbContext>(AppIdentityDbContext.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppUserManager>(AppUserManager.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppRoleManager>(AppRoleManager.Create); app.UseCookieAuthentication(new CookieAuthenticationOptions {AuthenticationType = DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie,LoginPath = new PathString("/Account/Login"),}); app.UseExternalSignInCookie(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);app.UseGoogleAuthentication();} }} Each of the packages that I listed in Table 15-9 contains an extension method that enables the corresponding service. The extension method for the Google service is called UseGoogleAuthentication, and it is called on the IAppBuilder implementation that is passed to the Configuration method. 表15-9所列的每个包都含有启用相应服务的扩展方法。用于Google服务的扩展方法名称为UseGoogleAuthentication,它通过传递给Configuration方法的IAppBuilder实现进行调用。 Next I added a button to the Views/Account/Login.cshtml file, which allows users to log in via Google. You can see the change in Listing 15-23. 下一步骤是在Views/Account/Login.cshtml文件中添加一个按钮,让用户能够通过Google进行登录。所做的修改如清单15-23所示。 Listing 15-23. Adding a Google Login Button to the Login.cshtml File 清单15-23. 在Login.cshtml文件中添加Google登录按钮 @model Users.Models.LoginModel@{ ViewBag.Title = "Login";}<h2>Log In</h2> @Html.ValidationSummary()@using (Html.BeginForm()) {@Html.AntiForgeryToken();<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><div class="form-group"><label>Name</label>@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><div class="form-group"><label>Password</label>@Html.PasswordFor(x => x.Password, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In</button>}@using (Html.BeginForm("GoogleLogin", "Account")) {<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In via Google</button>} The new button submits a form that targets the GoogleLogin action on the Account controller. You can see this method—and the other changes I made the controller—in Listing 15-24. 新按钮递交一个表单,目标是Account控制器中的GoogleLogin动作。可从清单15-24中看到该方法,以及在控制器中所做的其他修改。 Listing 15-24. Adding Support for Google Authentication to the AccountController.cs File 清单15-24. 在AccountController.cs文件中添加Google认证支持 using System.Threading.Tasks;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.Owin.Security;using System.Security.Claims;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using System.Web; namespace Users.Controllers {[Authorize]public class AccountController : Controller {[AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult Login(string returnUrl) {if (HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated) {return View("Error", new string[] { "Access Denied" });}ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View();}[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident)); AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);} [HttpPost][AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult GoogleLogin(string returnUrl) {var properties = new AuthenticationProperties {RedirectUri = Url.Action("GoogleLoginCallback",new { returnUrl = returnUrl})};HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();}[AllowAnonymous]public async Task<ActionResult> GoogleLoginCallback(string returnUrl) {ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);if (user == null) {user = new AppUser {Email = loginInfo.Email,UserName = loginInfo.DefaultUserName,City = Cities.LONDON, Country = Countries.UK};IdentityResult result = await UserManager.CreateAsync(user);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} else {result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} }}ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false }, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl ?? "/");}[Authorize]public ActionResult Logout() {AuthManager.SignOut();return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");}private IAuthenticationManager AuthManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication;} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } The GoogleLogin method creates an instance of the AuthenticationProperties class and sets the RedirectUri property to a URL that targets the GoogleLoginCallback action in the same controller. The next part is a magic phrase that causes ASP.NET Identity to respond to an unauthorized error by redirecting the user to the Google authentication page, rather than the one defined by the application: GoogleLogin方法创建了AuthenticationProperties类的一个实例,并为RedirectUri属性设置了一个URL,其目标为同一控制器中的GoogleLoginCallback动作。下一个部分是一个神奇阶段,通过将用户重定向到Google认证页面,而不是应用程序所定义的认证页面,让ASP.NET Identity对未授权的错误进行响应: ...HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();... This means that when the user clicks the Log In via Google button, their browser is redirected to the Google authentication service and then redirected back to the GoogleLoginCallback action method once they are authenticated. 这意味着,当用户通过点击Google按钮进行登录时,浏览器被重定向到Google的认证服务,一旦在那里认证之后,便被重定向回GoogleLoginCallback动作方法。 I get details of the external login by calling the GetExternalLoginInfoAsync of the IAuthenticationManager implementation, like this: 我通过调用IAuthenticationManager实现的GetExternalLoginInfoAsync方法,我获得了外部登录的细节,如下所示: ...ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();... The ExternalLoginInfo class defines the properties shown in Table 15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类定义的属性如表15-10所示: Table 15-10. The Properties Defined by the ExternalLoginInfo Class 表15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类所定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 DefaultUserName Returns the username 返回用户名 Email Returns the e-mail address 返回E-mail地址 ExternalIdentity Returns a ClaimsIdentity that identities the user 返回标识该用户的ClaimsIdentity Login Returns a UserLoginInfo that describes the external login 返回描述外部登录的UserLoginInfo I use the FindAsync method defined by the user manager class to locate the user based on the value of the ExternalLoginInfo.Login property, which returns an AppUser object if the user has been authenticated with the application before: 我使用了由用户管理器类所定义的FindAsync方法,以便根据ExternalLoginInfo.Login属性的值对用户进行定位,如果用户之前在应用程序中已经认证,该属性会返回一个AppUser对象: ...AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);... If the FindAsync method doesn’t return an AppUser object, then I know that this is the first time that this user has logged into the application, so I create a new AppUser object, populate it with values, and save it to the database. I also save details of how the user logged in so that I can find them next time: 如果FindAsync方法返回的不是AppUser对象,那么我便知道这是用户首次登录应用程序,于是便创建了一个新的AppUser对象,填充该对象的值,并将其保存到数据库。我还保存了用户如何登录的细节,以便下次能够找到他们: ...result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);... All that remains is to generate an identity the user, copy the claims provided by Google, and create an authentication cookie so that the application knows the user has been authenticated: 剩下的事情只是生成该用户的标识了,拷贝Google提供的声明(Claims),并创建一个认证Cookie,以使应用程序知道此用户已认证: ...ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties { IsPersistent = false }, ident);... 15.4.2 Testing Google Authentication 15.4.2 测试Google认证 There is one further change that I need to make before I can test Google authentication: I need to change the account verification I set up in Chapter 13 because it prevents accounts from being created with e-mail addresses that are not within the example.com domain. Listing 15-25 shows how I removed the verification from the AppUserManager class. 在测试Google认证之前还需要一处修改:需要修改第13章所建立的账号验证,因为它不允许example.com域之外的E-mail地址创建账号。清单15-25显示了如何在AppUserManager类中删除这种验证。 Listing 15-25. Disabling Account Validation in the AppUserManager.cs File 清单15-25. 在AppUserManager.cs文件中取消账号验证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppUserManager : UserManager<AppUser> {public AppUserManager(IUserStore<AppUser> store): base(store) {}public static AppUserManager Create(IdentityFactoryOptions<AppUserManager> options,IOwinContext context) {AppIdentityDbContext db = context.Get<AppIdentityDbContext>();AppUserManager manager = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(db)); manager.PasswordValidator = new CustomPasswordValidator {RequiredLength = 6,RequireNonLetterOrDigit = false,RequireDigit = false,RequireLowercase = true,RequireUppercase = true}; //manager.UserValidator = new CustomUserValidator(manager) {// AllowOnlyAlphanumericUserNames = true,// RequireUniqueEmail = true//};return manager;} }} Tip you can use validation for externally authenticated accounts, but I am just going to disable the feature for simplicity. 提示:也可以使用外部已认证账号的验证,但这里出于简化,取消了这一特性。 To test authentication, start the application, click the Log In via Google button, and provide the credentials for a valid Google account. When you have completed the authentication process, your browser will be redirected back to the application. If you navigate to the /Claims/Index URL, you will be able to see how claims from the Google system have been added to the user’s identity, as shown in Figure 15-7. 为了测试认证,启动应用程序,通过点击“Log In via Google(通过Google登录)”按钮,并提供有效的Google账号凭据。当你完成了认证过程时,浏览器将被重定向回应用程序。如果导航到/Claims/Index URL,便能够看到来自Google系统的声明(Claims),已被添加到用户的标识中了,如图15-7所示。 Figure 15-7. Claims from Google 图15-7. 来自Google的声明(Claims) 15.5 Summary 15.5 小结 In this chapter, I showed you some of the advanced features that ASP.NET Identity supports. I demonstrated the use of custom user properties and how to use database migrations to preserve data when you upgrade the schema to support them. I explained how claims work and how they can be used to create more flexible ways of authorizing users. I finished the chapter by showing you how to authenticate users via Google, which builds on the ideas behind the use of claims. 本章向你演示了ASP.NET Identity所支持的一些高级特性。演示了自定义用户属性的使用,还演示了在升级数据架构时,如何使用数据库迁移保护数据。我解释了声明(Claims)的工作机制,以及如何将它们用于创建更灵活的用户授权方式。最后演示了如何通过Google进行认证结束了本章,这是建立在使用声明(Claims)的思想基础之上的。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/gz19871113/article/details/108591802。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2023-10-28 08:49:21
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转载
Go-Spring
...import ( "context" "math/rand" "time" "go.uber.org/zap" ) func main() { rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano()) ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5time.Second) defer cancel() for i := 0; i < 10; i++ { err := makeNetworkCall(ctx) if err != nil { zap.Sugar().Errorf("Network call %d failed: %s", i, err) } else { zap.Sugar().Infof("Network call %d succeeded", i) } time.Sleep(1 time.Second) } } func makeNetworkCall(ctx context.Context) error { time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(10)) time.Millisecond) return fmt.Errorf("network call failed after %d ms", rand.Intn(10)) } 在这个例子中,我们展示了如何在一个循环中处理网络调用,同时利用context来控制调用的超时时间。在每次调用失败时,我们记录详细的错误信息和调用次数。这种做法有助于在出现问题时快速响应和诊断。 结论 通过上述实践,我们可以看到GoSpring如何通过结构化错误处理和日志记录来提升应用的健壮性和维护性。哎呀,兄弟!如果咱们能好好执行这些招数,那可真是大有裨益啊!不仅能大大缩短遇到问题时,咱们得花多少时间去修复,还能省下一大笔银子呢!更棒的是,还能让咱们团队里的小伙伴们,心往一处想,劲往一处使,互相理解,配合得天衣无缝。这感觉,就像是大家在一块儿打游戏,每个人都有自己的角色,但又都为了一个共同的目标而努力,多带劲啊!哎呀,你知道吗?当咱们的应用越做越大,用GoSpring的那些工具和好方法,简直就是如虎添翼啊!这样咱就能打造出一个既稳如泰山又快如闪电,还特别容易打理的系统。想象一下,就像给你的小花园施肥浇水,让每一朵花都长得茁壮又美丽,是不是感觉棒极了?所以啊,别小看了这些工具和最佳实践,它们可是你建大事业的得力助手!
2024-07-31 16:06:44
277
月下独酌
Beego
...nc(c gin.Context) { defer func() { if err := recover(); err != nil { c.AbortWithStatus(http.StatusInternalServerError) log.Printf("Recovered from panic: %v", err) } }() c.Next() } } // 在Beego启动时注册该中间件 beego.InsertFilter("", beego.BeforeRouter, Recovery()) 上述代码展示了一个简单的全局恢复中间件,当发生panic时,它能捕获到并记录错误信息,同时向客户端返回500状态码。 3. Controller级别的异常处理 对于特定的Controller或Action,我们可以自定义错误处理逻辑,以满足不同业务场景的需求。 go type MyController struct { beego.Controller } // 示例2:在Controller级别处理异常 func (c MyController) Post() { // 业务逻辑处理 err := someBusinessLogic() if err != nil { // 自定义错误处理 c.Data["json"] = map[string]string{"error": err.Error()} c.ServeJSON() c.StopRun() } else { // 正常流程执行 // ... } } 在这个例子中,我们针对某个POST请求进行了错误检查,一旦出现异常,就停止后续执行,并通过JSON格式返回错误信息给客户端。 4. 使用Beego的OnError方法进行异常处理 Beego还提供了OnError方法,允许我们在全局层面定制统一的错误处理逻辑。 go // 示例3:全局异常处理 func globalErrorHandler(ctx context.Context) { if err := ctx.GetError(); err != nil { log.Println("Global error caught:", err) ctx.ResponseWriter.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError) ctx.WriteString(err.Error()) } } func main() { beego.OnError(globalErrorHandler) beego.Run() } 这段代码展示了如何设置一个全局的错误处理函数,当任何Controller抛出错误时,都会调用这个函数进行处理。 5. 结语与思考 面对异常,Beego提供了一系列灵活且强大的工具供我们选择。无论是搭建一个覆盖所有环节的“保护伞”中间件,还是针对个别Controller或Action灵活制定独特的错误处理方案,再或者是设置一个一视同仁、全局通用的OnError回调机制,这些都是我们打造坚固稳定系统的关键法宝。说白了,就像给系统穿上防弹衣,哪里薄弱就加固哪里,或者设立一个无论何时何地都能迅速响应并处理问题的守护神,让整个系统更强大、更健壮。 理解并掌握这些异常处理技巧,就如同为你的应用程序穿上了一套防弹衣,使得它在面对各种突如其来的异常挑战时,能够保持冷静,沉稳应对,从而极大地提升了服务质量和用户体验。所以,让我们在实践中不断探索和完善我们的异常处理机制,让Beego驱动的应用更加稳健可靠!
2024-01-22 09:53:32
722
幽谷听泉
RocketMQ
...,甚至系统崩溃。在本文中,我们将讨论如何使用RocketMQ来解决这个问题。 什么是消息乱序? 让我们首先明确一下,什么叫做消息乱序。在分布式系统中,消息通常会通过多个节点进行传递。如果这些节点之间的通信顺序不是确定的,那么我们就可能遇到消息乱序的问题。简单来说,就是原本应该按照特定顺序处理的消息,却因为网络或者其他原因被打乱了顺序。 RocketMQ如何解决消息乱序? RocketMQ是阿里巴巴开源的一款高性能、高可靠的分布式消息中间件。它提供了一种解决方案,可以有效地避免消息乱序的问题。 使用Orderly模式 RocketMQ提供了一个名为Orderly的模式,这个模式可以保证消息的有序传递。在这个模式下,消息会被发送到同一个消费者队列中的所有消费者。这样一来,咱们就能保证每一位消费者都稳稳当当地收到相同的信息,彻底解决了消息错乱的烦恼。 java // 创建Producer实例 RocketMQClient rocketMQClient = new RocketMQClient("localhost", 9876, "defaultGroup"); rocketMQClient.start(); try { // 创建MessageProducer实例 MessageProducer producer = rocketMQClient.createProducer(new TopicConfig("testTopic")); try { // 发送消息 String body = "Hello World"; SendResult sendResult = producer.send(new SendRequestBuilder().topic("testTopic").messageBody(body).build()); System.out.println(sendResult); } finally { producer.shutdown(); } } finally { rocketMQClient.shutdown(); } 使用Orderly广播模式 Orderly模式只适用于一对一的通信场景。如果需要广播消息给多个人,那么我们可以使用Orderly广播模式。在这种情况里,消息会先溜达到一个临时搭建的“中转站”——也就是队列里歇歇脚,然后这个队列就会像大喇叭一样,把消息一股脑地广播给所有对它感兴趣的“听众们”,也就是订阅了这个队列的消费者们。由于每个人都会收到相同的消息,所以也可以避免消息乱序的问题。 java // 创建Producer实例 RocketMQClient rocketMQClient = new RocketMQClient("localhost", 9876, "defaultGroup"); rocketMQClient.start(); try { // 创建MessageProducer实例 MessageProducer producer = rocketMQClient.createProducer(new TopicConfig("testTopic")); try { // 发送消息 String body = "Hello World"; SendResult sendResult = producer.send(new SendRequestBuilder().topic("testTopic").messageBody(body).build()); System.out.println(sendResult); } finally { producer.shutdown(); } } finally { rocketMQClient.shutdown(); } 使用Durable订阅 在某些情况下,我们可能需要保证消息不会丢失。这时,我们就可以使用Durable订阅。在Durable订阅下,消息会被持久化存储,并且在消费者重新连接时,会被重新发送。这样一来,就算遇到网络抽风或者服务器重启的情况,消息也不会莫名其妙地消失,这样一来,咱们就不用担心信息错乱的问题啦! java // 创建Consumer实例 RocketMQClient rocketMQClient = new RocketMQClient("localhost", 9876, "defaultGroup"); rocketMQClient.start(); try { // 创建MessageConsumer实例 MessageConsumer consumer = rocketMQClient.createConsumer( new ConsumerConfigBuilder() .subscribeMode(SubscribeMode.DURABLE) .build(), new DefaultMQPushConsumerGroup("defaultGroup") ); try { // 消费消息 while (true) { ConsumeMessageContext context = consumer.consumeMessageDirectly(); if (context.hasData()) { System.out.println(context.getMsgId() + ": " + context.getBodyString()); } } } finally { consumer.shutdown(); } } finally { rocketMQClient.shutdown(); } 结语 总的来说,RocketMQ提供了多种方式来解决消息乱序的问题。我们可以根据自己的需求选择最适合的方式。甭管是Orderly模式,还是Orderly广播模式,甚至Durable订阅这招儿,都能妥妥地帮咱们确保消息传递有序不乱,一个萝卜一个坑。当然啦,在我们使用这些功能的时候,也得留心一些小细节。就像是,消息别被重复“吃掉”啦,还有消息要妥妥地存好,不会莫名其妙消失这些事情哈。只有充分理解和掌握这些知识,才能更好地利用RocketMQ。
2023-01-14 14:16:20
107
冬日暖阳-t
JSON
...quest(HttpContext context) { // 获取请求的内容 string requestContent = context.Request.InputStream.ReadToEnd(); // 将请求内容转换为JSON对象 dynamic jsonObject = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject(requestContent); // 在这里处理你的JSON数据... // 返回响应 context.Response.Write("处理成功"); } 在这个方法中,我们首先获取了请求的内容,然后使用JsonConvert.DeserializeObject方法将其转换为一个动态类型的JSON对象。这样,我们就可以方便地访问和操作JSON数据了。 5. 总结 Ashx是一个强大的工具,可以帮助我们在ASP.NET中处理各种HTTP请求。尤其是当我们碰上要处理JSON数据这事儿,用Ashx可是能帮咱们省不少力,让事情变得轻松简单多了。当你把请求的内容成功转换成JSON格式后,就等于把它变成一个我们熟悉的.NET对象,这样一来,处理JSON数据就跟玩普通.NET对象一样简单轻松,毫无压力啦! 6. 深入探讨 然而,这只是一个基础的例子。实际上,我们可以使用Ashx做更多的事情。比如说,咱们可以在动手解析JSON数据之前,先给请求做个“体检”确认其靠谱性;又或者,在我们成功搞定数据之后,再添点额外的“小料”,让它更加饱满丰富。 此外,我们也需要注意安全问题。虽然“JsonConvert.DeserializeObject”这个小家伙能够自动挡下不少常见的JSON攻击招式,但我们仍然得瞪大眼睛,确保喂给它的数据确实是货真价实、没毛病的。 总的来说,Ashx是一个非常有用的工具,但我们也需要谨慎使用,以防止可能的安全问题。
2023-06-29 14:38:59
549
灵动之光-t
Go Iris
...cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5time.Second) // 可以设置一个超时时间 defer cancel() if err := server.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil { log.Fatalf("Server shutdown failed: %v", err) } fmt.Println("Server has gracefully stopped.") } 上述代码中,我们首先启动了一个Iris应用并监听8080端口。接着,我们创建了一个通道用于接收操作系统发出的终止信号。当你给程序发送SIGINT或者SIGTERM信号的时候,我们就会启动一个小操作,也就是调用server.Shutdown()这个方法。这个方法呢,就像一位耐心的管理员,会一直等到所有正在热闹忙碌的连接都圆满完成后,才轻轻把服务器的小门关上,让它安全地停止运行。 3.2 Graceful Shutdown的工作原理 在调用Shutdown方法后,Iris会开始拒绝新的连接请求,并等待当前所有的活跃请求处理完毕。如果有些请求在规定的时间内还没搞定,那么服务器就会果断地“啪”一下关掉自己,这样一来,就能保证服务不会一直卡在那里不动弹,无休止地挂着。 思考与探讨: - 考虑到实际生产环境,你可能需要根据业务需求调整context.WithTimeout的超时时间。 - 对于资源释放和清理工作,可以在Shutdown之后添加自定义逻辑,确保在服务器关闭前完成所有必要的清理任务。 总结起来,在Go Iris中实现Graceful Shutdown非常简单,只需要几行代码即可实现。这种优雅停机的方式不仅提升了系统的稳定性,也体现了对用户请求的尊重和对服务质量的承诺。所以,在构建高可用性的Web服务时,充分理解和利用Graceful Shutdown机制至关重要。
2023-02-05 08:44:57
477
晚秋落叶
Beego
...易用性和可维护性。 Context Context(在文中以c context.Context形式出现) , 在Go语言编程中,Context是一个携带截止时间、取消信号和请求相关上下文信息的数据结构,通常用于处理服务器之间的异步调用、控制长时间运行的操作或者传播跨API边界的相关信息。在Beego框架或其他基于Go的Web框架中,每个HTTP请求都会关联一个Context实例,允许开发者在处理请求的过程中访问和传递这些上下文信息,比如在文章示例代码中,通过Context获取URL中的参数值。
2023-10-21 23:31:23
277
半夏微凉-t
Go Iris
...import ( "context" "fmt" "net" "time" "google.golang.org/grpc" "github.com/kataras/iris/v12" ) 然后,我们需要启动gRPC服务器: go func main() { l, err := net.Listen("tcp", ":50051") if err != nil { panic(err) } go func() { defer l.Close() for { conn, err := l.Accept() if err != nil { fmt.Println(err) continue } go serveGRPC(conn) } }() iris.Default.Run(":8080") } func serveGRPC(conn net.Conn) { defer conn.Close() c, err := grpc.NewClientConn(conn) if err != nil { return } defer c.Close() client := new(hello.HelloWorldClient) stream, err := client.SayHello(context.Background(), &hello.HelloRequest{Name: "world"}) if err != nil { return } for { msg, err := stream.Recv() if err == io.EOF { break } if err != nil { return } fmt.Printf("Received %s\n", msg.Message) } } 最后,在Iris应用中,我们可以这样调用这个服务: go func handler(ctx iris.Context) { grpcStream, grpcStatus, err := ctx.GRPCServerStream("say_hello", &hello.HelloRequest{Name: "world"}) if err != nil { ctx.StatusCode(grpcStatus.Code()) ctx.WriteString(err.Error()) return } go func() { defer grpcStream.CloseSend() message := &hello.HelloReply{Message: "Hello " + grpcStream.Recv().(hello.HelloRequest).Name} if err := grpcStream.Send(message); err != nil { log.Println("Error sending reply:", err) } }() } 五、结论 以上就是如何在Iris中结合gRPC服务的一个简单教程。通过这个教程,咱们就能发现,利用gRPC这个神器,咱们的服务效率和灵活性都能妥妥地往上蹭蹭涨!而且,要知道gRPC可是搭建在HTTP/2的基础之上,这就意味着它的稳定性和可靠性比起那些传统的RPC框架来说,可是更胜一筹!所以,甭管你是在捣鼓自己的小玩意儿,还是在搭建企业级的超级大应用,都可以考虑用上gRPC这个神器!
2023-04-20 14:32:44
450
幽谷听泉-t
.net
...sing (var context = new MyDbContext()) { try { var blog = context.Blogs.Find(1); // 假设数据库服务器未启动 } catch (EntityException ex) { Console.WriteLine($"发生EntityException: {ex.Message}"); // 输出可能类似于:“未能打开与 SQL Server 的连接。” } } 在上述代码中,由于无法建立到数据库的连接,因此会抛出EntityException。 (2) SQL命令执行错误 csharp using (var context = new MyDbContext()) { try { context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand("Invalid SQL Command"); // 无效的SQL命令 } catch (EntityException ex) { Console.WriteLine($"执行SQL命令时发生EntityException: {ex.InnerException?.Message}"); // 输出可能是SQL语句的具体错误信息。 } } 这段代码试图执行一个无效的SQL命令,导致数据库引擎返回错误,进而引发EntityException。 4. 探讨与思考 如何有效处理EntityException 面对EntityException,我们首先要做的是阅读异常信息,理解其背后的真实原因。然后,根据具体情况采取相应措施: - 检查数据库连接字符串是否正确; - 确认执行的SQL命令是否存在语法错误或者逻辑问题; - 验证实体的状态以及事务管理是否恰当; - 在并发场景下,考虑检查并调整实体的并发策略。 5. 结论 EntityException虽然看起来让人头疼,但它实际上是我们程序安全运行的重要守门人,通过捕捉并合理处理这些异常,可以确保我们的应用在面临数据库层面的问题时仍能保持稳定性和可靠性。记住了啊,每一个出现的bug或者异常情况,其实都是在给我们的代码质量打分呢,更是我们修炼编程技术、提升自我技能的一次绝佳机会哈!让我们在实战中不断积累经验,共同成长吧! 以上所述,只是EntityException众多应用场景的一部分,实际开发中还需结合具体情境去理解和应对。无论何时何地,咱都要保持那颗热衷于探索和解决问题的心劲儿。这样一来,就算突然冒出个“EntityException”这样的拦路大怪兽,咱也能淡定地把它变成咱前进道路上的小台阶,一脚踩过去,继续前行。
2023-07-20 20:00:59
507
笑傲江湖
Beego
...func(ctx context.Context) { // 解析URL,进行自定义路由处理 urlParts := strings.Split(ctx.Request.URL.Path, "/") if len(urlParts) > 2 && urlParts[1] == "custom" { switch urlParts[2] { case "action1": ctx.Output.Body([]byte("Executing Action 1")) return case "action2": ctx.Output.Body([]byte("Executing Action 2")) return } } // 若未命中自定义路由,则继续向下执行默认路由逻辑 }) 在这个例子中,我们在进入默认路由之前插入了一个过滤器,对请求路径进行解析,并针对特定路径执行相应动作。 4. 总结与思考 自定义路由规则为我们的应用带来了无比的灵活性,让我们能够更好地适配各种复杂的业务场景。在我们真正动手开发的时候,得把Beego的路由功能玩得溜起来,不断捣鼓和微调路由设置,让它们既能搞定各种功能需求,又能保持干净利落、易于维护和扩展性棒棒哒。记住,路由设计并非一蹴而就,而是伴随着项目迭代演进而逐步完善的。所以,别怕尝试,大胆创新,让每个API都找到它的“归宿”,这就是我们在Beego中实现自定义路由的乐趣所在!
2023-07-13 09:35:46
621
青山绿水
Golang
...目录等。在本文的上下文中,Go语言通过其标准库提供了丰富的API接口来实现这些基本的文件系统操作。 竞态条件(Race Condition) , 在多线程或并发编程环境中,竞态条件是一种特定的软件错误类型,当多个线程同时访问并试图修改同一共享资源时可能出现不一致的结果,具体取决于线程执行的顺序。例如,在Go语言处理文件系统操作时,如果不采取同步措施,两个goroutine可能同时尝试写入同一个文件,导致数据混乱或丢失。为避免这种情况,文章建议使用sync.Mutex等同步机制确保在并发环境下对共享资源(如同一目录下的文件)的操作是有序且安全的。 上下文(Context) , 在Go语言中,Context是一个携带取消信号、截止时间或其他请求范围信息的值,它贯穿于整个程序的调用链中。在文件系统操作的场景下,可以利用context包设置超时或者取消长时间运行的任务。如果一个IO操作(如读取大文件)超过了预设的时间限制,可通过检查Context是否已取消来决定是否需要提前终止该操作,从而防止阻塞程序的其他部分。在本文中,示例代码展示了如何结合上下文控制在读取大文件时实现超时控制。
2024-02-24 11:43:21
428
雪落无痕
Go Iris
...(ctx iris.Context) { url := config.AuthCodeURL("state") ctx.Redirect(url) }) // 回调路由处理 app.Get("/callback", func(ctx iris.Context) { code := ctx.URLParam("code") token, err := config.Exchange(context.Background(), code) if err != nil { ctx.WriteString("Failed to exchange token: " + err.Error()) return } // 在这里处理token,例如保存到数据库或直接使用 }) app.Listen(":8080") } 3. 构建策略决策树 智能授权 现在,我们已经了解了JWT和OAuth2的基本概念及其在Iris框架中的应用。接下来,我们要聊聊怎么把这两样东西结合起来,搞出一棵基于策略的决策树,这样就能更聪明地做授权决定了。 3.1 策略决策树的概念 策略决策树是一种基于规则的系统,用于根据预定义的条件做出决策。在这个情况下,我们主要根据用户的JWT信息(比如他们的角色和权限)和OAuth2的授权状态来判断他们是否有权限访问某些特定的资源。换句话说,就是看看用户是不是有“资格”去看那些东西。 代码示例:基于JWT的角色授权 go package main import ( "github.com/kataras/iris/v12" jwt "github.com/appleboy/gin-jwt/v2" ) type MyCustomClaims struct { Role string json:"role" jwt.StandardClaims } func main() { app := iris.New() jwtMiddleware, _ := jwt.New(&jwt.GinJWTMiddleware{ Realm: "test zone", Key: []byte("secret key"), Timeout: time.Hour, MaxRefresh: time.Hour, IdentityKey: "id", IdentityHandler: func(c jwt.Manager, ctx iris.Context) (interface{}, error) { claims := jwt.ExtractClaims(ctx) role := claims["role"].(string) return &MyCustomClaims{Role: role}, nil }, }) // 保护需要特定角色才能访问的路由 app.Use(jwtMiddleware.MiddlewareFunc()) // 定义受保护的路由 app.Get("/admin", jwtMiddleware.AuthorizeRole("admin"), func(ctx iris.Context) { ctx.Writef("Welcome admin!") }) app.Listen(":8080") } 3.2 结合OAuth2与JWT的策略决策树 为了进一步增强安全性,我们可以将OAuth2的授权状态纳入策略决策树中。这意味着,不仅需要验证用户的JWT,还需要检查OAuth2授权的状态,以确保用户具有访问特定资源的权限。 代码示例:结合OAuth2与JWT的策略决策 go package main import ( "github.com/kataras/iris/v12" jwt "github.com/appleboy/gin-jwt/v2" "golang.org/x/oauth2" ) // 自定义的OAuth2授权检查函数 func checkOAuth2Authorization(token oauth2.Token) bool { // 这里可以根据实际情况添加更多的检查逻辑 return token.Valid() } func main() { app := iris.New() jwtMiddleware, _ := jwt.New(&jwt.GinJWTMiddleware{ Realm: "test zone", Key: []byte("secret key"), Timeout: time.Hour, MaxRefresh: time.Hour, IdentityKey: "id", IdentityHandler: func(c jwt.Manager, ctx iris.Context) (interface{}, error) { claims := jwt.ExtractClaims(ctx) role := claims["role"].(string) return &MyCustomClaims{Role: role}, nil }, }) app.Use(jwtMiddleware.MiddlewareFunc()) app.Get("/secure-resource", jwtMiddleware.AuthorizeRole("user"), func(ctx iris.Context) { // 获取当前请求的JWT令牌 token := jwtMiddleware.TokenFromRequest(ctx.Request()) // 检查OAuth2授权状态 if !checkOAuth2Authorization(token) { ctx.StatusCode(iris.StatusUnauthorized) ctx.Writef("Unauthorized access") return } ctx.Writef("Access granted to secure resource") }) app.Listen(":8080") } 4. 总结与展望 通过以上讨论和代码示例,我们看到了如何在Iris框架中有效地使用JWT和OAuth2来构建一个智能的授权决策系统。这不仅提高了应用的安全性,还增强了用户体验。以后啊,随着技术不断进步,咱们可以期待更多酷炫的新方法来简化这些流程,让认证和授权变得超级高效又方便。 希望这篇探索之旅对你有所帮助,也欢迎你加入讨论,分享你的见解和实践经验!
2024-11-07 15:57:06
56
夜色朦胧
转载文章
...互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。 4.2创建自定义Spring Boot自动配置Starter 这个章节,我们将会创建我们自己的Spring Bootstarter,这个starter会包含一个自动依赖在我们的项目中。 在第二章节中, 我们已经知道如何去创建数据库属性对象。让我们创建一个简单的starter,这个starter会创建另外一个CommandLineRunner,然后收集Repository的实例并且打印所有的实例。 4.2.1代码实现 1.首先我们创建一人新文件夹db-count-starter在项目根目录下。 2.在文件夹db-count-starter下创建一份settings.grale文件,添加以下内容。 include 'db-count-starter' 3.在db-count-starter文件夹下创建build.gradle的文件,然后添加如下的代码。 apply plugin: 'java' repositories { mavenCentral() maven { url "https://repo.spring.io/snapshot" } maven { url "https://repo.spring.io/milestone" } } d ependencies { compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot:1.2.3.RELEASE") compile("org.springframework.data:spring-data-commons:1.9.2.RELEASE") } 4.接着,我们在fb-count-starter下创建这个目录结构src/main/java/org/test/bookpubstarter/dbcount 5.在新创建的文件下面,让我们添加实现接口CommandLineRunner文件,名称叫做DbCountRunner.java. public class DbCountRunner implements CommandLineRunner { protected final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass()); private Collection<CrudRepository> repositories; public DbCountRunner(Collection<CrudRepository> repositories) { this.repositories = repositories; } @Override public void run(String... args) throws Exception { repositories.forEach(crudRepository -> logger.info(String.format( "%s has %s entries", getRepositoryName(crudRepository.getClass()), crudRepository.count()))); } private static String getRepositoryName(Class crudRepositoryClass) { for (Class repositoryInterface : crudRepositoryClass.getInterfaces()) { if (repositoryInterface.getName().startsWith( "org.test.bookpub.repository")) { return repositoryInterface.getSimpleName(); } } return "UnknownRepository"; } } 6.我们创建一个DbCountAutoConfiguration.java来实现DbCountRunner。 @Configuration public class DbCountAutoConfiguration { @Bean public DbCountRunner dbCountRunner(Collection<CrudRepository> repositories) { return new DbCountRunner(repositories); } } 7.我们需要告诉Spring Boot我们新创建的JAR包含自动装配的类。我们需要在db-count-starter/src/main下创建resources/META-INF文件夹。 8.在resources/META-INF下创建spring.factories文件,添加如下内容。 org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration=org.test .bookpubstarter.dbcount.DbCountAutoConfiguration 9.在主项目的build.gradle下添加如下代码 compile project(':db-count-starter') 10.启动项目,你将会看到控制台的信息下: 2020-04-05 INFO org.test.bookpub.StartupRunner : Welcome to the Book Catalog System! 2020-04-05 INFO o.t.b.dbcount.DbCountRunner : AuthorRepository has 1 entries 2020-04-05 INFO o.t.b.dbcount.DbCountRunner : PublisherRepository has 1 entries 2020-04-05 INFO o.t.b.dbcount.DbCountRunner : BookRepository has 1 entries 2020-04-05 INFO o.t.b.dbcount.DbCountRunner :ReviewerRepository has 0 entries 2020-04-05 INFO org.test.bookpub.BookPubApplication : Started BookPubApplication in 8.528 seconds (JVM running for 9.002) 2020-04-05 INFO org.test.bookpub.StartupRunner : Number of books: 1 4.2.2代码说明 因为Spring Boot的starter是分隔的,独立的包,仅仅是添加更多的类到我们已经存在的项目资源中,而不会控制更多。为了独立技术,我们的选择很少,创建分开的配置在我们项目中或创建完全分开的项目。更好的方法是通过创建项目文件夹去转换们的项目到Gradel Multi-Project Build和子项目依赖于根目录到build.gradle。Gradle实际是创建JAR的包,但是我们不需要放入到任何地方,仅仅通过compile project(‘:db-count-starter’)来包含。 Spring Boot Auto-Configuration Starter并没有做什么,而是Spring Java Configuration类注释了@Configuration和代表性的spring.factories文件在META-INF的文件夹下。 当应用启动时,Spring Boot使用SpringFactoriesLoader,这个类是Spring Core中的,目的是为了获得Spring Java Configuration,这些配置给了org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration。这样之下,这些调用会收集spring.factories文件下的所有jar包或其它调用的路径和成分到应用的上下文的配置中。除此之了EnableAutoConfiguration,我们可以定义其它的关键接口使用,这些可以自动初始化在启动期间与如下的调用相似: org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextInitializer org.springframework.context.ApplicationListener org.springframework.boot.SpringApplicationRunListener org.springframework.boot.env.PropertySourceLoader org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.template.TemplateAvailabilityProvider org.springframework.test.contex.TestExecutionListener 具有讽刺的是,Spring Boot Starter并不需要依赖Spring Boot的包,因为它编译时间上的依赖。如果我们看DbCountAutoConfiguation类,我们不会看到任何来自org.springframework.book的包。这仅仅的原因是我们的DbCountRunner实现了接口org.sprigframework.boot.CommandLineRunner. 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/owen_william/article/details/107867328。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2023-02-10 20:49:04
269
转载
Java
...actory.addContextCustomizer((TomcatWebServerContext context) -> { // 将模块视图目录映射到根URL下 context.addWelcomeFile("index.jsp"); WebResourceRoot resourceRoot = new TomcatWebResourceRoot(context, "static", "/"); resourceRoot.addDirectory(new File("src/main/resources/static")); context.setResources(resourceRoot); }); return factory; } public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args); } } 3. 检查JSP引擎配置 确保Tomcat服务器配置已启用JSP支持。在module-web对应的application.properties或application.yml文件中配置JSP引擎: properties server.tomcat.jsp-enabled=true server.tomcat.jsp.version=2.3 或者在module-web的pom.xml或build.gradle文件中为Tomcat添加Jasper依赖: xml org.apache.tomcat.embed tomcat-embed-jasper provided // Gradle dependencies { implementation 'org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-jasper:9.0.54' } 4. 控制器与视图名称匹配验证 在完成上述配置后,请务必核实Controller中返回的视图名称与其实际路径是否一致。如果存在命名冲突或者拼写错误,将会导致Spring MVC无法找到预期的JSP视图: java @GetMapping("/home") public String home(Model model) { return "homePage"; // 视图名称应更改为"WEB-INF/views/homePage.jsp" } 四、总结与解决办法 综上所述,Spring Boot返回JSP无效的问题可能源于多个因素的叠加效应,包括但不限于视图解析器配置不完整、模块间依赖关系未正确处理、JSP引擎支持未开启、或Controller与视图名称之间的不对应等。要解决这个问题,需从以上几个方面进行逐一排查和修正。 切记,在面对这类问题时,要保持冷静并耐心地定位问题所在,仔细分析配置文件、源代码和日志输出,才能准确找出症结所在,进而成功解决问题。这不仅让我们实实在在地磨炼了编程功夫,更是让咱们对Spring Boot这家伙的工作内幕有了更深的洞察。这样一来,我们在实际项目中遇到问题时,调试和应对的能力都像坐火箭一样嗖嗖提升啦!
2024-02-17 11:18:11
271
半夏微凉_t
转载文章
...互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。 1、分布式事务出现场景 场景描述:支付宝转账余额宝 分布式事务必须满足的条件: 1、远程RPC调用,支付宝和余额宝存在接口调用 2、支付宝和余额宝使用不同的数据库 如图: 2、分布式事务解决方案 1、基于数据库XA协议的两段提交 XA协议是数据库支持的一种协议,其核心是一个事务管理器用来统一管理两个分布式数据库,如图 事务管理器负责跟支付宝数据库和余额宝数据库打交道,一旦有一个数据库连接失败,另一个数据库的操作就不会进行,一个数据库操作失败就会导致另一个数据库回滚,只有他们全部成功两个数据库的事务才会提交。 基于XA协议的两段和三段提交是一种严格的安全确认机制,其安全性是非常高的,但是保证安全性的前提是牺牲了性能,这个就是分布式系统里面的CAP理论,做任何架构的前提需要有取舍。所以基于XA协议的分布式事务并发性不高,不适合高并发场景。 2、基于activemq的解决方案 如图: 1、支付宝扣款成功时往message表插入消息 2、message表有message_id(流水id,标识夸系统的一次转账操作),status(confirm,unconfirm) 3、timer扫描message表的unconfirm状态记录往activemq插入消息 4、余额宝收到消息消费消息时先查询message表如果有记录就不处理如果没记录就进行数据库增款操作 5、如果余额宝数据库操作成功往余额宝message表插入消息,表字段跟支付宝message一致 6、如果5操作成功,回调支付宝接口修改message表状态,把unconfirm状态转换成confirm状态 问题描述: 1、支付宝设计message表的目的 如果支付宝往activemq插入消息而余额宝消费消息异常,有可能是消费消息成功而事务操作异常,有可能是网络异常等等不确定因素。如果出现异常而activemq收到了确认消息的信号,这时候activemq中的消息是删除了的,消息丢失了。设置message表就是有一个消息存根,activemq中消息丢失了message表中的消息还在。解决了activemq消息丢失问题 2、余额宝设计message表的目的 当余额宝消费成功并且数据库操作成功时,回调支付宝的消息确认接口,如果回调接口时出现异常导致支付宝状态修改失败还是unconfirm状态,这时候还会被timer扫描到,又会往activemq插入消息,又会被余额宝消费一边,但是这条消息已经消费成功了的只是回调失败而已,所以就需要有一个这样的message表,当余额宝消费时先插入message表,如果message根据message_id能查询到记录就说明之前这条消息被消费过就不再消费只需要回调成功即可,如果查询不到消息就消费这条消息继续数据库操作,数据库操作成功就往message表插入消息。 这样就解决了消息重复消费问题,这也是消费端的幂等操作。 基于消息中间件的分布式事务是最理想的分布式事务解决方案,兼顾了安全性和并发性! 接下来贴代码: 支付宝代码: @Controller@RequestMapping("/order")public class OrderController {/ @Description TODO @param @return 参数 @return String 返回类型 @throws userID:转账的用户ID amount:转多少钱/@Autowired@Qualifier("activemq")OrderService orderService;@RequestMapping("/transfer")public @ResponseBody String transferAmount(String userId,String messageId, int amount) {try {orderService.updateAmount(amount,messageId, userId);}catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();return "===============================transferAmount failed===================";}return "===============================transferAmount successfull===================";}@RequestMapping("/callback")public String callback(String param) {JSONObject parse = JSONObject.parseObject(param);String respCode = parse.getString("respCode");if(!"OK".equalsIgnoreCase(respCode)) {return null;}try {orderService.updateMessage(param);}catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();return "fail";}return "ok";} } public interface OrderService {public void updateAmount(int amount, String userId,String messageId);public void updateMessage(String param);} @Service("activemq")@Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)public class OrderServiceActivemqImpl implements OrderService {Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());@AutowiredJdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;@AutowiredJmsTemplate jmsTemplate;@Overridepublic void updateAmount(final int amount, final String messageId, final String userId) {String sql = "update account set amount = amount - ?,update_time=now() where user_id = ?";int count = jdbcTemplate.update(sql, new Object[]{amount, userId});if (count == 1) {//插入到消息记录表sql = "insert into message(user_id,message_id,amount,status) values (?,?,?,?)";int row = jdbcTemplate.update(sql,new Object[]{userId,messageId,amount,"unconfirm"});if(row == 1) {//往activemq中插入消息jmsTemplate.send("zg.jack.queue", new MessageCreator() {@Overridepublic Message createMessage(Session session) throws JMSException {com.zhuguang.jack.bean.Message message = new com.zhuguang.jack.bean.Message();message.setAmount(Integer.valueOf(amount));message.setStatus("unconfirm");message.setUserId(userId);message.setMessageId(messageId);return session.createObjectMessage(message);} });} }}@Overridepublic void updateMessage(String param) {JSONObject parse = JSONObject.parseObject(param);String messageId = parse.getString("messageId");String sql = "update message set status = ? where message_id = ?";int count = jdbcTemplate.update(sql,new Object[]{"confirm",messageId});if(count == 1) {logger.info(messageId + " callback successfull");} }} activemq.xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xmlns:amq="http://activemq.apache.org/schema/core"xmlns:jms="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jms"xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beanshttp://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.1.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/contexthttp://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.1.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/mvchttp://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc-4.1.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/jmshttp://www.springframework.org/schema/jms/spring-jms-4.1.xsdhttp://activemq.apache.org/schema/corehttp://activemq.apache.org/schema/core/activemq-core-5.12.1.xsd"><context:component-scan base-package="com.zhuguang.jack" /><mvc:annotation-driven /><amq:connectionFactory id="amqConnectionFactory"brokerURL="tcp://192.168.88.131:61616"userName="system"password="manager" /><!-- 配置JMS连接工长 --><bean id="connectionFactory"class="org.springframework.jms.connection.CachingConnectionFactory"><constructor-arg ref="amqConnectionFactory" /><property name="sessionCacheSize" value="100" /></bean><!-- 定义消息队列(Queue) --><bean id="demoQueueDestination" class="org.apache.activemq.command.ActiveMQQueue"><!-- 设置消息队列的名字 --><constructor-arg><value>zg.jack.queue</value></constructor-arg></bean><!-- 配置JMS模板(Queue),Spring提供的JMS工具类,它发送、接收消息。 --><bean id="jmsTemplate" class="org.springframework.jms.core.JmsTemplate"><property name="connectionFactory" ref="connectionFactory" /><property name="defaultDestination" ref="demoQueueDestination" /><property name="receiveTimeout" value="10000" /><!-- true是topic,false是queue,默认是false,此处显示写出false --><property name="pubSubDomain" value="false" /></bean></beans> spring-dispatcher.xml <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"xmlns:task="http://www.springframework.org/schema/task" xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util" xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/utilhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-3.2.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.2.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.2.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/mvchttp://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc-3.2.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/task http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-3.0.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/txhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-3.0.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-3.0.xsd"><!-- 引入同文件夹下的redis属性配置文件 --><!-- 解决springMVC响应数据乱码 text/plain就是响应的时候原样返回数据--><import resource="../activemq/activemq.xml"/><!--<context:property-placeholder ignore-unresolvable="true" location="classpath:config/core/core.properties,classpath:config/redis/redis-config.properties" />--><bean id="propertyConfigurerForProject1" class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer"><property name="order" value="1" /><property name="ignoreUnresolvablePlaceholders" value="true" /><property name="location"><value>classpath:config/core/core.properties</value></property></bean><mvc:annotation-driven><mvc:message-converters register-defaults="true"><bean class="org.springframework.http.converter.StringHttpMessageConverter"><property name="supportedMediaTypes" value = "text/plain;charset=UTF-8" /></bean></mvc:message-converters></mvc:annotation-driven><!-- 避免IE执行AJAX时,返回JSON出现下载文件 --><bean id="mappingJacksonHttpMessageConverter" class="org.springframework.http.converter.json.MappingJacksonHttpMessageConverter"><property name="supportedMediaTypes"><list><value>text/html;charset=UTF-8</value></list></property></bean><!-- 开启controller注解支持 --><!-- 注:如果base-package=com.avicit 则注解事务不起作用 TODO 读源码 --><context:component-scan base-package="com.zhuguang"></context:component-scan><mvc:view-controller path="/" view-name="redirect:/index" /><beanclass="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping" /><bean id="handlerAdapter"class="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter"></bean><beanclass="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.ContentNegotiatingViewResolver"><property name="mediaTypes"><map><entry key="json" value="application/json" /><entry key="xml" value="application/xml" /><entry key="html" value="text/html" /></map></property><property name="viewResolvers"><list><bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.BeanNameViewResolver" /><bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.UrlBasedViewResolver"><property name="viewClass" value="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.JstlView" /><property name="prefix" value="/" /><property name="suffix" value=".jsp" /></bean></list></property></bean><!-- 支持上传文件 --> <!-- 控制器异常处理 --><bean id="exceptionResolver"class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleMappingExceptionResolver"><property name="exceptionMappings"><props><prop key="java.lang.Exception">error</prop></props></property></bean><bean id="dataSource" class="com.mchange.v2.c3p0.ComboPooledDataSource" destroy-method="close"><property name="driverClass"><value>${jdbc.driverClassName}</value></property><property name="jdbcUrl"><value>${jdbc.url}</value></property><property name="user"><value>${jdbc.username}</value></property><property name="password"><value>${jdbc.password}</value></property><property name="minPoolSize" value="10" /><property name="maxPoolSize" value="100" /><property name="maxIdleTime" value="1800" /><property name="acquireIncrement" value="3" /><property name="maxStatements" value="1000" /><property name="initialPoolSize" value="10" /><property name="idleConnectionTestPeriod" value="60" /><property name="acquireRetryAttempts" value="30" /><property name="breakAfterAcquireFailure" value="false" /><property name="testConnectionOnCheckout" value="false" /><property name="acquireRetryDelay"><value>100</value></property></bean><bean id="jdbcTemplate" class="org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate"><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"></property></bean><bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager"><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/></bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager" proxy-target-class="true" /><aop:aspectj-autoproxy expose-proxy="true"/></beans> logback.xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!--scan:当此属性设置为true时,配置文件如果发生改变,将会被重新加载,默认值为true。scanPeriod:设置监测配置文件是否有修改的时间间隔,如果没有给出时间单位,默认单位是毫秒当scan为true时,此属性生效。默认的时间间隔为1分钟。debug:当此属性设置为true时,将打印出logback内部日志信息,实时查看logback运行状态。默认值为false。--><configuration scan="false" scanPeriod="60 seconds" debug="false"><!-- 定义日志的根目录 --><!-- <property name="LOG_HOME" value="/app/log" /> --><!-- 定义日志文件名称 --><property name="appName" value="netty"></property><!-- ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender 表示控制台输出 --><appender name="stdout" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender"><Encoding>UTF-8</Encoding><!--日志输出格式:%d表示日期时间,%thread表示线程名,%-5level:级别从左显示5个字符宽度%logger{50} 表示logger名字最长50个字符,否则按照句点分割。 %msg:日志消息,%n是换行符--><encoder><pattern>%d{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{50} - %msg%n</pattern></encoder></appender><!-- 滚动记录文件,先将日志记录到指定文件,当符合某个条件时,将日志记录到其他文件 --> <appender name="appLogAppender" class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.RollingFileAppender"><Encoding>UTF-8</Encoding><!-- 指定日志文件的名称 --> <file>${appName}.log</file><!--当发生滚动时,决定 RollingFileAppender 的行为,涉及文件移动和重命名TimeBasedRollingPolicy: 最常用的滚动策略,它根据时间来制定滚动策略,既负责滚动也负责出发滚动。--><rollingPolicy class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.TimeBasedRollingPolicy"><!--滚动时产生的文件的存放位置及文件名称 %d{yyyy-MM-dd}:按天进行日志滚动 %i:当文件大小超过maxFileSize时,按照i进行文件滚动--><fileNamePattern>${appName}-%d{yyyy-MM-dd}-%i.log</fileNamePattern><!-- 可选节点,控制保留的归档文件的最大数量,超出数量就删除旧文件。假设设置每天滚动,且maxHistory是365,则只保存最近365天的文件,删除之前的旧文件。注意,删除旧文件是,那些为了归档而创建的目录也会被删除。--><MaxHistory>365</MaxHistory><!-- 当日志文件超过maxFileSize指定的大小是,根据上面提到的%i进行日志文件滚动 注意此处配置SizeBasedTriggeringPolicy是无法实现按文件大小进行滚动的,必须配置timeBasedFileNamingAndTriggeringPolicy--><timeBasedFileNamingAndTriggeringPolicy class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.SizeAndTimeBasedFNATP"><maxFileSize>100MB</maxFileSize></timeBasedFileNamingAndTriggeringPolicy></rollingPolicy><!--日志输出格式:%d表示日期时间,%thread表示线程名,%-5level:级别从左显示5个字符宽度 %logger{50} 表示logger名字最长50个字符,否则按照句点分割。 %msg:日志消息,%n是换行符--> <encoder><pattern>%d{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS} [ %thread ] - [ %-5level ] [ %logger{50} : %line ] - %msg%n</pattern></encoder></appender><!-- logger主要用于存放日志对象,也可以定义日志类型、级别name:表示匹配的logger类型前缀,也就是包的前半部分level:要记录的日志级别,包括 TRACE < DEBUG < INFO < WARN < ERRORadditivity:作用在于children-logger是否使用 rootLogger配置的appender进行输出,false:表示只用当前logger的appender-ref,true:表示当前logger的appender-ref和rootLogger的appender-ref都有效--><!-- <logger name="edu.hyh" level="info" additivity="true"><appender-ref ref="appLogAppender" /></logger> --><!-- root与logger是父子关系,没有特别定义则默认为root,任何一个类只会和一个logger对应,要么是定义的logger,要么是root,判断的关键在于找到这个logger,然后判断这个logger的appender和level。 --><root level="debug"><appender-ref ref="stdout" /><appender-ref ref="appLogAppender" /></root></configuration> 2、余额宝代码 package com.zhuguang.jack.controller;import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;import com.zhuguang.jack.service.OrderService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;@Controller@RequestMapping("/order")public class OrderController {/ @Description TODO @param @return 参数 @return String 返回类型 @throws 模拟银行转账 userID:转账的用户ID amount:转多少钱/@AutowiredOrderService orderService;@RequestMapping("/transfer")public @ResponseBody String transferAmount(String userId, String amount) {try {orderService.updateAmount(Integer.valueOf(amount), userId);}catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();return "===============================transferAmount failed===================";}return "===============================transferAmount successfull===================";} } 消息监听器 package com.zhuguang.jack.listener;import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;import com.zhuguang.jack.service.OrderService;import org.slf4j.Logger;import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.http.client.SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;import javax.jms.JMSException;import javax.jms.Message;import javax.jms.MessageListener;import javax.jms.ObjectMessage;@Service("queueMessageListener")public class QueueMessageListener implements MessageListener {private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());@AutowiredOrderService orderService;@Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)@Overridepublic void onMessage(Message message) {if (message instanceof ObjectMessage) {ObjectMessage objectMessage = (ObjectMessage) message;try {com.zhuguang.jack.bean.Message message1 = (com.zhuguang.jack.bean.Message) objectMessage.getObject();String userId = message1.getUserId();int count = orderService.queryMessageCountByUserId(userId);if (count == 0) {orderService.updateAmount(message1.getAmount(), message1.getUserId());orderService.insertMessage(message1.getUserId(), message1.getMessageId(), message1.getAmount(), "ok");} else {logger.info("异常转账");}RestTemplate restTemplate = createRestTemplate();JSONObject jo = new JSONObject();jo.put("messageId", message1.getMessageId());jo.put("respCode", "OK");String url = "http://jack.bank_a.com:8080/alipay/order/callback?param="+ jo.toJSONString();restTemplate.getForObject(url,null);} catch (JMSException e) {e.printStackTrace();throw new RuntimeException("异常");} }}public RestTemplate createRestTemplate() {SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory simpleClientHttpRequestFactory = new SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory();simpleClientHttpRequestFactory.setConnectTimeout(3000);simpleClientHttpRequestFactory.setReadTimeout(2000);return new RestTemplate(simpleClientHttpRequestFactory);} } package com.zhuguang.jack.service;public interface OrderService {public void updateAmount(int amount, String userId);public int queryMessageCountByUserId(String userId);public int insertMessage(String userId,String messageId,int amount,String status);} package com.zhuguang.jack.service;import org.slf4j.Logger;import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.http.client.SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory;import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;@Service@Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)public class OrderServiceImpl implements OrderService {private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());@AutowiredJdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;/ 更新数据库表,把账户余额减去amountd/@Overridepublic void updateAmount(int amount, String userId) {//1、农业银行转账3000,也就说农业银行jack账户要减3000String sql = "update account set amount = amount + ?,update_time=now() where user_id = ?";int count = jdbcTemplate.update(sql, new Object[] {amount, userId});if (count != 1) {throw new RuntimeException("订单创建失败,农业银行转账失败!");} }public RestTemplate createRestTemplate() {SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory simpleClientHttpRequestFactory = new SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory();simpleClientHttpRequestFactory.setConnectTimeout(3000);simpleClientHttpRequestFactory.setReadTimeout(2000);return new RestTemplate(simpleClientHttpRequestFactory);}@Overridepublic int queryMessageCountByUserId(String messageId) {String sql = "select count() from message where message_id = ?";int count = jdbcTemplate.queryForInt(sql, new Object[]{messageId});return count;}@Overridepublic int insertMessage(String userId, String message_id,int amount, String status) {String sql = "insert into message(user_id,message_id,amount,status) values(?,?,?)";int count = jdbcTemplate.update(sql, new Object[]{userId, message_id,amount, status});if(count == 1) {logger.info("Ok");}return count;} } activemq.xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xmlns:amq="http://activemq.apache.org/schema/core"xmlns:jms="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jms"xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beanshttp://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.1.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/contexthttp://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.1.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/mvchttp://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc-4.1.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/jmshttp://www.springframework.org/schema/jms/spring-jms-4.1.xsdhttp://activemq.apache.org/schema/corehttp://activemq.apache.org/schema/core/activemq-core-5.12.1.xsd"><context:component-scan base-package="com.zhuguang.jack" /><mvc:annotation-driven /><amq:connectionFactory id="amqConnectionFactory"brokerURL="tcp://192.168.88.131:61616"userName="system"password="manager" /><!-- 配置JMS连接工长 --><bean id="connectionFactory"class="org.springframework.jms.connection.CachingConnectionFactory"><constructor-arg ref="amqConnectionFactory" /><property name="sessionCacheSize" value="100" /></bean><!-- 定义消息队列(Queue) --><bean id="demoQueueDestination" class="org.apache.activemq.command.ActiveMQQueue"><!-- 设置消息队列的名字 --><constructor-arg><value>zg.jack.queue</value></constructor-arg></bean><!-- 显示注入消息监听容器(Queue),配置连接工厂,监听的目标是demoQueueDestination,监听器是上面定义的监听器 --><bean id="queueListenerContainer"class="org.springframework.jms.listener.DefaultMessageListenerContainer"><property name="connectionFactory" ref="connectionFactory" /><property name="destination" ref="demoQueueDestination" /><property name="messageListener" ref="queueMessageListener" /></bean><!-- 配置JMS模板(Queue),Spring提供的JMS工具类,它发送、接收消息。 --><bean id="jmsTemplate" class="org.springframework.jms.core.JmsTemplate"><property name="connectionFactory" ref="connectionFactory" /><property name="defaultDestination" ref="demoQueueDestination" /><property name="receiveTimeout" value="10000" /><!-- true是topic,false是queue,默认是false,此处显示写出false --><property name="pubSubDomain" value="false" /></bean></beans> OK~~~~~~~~~~~~大功告成!!!, 如果大家觉得满意并且对技术感兴趣请加群:171239762, 纯技术交流群,非诚勿扰。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/luoyang_java/article/details/84953241。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2023-04-16 22:34:52
499
转载
Hadoop
...入会重复发生。 在本文中,我们将深入探讨什么是数据写入重复,为什么会在Hadoop中发生,并提供几种解决这个问题的方法。这将包括详细的代码示例和解释。 二、什么是数据写入重复? 数据写入重复是指在一个数据库或其他存储系统中,同一个数据项被多次写入的情况。这可能会导致许多问题,例如: 1. 数据一致性问题 如果一个数据项被多次写入,那么它的最终状态可能并不明确。 2. 空间浪费 重复的数据会占用额外的空间,尤其是在大数据环境中,这可能会成为一个严重的问题。 3. 性能影响 当数据库或其他存储系统尝试处理大量重复的数据时,其性能可能会受到影响。 三、为什么会在Hadoop中发生数据写入重复? 在Hadoop中,数据写入重复通常发生在MapReduce任务中。这是因为MapReduce是个超级厉害的并行处理工具,它能够同时派出多个“小分队”去处理不同的数据块,就像是大家一起动手,各自负责一块儿,效率贼高。有时候,这些家伙可能会干出同样的活儿,然后把结果一股脑地塞进同一个文件里。 此外,数据写入重复也可能是由于其他原因引起的,例如错误的数据输入、网络故障等。 四、如何避免和解决数据写入重复? 以下是一些可以用来避免和解决数据写入重复的方法: 1. 使用ID生成器 当写入数据时,可以使用一个唯一的ID来标识每个数据项。这样就可以确保每个数据项只被写入一次。 python import uuid 生成唯一ID id = str(uuid.uuid4()) 2. 使用事务 在某些情况下,可以使用数据库事务来确保数据的一致性。这可以通过设置数据库的隔离级别来实现。 sql START TRANSACTION; INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES ('value1', 'value2'); COMMIT; 3. 使用MapReduce的输出去重特性 Hadoop提供了MapReduce的输出去重特性,可以在Map阶段就去除重复的数据,然后再进行Reduce操作。 java public static class MyMapper extends Mapper { private final static IntWritable one = new IntWritable(1); private Text word = new Text(); public void map(LongWritable key, Text value, Context context) throws IOException, InterruptedException { String[] words = value.toString().split(" "); for (String word : words) { word = word.toLowerCase(); if (!word.isEmpty()) { context.write(new Text(word), one); } } } } 以上就是关于Hadoop中的数据写入重复的一些介绍和解决方案。希望对你有所帮助。
2023-05-18 08:48:57
507
秋水共长天一色-t
Go Gin
...er(c gin.Context) { var user User if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&user); err != nil { c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()}) return } // 这里省略了数据库操作的具体代码 } 在这个函数中,我们首先使用ShouldBindJSON方法解析用户提交的JSON数据。这个方法会检查数据是否符合我们的结构体,并且可以自动处理一些常见的错误,比如字段不存在、字段类型不匹配等。 如果解析成功,那么我们就可以继续执行数据库操作。否则,我们就直接返回一个HTTP 400响应,告诉用户数据无效。 四、结论 通过以上的内容,我们已经了解了如何使用Go Gin框架来处理数据库插入异常。虽然这只是个小小例子,不过它可真能帮咱摸透异常处理那些最基本的道理和关键技术点。 在实际开发中,我们可能还需要处理更多复杂的异常情况,比如并发冲突、事务回滚等。为了更好地对付这些难题,我们得时刻保持学习新技能、掌握新工具的热情,而且啊,咱还得持续地给我们的代码“动手术”,让它更加精炼高效。只有这样,我们才能写出高质量、高效率的程序,为用户提供更好的服务。
2023-05-17 12:57:54
470
人生如戏-t
Groovy
...framework.context.annotation.Bean beans { config = new ConfigBean() } 然后,在其他地方,我们就可以通过@Value注解来获取这个变量的值了: groovy @Value('${config.myConfig}') String myConfig 六、总结 总的来说,Groovy提供了许多方便的方式来帮助我们调试脚本,并查看其内部变量的值。甭管是简单易懂的println命令,还是更高端大气的@Grab注解,都能妥妥地满足我们的各种需求。另外,Grails框架还悄悄塞给我们一些超实用的小工具,比如说资源文件这个小玩意儿,这可帮了我们大忙,让咱能更轻松地驾驭和打理自己的应用程序呢!
2023-07-29 22:56:33
644
断桥残雪-t
Go Iris
...(ctx iris.Context) { if err := ctx.GetError(); err != nil { ctx.HTML(iris.StatusOK, errTpl) return } }) 在这个示例中,我们首先定义了一个名为errTpl的地图,其中包含了错误页的基本内容。然后,我们使用iris.Use函数将这个错误处理器添加到Iris的应用程序中。每当出现错误情况,这个小家伙(指处理器)就会立马启动工作。它会迅速从当前环境里抓取到错误的具体信息,然后灵活运用预设的错误模板,给咱们呈现出一个详细的错误页面。 五、如何定制错误页面? Go Iris允许我们完全控制错误页面的内容和样式。嘿,伙计们,其实我们可以这样玩:如果你想让错误页面更有个性,那就直接去动动errTpl这个神奇地图里的小机关,调整里面的值;或者呢,干脆自己动手打造一个独特的HTML模板,用它来定制错误页面,这样一来,保证让你的错误页面瞬间变得与众不同! 例如,如果我们想要在错误页上显示更多的错误详细信息,我们可以这样做: go errTpl["title"] = "错误详情" errTpl["content"] = fmt.Sprintf("错误消息:%s\n错误类型:%T\n错误堆栈:%v", err.Error(), err, errors.As(err, nil)) 六、结论 在Go Iris中,处理错误页面是一项非常重要的任务。你知道吗,咱们可以通过设计和个性化定制错误页面,让用户体验蹭蹭往上升,同时也能帮我们更准确地找到问题所在,快速解决用户的困扰,这样一来,既让用户感到贴心,又能提升我们的服务质量,是不是很赞? 总的来说,Go Iris为我们提供了一种简单而强大的方式来处理错误页面。如果你正在用Go Iris做Web开发,那我真心拍胸脯推荐,你绝对值得花点时间去掌握并运用这个功能,保准对你大有裨益!
2024-01-07 15:28:16
443
星河万里-t
MyBatis
...ult(ResultContext context) { ordersDeleted = context.getResultCount() > 0; } } 4. 总结与思考 在MyBatis中处理SQL语句的执行顺序和依赖关系时,我们可以借助事务管理机制来确保SQL执行的先后顺序,并利用MyBatis强大的动态SQL功能来灵活应对SQL间的依赖关系。在实际操作中,咱们得瞅准具体的业务需求,把那些特性真正理解透彻,并且灵活机智地用起来,这样才能确保数据操作不仅高效,还超级准确,达到我们的目标。这就是MyBatis框架的魔力所在,它可不只是让数据库操作变得简单轻松,更是让我们在面对复杂业务场景时,也能像老司机一样稳稳把握,游刃有余。每一次面对问题,都是一次探索与成长的过程,希望这次对MyBatis处理SQL执行顺序和依赖关系的探讨能帮助你更好地理解和掌握这一重要技能。
2023-07-04 14:47:40
149
凌波微步
Go Gin
...nc(c gin.Context) { c.JSON(200, gin.H{ "message": "Welcome to Gin!", }) }) 在这个例子中,当我们访问网站的根路径时,服务器会返回一个JSON响应,内容为"Welcome to Gin!"。 - 中间件:中间件是在请求到达目标处理函数之前或者之后执行的一系列操作。例如,我们可以定义一个中间件,用于记录每次请求的处理时间: go router.Use(func(c gin.Context) { start := time.Now() c.Next() // 传递控制权给下一个中间件或处理函数 duration := time.Since(start) log.Printf("%s took %s", c.Request.Method, duration) }) 四、创建Go Gin应用 接下来,我们将创建一个简单的Go Gin应用程序。 首先,我们需要导入所需的包: go import ( "fmt" "log" "github.com/gin-gonic/gin" ) 然后,我们可以创建一个函数,用于初始化我们的应用: go func main() { router := gin.Default() // 在这里添加你的路由和中间件... router.Run(":8080") } 在这个函数中,我们创建了一个新的路由器实例,并调用了其Run方法来启动我们的应用程序。 五、第一个Hello World示例 现在,让我们来看一个简单的例子,它将输出"Hello, Gin!"。 go router := gin.Default() router.GET("/", func(c gin.Context) { c.String(200, "Hello, Gin!") }) 当你运行这个程序并访问"http://localhost:8080/"时,你应该可以看到"Hello, Gin!"。 六、总结 Go Gin是一个强大而易于使用的Web开发框架。经过这篇教程的学习,你现在对如何亲手安装Go Gin这套工具已经门儿清了,而且还掌握了创建并跑起一个基础的Go Gin应用程序的独门秘籍。接下来,你可以试着解锁更多Go Gin的玩法,比如捣鼓捣鼓错误处理、尝试尝试模板渲染这些功能,这样一来,你的编程技能肯定能噌噌噌地往上涨!最后,祝愿你在学习Go Gin的过程中愉快!
2024-01-04 17:07:23
527
林中小径-t
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