...容。参考资料： [AngularJS系列(4)] 那伤不起的provider们啊~ (Provider, Value, Constant, Service, Factory, Decorator)：http://hellobug.github.io/blog/angularjs-providers/ Single Page Apps with AngularJS Routing and Templating：https://scotch.io/tutorials/single-page-apps-with-angularjs-routing-and-templating How to Implement Safe Sign-In via OAuth：http://devcenter.kinvey.com/angular/tutorials/how-to-implement-safe-signin-via-oauth A Better Way to Learn AngularJS：https://thinkster.io/a-better-way-to-learn-angularjs $http Interceptors：https://thinkster.io/a-better-way-to-learn-angularjs/interceptors Simple AngularJS Authentication with JWT:https://thinkster.io/angularjs-jwt-authauthenticating-with-an-interceptor Implementing Authentication in Angular Applications:https://www.sitepoint.com/implementing-authentication-angular-applications/ Angularjs中的拦截器（卧槽，好牛逼）:http://www.cnblogs.com/littlemonk/p/5512253.html Interceptors in AngularJS and Useful Examples:http://www.webdeveasy.com/interceptors-in-angularjs-and-useful-examples/ angularJS 1.5.7官方文档：https://code.angularjs.org/1.5.7/docs/api 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_34150503/article/details/86337522。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

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[转载]【ASP.NET Identity系列教程（三）】Identity高级技术

...T Identity实现应用程序的用户管理，以及实现应用程序的认证与授权等相关技术，译者希望本系列教程能成为掌握ASP.NET Identity技术的一份完整而有价值的资料。读者若是能够按照文章的描述，一边阅读、一边实践、一边理解，定能有意想不到的巨大收获！希望本系列博文能够得到广大园友的高度推荐。 15 Advanced ASP.NET Identity 15 ASP.NET Identity高级技术 In this chapter, I finish my description of ASP.NET Identity by showing you some of the advanced features it offers. I demonstrate how you can extend the database schema by defining custom properties on the user class and how to use database migrations to apply those properties without deleting the data in the ASP.NET Identity database. I also explain how ASP.NET Identity supports the concept of claims and demonstrates how they can be used to flexibly authorize access to action methods. I finish the chapter—and the book—by showing you how ASP.NET Identity makes it easy to authenticate users through third parties. I demonstrate authentication with Google accounts, but ASP.NET Identity has built-in support for Microsoft, Facebook, and Twitter accounts as well. Table 15-1 summarizes this chapter. 本章将完成对ASP.NET Identity的描述，向你展示它所提供的一些高级特性。我将演示，你可以扩展ASP.NET Identity的数据库架构，其办法是在用户类上定义一些自定义属性。也会演示如何使用数据库迁移，这样可以运用自定义属性，而不必删除ASP.NET Identity数据库中的数据。还会解释ASP.NET Identity如何支持声明（Claims）概念，并演示如何将它们灵活地用来对动作方法进行授权访问。最后向你展示ASP.NET Identity很容易通过第三方部件来认证用户，以此结束本章以及本书。将要演示的是使用Google账号认证，但ASP.NET Identity对于Microsoft、Facebook以及Twitter账号，都有内建的支持。表15-1是本章概要。 Table 15-1. Chapter Summary 表15-1. 本章概要 Problem 问题 Solution 解决方案 Listing 清单号 Store additional information about users. 存储用户的附加信息 Define custom user properties. 定义自定义用户属性 1–3, 8–11 Update the database schema without deleting user data. 更新数据库架构而不删除用户数据 Perform a database migration. 执行数据库迁移 4–7 Perform fine-grained authorization. 执行细粒度授权 Use claims. 使用声明（Claims） 12–14 Add claims about a user. 添加用户的声明（Claims） Use the ClaimsIdentity.AddClaims method. 使用ClaimsIdentity.AddClaims方法 15–19 Authorize access based on claim values. 基于声明（Claims）值授权访问 Create a custom authorization filter attribute. 创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性 20–21 Authenticate through a third party. 通过第三方认证 Install the NuGet package for the authentication provider, redirect requests to that provider, and specify a callback URL that creates the user account. 安装认证提供器的NuGet包，将请求重定向到该提供器，并指定一个创建用户账号的回调URL。 22–25 15.1 Preparing the Example Project 15.1 准备示例项目 In this chapter, I am going to continue working on the Users project I created in Chapter 13 and enhanced in Chapter 14. No changes to the application are required, but start the application and make sure that there are users in the database. Figure 15-1 shows the state of my database, which contains the users Admin, Alice, Bob, and Joe from the previous chapter. To check the users, start the application and request the /Admin/Index URL and authenticate as the Admin user. 本章打算继续使用第13章创建并在第14章增强的Users项目。对应用程序无需做什么改变，但需要启动应用程序，并确保数据库中有一些用户。图15-1显示了数据库的状态，它含有上一章的用户Admin、Alice、Bob以及Joe。为了检查用户，请启动应用程序，请求/Admin/Index URL，并以Admin用户进行认证。 Figure 15-1. The initial users in the Identity database 图15-1. Identity数据库中的最初用户 I also need some roles for this chapter. I used the RoleAdmin controller to create roles called Users and Employees and assigned the users to those roles, as described in Table 15-2. 本章还需要一些角色。我用RoleAdmin控制器创建了角色Users和Employees，并为这些角色指定了一些用户，如表15-2所示。 Table 15-2. The Types of Web Forms Code Nuggets 表15-2. 角色及成员（作者将此表的标题写错了——译者注） Role 角色 Members 成员 Users Alice, Joe Employees Alice, Bob Figure 15-2 shows the required role configuration displayed by the RoleAdmin controller. 图15-2显示了由RoleAdmin控制器所显示出来的必要的角色配置。 Figure 15-2. Configuring the roles required for this chapter 图15-2. 配置本章所需的角色 15.2 Adding Custom User Properties 15.2 添加自定义用户属性 When I created the AppUser class to represent users in Chapter 13, I noted that the base class defined a basic set of properties to describe the user, such as e-mail address and telephone number. Most applications need to store more information about users, including persistent application preferences and details such as addresses—in short, any data that is useful to running the application and that should last between sessions. In ASP.NET Membership, this was handled through the user profile system, but ASP.NET Identity takes a different approach. 我在第13章创建AppUser类来表示用户时曾做过说明，基类定义了一组描述用户的基本属性，如E-mail地址、电话号码等。大多数应用程序还需要存储用户的更多信息，包括持久化应用程序爱好以及地址等细节——简言之，需要存储对运行应用程序有用并且在各次会话之间应当保持的任何数据。在ASP.NET Membership中，这是通过用户资料（User Profile）系统来处理的，但ASP.NET Identity采取了一种不同的办法。 Because the ASP.NET Identity system uses Entity Framework to store its data by default, defining additional user information is just a matter of adding properties to the user class and letting the Code First feature create the database schema required to store them. Table 15-3 puts custom user properties in context. 因为ASP.NET Identity默认是使用Entity Framework来存储其数据的，定义附加的用户信息只不过是给用户类添加属性的事情，然后让Code First特性去创建需要存储它们的数据库架构即可。表15-3描述了自定义用户属性的情形。 Table 15-3. Putting Cusotm User Properties in Context 表15-3. 自定义用户属性的情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是自定义用户属性？ Custom user properties allow you to store additional information about your users, including their preferences and settings. 自定义用户属性让你能够存储附加的用户信息，包括他们的爱好和设置。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ A persistent store of settings means that the user doesn’t have to provide the same information each time they log in to the application. 设置的持久化存储意味着，用户不必每次登录到应用程序时都提供同样的信息。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 在MVC框架中如何使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is available for use in action methods. 此特性不是由MVC框架直接使用的，但它在动作方法中使用是有效的。 15.2.1 Defining Custom Properties 15.2.1 定义自定义属性 Listing 15-1 shows how I added a simple property to the AppUser class to represent the city in which the user lives. 清单15-1演示了如何给AppUser类添加一个简单的属性，用以表示用户生活的城市。 Listing 15-1. Adding a Property in the AppUser.cs File 清单15-1. 在AppUser.cs文件中添加属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;namespace Users.Models { public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; } }} I have defined an enumeration called Cities that defines values for some large cities and added a property called City to the AppUser class. To allow the user to view and edit their City property, I added actions to the Home controller, as shown in Listing 15-2. 这里定义了一个枚举，名称为Cities，它定义了一些大城市的值，另外给AppUser类添加了一个名称为City的属性。为了让用户能够查看和编辑City属性，给Home控制器添加了几个动作方法，如清单15-2所示。 Listing 15-2. Adding Support for Custom User Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-2. 在HomeController.cs文件中添加对自定义属性的支持 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {return View(GetData("Index"));}[Authorize(Roles = "Users")]public ActionResult OtherAction() {return View("Index", GetData("OtherAction"));}private Dictionary<string, object> GetData(string actionName) {Dictionary<string, object> dict= new Dictionary<string, object>();dict.Add("Action", actionName);dict.Add("User", HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);dict.Add("Authenticated", HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated);dict.Add("Auth Type", HttpContext.User.Identity.AuthenticationType);dict.Add("In Users Role", HttpContext.User.IsInRole("Users"));return dict;} [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}private AppUser CurrentUser {get {return UserManager.FindByName(HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } I added a CurrentUser property that uses the AppUserManager class to retrieve an AppUser instance to represent the current user. I pass the AppUser object as the view model object in the GET version of the UserProps action method, and the POST method uses it to update the value of the new City property. Listing 15-3 shows the UserProps.cshtml view, which displays the City property value and contains a form to change it. 我添加了一个CurrentUser属性，它使用AppUserManager类接收了表示当前用户的AppUser实例。在GET版本的UserProps动作方法中，传递了这个AppUser对象作为视图模型。而在POST版的方法中用它更新了City属性的值。清单15-3显示了UserProps.cshtml视图，它显示了City属性的值，并包含一个修改它的表单。 Listing 15-3. The Contents of the UserProps.cshtml File in the Views/Home Folder 清单15-3. Views/Home文件夹中UserProps.cshtml文件的内容 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";}<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr></table></div> @using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Caution Don’t start the application when you have created the view. In the sections that follow, I demonstrate how to preserve the contents of the database, and if you start the application now, the ASP.NET Identity users will be deleted. 警告：创建了视图之后不要启动应用程序。在以下小节中，将演示如何保留数据库的内容，如果现在启动应用程序，将会删除ASP.NET Identity的用户。 15.2.2 Preparing for Database Migration 15.2.2 准备数据库迁移 The default behavior for the Entity Framework Code First feature is to drop the tables in the database and re-create them whenever classes that drive the schema have changed. You saw this in Chapter 14 when I added support for roles: When the application was started, the database was reset, and the user accounts were lost. Entity Framework Code First特性的默认行为是，一旦修改了派生数据库架构的类，便会删除数据库中的数据表，并重新创建它们。在第14章可以看到这种情况，在我添加角色支持时：当重启应用程序后，数据库被重置，用户账号也丢失。 Don’t start the application yet, but if you were to do so, you would see a similar effect. Deleting data during development is usually not a problem, but doing so in a production setting is usually disastrous because it deletes all of the real user accounts and causes a panic while the backups are restored. In this section, I am going to demonstrate how to use the database migration feature, which updates a Code First schema in a less brutal manner and preserves the existing data it contains. 不要启动应用程序，但如果你这么做了，会看到类似的效果。在开发期间删除数据没什么问题，但如果在产品设置中这么做了，通常是灾难性的，因为它会删除所有真实的用户账号，而备份恢复是很痛苦的事。在本小节中，我打算演示如何使用数据库迁移特性，它能以比较温和的方式更新Code First的架构，并保留架构中的已有数据。 The first step is to issue the following command in the Visual Studio Package Manager Console: 第一个步骤是在Visual Studio的“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中发布以下命令： Enable-Migrations –EnableAutomaticMigrations This enables the database migration support and creates a Migrations folder in the Solution Explorer that contains a Configuration.cs class file, the contents of which are shown in Listing 15-4. 它启用了数据库的迁移支持，并在“Solution Explorer（解决方案资源管理器）”创建一个Migrations文件夹，其中含有一个Configuration.cs类文件，内容如清单15-4所示。 Listing 15-4. The Contents of the Configuration.cs File 清单15-4. Configuration.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using System.Linq;internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext context) {// This method will be called after migrating to the latest version.// 此方法将在迁移到最新版本时调用// You can use the DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate() helper extension method// to avoid creating duplicate seed data. E.g.// 例如，你可以使用DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate()辅助器方法来避免创建重复的种子数据//// context.People.AddOrUpdate(// p => p.FullName,// new Person { FullName = "Andrew Peters" },// new Person { FullName = "Brice Lambson" },// new Person { FullName = "Rowan Miller" }// );//} }} Tip You might be wondering why you are entering a database migration command into the console used to manage NuGet packages. The answer is that the Package Manager Console is really PowerShell, which is a general-purpose tool that is mislabeled by Visual Studio. You can use the console to issue a wide range of helpful commands. See http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518 for details. 提示：你可能会觉得奇怪，为什么要在管理NuGet包的控制台中输入数据库迁移的命令？答案是“Package Manager Console（包管理控制台）”是真正的PowerShell，这是Visual studio冒用的一个通用工具。你可以使用此控制台发送大量的有用命令，详见http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518。 The class will be used to migrate existing content in the database to the new schema, and the Seed method will be called to provide an opportunity to update the existing database records. In Listing 15-5, you can see how I have used the Seed method to set a default value for the new City property I added to the AppUser class. (I have also updated the class file to reflect my usual coding style.) 这个类将用于把数据库中的现有内容迁移到新的数据库架构，Seed方法的调用为更新现有数据库记录提供了机会。在清单15-5中可以看到，我如何用Seed方法为新的City属性设置默认值，City是添加到AppUser类中自定义属性。（为了体现我一贯的编码风格，我对这个类文件也进行了更新。） Listing 15-5. Managing Existing Content in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-5. 在Configuration.cs文件中管理已有内容 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);}foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();} }} You will notice that much of the code that I added to the Seed method is taken from the IdentityDbInit class, which I used to seed the database with an administration user in Chapter 14. This is because the new Configuration class added to support database migrations will replace the seeding function of the IdentityDbInit class, which I’ll update shortly. Aside from ensuring that there is an admin user, the statements in the Seed method that are important are the ones that set the initial value for the City property I added to the AppUser class, as follows: 你可能会注意到，添加到Seed方法中的许多代码取自于IdentityDbInit类，在第14章中我用这个类将管理用户植入了数据库。这是因为这个新添加的、用以支持数据库迁移的Configuration类，将代替IdentityDbInit类的种植功能，我很快便会更新这个类。除了要确保有admin用户之外，在Seed方法中的重要语句是那些为AppUser类的City属性设置初值的语句，如下所示： ...foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) { dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();... You don’t have to set a default value for new properties—I just wanted to demonstrate that the Seed method in the Configuration class can be used to update the existing user records in the database. 你不一定要为新属性设置默认值——这里只是想演示Configuration类中的Seed方法，可以用它更新数据库中的已有用户记录。 Caution Be careful when setting values for properties in the Seed method for real projects because the values will be applied every time you change the schema, overriding any values that the user has set since the last schema update was performed. I set the value of the City property just to demonstrate that it can be done. 警告：在用于真实项目的Seed方法中为属性设置值时要小心，因为你每一次修改架构时，都会运用这些值，这会将自执行上一次架构更新之后，用户设置的任何数据覆盖掉。这里设置City属性的值只是为了演示它能够这么做。 Changing the Database Context Class 修改数据库上下文类 The reason that I added the seeding code to the Configuration class is that I need to change the IdentityDbInit class. At present, the IdentityDbInit class is derived from the descriptively named DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> class, which, as you might imagine, drops the entire database when the Code First classes change. Listing 15-6 shows the changes I made to the IdentityDbInit class to prevent it from affecting the database. 在Configuration类中添加种植代码的原因是我需要修改IdentityDbInit类。此时，IdentityDbInit类派生于描述性命名的DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> 类，和你相像的一样，它会在Code First类改变时删除整个数据库。清单15-6显示了我对IdentityDbInit类所做的修改，以防止它影响数据库。 Listing 15-6. Preventing Database Schema Changes in the AppIdentityDbContext.cs File 清单15-6. 在AppIdentityDbContext.cs文件是阻止数据库架构变化 using System.Data.Entity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppIdentityDbContext : IdentityDbContext<AppUser> {public AppIdentityDbContext() : base("IdentityDb") { }static AppIdentityDbContext() {Database.SetInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext>(new IdentityDbInit());}public static AppIdentityDbContext Create() {return new AppIdentityDbContext();} } public class IdentityDbInit : NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> {} } I have removed the methods defined by the class and changed its base to NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> , which prevents the schema from being altered. 我删除了这个类中所定义的方法，并将它的基类改为NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> ，它可以防止架构修改。 15.2.3 Performing the Migration 15.2.3 执行迁移 All that remains is to generate and apply the migration. First, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情只是生成并运用迁移了。首先，在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中执行以下命令： Add-Migration CityProperty This creates a new migration called CityProperty (I like my migration names to reflect the changes I made). A class new file will be added to the Migrations folder, and its name reflects the time at which the command was run and the name of the migration. My file is called 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs, for example. The contents of this file contain the details of how Entity Framework will change the database during the migration, as shown in Listing 15-7. 这创建了一个名称为CityProperty的新迁移（我比较喜欢让迁移的名称反映出我所做的修改）。这会在文件夹中添加一个新的类文件，而且其命名会反映出该命令执行的时间以及迁移名称，例如，我的这个文件名称为201402262244036_CityProperty.cs。该文件的内容含有迁移期间Entity Framework修改数据库的细节，如清单15-7所示。 Listing 15-7. The Contents of the 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs File 清单15-7. 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations; public partial class Init : DbMigration {public override void Up() {AddColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City", c => c.Int(nullable: false));}public override void Down() {DropColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City");} }} The Up method describes the changes that have to be made to the schema when the database is upgraded, which in this case means adding a City column to the AspNetUsers table, which is the one that is used to store user records in the ASP.NET Identity database. Up方法描述了在数据库升级时，需要对架构所做的修改，在这个例子中，意味着要在AspNetUsers数据表中添加City数据列，该数据表是ASP.NET Identity数据库用来存储用户记录的。 The final step is to perform the migration. Without starting the application, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 最后一步是执行迁移。无需启动应用程序，只需在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中运行以下命令即可： Update-Database –TargetMigration CityProperty The database schema will be modified, and the code in the Configuration.Seed method will be executed. The existing user accounts will have been preserved and enhanced with a City property (which I set to Paris in the Seed method). 这会修改数据库架构，并执行Configuration.Seed方法中的代码。已有用户账号会被保留，且增强了City属性（我在Seed方法中已将其设置为“Paris”）。 15.2.4 Testing the Migration 15.2.4 测试迁移 To test the effect of the migration, start the application, navigate to the /Home/UserProps URL, and authenticate as one of the Identity users (for example, as Alice with the password MySecret). Once authenticated, you will see the current value of the City property for the user and have the opportunity to change it, as shown in Figure 15-3. 为了测试迁移的效果，启动应用程序，导航到/Home/UserProps URL，并以Identity中的用户（例如Alice，口令MySecret）进行认证。一旦已被认证，便会看到该用户City属性的当前值，并可以对其进行修改，如图15-3所示。 Figure 15-3. Displaying and changing a custom user property 图15-3. 显示和个性自定义用户属性 15.2.5 Defining an Additional Property 15.2.5 定义附加属性 Now that database migrations are set up, I am going to define a further property just to demonstrate how subsequent changes are handled and to show a more useful (and less dangerous) example of using the Configuration.Seed method. Listing 15-8 shows how I added a Country property to the AppUser class. 现在，已经建立了数据库迁移，我打算再定义一个属性，这恰恰演示了如何处理持续不断的修改，也为了演示Configuration.Seed方法更有用（至少无害）的示例。清单15-8显示了我在AppUser类上添加了一个Country属性。 Listing 15-8. Adding Another Property in the AppUserModels.cs File 清单15-8. 在AppUserModels.cs文件中添加另一个属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework; namespace Users.Models {public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO} public enum Countries {NONE, UK, FRANCE, USA}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; }public Countries Country { get; set; }public void SetCountryFromCity(Cities city) {switch (city) {case Cities.LONDON:Country = Countries.UK;break;case Cities.PARIS:Country = Countries.FRANCE;break;case Cities.CHICAGO:Country = Countries.USA;break;default:Country = Countries.NONE;break;} }} } I have added an enumeration to define the country names and a helper method that selects a country value based on the City property. Listing 15-9 shows the change I made to the Configuration class so that the Seed method sets the Country property based on the City, but only if the value of Country is NONE (which it will be for all users when the database is migrated because the Entity Framework sets enumeration columns to the first value). 我已经添加了一个枚举，它定义了国家名称。还添加了一个辅助器方法，它可以根据City属性选择一个国家。清单15-9显示了对Configuration类所做的修改，以使Seed方法根据City设置Country属性，但只当Country为NONE时才进行设置（在迁移数据库时，所有用户都是NONE，因为Entity Framework会将枚举列设置为枚举的第一个值）。 Listing 15-9. Modifying the Database Seed in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-9. 在Configuration.cs文件中修改数据库种子 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);} foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {if (dbUser.Country == Countries.NONE) {dbUser.SetCountryFromCity(dbUser.City);} }context.SaveChanges();} }} This kind of seeding is more useful in a real project because it will set a value for the Country property only if one has not already been set—subsequent migrations won’t be affected, and user selections won’t be lost. 这种种植在实际项目中会更有用，因为它只会在Country属性未设置时，才会设置Country属性的值——后继的迁移不会受到影响，因此不会失去用户的选择。 1. Adding Application Support 1. 添加应用程序支持 There is no point defining additional user properties if they are not available in the application, so Listing 15-10 shows the change I made to the Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml file to display the value of the Country property. 应用程序中如果没有定义附加属性的地方，则附加属性就无法使用了，因此，清单15-10显示了我对Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml文件的修改，以显示Country属性的值。 Listing 15-10. Displaying an Additional Property in the UserProps.cshtml File 清单15-10. 在UserProps.cshtml文件中显示附加属性 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";} <div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr> <tr><th>Country</th><td>@Model.Country</td></tr></table></div>@using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Listing 15-11 shows the corresponding change I made to the Home controller to update the Country property when the City value changes. 为了在City值变化时能够更新Country属性，清单15-11显示了我对Home控制器所做的相应修改。 Listing 15-11. Setting Custom Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-11. 在HomeController.cs文件中设置自定义属性 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {// ...other action methods omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化，这里忽略了其他动作方法... [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;user.SetCountryFromCity(city);await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}// ...properties omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化，这里忽略了一些属性...} } 2. Performing the Migration 2. 准备迁移 All that remains is to create and apply a new migration. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情就是创建和运用新的迁移了。在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中输入以下命令： Add-Migration CountryProperty This will generate another file in the Migrations folder that contains the instruction to add the Country column. To apply the migration, execute the following command: 这将在Migrations文件夹中生成另一个文件，它含有添加Country数据表列的指令。为了运用迁移，可执行以下命令： Update-Database –TargetMigration CountryProperty The migration will be performed, and the value of the Country property will be set based on the value of the existing City property for each user. You can check the new user property by starting the application and authenticating and navigating to the /Home/UserProps URL, as shown in Figure 15-4. 这将执行迁移，Country属性的值将根据每个用户当前的City属性进行设置。通过启动应用程序，认证并导航到/Home/UserProps URL，便可以查看新的用户属性，如图15-4所示。 Figure 15-4. Creating an additional user property 图15-4. 创建附加用户属性 Tip Although I am focused on the process of upgrading the database, you can also migrate back to a previous version by specifying an earlier migration. Use the –Force argument make changes that cause data loss, such as removing a column. 提示：虽然我们关注了升级数据库的过程，但你也可以回退到以前的版本，只需指定一个早期的迁移即可。使用-Force参数进行修改，会引起数据丢失，例如删除数据表列。 15.3 Working with Claims 15.3 使用声明（Claims） In older user-management systems, such as ASP.NET Membership, the application was assumed to be the authoritative source of all information about the user, essentially treating the application as a closed world and trusting the data that is contained within it. 在旧的用户管理系统中，例如ASP.NET Membership，应用程序被假设成是用户所有信息的权威来源，本质上将应用程序视为是一个封闭的世界，并且只信任其中所包含的数据。 This is such an ingrained approach to software development that it can be hard to recognize that’s what is happening, but you saw an example of the closed-world technique in Chapter 14 when I authenticated users against the credentials stored in the database and granted access based on the roles associated with those credentials. I did the same thing again in this chapter when I added properties to the user class. Every piece of information that I needed to manage user authentication and authorization came from within my application—and that is a perfectly satisfactory approach for many web applications, which is why I demonstrated these techniques in such depth. 这是软件开发的一种根深蒂固的方法，使人很难认识到这到底意味着什么，第14章你已看到了这种封闭世界技术的例子，根据存储在数据库中的凭据来认证用户，并根据与凭据关联在一起的角色来授权访问。本章前述在用户类上添加属性，也做了同样的事情。我管理用户认证与授权所需的每一个数据片段都来自于我的应用程序——而且这是许多Web应用程序都相当满意的一种方法，这也是我如此深入地演示这些技术的原因。 ASP.NET Identity also supports an alternative approach for dealing with users, which works well when the MVC framework application isn’t the sole source of information about users and which can be used to authorize users in more flexible and fluid ways than traditional roles allow. ASP.NET Identity还支持另一种处理用户的办法，当MVC框架的应用程序不是有关用户的唯一信息源时，这种办法会工作得很好，而且能够比传统的角色授权更为灵活且流畅的方式进行授权。 This alternative approach uses claims, and in this section I’ll describe how ASP.NET Identity supports claims-based authorization. Table 15-4 puts claims in context. 这种可选的办法使用了“Claims（声明）”，因此在本小节中，我将描述ASP.NET Identity如何支持“Claims-Based Authorization（基于声明的授权）”。表15-4描述了声明（Claims）的情形。提示：“Claim”在英文字典中不完全是“声明”的意思，根据本文的描述，感觉把它说成“声明”也不一定合适，所以在之后的译文中基本都写成中英文并用的形式，即“声明（Claims）”。根据表15-4中的声明（Claims）的定义：声明（Claims）是关于用户的一些信息片段。一个用户的信息片段当然有很多，每一个信息片段就是一项声明（Claim），用户的所有信息片段合起来就是该用户的声明（Claims）。请读者注意该单词的单复数形式——译者注 Table 15-4. Putting Claims in Context 表15-4. 声明（Claims）的情形 Question 问题 Answer 答案 What is it? 什么是声明（Claims）？ Claims are pieces of information about users that you can use to make authorization decisions. Claims can be obtained from external systems as well as from the local Identity database. 声明（Claims）是关于用户的一些信息片段，可以用它们做出授权决定。声明（Claims）可以从外部系统获取，也可以从本地的Identity数据库获取。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ Claims can be used to flexibly authorize access to action methods. Unlike conventional roles, claims allow access to be driven by the information that describes the user. 声明（Claims）可以用来对动作方法进行灵活的授权访问。与传统的角色不同，声明（Claims）让访问能够由描述用户的信息进行驱动。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is integrated into the standard authorization features, such as the Authorize attribute. 这不是直接由MVC框架使用的特性，但它集成到了标准的授权特性之中，例如Authorize注解属性。 Tip you don’t have to use claims in your applications, and as Chapter 14 showed, ASP.NET Identity is perfectly happy providing an application with the authentication and authorization services without any need to understand claims at all. 提示：你在应用程序中不一定要使用声明（Claims），正如第14章所展示的那样，ASP.NET Identity能够为应用程序提供充分的认证与授权服务，而根本不需要理解声明（Claims）。 15.3.1 Understanding Claims 15.3.1 理解声明（Claims） A claim is a piece of information about the user, along with some information about where the information came from. The easiest way to unpack claims is through some practical demonstrations, without which any discussion becomes too abstract to be truly useful. To get started, I added a Claims controller to the example project, the definition of which you can see in Listing 15-12. 一项声明（Claim）是关于用户的一个信息片段（请注意这个英文单词的单复数形式——译者注），并伴有该片段出自何处的某种信息。揭开声明（Claims）含义最容易的方式是做一些实际演示，任何讨论都会过于抽象根本没有真正的用处。为此，我在示例项目中添加了一个Claims控制器，其定义如清单15-12所示。 Listing 15-12. The Contents of the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-12. ClaimsController.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} }} } Tip You may feel a little lost as I define the code for this example. Don’t worry about the details for the moment—just stick with it until you see the output from the action method and view that I define. More than anything else, that will help put claims into perspective. 提示：你或许会对我为此例定义的代码感到有点失望。此刻对此细节不必着急——只要稍事忍耐，当看到该动作方法和视图的输出便会明白。尤为重要的是，这有助于洞察声明（Claims）。 You can get the claims associated with a user in different ways. One approach is to use the Claims property defined by the user class, but in this example, I have used the HttpContext.User.Identity property to demonstrate the way that ASP.NET Identity is integrated with the rest of the ASP.NET platform. As I explained in Chapter 13, the HttpContext.User.Identity property returns an implementation of the IIdentity interface, which is a ClaimsIdentity object when working using ASP.NET Identity. The ClaimsIdentity class is defined in the System.Security.Claims namespace, and Table 15-5 shows the members it defines that are relevant to this chapter. 可以通过不同的方式获得与用户相关联的声明（Claims）。方法之一就是使用由用户类定义的Claims属性，但在这个例子中，我使用了HttpContext.User.Identity属性，目的是演示ASP.NET Identity与ASP.NET平台集成的方式（请注意这句话所表示的含义：用户类的Claims属性属于ASP.NET Identity，而HttpContext.User.Identity属性则属于ASP.NET平台。由此可见，ASP.NET Identity已经融合到了ASP.NET平台之中——译者注）。正如第13章所解释的那样，HttpContext.User.Identity属性返回IIdentity的接口实现，当使用ASP.NET Identity时，该实现是一个ClaimsIdentity对象。ClaimsIdentity类是在System.Security.Claims命名空间中定义的，表15-5显示了它所定义的与本章有关的成员。 Table 15-5. The Members Defined by the ClaimsIdentity Class 表15-5. ClaimsIdentity类所定义的成员 Name 名称 Description 描述 Claims Returns an enumeration of Claim objects representing the claims for the user. 返回表示用户声明（Claims）的Claim对象枚举 AddClaim(claim) Adds a claim to the user identity. 给用户添加一个声明（Claim） AddClaims(claims) Adds an enumeration of Claim objects to the user identity. 给用户添加Claim对象的枚举。 HasClaim(predicate) Returns true if the user identity contains a claim that matches the specified predicate. See the “Applying Claims” section for an example predicate. 如果用户含有与指定谓词匹配的声明（Claim）时，返回true。参见“运用声明（Claims）”中的示例谓词 RemoveClaim(claim) Removes a claim from the user identity. 删除用户的声明（Claim）。 Other members are available, but the ones in the table are those that are used most often in web applications, for reason that will become obvious as I demonstrate how claims fit into the wider ASP.NET platform. 还有一些可用的其它成员，但表中的这些是在Web应用程序中最常用的，随着我演示如何将声明（Claims）融入更宽泛的ASP.NET平台，它们为什么最常用就很显然了。 In Listing 15-12, I cast the IIdentity implementation to the ClaimsIdentity type and pass the enumeration of Claim objects returned by the ClaimsIdentity.Claims property to the View method. A Claim object represents a single piece of data about the user, and the Claim class defines the properties shown in Table 15-6. 在清单15-12中，我将IIdentity实现转换成了ClaimsIdentity类型，并且给View方法传递了ClaimsIdentity.Claims属性所返回的Claim对象的枚举。Claim对象所示表示的是关于用户的一个单一的数据片段，Claim类定义的属性如表15-6所示。 Table 15-6. The Properties Defined by the Claim Class 表15-6. Claim类定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 Issuer Returns the name of the system that provided the claim 返回提供声明（Claim）的系统名称 Subject Returns the ClaimsIdentity object for the user who the claim refers to 返回声明（Claim）所指用户的ClaimsIdentity对象 Type Returns the type of information that the claim represents 返回声明（Claim）所表示的信息类型 Value Returns the piece of information that the claim represents 返回声明（Claim）所表示的信息片段 Listing 15-13 shows the contents of the Index.cshtml file that I created in the Views/Claims folder and that is rendered by the Index action of the Claims controller. The view adds a row to a table for each claim about the user. 清单15-13显示了我在Views/Claims文件夹中创建的Index.cshtml文件的内容，它由Claims控制器中的Index动作方法进行渲染。该视图为用户的每项声明（Claim）添加了一个表格行。 Listing 15-13. The Contents of the Index.cshtml File in the Views/Claims Folder 清单15-13. Views/Claims文件夹中Index.cshtml文件的内容 @using System.Security.Claims@using Users.Infrastructure@model IEnumerable<Claim>@{ ViewBag.Title = "Claims"; }<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Claims</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>Subject</th><th>Issuer</th><th>Type</th><th>Value</th></tr>@foreach (Claim claim in Model.OrderBy(x => x.Type)) {<tr><td>@claim.Subject.Name</td><td>@claim.Issuer</td><td>@Html.ClaimType(claim.Type)</td><td>@claim.Value</td></tr>}</table></div> The value of the Claim.Type property is a URI for a Microsoft schema, which isn’t especially useful. The popular schemas are used as the values for fields in the System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes class, so to make the output from the Index.cshtml view easier to read, I added an HTML helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs file, as shown in Listing 15-14. It is this helper that I use in the Index.cshtml file to format the value of the Claim.Type property. Claim.Type属性的值是一个微软模式（Microsoft Schema）的URI（统一资源标识符），这是特别有用的。System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes类中字段的值使用的是流行模式（Popular Schema），因此为了使Index.cshtml视图的输出更易于阅读，我在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加了一个HTML辅助器，如清单15-14所示。Index.cshtml文件正是使用这个辅助器格式化了Claim.Type属性的值。 Listing 15-14. Adding a Helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs File 清单15-14. 在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加辅助器 using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using System;using System.Linq;using System.Reflection;using System.Security.Claims;namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class IdentityHelpers {public static MvcHtmlString GetUserName(this HtmlHelper html, string id) {AppUserManager mgr= HttpContext.Current.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();return new MvcHtmlString(mgr.FindByIdAsync(id).Result.UserName);} public static MvcHtmlString ClaimType(this HtmlHelper html, string claimType) {FieldInfo[] fields = typeof(ClaimTypes).GetFields();foreach (FieldInfo field in fields) {if (field.GetValue(null).ToString() == claimType) {return new MvcHtmlString(field.Name);} }return new MvcHtmlString(string.Format("{0}",claimType.Split('/', '.').Last()));} }} Note The helper method isn’t at all efficient because it reflects on the fields of the ClaimType class for each claim that is displayed, but it is sufficient for my purposes in this chapter. You won’t often need to display the claim type in real applications. 注：该辅助器并非十分有效，因为它只是针对每个要显示的声明（Claim）映射出ClaimType类的字段，但对我要的目的已经足够了。在实际项目中不会经常需要显示声明（Claim）的类型。 To see why I have created a controller that uses claims without really explaining what they are, start the application, authenticate as the user Alice (with the password MySecret), and request the /Claims/Index URL. Figure 15-5 shows the content that is generated. 为了弄明白我为何要先创建一个使用声明（Claims）的控制器，而没有真正解释声明（Claims）是什么的原因，可以启动应用程序，以用户Alice进行认证（其口令是MySecret），并请求/Claims/Index URL。图15-5显示了生成的内容。 Figure 15-5. The output from the Index action of the Claims controller 图15-5. Claims控制器中Index动作的输出 It can be hard to make out the detail in the figure, so I have reproduced the content in Table 15-7. 这可能还难以认识到此图的细节，为此我在表15-7中重列了其内容。 Table 15-7. The Data Shown in Figure 15-5 表15-7. 图15-5中显示的数据 Subject（科目） Issuer（发行者） Type（类型） Value（值） Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY SecurityStamp Unique ID Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY IdentityProvider ASP.NET Identity Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Employees Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Users Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Name Alice Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY NameIdentifier Alice’s user ID The table shows the most important aspect of claims, which is that I have already been using them when I implemented the traditional authentication and authorization features in Chapter 14. You can see that some of the claims relate to user identity (the Name claim is Alice, and the NameIdentifier claim is Alice’s unique user ID in my ASP.NET Identity database). 此表展示了声明（Claims）最重要的方面，这些是我在第14章中实现传统的认证和授权特性时，一直在使用的信息。可以看出，有些声明（Claims）与用户标识有关（Name声明是Alice，NameIdentifier声明是Alice在ASP.NET Identity数据库中的唯一用户ID号）。 Other claims show membership of roles—there are two Role claims in the table, reflecting the fact that Alice is assigned to both the Users and Employees roles. There is also a claim about how Alice has been authenticated: The IdentityProvider is set to ASP.NET Identity. 其他声明（Claims）显示了角色成员——表中有两个Role声明（Claim），体现出Alice被赋予了Users和Employees两个角色这一事实。还有一个是Alice已被认证的声明（Claim）：IdentityProvider被设置到了ASP.NET Identity。 The difference when this information is expressed as a set of claims is that you can determine where the data came from. The Issuer property for all the claims shown in the table is set to LOCAL AUTHORITY, which indicates that the user’s identity has been established by the application. 当这种信息被表示成一组声明（Claims）时的差别是，你能够确定这些数据是从哪里来的。表中所显示的所有声明的Issuer属性（发布者）都被设置到了LOACL AUTHORITY（本地授权），这说明该用户的标识是由应用程序建立的。 So, now that you have seen some example claims, I can more easily describe what a claim is. A claim is any piece of information about a user that is available to the application, including the user’s identity and role memberships. And, as you have seen, the information I have been defining about my users in earlier chapters is automatically made available as claims by ASP.NET Identity. 因此，现在你已经看到了一些声明（Claims）示例，我可以更容易地描述声明（Claim）是什么了。一项声明（Claim）是可用于应用程序中的有关用户的一个信息片段，包括用户的标识以及角色成员等。而且，正如你所看到的，我在前几章定义的关于用户的信息，被ASP.NET Identity自动地作为声明（Claims）了。 15.3.2 Creating and Using Claims 15.3.2 创建和使用声明（Claims） Claims are interesting for two reasons. The first reason is that an application can obtain claims from multiple sources, rather than just relying on a local database for information about the user. You will see a real example of this when I show you how to authenticate users through a third-party system in the “Using Third-Party Authentication” section, but for the moment I am going to add a class to the example project that simulates a system that provides claims information. Listing 15-15 shows the contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure folder. 声明（Claims）比较有意思的原因有两个。第一个原因是应用程序可以从多个来源获取声明（Claims），而不是只能依靠本地数据库关于用户的信息。你将会看到一个实际的示例，在“使用第三方认证”小节中，将演示如何通过第三方系统来认证用户。不过，此刻我只打算在示例项目中添加一个类，用以模拟一个提供声明（Claims）信息的系统。清单15-15显示了我添加到Infrastructure文件夹中LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-15. The Contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs File 清单15-15. LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class LocationClaimsProvider {public static IEnumerable<Claim> GetClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.Name.ToLower() == "alice") {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "DC 20500"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "DC"));} else {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "NY 10036"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "NY"));}return claims;}private static Claim CreateClaim(string type, string value) {return new Claim(type, value, ClaimValueTypes.String, "RemoteClaims");} }} The GetClaims method takes a ClaimsIdentity argument and uses the Name property to create claims about the user’s ZIP code and state. This class allows me to simulate a system such as a central HR database, which would be the authoritative source of location information about staff, for example. GetClaims方法以ClaimsIdentity为参数，并使用Name属性创建了关于用户ZIP码（邮政编码）和州府的声明（Claims）。上述这个类使我能够模拟一个诸如中心化的HR数据库（人力资源数据库）之类的系统，它可能会成为全体职员的地点信息的权威数据源。 Claims are associated with the user’s identity during the authentication process, and Listing 15-16 shows the changes I made to the Login action method of the Account controller to call the LocationClaimsProvider class. 在认证过程期间，声明（Claims）是与用户标识关联在一起的，清单15-16显示了我对Account控制器中Login动作方法所做的修改，以便调用LocationClaimsProvider类。 Listing 15-16. Associating Claims with a User in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-16. AccountController.cs文件中用户用声明的关联 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... You can see the effect of the location claims by starting the application, authenticating as a user, and requesting the /Claim/Index URL. Figure 15-6 shows the claims for Alice. You may have to sign out and sign back in again to see the change. 为了看看这个地点声明（Claims）的效果，可以启动应用程序，以一个用户进行认证，并请求/Claim/Index URL。图15-6显示了Alice的声明（Claims）。你可能需要退出，然后再次登录才会看到发生的变化。 Figure 15-6. Defining additional claims for users 图15-6. 定义用户的附加声明 Obtaining claims from multiple locations means that the application doesn’t have to duplicate data that is held elsewhere and allows integration of data from external parties. The Claim.Issuer property tells you where a claim originated from, which helps you judge how accurate the data is likely to be and how much weight you should give the data in your application. Location data obtained from a central HR database is likely to be more accurate and trustworthy than data obtained from an external mailing list provider, for example. 从多个地点获取声明（Claims）意味着应用程序不必复制其他地方保持的数据，并且能够与外部的数据集成。Claim.Issuer属性（图15-6中的Issuer数据列——译者注）能够告诉你一个声明（Claim）的发源地，这有助于让你判断数据的精确程度，也有助于让你决定这类数据在应用程序中的权重。例如，从中心化的HR数据库获取的地点数据可能要比外部邮件列表提供器获取的数据更为精确和可信。 1. Applying Claims 1. 运用声明（Claims） The second reason that claims are interesting is that you can use them to manage user access to your application more flexibly than with standard roles. The problem with roles is that they are static, and once a user has been assigned to a role, the user remains a member until explicitly removed. This is, for example, how long-term employees of big corporations end up with incredible access to internal systems: They are assigned the roles they require for each new job they get, but the old roles are rarely removed. (The unexpectedly broad systems access sometimes becomes apparent during the investigation into how someone was able to ship the contents of the warehouse to their home address—true story.) 声明（Claims）有意思的第二个原因是，你可以用它们来管理用户对应用程序的访问，这要比标准的角色管理更为灵活。角色的问题在于它们是静态的，而且一旦用户已经被赋予了一个角色，该用户便是一个成员，直到明确地删除为止。例如，这意味着大公司的长期雇员，对内部系统的访问会十分惊人：他们每次在获得新工作时，都会赋予所需的角色，但旧角色很少被删除。（在调查某人为何能够将仓库里的东西发往他的家庭地址过程中发现，有时会出现异常宽泛的系统访问——真实的故事） Claims can be used to authorize users based directly on the information that is known about them, which ensures that the authorization changes when the data changes. The simplest way to do this is to generate Role claims based on user data that are then used by controllers to restrict access to action methods. Listing 15-17 shows the contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure. 声明（Claims）可以直接根据用户已知的信息对用户进行授权，这能够保证当数据发生变化时，授权也随之而变。此事最简单的做法是根据用户数据来生成Role声明（Claim），然后由控制器用来限制对动作方法的访问。清单15-17显示了我添加到Infrastructure中的ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-17. The Contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs File 清单15-17. ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsRoles {public static IEnumerable<Claim> CreateRolesFromClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince&& x.Issuer == "RemoteClaims" && x.Value == "DC")&& user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.Role&& x.Value == "Employees")) {claims.Add(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, "DCStaff"));}return claims;} }} The gnarly looking CreateRolesFromClaims method uses lambda expressions to determine whether the user has a StateOrProvince claim from the RemoteClaims issuer with a value of DC and a Role claim with a value of Employees. If the user has both claims, then a Role claim is returned for the DCStaff role. Listing 15-18 shows how I call the CreateRolesFromClaims method from the Login action in the Account controller. CreateRolesFromClaims是一个粗糙的考察方法，它使用了Lambda表达式，以检查用户是否具有StateOrProvince声明（Claim），该声明来自于RemoteClaims发行者（Issuer），值为DC。也检查用户是否具有Role声明（Claim），其值为Employees。如果用户这两个声明都有，那么便返回一个DCStaff角色的Role声明。清单15-18显示了如何在Account控制器中的Login动作中调用CreateRolesFromClaims方法。 Listing 15-18. Generating Roles Based on Claims in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-18. 在AccountController.cs中根据声明生成角色 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident)); ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... I can then restrict access to an action method based on membership of the DCStaff role. Listing 15-19 shows a new action method I added to the Claims controller to which I have applied the Authorize attribute. 然后我可以根据DCStaff角色的成员，来限制对一个动作方法的访问。清单15-19显示了在Claims控制器中添加的一个新的动作方法，在该方法上已经运用了Authorize注解属性。 Listing 15-19. Adding a New Action Method to the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-19. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中添加一个新的动作方法 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [Authorize(Roles="DCStaff")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} Users will be able to access OtherAction only if their claims grant them membership to the DCStaff role. Membership of this role is generated dynamically, so a change to the user’s employment status or location information will change their authorization level. 只要用户的声明（Claims）承认他们是DCStaff角色的成员，那么他们便能访问OtherAction动作。该角色的成员是动态生成的，因此，若是用户的雇用状态或地点信息发生变化，也会改变他们的授权等级。提示：请读者从这个例子中吸取其中的思想精髓。对于读物的理解程度，仁者见仁，智者见智，能领悟多少，全凭各人，译者感觉这里的思想有无数的可能。举例说明：（1）可以根据用户的身份进行授权，比如学生在校时是“学生”，毕业后便是“校友”；（2）可以根据用户所处的部门进行授权，人事部用户属于人事团队，销售部用户属于销售团队，各团队有其自己的应用；（3）下一小节的示例是根据用户的地点授权。简言之：一方面用户的各种声明（Claim）都可以用来进行授权；另一方面用户的声明（Claim）又是可以自定义的。于是可能的运用就无法估计了。总之一句话，这种基于声明的授权（Claims-Based Authorization）有无限可能！要是没有我这里的提示，是否所有读者在此处都会有所体会？——译者注 15.3.3 Authorizing Access Using Claims 15.3.3 使用声明（Claims）授权访问 The previous example is an effective demonstration of how claims can be used to keep authorizations fresh and accurate, but it is a little indirect because I generate roles based on claims data and then enforce my authorization policy based on the membership of that role. A more direct and flexible approach is to enforce authorization directly by creating a custom authorization filter attribute. Listing 15-20 shows the contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs file, which I added to the Infrastructure folder and used to create such a filter. 前面的示例有效地演示了如何用声明（Claims）来保持新鲜和准确的授权，但有点不太直接，因为我要根据声明（Claims）数据来生成了角色，然后强制我的授权策略基于角色成员。一个更直接且灵活的办法是直接强制授权，其做法是创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性。清单15-20演示了ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容，我将它添加在Infrastructure文件夹中，并用它创建了这种过滤器。 Listing 15-20. The Contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs File 清单15-20. ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsAccessAttribute : AuthorizeAttribute {public string Issuer { get; set; }public string ClaimType { get; set; }public string Value { get; set; }protected override bool AuthorizeCore(HttpContextBase context) {return context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated&& context.User.Identity is ClaimsIdentity&& ((ClaimsIdentity)context.User.Identity).HasClaim(x =>x.Issuer == Issuer && x.Type == ClaimType && x.Value == Value);} }} The attribute I have defined is derived from the AuthorizeAttribute class, which makes it easy to create custom authorization policies in MVC framework applications by overriding the AuthorizeCore method. My implementation grants access if the user is authenticated, the IIdentity implementation is an instance of ClaimsIdentity, and the user has a claim with the issuer, type, and value matching the class properties. Listing 15-21 shows how I applied the attribute to the Claims controller to authorize access to the OtherAction method based on one of the location claims created by the LocationClaimsProvider class. 我所定义的这个注解属性派生于AuthorizeAttribute类，通过重写AuthorizeCore方法，很容易在MVC框架应用程序中创建自定义的授权策略。在这个实现中，若用户是已认证的、其IIdentity实现是一个ClaimsIdentity实例，而且该用户有一个带有issuer、type以及value的声明（Claim），它们与这个类的属性是匹配的，则该用户便是允许访问的。清单15-21显示了如何将这个注解属性运用于Claims控制器，以便根据LocationClaimsProvider类创建的地点声明（Claim），对OtherAction方法进行授权访问。 Listing 15-21. Performing Authorization on Claims in the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-21. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中执行基于声明的授权 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Infrastructure;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [ClaimsAccess(Issuer="RemoteClaims", ClaimType=ClaimTypes.PostalCode,Value="DC 20500")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} My authorization filter ensures that only users whose location claims specify a ZIP code of DC 20500 can invoke the OtherAction method. 这个授权过滤器能够确保只有地点声明（Claim）的邮编为DC 20500的用户才能请求OtherAction方法。 15.4 Using Third-Party Authentication 15.4 使用第三方认证 One of the benefits of a claims-based system such as ASP.NET Identity is that any of the claims can come from an external system, even those that identify the user to the application. This means that other systems can authenticate users on behalf of the application, and ASP.NET Identity builds on this idea to make it simple and easy to add support for authenticating users through third parties such as Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter. 基于声明的系统，如ASP.NET Identity，的好处之一是任何声明都可以来自于外部系统，即使是将用户标识到应用程序的那些声明。这意味着其他系统可以代表应用程序来认证用户，而ASP.NET Identity就建立在这样的思想之上，使之能够简单而方便地添加第三方认证用户的支持，如微软、Google、Facebook、Twitter等。 There are some substantial benefits of using third-party authentication: Many users will already have an account, users can elect to use two-factor authentication, and you don’t have to manage user credentials in the application. In the sections that follow, I’ll show you how to set up and use third-party authentication for Google users, which Table 15-8 puts into context. 使用第三方认证有一些实际的好处：许多用户已经有了账号、用户可以选择使用双因子认证、你不必在应用程序中管理用户凭据等等。在以下小节中，我将演示如何为Google用户建立并使用第三方认证，表15-8描述了事情的情形。 Table 15-8. Putting Third-Party Authentication in Context 表15-8. 第三方认证情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是第三方认证？ Authenticating with third parties lets you take advantage of the popularity of companies such as Google and Facebook. 第三方认证使你能够利用流行公司，如Google和Facebook，的优势。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它？ Users don’t like having to remember passwords for many different sites. Using a provider with large-scale adoption can make your application more appealing to users of the provider’s services. 用户不喜欢记住许多不同网站的口令。使用大范围适应的提供器可使你的应用程序更吸引有提供器服务的用户。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它？ This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework. 这不是一个直接由MVC框架使用的特性。 Note The reason I have chosen to demonstrate Google authentication is that it is the only option that doesn’t require me to register my application with the authentication service. You can get details of the registration processes required at http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE. 提示：我选择演示Google认证的原因是，它是唯一不需要在其认证服务中注册我应用程序的公司。有关认证服务注册过程的细节，请参阅http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE。 15.4.1 Enabling Google Authentication 15.4.1 启用Google认证 ASP.NET Identity comes with built-in support for authenticating users through their Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter accounts as well more general support for any authentication service that supports OAuth. The first step is to add the NuGet package that includes the Google-specific additions for ASP.NET Identity. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: ASP.NET Identity带有通过Microsoft、Google、Facebook以及Twitter账号认证用户的内建支持，并且对于支持OAuth的认证服务具有更普遍的支持。第一个步骤是添加NuGet包，包中含有用于ASP.NET Identity的Google专用附件。请在“Package Manager Console（包管理器控制台）”中输入以下命令： Install-Package Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google -version 2.0.2 There are NuGet packages for each of the services that ASP.NET Identity supports, as described in Table 15-9. 对于ASP.NET Identity支持的每一种服务都有相应的NuGet包，如表15-9所示。 Table 15-9. The NuGet Authenticaton Packages 表15-9. NuGet认证包 Name 名称 Description 描述 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google Authenticates users with Google accounts 用Google账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Facebook Authenticates users with Facebook accounts 用Facebook账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Twitter Authenticates users with Twitter accounts 用Twitter账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.MicrosoftAccount Authenticates users with Microsoft accounts 用Microsoft账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.OAuth Authenticates users against any OAuth 2.0 service 根据任一OAuth 2.0服务认证用户 Once the package is installed, I enable support for the authentication service in the OWIN startup class, which is defined in the App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs file in the example project. Listing 15-22 shows the change that I have made. 一旦安装了这个包，便可以在OWIN启动类中启用此项认证服务的支持，启动类的定义在示例项目的App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs文件中。清单15-22显示了所做的修改。 Listing 15-22. Enabling Google Authentication in the IdentityConfig.cs File 清单15-22. 在IdentityConfig.cs文件中启用Google认证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Cookies;using Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google;namespace Users {public class IdentityConfig {public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app) {app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppIdentityDbContext>(AppIdentityDbContext.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppUserManager>(AppUserManager.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppRoleManager>(AppRoleManager.Create); app.UseCookieAuthentication(new CookieAuthenticationOptions {AuthenticationType = DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie,LoginPath = new PathString("/Account/Login"),}); app.UseExternalSignInCookie(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);app.UseGoogleAuthentication();} }} Each of the packages that I listed in Table 15-9 contains an extension method that enables the corresponding service. The extension method for the Google service is called UseGoogleAuthentication, and it is called on the IAppBuilder implementation that is passed to the Configuration method. 表15-9所列的每个包都含有启用相应服务的扩展方法。用于Google服务的扩展方法名称为UseGoogleAuthentication，它通过传递给Configuration方法的IAppBuilder实现进行调用。 Next I added a button to the Views/Account/Login.cshtml file, which allows users to log in via Google. You can see the change in Listing 15-23. 下一步骤是在Views/Account/Login.cshtml文件中添加一个按钮，让用户能够通过Google进行登录。所做的修改如清单15-23所示。 Listing 15-23. Adding a Google Login Button to the Login.cshtml File 清单15-23. 在Login.cshtml文件中添加Google登录按钮 @model Users.Models.LoginModel@{ ViewBag.Title = "Login";}<h2>Log In</h2> @Html.ValidationSummary()@using (Html.BeginForm()) {@Html.AntiForgeryToken();<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><div class="form-group"><label>Name</label>@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><div class="form-group"><label>Password</label>@Html.PasswordFor(x => x.Password, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In</button>}@using (Html.BeginForm("GoogleLogin", "Account")) {<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In via Google</button>} The new button submits a form that targets the GoogleLogin action on the Account controller. You can see this method—and the other changes I made the controller—in Listing 15-24. 新按钮递交一个表单，目标是Account控制器中的GoogleLogin动作。可从清单15-24中看到该方法，以及在控制器中所做的其他修改。 Listing 15-24. Adding Support for Google Authentication to the AccountController.cs File 清单15-24. 在AccountController.cs文件中添加Google认证支持 using System.Threading.Tasks;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.Owin.Security;using System.Security.Claims;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using System.Web; namespace Users.Controllers {[Authorize]public class AccountController : Controller {[AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult Login(string returnUrl) {if (HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated) {return View("Error", new string[] { "Access Denied" });}ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View();}[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident)); AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);} [HttpPost][AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult GoogleLogin(string returnUrl) {var properties = new AuthenticationProperties {RedirectUri = Url.Action("GoogleLoginCallback",new { returnUrl = returnUrl})};HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();}[AllowAnonymous]public async Task<ActionResult> GoogleLoginCallback(string returnUrl) {ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);if (user == null) {user = new AppUser {Email = loginInfo.Email,UserName = loginInfo.DefaultUserName,City = Cities.LONDON, Country = Countries.UK};IdentityResult result = await UserManager.CreateAsync(user);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} else {result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} }}ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false }, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl ?? "/");}[Authorize]public ActionResult Logout() {AuthManager.SignOut();return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");}private IAuthenticationManager AuthManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication;} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } The GoogleLogin method creates an instance of the AuthenticationProperties class and sets the RedirectUri property to a URL that targets the GoogleLoginCallback action in the same controller. The next part is a magic phrase that causes ASP.NET Identity to respond to an unauthorized error by redirecting the user to the Google authentication page, rather than the one defined by the application: GoogleLogin方法创建了AuthenticationProperties类的一个实例，并为RedirectUri属性设置了一个URL，其目标为同一控制器中的GoogleLoginCallback动作。下一个部分是一个神奇阶段，通过将用户重定向到Google认证页面，而不是应用程序所定义的认证页面，让ASP.NET Identity对未授权的错误进行响应： ...HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();... This means that when the user clicks the Log In via Google button, their browser is redirected to the Google authentication service and then redirected back to the GoogleLoginCallback action method once they are authenticated. 这意味着，当用户通过点击Google按钮进行登录时，浏览器被重定向到Google的认证服务，一旦在那里认证之后，便被重定向回GoogleLoginCallback动作方法。 I get details of the external login by calling the GetExternalLoginInfoAsync of the IAuthenticationManager implementation, like this: 我通过调用IAuthenticationManager实现的GetExternalLoginInfoAsync方法，我获得了外部登录的细节，如下所示： ...ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();... The ExternalLoginInfo class defines the properties shown in Table 15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类定义的属性如表15-10所示： Table 15-10. The Properties Defined by the ExternalLoginInfo Class 表15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类所定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 DefaultUserName Returns the username 返回用户名 Email Returns the e-mail address 返回E-mail地址 ExternalIdentity Returns a ClaimsIdentity that identities the user 返回标识该用户的ClaimsIdentity Login Returns a UserLoginInfo that describes the external login 返回描述外部登录的UserLoginInfo I use the FindAsync method defined by the user manager class to locate the user based on the value of the ExternalLoginInfo.Login property, which returns an AppUser object if the user has been authenticated with the application before: 我使用了由用户管理器类所定义的FindAsync方法，以便根据ExternalLoginInfo.Login属性的值对用户进行定位，如果用户之前在应用程序中已经认证，该属性会返回一个AppUser对象： ...AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);... If the FindAsync method doesn’t return an AppUser object, then I know that this is the first time that this user has logged into the application, so I create a new AppUser object, populate it with values, and save it to the database. I also save details of how the user logged in so that I can find them next time: 如果FindAsync方法返回的不是AppUser对象，那么我便知道这是用户首次登录应用程序，于是便创建了一个新的AppUser对象，填充该对象的值，并将其保存到数据库。我还保存了用户如何登录的细节，以便下次能够找到他们： ...result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);... All that remains is to generate an identity the user, copy the claims provided by Google, and create an authentication cookie so that the application knows the user has been authenticated: 剩下的事情只是生成该用户的标识了，拷贝Google提供的声明（Claims），并创建一个认证Cookie，以使应用程序知道此用户已认证： ...ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties { IsPersistent = false }, ident);... 15.4.2 Testing Google Authentication 15.4.2 测试Google认证 There is one further change that I need to make before I can test Google authentication: I need to change the account verification I set up in Chapter 13 because it prevents accounts from being created with e-mail addresses that are not within the example.com domain. Listing 15-25 shows how I removed the verification from the AppUserManager class. 在测试Google认证之前还需要一处修改：需要修改第13章所建立的账号验证，因为它不允许example.com域之外的E-mail地址创建账号。清单15-25显示了如何在AppUserManager类中删除这种验证。 Listing 15-25. Disabling Account Validation in the AppUserManager.cs File 清单15-25. 在AppUserManager.cs文件中取消账号验证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppUserManager : UserManager<AppUser> {public AppUserManager(IUserStore<AppUser> store): base(store) {}public static AppUserManager Create(IdentityFactoryOptions<AppUserManager> options,IOwinContext context) {AppIdentityDbContext db = context.Get<AppIdentityDbContext>();AppUserManager manager = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(db)); manager.PasswordValidator = new CustomPasswordValidator {RequiredLength = 6,RequireNonLetterOrDigit = false,RequireDigit = false,RequireLowercase = true,RequireUppercase = true}; //manager.UserValidator = new CustomUserValidator(manager) {// AllowOnlyAlphanumericUserNames = true,// RequireUniqueEmail = true//};return manager;} }} Tip you can use validation for externally authenticated accounts, but I am just going to disable the feature for simplicity. 提示：也可以使用外部已认证账号的验证，但这里出于简化，取消了这一特性。 To test authentication, start the application, click the Log In via Google button, and provide the credentials for a valid Google account. When you have completed the authentication process, your browser will be redirected back to the application. If you navigate to the /Claims/Index URL, you will be able to see how claims from the Google system have been added to the user’s identity, as shown in Figure 15-7. 为了测试认证，启动应用程序，通过点击“Log In via Google（通过Google登录）”按钮，并提供有效的Google账号凭据。当你完成了认证过程时，浏览器将被重定向回应用程序。如果导航到/Claims/Index URL，便能够看到来自Google系统的声明（Claims），已被添加到用户的标识中了，如图15-7所示。 Figure 15-7. Claims from Google 图15-7. 来自Google的声明（Claims） 15.5 Summary 15.5 小结 In this chapter, I showed you some of the advanced features that ASP.NET Identity supports. I demonstrated the use of custom user properties and how to use database migrations to preserve data when you upgrade the schema to support them. I explained how claims work and how they can be used to create more flexible ways of authorizing users. I finished the chapter by showing you how to authenticate users via Google, which builds on the ideas behind the use of claims. 本章向你演示了ASP.NET Identity所支持的一些高级特性。演示了自定义用户属性的使用，还演示了在升级数据架构时，如何使用数据库迁移保护数据。我解释了声明（Claims）的工作机制，以及如何将它们用于创建更灵活的用户授权方式。最后演示了如何通过Google进行认证结束了本章，这是建立在使用声明（Claims）的思想基础之上的。本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/gz19871113/article/details/108591802。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2023-10-28 08:49:21

283

转载

Dubbo

服务提供者线程池阻塞问题解析：Dubbo中线程池分发策略应对高负载与请求处理挑战

... 创建一个Dubbo配置对象 Config config = new Config(); config.setApplication(new Application("myapp")); config.setRegistry(new Registry("zookeeper://localhost:2181")); // 创建一个服务提供者对象，并设置其服务分发策略为线程池分发策略 Provider provider = new Provider(); provider.setConfig(config); provider.setServiceFilter(new ThreadPoolFilter()); // 启动服务提供者 provider.start(); 以上代码创建了一个Dubbo的服务提供者，并设置了其服务分发策略为线程池分发策略。这样，当客户端向这个服务提供者发送请求时，Dubbo就会自动将请求分发到不同的线程池中进行处理。七、总结总的来说，服务提供者线程池阻塞是一个常见的问题，但是通过使用Dubbo的服务分发策略，我们可以有效地避免这个问题的发生。另外，Dubbo还准备了多种不同的服务分发妙招，这些策略可真帮大忙了，能让我们更顺手地调配分布式系统的各种资源，让系统管理变得更加轻松高效。因此，如果你正在使用Dubbo，那么我强烈建议你学习并掌握这些服务分发策略。

2023-09-01 14:12:23

483

林中小径-t

转载文章

[转载]opendaylight-O版本与openstack集成

... openstack配置 openstack的networking-odl插件安装方式 https://docs.openstack.org/networking-odl/latest/install/installation.htmlodl-installation yum install python-networking-odl.noarch -y https://docs.openstack.org/networking-odl/latest/install/installation.htmlnetworking-odl-configuration systemctl restart neutron-server /etc/neutron/plugins/ml2 测试端口可连接性 curl -u admin:admin http://10.13.80.34:8181/controller/nb/v2/neutron/networks odl配置文件修改 etc/custom.properties ovsdb.l3.fwd.enabled=yes ovsdb.l3gateway.mac=0a:00:27:00:00:0d telnet 10.13.80.34 8181 netstat -nlp | grep 8181 telnet 127.0.0.1 8181 telnet 10.13.80.34 8181 systemctl status firewall iptables iptables -nvL iptables -F 清空iptables openstack server create --flavor tiny --image cirros --nic net-id=24449ee2-b84e-493f-8d76-139ac3e4f3cd --key-name mykey provider-instance nova service-list nova show ae5e26d1-c84d-40fa-bb27-f0b46d6a7061 查看虚机详情 ovs-vsctl set Open_vSwitch 89444614-3bf8-4d7a-b3a0-df5d20b48b7a other_config={'local_ip'='192.168.56.102'} ovs-vsctl set Open_vSwitch b084eccf-b92e-470c-8dff-8549e92c2104 other_config={'local_ip'='192.168.56.122'} ovs-vsctl list interface eth0 ovs-appctl fdb/show br-int [root@rcontroller01 ~] openstack security group rule list 2e19a748-9086-49f8-9498-01abc1a964fe 一个神奇的命令 +--------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------+--------------------------------------+ | ID | IP Protocol | IP Range | Port Range | Remote Security Group | +--------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------+--------------------------------------+ | 0184e6b3-4f7f-4fd5-8125-b80682e7ee48 | None | None | | 2e19a748-9086-49f8-9498-01abc1a964fe | | 1e0bfedc-8f25-408a-9328-708113bbbc52 | icmp | 0.0.0.0/0 | | None | | 39116d39-454b-4d82-867e-bbfd3ea63182 | None | None | | None | | 4032366f-3ac9-4862-85a7-c7411a8b7678 | None | None | | 2e19a748-9086-49f8-9498-01abc1a964fe | | dc7bc251-f0d0-456a-9102-c5b66646aa84 | tcp | 0.0.0.0/0 | 22:22 | None | | ddacf7ea-57ea-4c8a-8b68-093766284595 | None | None | | None | +--------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------+--------------------------------------+ dpif/dump-flows dp 想控制端打印dp中流表的所有条目。这个命令主要来与debugOpen Vswitch.它所打印的流表不是openFlow的流条目。它打印的是由dp模块维护的简单的流。如果你想查看OpenFlow条目，请使用ovs-ofctl dump-flows。dpif/del-fow dp 删除指定dp上所有流表。同上所述，这些不是OpenFlow流表。 ovs-appctl dpif/dump-flows br-int 创建网络 openstack network create --share --external --provider-physical-network provider --provider-network-type flat provider $ openstack subnet create --network provider \ --allocation-pool start=192.168.56.100,end=192.168.56.200 \ --dns-nameserver 8.8.8.8 --gateway 192.168.56.1 \ --subnet-range 192.168.56.0/24 provider openstack network create selfservice $ openstack subnet create --network selfservice \ --dns-nameserver 8.8.8.8 --gateway 192.168.1.1 \ --subnet-range 192.168.1.0/24 selfservice openstack router create router openstack router add subnet router selfservice openstack router set router --external-gateway provider openstack port list --router router +--------------------------------------+------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+ | ID | Name | MAC Address | Fixed IP Addresses | Status | +--------------------------------------+------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+ | bff6605d-824c-41f9-b744-21d128fc86e1 | | fa:16:3e:2f:34:9b | ip_address='172.16.1.1', subnet_id='3482f524-8bff-4871-80d4-5774c2730728' | ACTIVE | | d6fe98db-ae01-42b0-a860-37b1661f5950 | | fa:16:3e:e8:c1:41 | ip_address='203.0.113.102', subnet_id='5cc70da8-4ee7-4565-be53-b9c011fca011' | ACTIVE | +--------------------------------------+------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+ $ ping -c 4 203.0.113.102 创建虚机 openstack keypair list $ ssh-keygen -q -N "" $ openstack keypair create --public-key ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub mykey openstack flavor list openstack image list openstack network list openstack server create --flavor tiny --image cirros --nic net-id=27616098-0374-4ab4-95a8-b5bf4839dcf8 --key-name mykey provider-instance 网络配置 python /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/networking_odl/cmd/set_ovs_hostconfigs.py --ovs_hostconfigs='{ "ODL L2": { "allowed_network_types": [ "flat", "vlan", "vxlan" ], "bridge_mappings": { "provider": "br-int" }, "supported_vnic_types": [ { "vnic_type": "normal", "vif_type": "ovs", "vif_details": {} } ] }, "ODL L3": {} }' ovs-vsctl list open . [‎2019/‎1/‎16 19:09] 高正伟: ovs-vsctl set Open_vSwitch . other_config:local_ip=hostip ovs-vsctl set Open_vSwitch . other_config:local_ip=192.168.56.122 ovs-vsctl set Open_vSwitch . other_config:remote_ip=192.168.56.122 ovs-vsctl remove interface tunca7b782f232 options remote_ip ovs-vsctl set Open_vSwitch . other_config:provider_mappings=provider:br-ex ovs-vsctl set Open_vSwitch . external_ids:provider_mappings="{\"provider\": \"br-ex\"}" 清空 ovs-vsctl clear Open_vSwitch . external_ids ovs-vsctl set-manager tcp:10.13.80.34:6640 ovs-vsctl set-controller br-ex tcp:10.13.80.34:6640 ovs-vsctl del-controller br-ex sudo neutron-odl-ovs-hostconfig ovs-vsctl show ovs-vsctl add-port <bridge name> <port name> ovs-vsctl add-port br-ex enp0s10 ovs-vsctl del-port br-ex phy-br-ex ovs-vsctl del-port br-ex tun2ad7e9e91e4 重启odl后 systemctl restart openvswitch.service systemctl restart neutron-server.service systemctl stop neutron-server.service 创建虚机 openstack network create --share --external --provider-physical-network provider --provider-network-type flat provider openstack subnet create --network provider --allocation-pool start=192.168.56.2,end=192.168.56.100 --dns-nameserver 8.8.8.8 --gateway 192.168.56.1 --subnet-range 192.168.56.0/24 provider nova boot --image cirros --flavor tiny --nic net-id= --availability-zone nova:rcontroller01 vm-01 openstack server create --flavor tiny --image cirros --nic net-id= --key-name mykey test nova boot --image cirros --flavor tiny --nic net-id=0fe983c2-8178-403b-a00e-e8561580b210 --availability-zone nova:rcontroller01 vm-01 虚机可以学习到mac但是ping不通抓包，先在虚机网卡上抓包，然后在br-int上抓包发现虚拟网卡上是发送了icmp请求报文的，但是br-int上没有查看报文情况 [root@rcontroller01 ~] ovs-appctl dpif/dump-flows br-int recirc_id(0),tunnel(tun_id=0x0,src=192.168.56.102,dst=192.168.56.122,flags(-df-csum+key)),in_port(4),eth(),eth_type(0x0800),ipv4(proto=17,frag=no),udp(dst=3784), packets:266436, bytes:17584776, used:0.591s, actions:userspace(pid=4294962063,slow_path(bfd)) recirc_id(0xa0),in_port(5),ct_state(+new-est-rel-inv+trk),ct_mark(0/0x1),eth(),eth_type(0x0800),ipv4(frag=no), packets:148165, bytes:14520170, used:0.566s, actions:drop recirc_id(0),in_port(3),eth(),eth_type(0x0806), packets:1, bytes:60, used:5.228s, actions:drop recirc_id(0),tunnel(tun_id=0xb,src=192.168.56.102,dst=192.168.56.122,flags(-df-csum+key)),in_port(4),eth(dst=fa:16:3e:ab:ba:7e),eth_type(0x0806), packets:0, bytes:0, used:never, actions:5 recirc_id(0),in_port(5),eth(src=fa:16:3e:ab:ba:7e),eth_type(0x0800),ipv4(src=192.168.0.16,proto=1,frag=no), packets:148165, bytes:14520170, used:0.566s, actions:ct(zone=5004),recirc(0xa0) recirc_id(0),in_port(3),eth(),eth_type(0x0800),ipv4(frag=no), packets:886646, bytes:316947183, used:0.210s, flags:SFPR., actions:drop recirc_id(0),in_port(5),eth(src=fa:16:3e:ab:ba:7e,dst=fa:16:3e:7d:95:75),eth_type(0x0806),arp(sip=192.168.0.16,tip=192.168.0.5,op=1/0xff,sha=fa:16:3e:ab:ba:7e), packets:0, bytes:0, used:never, actions:userspace(pid=4294961925,controller(reason=4,dont_send=0,continuation=0,recirc_id=4618,rule_cookie=0x822002d,controller_id=0,max_len=65535)),set(tunnel(tun_id=0xb,src=192.168.56.122,dst=192.168.56.102,ttl=64,tp_dst=4789,flags(df|key))),4 安全组设置 openstack security group rule create --proto tcp 2e19a748-9086-49f8-9498-01abc1a964fe openstack security group rule create --proto tcp 6095293d-c2cd-433d-8a8f-e77ecb03609e openstack security group rule create --proto udp 2e19a748-9086-49f8-9498-01abc1a964fe openstack security group rule create --proto udp 6095293d-c2cd-433d-8a8f-e77ecb03609e ovs-vsctl add-port br-ex "ex-patch-int" ovs-vsctl set interface "ex-patch-int" type=patch ovs-vsctl set interface "ex-patch-int" options:peer=int-patch-ex ovs-vsctl add-port br-int "int-patch-ex" ovs-vsctl set interface "int-patch-ex" type=patch ovs-vsctl set interface "int-patch-ex" options:peer=ex-patch-int ovs-vsctl del-port br-ex "ex-patch-int" ovs-vsctl del-port br-int "int-patch-ex" ovs-vsctl del-port br-ex enp0s9 ovs-vsctl add-port br-int enp0s9 ovs-appctl ofproto/trace 重要命令 sudo ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 show br-int sudo ovs-appctl ofproto/trace br-int "in_port=5,ip,nw_src=192.168.0.16,nw_dst=192.168.0.5" ovs-appctl dpctl/dump-conntrack 11.查看接口id等 ovs-appctl dpif/show 12.查看接口统计 ovs-ofctl dump-ports br-int 查看接口 sudo ovs-ofctl show br-int -O OpenFlow13 ovs常用命令控制管理类 1.查看网桥和端口 ovs-vsctl show 1 2.创建一个网桥 ovs-vsctl add-br br0 ovs-vsctl set bridge br0 datapath_type=netdev 1 2 3.添加/删除一个端口 for system interfaces ovs-vsctl add-port br0 eth1 ovs-vsctl del-port br0 eth1 for DPDK ovs-vsctl add-port br0 dpdk1 -- set interface dpdk1 type=dpdk options:dpdk-devargs=0000:01:00.0 for DPDK bonds ovs-vsctl add-bond br0 dpdkbond0 dpdk1 dpdk2 \ -- set interface dpdk1 type=dpdk options:dpdk-devargs=0000:01:00.0 \ -- set interface dpdk2 type=dpdk options:dpdk-devargs=0000:02:00.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4.设置/清除网桥的openflow协议版本 ovs-vsctl set bridge br0 protocols=OpenFlow13 ovs-vsctl clear bridge br0 protocols 1 2 5.查看某网桥当前流表 ovs-ofctl dump-flows br0 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 dump-flows br0 ovs-appctl bridge/dump-flows br0 1 2 3 6.设置/删除控制器 ovs-vsctl set-controller br0 tcp:1.2.3.4:6633 ovs-vsctl del-controller br0 1 2 7.查看控制器列表 ovs-vsctl list controller 1 8.设置/删除被动连接控制器 ovs-vsctl set-manager tcp:1.2.3.4:6640 ovs-vsctl get-manager ovs-vsctl del-manager 1 2 3 9.设置/移除可选选项 ovs-vsctl set Interface eth0 options:link_speed=1G ovs-vsctl remove Interface eth0 options link_speed 1 2 10.设置fail模式，支持standalone或者secure standalone(default)：清除所有控制器下发的流表，ovs自己接管 secure：按照原来流表继续转发 ovs-vsctl del-fail-mode br0 ovs-vsctl set-fail-mode br0 secure ovs-vsctl get-fail-mode br0 1 2 3 11.查看接口id等 ovs-appctl dpif/show 1 12.查看接口统计 ovs-ofctl dump-ports br0 1 流表类流表操作 1.添加普通流表 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=output:2 1 2.删除所有流表 ovs-ofctl del-flows br0 1 3.按匹配项来删除流表 ovs-ofctl del-flows br0 "in_port=1" 1 匹配项 1.匹配vlan tag，范围为0-4095 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 priority=401,in_port=1,dl_vlan=777,actions=output:2 1 2.匹配vlan pcp，范围为0-7 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 priority=401,in_port=1,dl_vlan_pcp=7,actions=output:2 1 3.匹配源/目的MAC ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,dl_src=00:00:00:00:00:01/00:00:00:00:00:01,actions=output:2 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,dl_dst=00:00:00:00:00:01/00:00:00:00:00:01,actions=output:2 1 2 4.匹配以太网类型，范围为0-65535 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,dl_type=0x0806,actions=output:2 1 5.匹配源/目的IP 条件：指定dl_type=0x0800，或者ip/tcp ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,nw_src=10.10.0.0/16,actions=output:2 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,nw_dst=10.20.0.0/16,actions=output:2 1 2 6.匹配协议号，范围为0-255 条件：指定dl_type=0x0800或者ip ICMP ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,nw_proto=1,actions=output:2 7.匹配IP ToS/DSCP，tos范围为0-255，DSCP范围为0-63 条件：指定dl_type=0x0800/0x86dd，并且ToS低2位会被忽略(DSCP值为ToS的高6位，并且低2位为预留位) ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,nw_tos=68,actions=output:2 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,ip_dscp=62,actions=output:2 8.匹配IP ecn位，范围为0-3 条件：指定dl_type=0x0800/0x86dd ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,ip_ecn=2,actions=output:2 9.匹配IP TTL，范围为0-255 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,nw_ttl=128,actions=output:2 10.匹配tcp/udp，源/目的端口，范围为0-65535 匹配源tcp端口179 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 tcp,tcp_src=179/0xfff0,actions=output:2 匹配目的tcp端口179 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 tcp,tcp_dst=179/0xfff0,actions=output:2 匹配源udp端口1234 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 udp,udp_src=1234/0xfff0,actions=output:2 匹配目的udp端口1234 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 udp,udp_dst=1234/0xfff0,actions=output:2 11.匹配tcp flags tcp flags=fin，syn，rst，psh，ack，urg，ece，cwr，ns ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 tcp,tcp_flags=ack,actions=output:2 12.匹配icmp code，范围为0-255 条件：指定icmp ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 icmp,icmp_code=2,actions=output:2 13.匹配vlan TCI TCI低12位为vlan id，高3位为priority，例如tci=0xf123则vlan_id为0x123和vlan_pcp=7 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,vlan_tci=0xf123,actions=output:2 14.匹配mpls label 条件：指定dl_type=0x8847/0x8848 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 mpls,in_port=1,mpls_label=7,actions=output:2 15.匹配mpls tc，范围为0-7 条件：指定dl_type=0x8847/0x8848 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 mpls,in_port=1,mpls_tc=7,actions=output:2 1 16.匹配tunnel id，源/目的IP 匹配tunnel id ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,tun_id=0x7/0xf,actions=output:2 匹配tunnel源IP ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,tun_src=192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0,actions=output:2 匹配tunnel目的IP ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,tun_dst=192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0,actions=output:2 一些匹配项的速记符速记符匹配项 ip dl_type=0x800 ipv6 dl_type=0x86dd icmp dl_type=0x0800,nw_proto=1 icmp6 dl_type=0x86dd,nw_proto=58 tcp dl_type=0x0800,nw_proto=6 tcp6 dl_type=0x86dd,nw_proto=6 udp dl_type=0x0800,nw_proto=17 udp6 dl_type=0x86dd,nw_proto=17 sctp dl_type=0x0800,nw_proto=132 sctp6 dl_type=0x86dd,nw_proto=132 arp dl_type=0x0806 rarp dl_type=0x8035 mpls dl_type=0x8847 mplsm dl_type=0x8848 指令动作 1.动作为出接口从指定接口转发出去 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=output:2 1 2.动作为指定group group id为已创建的group table ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=group:666 1 3.动作为normal 转为L2/L3处理流程 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=normal 1 4.动作为flood 从所有物理接口转发出去，除了入接口和已关闭flooding的接口 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=flood 1 5.动作为all 从所有物理接口转发出去，除了入接口 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=all 1 6.动作为local 一般是转发给本地网桥 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=local 1 7.动作为in_port 从入接口转发回去 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=in_port 1 8.动作为controller 以packet-in消息上送给控制器 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=controller 1 9.动作为drop 丢弃数据包操作 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=drop 1 10.动作为mod_vlan_vid 修改报文的vlan id，该选项会使vlan_pcp置为0 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=mod_vlan_vid:8,output:2 1 11.动作为mod_vlan_pcp 修改报文的vlan优先级，该选项会使vlan_id置为0 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=mod_vlan_pcp:7,output:2 1 12.动作为strip_vlan 剥掉报文内外层vlan tag ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=strip_vlan,output:2 1 13.动作为push_vlan 在报文外层压入一层vlan tag，需要使用openflow1.1以上版本兼容 ovs-ofctl add-flow -O OpenFlow13 br0 in_port=1,actions=push_vlan:0x8100,set_field:4097-\>vlan_vid,output:2 1 ps: set field值为4096+vlan_id，并且vlan优先级为0，即4096-8191，对应的vlan_id为0-4095 14.动作为push_mpls 修改报文的ethertype，并且压入一个MPLS LSE ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=push_mpls:0x8847,set_field:10-\>mpls_label,output:2 1 15.动作为pop_mpls 剥掉最外层mpls标签，并且修改ethertype为非mpls类型 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 mpls,in_port=1,mpls_label=20,actions=pop_mpls:0x0800,output:2 1 16.动作为修改源/目的MAC，修改源/目的IP 修改源MAC ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=mod_dl_src:00:00:00:00:00:01,output:2 修改目的MAC ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=mod_dl_dst:00:00:00:00:00:01,output:2 修改源IP ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=mod_nw_src:192.168.1.1,output:2 修改目的IP ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=mod_nw_dst:192.168.1.1,output:2 17.动作为修改TCP/UDP/SCTP源目的端口修改TCP源端口 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 tcp,in_port=1,actions=mod_tp_src:67,output:2 修改TCP目的端口 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 tcp,in_port=1,actions=mod_tp_dst:68,output:2 修改UDP源端口 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 udp,in_port=1,actions=mod_tp_src:67,output:2 修改UDP目的端口 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 udp,in_port=1,actions=mod_tp_dst:68,output:2 18.动作为mod_nw_tos 条件：指定dl_type=0x0800 修改ToS字段的高6位，范围为0-255，值必须为4的倍数，并且不会去修改ToS低2位ecn值 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,actions=mod_nw_tos:68,output:2 1 19.动作为mod_nw_ecn 条件：指定dl_type=0x0800，需要使用openflow1.1以上版本兼容修改ToS字段的低2位，范围为0-3，并且不会去修改ToS高6位的DSCP值 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,actions=mod_nw_ecn:2,output:2 1 20.动作为mod_nw_ttl 修改IP报文ttl值，需要使用openflow1.1以上版本兼容 ovs-ofctl add-flow -O OpenFlow13 br0 in_port=1,actions=mod_nw_ttl:6,output:2 1 21.动作为dec_ttl 对IP报文进行ttl自减操作 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=dec_ttl,output:2 1 22.动作为set_mpls_label 对报文最外层mpls标签进行修改，范围为20bit值 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=set_mpls_label:666,output:2 1 23.动作为set_mpls_tc 对报文最外层mpls tc进行修改，范围为0-7 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=set_mpls_tc:7,output:2 1 24.动作为set_mpls_ttl 对报文最外层mpls ttl进行修改，范围为0-255 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=set_mpls_ttl:255,output:2 1 25.动作为dec_mpls_ttl 对报文最外层mpls ttl进行自减操作 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=dec_mpls_ttl,output:2 1 26.动作为move NXM字段使用move参数对NXM字段进行操作将报文源MAC复制到目的MAC字段，并且将源MAC改为00:00:00:00:00:01 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=move:NXM_OF_ETH_SRC[]-\>NXM_OF_ETH_DST[],mod_dl_src:00:00:00:00:00:01,output:2 1 2 ps: 常用NXM字段参照表 NXM字段报文字段 NXM_OF_ETH_SRC 源MAC NXM_OF_ETH_DST 目的MAC NXM_OF_ETH_TYPE 以太网类型 NXM_OF_VLAN_TCI vid NXM_OF_IP_PROTO IP协议号 NXM_OF_IP_TOS IP ToS值 NXM_NX_IP_ECN IP ToS ECN NXM_OF_IP_SRC 源IP NXM_OF_IP_DST 目的IP NXM_OF_TCP_SRC TCP源端口 NXM_OF_TCP_DST TCP目的端口 NXM_OF_UDP_SRC UDP源端口 NXM_OF_UDP_DST UDP目的端口 NXM_OF_SCTP_SRC SCTP源端口 NXM_OF_SCTP_DST SCTP目的端口 27.动作为load NXM字段使用load参数对NXM字段进行赋值操作 push mpls label，并且把10(0xa)赋值给mpls label ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=push_mpls:0x8847,load:0xa-\>OXM_OF_MPLS_LABEL[],output:2 对目的MAC进行赋值 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=load:0x001122334455-\>OXM_OF_ETH_DST[],output:2 1 2 3 4 28.动作为pop_vlan 弹出报文最外层vlan tag ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1,dl_type=0x8100,dl_vlan=777,actions=pop_vlan,output:2 1 meter表常用操作由于meter表是openflow1.3版本以后才支持，所以所有命令需要指定OpenFlow1.3版本以上 ps: 在openvswitch-v2.8之前的版本中，还不支持meter 在v2.8版本之后已经实现，要正常使用的话，需要注意的是datapath类型要指定为netdev，band type暂时只支持drop，还不支持DSCP REMARK 1.查看当前设备对meter的支持 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 meter-features br0 2.查看meter表 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 dump-meters br0 3.查看meter统计 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 meter-stats br0 4.创建meter表限速类型以kbps(kilobits per second)计算，超过20kb/s则丢弃 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 add-meter br0 meter=1,kbps,band=type=drop,rate=20 同上，增加burst size参数 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 add-meter br0 meter=2,kbps,band=type=drop,rate=20,burst_size=256 同上，增加stats参数,对meter进行计数统计 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 add-meter br0 meter=3,kbps,stats,band=type=drop,rate=20,burst_size=256 限速类型以pktps(packets per second)计算，超过1000pkt/s则丢弃 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 add-meter br0 meter=4,pktps,band=type=drop,rate=1000 5.删除meter表删除全部meter表 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 del-meters br0 删除meter id=1 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 del-meter br0 meter=1 6.创建流表 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=meter:1,output:2 group表由于group表是openflow1.1版本以后才支持，所以所有命令需要指定OpenFlow1.1版本以上常用操作 group table支持4种类型 all：所有buckets都执行一遍 select：每次选择其中一个bucket执行，常用于负载均衡应用 ff(FAST FAILOVER)：快速故障修复，用于检测解决接口等故障 indirect：间接执行，类似于一个函数方法，被另一个group来调用 1.查看当前设备对group的支持 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 dump-group-features br0 2.查看group表 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 dump-groups br0 3.创建group表类型为all ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 add-group br0 group_id=1,type=all,bucket=output:1,bucket=output:2,bucket=output:3 类型为select ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 add-group br0 group_id=2,type=select,bucket=output:1,bucket=output:2,bucket=output:3 类型为select，指定hash方法(5元组，OpenFlow1.5+) ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow15 add-group br0 group_id=3,type=select,selection_method=hash,fields=ip_src,bucket=output:2,bucket=output:3 4.删除group表 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 del-groups br0 group_id=2 5.创建流表 ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow13 add-flow br0 in_port=1,actions=group:2 goto table配置数据流先从table0开始匹配，如actions有goto_table，再进行后续table的匹配，实现多级流水线，如需使用goto table，则创建流表时，指定table id，范围为0-255，不指定则默认为table0 1.在table0中添加一条流表条目 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 table=0,in_port=1,actions=goto_table=1 2.在table1中添加一条流表条目 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 table=1,ip,nw_dst=10.10.0.0/16,actions=output:2 tunnel配置如需配置tunnel，必需确保当前系统对各tunnel的remote ip网络可达 gre 1.创建一个gre接口，并且指定端口id=1001 ovs-vsctl add-port br0 gre1 -- set Interface gre1 type=gre options:remote_ip=1.1.1.1 ofport_request=1001 2.可选选项将tos或者ttl在隧道上继承，并将tunnel id设置成123 ovs-vsctl set Interface gre1 options:tos=inherit options:ttl=inherit options:key=123 3.创建关于gre流表封装gre转发 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,nw_dst=10.10.0.0/16,actions=output:1001 解封gre转发 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=1001,actions=output:1 vxlan 1.创建一个vxlan接口，并且指定端口id=2001 ovs-vsctl add-port br0 vxlan1 -- set Interface vxlan1 type=vxlan options:remote_ip=1.1.1.1 ofport_request=2001 2.可选选项将tos或者ttl在隧道上继承，将vni设置成123，UDP目的端为设置成8472(默认为4789) ovs-vsctl set Interface vxlan1 options:tos=inherit options:ttl=inherit options:key=123 options:dst_port=8472 3.创建关于vxlan流表封装vxlan转发 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 ip,in_port=1,nw_dst=10.10.0.0/16,actions=output:2001 解封vxlan转发 ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=2001,actions=output:1 sflow配置 1.对网桥br0进行sflow监控 agent: 与collector通信所在的网口名，通常为管理口 target: collector监听的IP地址和端口，端口默认为6343 header: sFlow在采样时截取报文头的长度 polling: 采样时间间隔，单位为秒 ovs-vsctl -- --id=@sflow create sflow agent=eth0 target=\"10.0.0.1:6343\" header=128 sampling=64 polling=10 -- set bridge br0 sflow=@sflow 2.查看创建的sflow ovs-vsctl list sflow 3.删除对应的网桥sflow配置，参数为sFlow UUID ovs-vsctl remove bridge br0 sflow 7b9b962e-fe09-407c-b224-5d37d9c1f2b3 4.删除网桥下所有sflow配置 ovs-vsctl -- clear bridge br0 sflow 1 QoS配置 ingress policing 1.配置ingress policing，对接口eth0入流限速10Mbps ovs-vsctl set interface eth0 ingress_policing_rate=10000 ovs-vsctl set interface eth0 ingress_policing_burst=8000 2.清除相应接口的ingress policer配置 ovs-vsctl set interface eth0 ingress_policing_rate=0 ovs-vsctl set interface eth0 ingress_policing_burst=0 3.查看接口ingress policer配置 ovs-vsctl list interface eth0 4.查看网桥支持的Qos类型 ovs-appctl qos/show-types br0 端口镜像配置 1.配置eth0收到/发送的数据包镜像到eth1 ovs-vsctl -- set bridge br0 mirrors=@m \ -- --id=@eth0 get port eth0 \ -- --id=@eth1 get port eth1 \ -- --id=@m create mirror name=mymirror select-dst-port=@eth0 select-src-port=@eth0 output-port=@eth1 2.删除端口镜像配置 ovs-vsctl -- --id=@m get mirror mymirror -- remove bridge br0 mirrors @m 3.清除网桥下所有端口镜像配置 ovs-vsctl clear bridge br0 mirrors 4.查看端口镜像配置 ovs-vsctl get bridge br0 mirrors Open vSwitch中有多个命令，分别有不同的作用，大致如下： ovs-vsctl用于控制ovs db ovs-ofctl用于管理OpenFlow switch 的 flow ovs-dpctl用于管理ovs的datapath ovs-appctl用于查询和管理ovs daemon 转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/liuhongru/p/10336849.html 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_30876945/article/details/99916308。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

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SpringCloud

SpringCloud中服务提供者与消费者匹配异常问题：注册失败、版本不匹配、实例状态异常及配置问题的排查与解决方案

...体系中，服务提供者（Provider）会将自己的服务注册到服务中心（如Eureka或Nacos），而服务消费者（Consumer）则通过从服务中心拉取服务列表来调用对应的服务。当你遇到“服务提供者和消费者配对不上的问题”时，这通常就像是消费者在大超市里怎么也找不到自己需要的那个商品货架一样。具体表现可能是你在尝试调用某个服务时，系统突然像个淘气的小孩，抛出一句“找不到能用的实例，例如No instance available for ...”这样的错误消息来给你捣乱。 2. 常见原因剖析 2.1 服务注册失败情景再现：服务提供者启动后并未成功注册到服务中心。 java @SpringBootApplication @EnableDiscoveryClient // 启用服务注册与发现功能 public class ProviderApplication { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(ProviderApplication.class, args); } @Bean @LoadBalanced // 负载均衡注解，这里假设省略了，可能导致服务未正确注册 public RestTemplate restTemplate() { return new RestTemplate(); } } 在此示例中，若忘记添加@LoadBalanced注解，可能导致服务提供者虽然启动，但并未能成功注册到服务中心。 2.2 服务版本不匹配思考过程：服务提供者可能发布了新版本的服务，而消费者仍然使用旧版服务名进行调用。 yaml 消费者配置文件 spring: application: name: consumer-service cloud: nacos: discovery: server-addr: localhost:8848 注册中心地址 service: consumer-service: version: 1.0.0 若此处版本与提供者不一致，将导致无法匹配 2.3 服务实例状态异常理解过程：服务中心中的服务提供者实例可能因为网络、负载等问题处于下线或隔离状态，此时消费者也无法正常调用。 2.4 配置问题探讨性话术：检查消费者的依赖注入和服务引用是否正确，例如Feign、RestTemplate或OpenFeign的配置和使用： java @FeignClient(name = "provider-service", url = "${feign.client.provider.url}") public interface ProviderService { @GetMapping("/api") String callApi(); } 如果name值与提供者应用名称不匹配，或者url配置有误，也可能导致服务匹配异常。 3. 解决方案与防范措施针对上述原因，我们可以采取以下措施： 1. 确保服务提供者的注册与发现功能启用且配置无误。 2. 在发布新版本服务时，同步更新消费者对服务版本的引用。 3. 定期监控服务中心，确保服务实例健康在线，及时处理异常实例。 4. 仔细检查并校验消费者服务引用的相关配置。总结来说，面对SpringCloud环境下服务提供者与消费者无法匹配的异常问题，我们需要结合具体场景，深究背后的原因，通过对症下药的方式逐一排查并解决问题。同时呢，咱们也得时刻惦记着对微服务架构整体格局的把握，还有对其背后隐藏的那些玄机的深刻理解，这样一来，才能更好地对付未来可能出现的各种技术难题，就像是个身经百战的老兵一样。

2023-02-03 17:24:44

128

春暖花开

转载文章

[转载]qq国际版android,QQ国际版(com.tencent.mobileqqi) - 6.0.3 - 应用 - 酷安

...c.android.provider.badge.permission.READ · com.sec.android.provider.badge.permission.WRITE · 查找设备上的帐户 · 添加或移除帐户 · 创建帐户并设置密码 · 读取同步设置 · 启用和停用同步 · 停用屏幕锁定 · 允许接收WLAN多播 · com.qq.qcloud.permission.ACCESS_ALBUM_BACKUP_LIST · com.android.vending.BILLING · 关闭其他应用 · 控制近距离通信 · com.tencent.photos.permission.DATA · com.tencent.msf.permission.account.sync · com.tencent.music.data.permission · com.tencent.msf.permission.ACCOUNT_NOTICE · 连接WLAN网络和断开连接 · 完全的网络访问权限 · 查看WLAN连接 · 查看网络连接 · 精确位置(基于GPS和网络) · 大致位置(基于网络) · 拍摄照片和视频 · 读取手机状态和身份 · 防止手机休眠 · com.android.launcher.permission.INSTALL_SHORTCUT · 修改或删除您的USB存储设备中的内容 · 开机启动 · com.tencent.msg.permission.pushnotify · com.tencent.msf.permission.account.sync · 读取您的USB存储设备中的内容本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_30590615/article/details/117615194。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2023-10-10 14:42:10

104

转载

Dubbo

Dubbo报错排查：服务端+服务注册中心+客户端配置+网络配置综合分析

...，能够在不同机器之间实现服务的相互调用。通过Dubbo，开发者可以像连接家庭电器一样轻松地将多个服务集成在一起，例如电商系统中的订单服务与库存服务之间的交互。需要注意的是，Dubbo的使用效果依赖于具体的环境配置，如果出现错误，通常需要根据实际情况进行排查。服务注册中心 , Dubbo用来存储服务提供者信息的组件，负责管理服务的注册与发现。常见的服务注册中心包括Zookeeper和Nacos。当服务提供者启动时，它会向注册中心注册自己的信息；而当服务消费者需要调用某个服务时，则会从注册中心获取服务提供者的地址列表。如果服务注册中心出现问题，比如配置错误或服务未能正确注册，那么消费者将无法找到对应的服务，进而导致调用失败。 No provider available , 这是一个典型的Dubbo错误提示，表示消费者无法找到可用的服务提供者。这种情况可能由多种因素引起，比如服务提供者未正确注册到注册中心、注册中心本身存在问题（如网络中断或配置错误），或是消费者端的地址列表为空。解决此类问题的关键在于检查服务端的状态、服务注册中心的工作情况以及客户端配置是否准确。

2025-03-20 16:29:46

雪落无痕

RocketMQ

数据持久化：保障消息队列在高并发与高可用性下的数据完整性——防丢失与监控策略

...失风险的策略 1. 配置优化合理设置RocketMQ的配置参数，如消息重试次数、消费超时时间等，确保在异常情况下，消息可以被正确处理或重试。 java // 示例代码：设置消息重试次数 Properties props = new Properties(); props.setProperty("producer.transactionCheckEnabled", "false"); props.setProperty("producer.transactionTimeout", "60000"); props.setProperty("producer.maxReconsumeTimes", "5"); // 设置最大重试次数为5次 RMQSender sender = new RMQSender("localhost:18831", "myQueue", props); 2. 监控与报警建立一套完善的监控系统，实时监测RocketMQ的运行状态，一旦出现异常，立即触发报警机制。 bash 假设使用Prometheus进行监控 prometheus: - job_name: 'rocketmq' metrics_path: '/actuator/metrics' static_configs: - targets: ['localhost:8080'] labels: application: 'rocketmq' 3. 备份与恢复策略定期对RocketMQ的元数据和消息进行备份，以便在发生灾难性事件时快速恢复服务。 bash 使用HDFS作为存储时，可以利用HDFS的备份功能 hdfs dfs -copyToLocal /path/to/backup /local/path/ 4. 容错与高可用架构设计在应用层面考虑容错机制，如使用负载均衡、故障转移等策略，确保在单点故障时，系统仍能正常运行。 java // 使用Nacos进行服务发现和配置中心管理 @Value("${service.provider}") private String serviceProvider; @Bean public ProviderConfig providerConfig() { return new ProviderConfig(serviceProvider); } 四、结论通过上述策略的实施，我们可以显著降低使用RocketMQ时数据丢失的风险。关键在于合理配置、有效监控、备份恢复以及高可用架构的设计。在实际应用中，还需要根据业务的具体需求和场景，灵活调整策略，以达到最佳的数据持久化效果。哎呀，兄弟！技术这东西，得不停琢磨，多实践，别老是原地踏步。咱们得时不时调整一下系统这架机器的零件，让它跑得既快又稳当。这样，咱们的应用服务才不会卡壳，用户们用起来也舒心。这可是保证业务顺畅运行的关键！

2024-10-02 15:46:59

573

蝶舞花间

转载文章

[转载]MULTI PROVIDERS IN ANGULAR 2

...ed “Multi Providers” that basically enable us, the consumer of the platform, to hook into certain operations and plug in custom functionality we might need in our application use case. We’re going to discuss what they look like, how they work and how Angular itself takes advantage of them to keep the platform flexible and extendible. Recap: What is a provider? If you’ve read our article on Dependency Injection in Angular2 you can probably skip this section, as you’re familiar with the provider terminology, how they work, and how they relate to actual dependencies being injected. If you haven’t read about providers yet, here’s a quick recap. A provider is an instruction that describes how an object for a certain token is created. Quick example: In an Angular 2 component we might have a DataService dependency, which we can ask for like this: import { DataService } from './data.service';@Component(...)class AppComponent {constructor(dataService: DataService) {// dataService instanceof DataService === true} } We import the type of the dependency we’re asking for, and annotate our dependency argument with it in our component’s constructor. Angular knows how to create and inject an object of type DataService, if we configure a provider for it. This can happen either on the application module, that bootstrap our app, or in the component itself (both ways have different implications on the dependency’s life cycle and availability). // application module@NgModule({...providers: [{ provide: DataService, useClass DataService }]})...// or in component@Component({...providers: [{ provide: DataService, useClass: DataService }]})class AppComponent { } In fact, there’s a shorthand syntax we can use if the instruction is useClass and the value of it the same as the token, which is the case in this particular provider: @NgModule({...providers: [DataService]})...// or in component@Component({...providers: [DataService]})class AppComponent { } Now, whenever we ask for a dependency of type DataService, Angular knows how to create an object for it. Understanding Multi Providers With multi providers, we can basically provide multiple dependencies for a single token. Let’s see what that looks like. The following code manually creates an injector with multi providers: const SOME_TOKEN: OpaqueToken = new OpaqueToken('SomeToken');var injector = ReflectiveInjector.resolveAndCreate([{ provide: SOME_TOKEN, useValue: 'dependency one', multi: true },{ provide: SOME_TOKEN, useValue: 'dependency two', multi: true }]);var dependencies = injector.get(SOME_TOKEN);// dependencies == ['dependency one', 'dependency two'] Note: We usually don’t create injectors manually when building Angular 2 applications since the platform takes care of that for us. This is really just for demonstration purposes. A token can be either a string or a type. We use a string, because we don’t want to create classes to represent a string value in DI. However, to provide better error messages in case something goes wrong, we can create our string token using OpaqueToken. We don’t have to worry about this too much now. The interesting part is where we’re registering our providers using the multi: true option. Using multi: true tells Angular that the provider is a multi provider. As mentioned earlier, with multi providers, we can provide multiple values for a single token in DI. That’s exactly what we’re doing. We have two providers, both have the same token but they provide different values. If we ask for a dependency for that token, what we get is a list of all registered and provided values. Okay understood, but why? Alright, fine. We can provide multiple values for a single token. But why in hell would we do this? Where is this useful? Good question! Usually, when we register multiple providers with the same token, the last one wins. For example, if we take a look at the following code, only TurboEngine gets injected because it’s provider has been registered at last: class Engine { }class TurboEngine { }var injector = ReflectiveInjector.resolveAndCreate([{ provide: Engine, useClass: Engine},{ provide: Engine, useClass: TurboEngine}]);var engine = injector.get(Engine);// engine instanceof TurboEngine This means, with multi providers we can basically extend the thing that is being injected for a particular token. Angular uses this mechanism to provide pluggable hooks. One of these hooks for example are validators. When creating a validator, we need to add it to the NG_VALIDATORS multi provider, so Angular picks it up when needed @Directive({selector: '[customValidator][ngModel]',providers: [provide: NG_VALIDATORS,useValue: (formControl) => {// validation happens here},multi: true]})class CustomValidator {} Multi providers also can’t be mixed with normal providers. This makes sense since we either extend or override a provider for a token. Other Multi Providers The Angular platform comes with a couple more multi providers that we can extend with our custom code. At the time of writing these were NG_VALIDATORS - Interface that can be implemented by classes that can act as validators NG_ASYNC_VALIDATORS - Token that can be implemented by classes that can act as async validators Conclusion Multi providers are a very nice feature to implement pluggable interface that can be extended from the outside world. The only “downside” I can see is that multi providers only as powerful as what the platform provides. NG_VALIDATORS and NG_ASYNC_VALIDATORS are implemented right into the platform, which is the only reason we can take advantage of those particular multi providers. There’s no way we can introduce our own custom multi providers (with a specific token) that influences what the platform does, but maybe this is also not needed. 原文链接：http://blog.thoughtram.io/angular2/2015/11/23/multi-providers-in-angular-2.html 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/u011153667/article/details/52483856。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2023-03-31 11:22:56

526

转载

AngularJS

AngularJS中避免$httpBackend服务deprecation错误：在控制器中通过工厂模式实现单一HTTP实例调用

...kend服务 , 在AngularJS框架中，$httpBackend是一个核心服务，主要用于模拟和拦截HTTP请求与响应。它允许开发者在单元测试环境中模拟服务器的行为，无需实际调用后端API即可完成对前端代码的测试。通过$httpBackend，开发人员可以灵活地设置预期的请求和响应数据，从而验证应用在各种网络交互场景下的行为。工厂模式 , 在AngularJS（以及更广泛的软件设计领域）中，工厂模式是一种创建对象的设计模式。在本文上下文中，工厂模式用于创建并返回一个预配置或封装过的$http实例，确保在整个应用程序中，特别是控制器内部，所有组件共享同一个$http服务实例，避免了因多次创建$http实例导致的$httpBackend错误。具体实现上，通过定义一个服务（如示例中的 $httpInstance ），该服务负责创建和管理$http实例，并暴露一组方法供其他组件（如控制器）调用来执行HTTP操作。单例模式 , 单例模式是另一种常见的设计模式，保证一个类仅有一个实例，并提供全局访问点。在AngularJS开发中，将$http服务通过工厂模式创建为单例意味着无论何时何地，在整个应用程序中只会存在一个$http实例。这样做的好处是可以避免资源浪费，减少潜在冲突，并使得代码更加简洁和易于维护。文章中提到的方法就是通过工厂模式实现$http服务的单例化，确保在一个控制器中不会因为重复创建$http实例而引发$httpBackend服务被多次调用的问题。

2023-05-03 11:33:37

515

灵动之光-t

AngularJS

AngularJS用户输入防护：白名单策略下的动态HTML安全处理与实践指南

...用户界面进行操纵。在AngularJS中，$SceService通过转义用户输入的HTML内容，防止这类攻击。 $sceDelegateProvider , AngularJS的$sceDelegateProvider是服务的一部分，它允许开发者配置安全上下文解析器的行为。通过这个provider，开发者可以定义哪些资源URL可以被信任，以及如何处理用户输入的内容，以确保其在HTML中安全呈现。 $sce.trustAsHtml , 这是AngularJS提供的一个方法，用于标记一段内容为可以直接作为HTML渲染，而不进行任何转义或解析。在处理用户提交的HTML内容时，使用这个方法可以确保这些内容在页面上以安全的方式呈现，避免恶意代码的执行。 CSP（Content Security Policy） , 内容安全政策是一种HTTP头部策略，用于限制Web页面只能加载特定来源的资源，防止恶意内容（如XSS脚本）的注入。AngularJS支持CSP，有助于开发者构建更加安全的应用环境，通过设置CSP，可以控制哪些类型的资源（如样式表、脚本、图片等）可以从哪里加载。 WebAssembly（Wasm） , 一种低级的二进制可执行格式，设计用于在Web浏览器中运行高性能的原生代码。Wasm可以提高Web应用的性能，但也可能成为新的安全风险，因为恶意代码可以通过Wasm模块执行，绕过传统的安全检查。随着Wasm的普及，开发者需要考虑如何在处理用户输入时防范这种新型威胁。

2024-06-13 10:58:38

473

百转千回

SpringBoot

SpringBoot项目在IntelliJ IDEA中使用Maven打包生成可执行Fat Jar的详细流程与主类配置、依赖管理实践

... 2. 准备工作配置SpringBoot Maven插件首先，让我们打开你的pom.xml文件，确保已包含SpringBoot Maven插件的配置。如下所示： xml org.springframework.boot spring-boot-maven-plugin 这个插件是SpringBoot项目的标配，它能帮我们构建可执行的jar（或war）文件，并包含了内嵌的Tomcat服务器等运行环境信息。 3. 打包实战生成可执行的Jar （1）在IDEA中右键点击项目 -> Maven -> Packages -> Package，或者直接在命令行中执行mvn package命令，Maven将会自动为我们构建项目并生成打包文件。（2）查看target目录，你应该能看到一个名为your-project-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar的文件，这就是Maven为你生成的可执行jar包。你可以通过java -jar your-project-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar命令启动你的SpringBoot应用。小贴士：如果你想定制打包后的jar名字，可以在标签内添加finalName属性： xml customized-name 4. 深入理解 SpringBoot的Fat Jar SpringBoot的打包方式独特之处在于其支持Fat Jar（胖 jar）。这就意味着所有的相关小帮手（依赖库）都会被塞进同一个“大包裹”（jar文件）里，这样一来，应用程序就能自个儿独立跑起来，完全不需要你再额外费心去设置什么类路径了。这是通过SpringBoot Maven插件实现的。 xml ZIP 5. 遇到的问题与解决方案 5.1 Main-Class找不到？有时候，即使你按照上述步骤打包了，但在运行jar时可能会遇到"Could not find or load main class"的问题。这是因为Maven没有正确识别到主类。解决办法是在pom.xml中显式指定主类： xml org.springframework.boot spring-boot-maven-plugin com.yourcompany.yourproject.YourMainApplicationClass 5.2 运行时依赖缺失？如果你发现有些依赖在运行时无法加载，检查一下是否将它们声明为了provided或test范围。这两种类型的依赖在打包时不会被包含进来。你需要根据实际情况调整依赖范围。好了，以上就是在IDEA中使用Maven对SpringBoot项目进行打包的一些基本操作和常见问题处理。希望这篇文章能帮你解决实际开发中的疑惑，也欢迎你在打包过程中产生更多的思考和探索。毕竟，编程的魅力就在于不断尝试、不断解决问题的过程，不是吗？让我们一起在Java世界里愉快地“打包旅行”吧！

2023-02-09 19:33:58

飞鸟与鱼_

AngularJS

$httpProvider 在 AngularJS 中设置跨域头 Access-Control-Allow-Origin 的误区与服务器端配置实践

$httpProvider.defaults.headers设置跨域头失败：深度剖析与解决方案在AngularJS的世界中，我们常常会遇到与服务器进行异步交互的场景，而$http服务作为AngularJS的核心组件之一，承担着数据获取和提交的重要任务。然而，在我们处理那些跨域请求的时候，有时候会碰到这么个头疼的问题：尝试通过 $httpProvider.defaults.headers 设置跨域头，结果却不灵了。这无疑给咱们的开发工作添了不少堵，让人挺抓狂的。这篇文章咱们要一探这个问题的究竟，我不仅会跟你唠唠嗑理论，还会手把手地带你瞧瞧实例代码，一步步揭开事情背后的原因，顺便找出解决它的锦囊妙计。 1. $httpProvider.defaults.headers简介在AngularJS中，$httpProvider 是一个提供全局配置$http服务的对象。喏，你知道吗，defaults.headers这个小特性可厉害了，它能让我们在所有$http请求里头预先设置默认的HTTP头信息。想象一下，如果你的应用经常需要给每一条请求都加上特定的HTTP头部信息，那有了这个功能，就简直太省事儿、太方便啦！例如，为了实现跨域资源共享（CORS），我们可能需要设置'Access-Control-Allow-Origin'等头部信息。 javascript angular.module('myApp', []).config(['$httpProvider', function($httpProvider) { $httpProvider.defaults.headers.common['Access-Control-Allow-Origin'] = ''; }]); 2. 跨域头设置为何失败？尽管上面的代码看似合情合理，但实际应用中你会发现，通过$httpProvider.defaults.headers来设置Access-Control-Allow-Origin这样的跨域响应头是无效的。这是因为涉及到跨域的那些个“Access-Control-Allow-Origin”、“Access-Control-Allow-Methods”这些头信息呐，它们都是服务器端的大佬掌控着，然后发送给咱们客户端浏览器的。可不是咱们前端写JavaScript（包括AngularJS）的小哥能直接设置滴。浏览器遵循同源策略，对于跨域请求，只有接收到服务器明确允许的相应头部信息后才会放行。因此，前端试图通过$httpProvider.defaults.headers设置这些跨域响应头的行为无法产生预期效果。 3. 解决方案服务器端配置既然前端无法直接设置跨域响应头，那正确的做法就是去服务器端进行相应的配置。以Node.js + Express为例： javascript const express = require('express'); const app = express(); // 允许来自任何域名的跨域请求 app.use((req, res, next) => { res.header('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', ''); res.header('Access-Control-Allow-Methods', 'GET, POST, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE'); res.header('Access-Control-Allow-Headers', 'Content-Type, Authorization, X-Requested-With'); if (req.method === 'OPTIONS') { res.send(200); } else { next(); } }); // 这里是你的路由配置... 4. 客户端注意事项虽然前端不能设置跨域响应头，但在发起带自定义请求头的跨域请求时，仍需在$httpProvider.defaults.headers中声明这些请求头，以便让服务器知道客户端希望携带哪些头部信息： javascript angular.module('myApp').config(['$httpProvider', function ($httpProvider) { $httpProvider.defaults.headers.common['X-Custom-Header'] = 'some-value'; }]); // 在$http请求中使用 $http({ method: 'POST', url: 'https://api.example.com/data', headers: {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}, data: { / ... / } }); 总结起来，虽然我们不能通过 $httpProvider.defaults.headers 来直接解决跨域问题，但它仍然是我们定制请求头部信息不可或缺的工具。要真正搞定跨域问题，关键得先摸清楚跨域策略的来龙去脉，然后在服务器那边儿把配置给整对了才行。在我们做前端开发这事儿的时候，千万要记牢这个小秘诀，这样一来，当咱们的AngularJS应用碰到跨域问题这块绊脚石时，就能轻松应对、游刃有余啦！

2023-09-21 21:16:40

397

草原牧歌

AngularJS

AngularJS单页应用中的国际化实现：配置$translateProvider、JSON语言包与动态切换功能

利用AngularJS进行SPA的国际化支持：实战解析与代码示例在现代Web开发领域，单页应用（Single Page Application, SPA）因其优秀的用户体验和高效的性能而广受青睐。AngularJS，这款超给力的前端MVC框架，那可真是个宝！它不仅能让你轻松玩转各种组件化功能，还悄悄内建了对国际化（Internationalization，也就是我们常说的i18n）的硬核支持。让你不管开发什么项目，都能轻轻松松实现多语言切换，跟全球用户打成一片。本文将深入探讨如何利用AngularJS实现在SPA中的国际化支持，并通过实例代码详细解析这一过程。 1. AngularJS国际化基础原理 AngularJS采用约定优于配置的方式实现国际化，其核心思想是基于$translateProvider服务来加载不同的语言资源文件，并通过指令ng-translate或者过滤器translate动态渲染对应的语言内容。这就意味着，开发者能够根据用户的地域喜好，轻轻松松切换应用的显示语言，让不同地区的用户都感到贴心又自在。就像是个智能小助手，随时准备为用户提供母语般的使用体验。 2. 设置与配置AngularJS国际化模块首先，我们需要引入并配置angular-translate这个专门处理国际化的插件： javascript // 引入angular-translate库 var app = angular.module('myApp', ['pascalprecht.translate']); app.config(['$translateProvider', function ($translateProvider) { // 配置默认语言 $translateProvider.preferredLanguage('en'); // 加载语言资源文件 $translateProvider.useStaticFilesLoader({ prefix: 'languages/', suffix: '.json' }); // 允许模糊匹配，提高语言包利用率 $translateProvider.fallbackLanguage('en'); $translateProvider.useSanitizeValueStrategy('sanitize'); }]); 以上代码中，我们设置了默认语言为英语，并配置了静态文件加载器从指定路径加载JSON格式的语言资源文件。 3. 创建与使用语言资源文件接下来，我们需要创建对应的语言资源文件，例如languages/en.json和languages/zh-cn.json： json // languages/en.json { "greeting": "Hello, world!", "buttonText": "Click me" } // languages/zh-cn.json { "greeting": "你好，世界！", "buttonText": "点击我" } 4. 在视图层应用国际化在视图模板中，我们可以借助translate指令或过滤器来动态替换文本： html { { 'greeting' | translate } } 5. 动态切换语言最后，为了实现用户界面语言的动态切换，可以在控制器中调用 $translate.use() 方法： javascript app.controller('MainCtrl', ['$scope', '$translate', function ($scope, $translate) { $scope.changeLanguage = function (langKey) { $translate.use(langKey); }; }]); 然后在HTML中添加一个语言选择器： html English 简体中文到此为止，我们已经成功地实现了AngularJS单页应用的国际化支持。在整个这个过程中，AngularJS就像个超能小助手，它拥有无比灵活、强大，而且特别好懂的API接口，这可帮了我们大忙了！它把开发国际化功能的那些繁琐步骤给大大简化了，让我们的应用程序轻松突破语言障碍，飞向全球各地，无论哪个地区的用户，都能用自己习惯的语言来顺畅使用。这正是AngularJS让我们能够大显身手，轻松构建出跨越国界的强大Web应用的关键所在，它的价值简直不要太赞！

2023-06-23 10:38:49

376

晚秋落叶

转载文章

[转载]angular分页

AngularJS , AngularJS是一款由Google维护的开源JavaScript框架，专门用于构建单页面应用（SPA）。在文章中，AngularJS 1.7版本被用来实现商品评价列表的分页功能。它采用了MVC（Model-View-Controller）或MVVM模式，通过双向数据绑定和依赖注入等功能极大地简化了前端开发流程，使开发者能够更高效地构建富客户端应用。分页 , 在Web开发中，分页是一种常见的数据展示技术，用以将大量数据分割成多个小块或“页”，用户可以根据需求查看特定页的数据，而不是一次性加载所有数据。文章中，使用AngularJS实现了商品评价列表的分页功能，允许用户逐页浏览不同数量的商品评价信息，并支持根据评价类型进行筛选。 HTTP请求 , HTTP（超文本传输协议）是互联网上应用最为广泛的一种网络协议，用于客户端和服务器之间的通信。HTTP请求是客户端向服务器发送请求获取资源或提交数据的过程。在文中，通过AngularJS的$http服务发起HTTP POST请求，向后端接口传递商品ID、筛选条件等参数，以便从服务器获取对应的商品评价列表数据并进行动态分页显示。控制器（controller） , 在AngularJS框架中，控制器是MVC架构中的重要组成部分，负责管理视图模型（ViewModel）的行为逻辑，处理用户交互及与服务器的通讯。本文中的commCtrl就是一个控制器，它定义了一系列的方法和属性，如reSearch函数处理分页请求，以及paginationConf对象存储分页配置信息，以此来控制和协调商品评价列表的展示和交互行为。

2023-10-12 14:36:16

转载

Cassandra

实时监控在Cassandra中：表结构设计与数据插入示例

...Cassandra中实现数据的实时数据监控策略？ 1. 引言嗨，小伙伴们！今天我们要聊聊一个超级酷的话题——在Cassandra中实现数据的实时监控策略。也许你现在心里在嘀咕：“这个东西听起来挺高端的，咋整呢？”别慌，咱们慢慢来，我会尽量用大白话给你讲清楚，让你觉得就像跟老朋友闲聊那么自在。 2. 为什么要实现实时数据监控？首先，我们得明白为什么需要这样做。想象一下，你正忙着打理一家电商平台，每天都要处理成千上万的订单。这时候，你肯定想搞清楚哪些东西卖得火，哪些货快要断货了吧？这就凸显了实时数据监控的重要性了。它能让你随时掌握最新的业务动态，及时调整策略，从而避免损失或者抓住机会。 3. Cassandra简介接下来，简单介绍一下Cassandra。Cassandra是一个分布式数据库，由Facebook开发，后来贡献给了Apache基金会。它厉害的地方在于能搞定海量数据，还能在多个数据中心之间复制数据，简直是大数据处理的神器啊！所以，要是你手头有一大堆数据得处理，还希望随时能查到，那Cassandra绝对是你的最佳拍档。 4. 实现步骤 4.1 设计表结构设计表结构是第一步。这里的关键是要确保表的设计能够支持高效的查询。例如，假设我们有一个电商应用，想要实时监控订单状态。我们可以设计一张表，表名叫做orders，包含以下字段： - order_id: 订单ID - product_id: 商品ID - status: 订单状态（如：待支付、已发货等） - timestamp: 记录时间戳 sql CREATE TABLE orders ( order_id UUID PRIMARY KEY, product_id UUID, status TEXT, timestamp TIMESTAMP ); 4.2 使用CQL实现数据插入接下来，我们来看一下如何插入数据。想象一下，有个新订单刚刚飞进来，咱们得赶紧把它记在咱们的“订单簿”里。 sql INSERT INTO orders (order_id, product_id, status, timestamp) VALUES (uuid(), uuid(), '待支付', toTimestamp(now())); 4.3 实时监控数据现在数据已经存进去了，那么如何实现实时监控呢？这就需要用到Cassandra的另一个特性——触发器。虽然Cassandra自己没带触发器这个功能，但我们可以通过它的改变流（Change Streams）来玩个变通，实现类似的效果。 4.3.1 启用Cassandra的Change Streams 首先，我们需要启用Cassandra的Change Streams功能。这可以通过修改配置文件cassandra.yaml中的enable_user_defined_functions属性来实现。将该属性设置为true，然后重启Cassandra服务。 yaml enable_user_defined_functions: true 4.3.2 创建用户定义函数接着，我们创建一个用户定义函数来监听数据变化。 sql CREATE FUNCTION monitor_changes (keyspace_name text, table_name text) RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT RETURNS map LANGUAGE java AS $$ import com.datastax.driver.core.Row; import com.datastax.driver.core.Session; Session session = cluster.connect(keyspace_name); String query = "SELECT FROM " + table_name; Row row = session.execute(query).one(); Map changes = new HashMap<>(); changes.put("order_id", row.getUUID("order_id")); changes.put("product_id", row.getUUID("product_id")); changes.put("status", row.getString("status")); changes.put("timestamp", row.getTimestamp("timestamp")); return changes; $$; 4.3.3 实时监控逻辑最后，我们需要编写一段逻辑来调用这个函数并处理返回的数据。这一步可以使用任何编程语言来实现，比如Python。 python from cassandra.cluster import Cluster from cassandra.auth import PlainTextAuthProvider auth_provider = PlainTextAuthProvider(username='your_username', password='your_password') cluster = Cluster(['127.0.0.1'], auth_provider=auth_provider) session = cluster.connect('your_keyspace') def monitor(): result = session.execute("SELECT monitor_changes('your_keyspace', 'orders')") for row in result: print(f"Order ID: {row['order_id']}, Status: {row['status']}") while True: monitor() 4.4 结论与展望通过以上步骤，我们就成功地实现了在Cassandra中对数据的实时监控。当然啦，在实际操作中，咱们还得面对不少细碎的问题，比如说怎么处理错误啊，怎么优化性能啊之类的。不过，相信有了这些基础，你已经可以开始动手尝试了！希望这篇文章对你有所帮助，也欢迎你在实践过程中提出更多问题，我们一起探讨交流。

2025-02-27 15:51:14

凌波微步

转载文章

[转载]Contiki 2.7 Makefile 文件（五）

...atsubst函数，实现了将源文件名（如.c和.S）的扩展名替换为.o，从而生成对应的目标文件名。自动化变量（$@） , 在Makefile中，自动化变量是在规则执行过程中根据上下文自动设置的特殊变量。其中$@代表当前规则的目标文件集，即正在构建或更新的目标文件名。在文章描述中，当定义OBJECTDIR依赖关系链时，使用了自动化变量$@来表示目标目录obj_native，当make执行到这一规则时，会根据这个变量的值创建对应的目录。 APPS变量 , 在项目构建和管理中，APPS变量是一个用户自定义的变量，用来存储需要包含在Contiki系统中的应用程序列表。在文章中，假设APPS变量被赋值为antelope unit-test，那么在编译过程中，会根据这个变量的值去查找并包含指定目录下相应名称的源文件和Makefile文件。通过wildcard和foreach函数结合，可以遍历多个预定义的目录路径，找到所有与APPS变量中列出的应用程序相关的源代码和配置文件，并将它们添加到CONTIKI_SOURCEFILES变量中，以便后续进行编译链接操作。

2023-03-28 09:49:23

282

转载

转载文章

[转载]Windows日志筛选

...ID=4660]]"ProviderName: Microsoft-Windows-Security-AuditingTimeCreated Id LevelDisplayName Message----------- -- ---------------- -------5/22/2018 10:01:37 AM 4660 Information An object was deleted....5/22/2018 9:03:11 AM 4660 Information An object was deleted.... 筛选文件删除日志 PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WinEvent -LogName "Security" -FilterXPath "[EventData[Data[@Name='AccessMask']='0x10000']]"ProviderName: Microsoft-Windows-Security-AuditingTimeCreated Id LevelDisplayName Message----------- -- ---------------- -------5/22/2018 10:01:37 AM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object....5/22/2018 9:03:11 AM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object.... 筛选指定用户文件删除日志 PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WinEvent -LogName "Security" -FilterXPath "[EventData[Data[@Name='AccessMask']='0x10000']] and [EventData[Data[@Name='SubjectUserName']='lxy']]"ProviderName: Microsoft-Windows-Security-AuditingTimeCreated Id LevelDisplayName Message----------- -- ---------------- -------5/22/2018 9:03:11 AM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object.... 以变量方式筛选指定用户文件删除日志 PS C:\Windows\system32> $AccessMask='0x10000'PS C:\Windows\system32> $UserName='lxy'PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WinEvent -LogName "Security" -FilterXPath "[EventData[Data[@Name='AccessMask']='$AccessMask']] and [EventData[Data[@Name='SubjectUserName']='$UserName']]"ProviderName: Microsoft-Windows-Security-AuditingTimeCreated Id LevelDisplayName Message----------- -- ---------------- -------5/22/2018 9:03:11 AM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object.... 从保存的文件筛选文件删除日志 PS C:\Users\F2844290> Get-WinEvent -Path 'C:\Users\F2844290\Desktop\SaveSec.evtx' -FilterXPath "[EventData[Data[@Name='AccessMask']='0x10000']]"PS C:\Windows\system32> $AccessMask='0x10000' 筛选10分钟内发生的安全性日志 XML中时间计算单位为ms，10minute=60 10 1000=600000 PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WinEvent -LogName Security -FilterXPath "[System[TimeCreated[timediff(@SystemTime) < 600000]]]"ProviderName: Microsoft-Windows-Security-AuditingTimeCreated Id LevelDisplayName Message----------- -- ---------------- -------5/22/2018 4:11:30 PM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object....5/22/2018 4:11:30 PM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object....5/22/2018 4:11:30 PM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object....5/22/2018 4:11:30 PM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object.... 其它筛选方法若有语法不明之处，可参考日志管理器中筛选当前日志的XML方法。删除超过60天的存档日志并记录 Get-ChildItem E:\FileLog\Archive-Security- | Where-Object {if(( (get-date) - $_.CreationTime).TotalDays -gt 60 ){Remove-Item $_.FullName -ForceWrite-Output "$(Get-Date -UFormat "%Y/%m%d")t$_.Name" >>D:\RoMove-Archive-Logs.txt} } 四、其它文件文件删除日志结构 Log Name: SecuritySource: Microsoft-Windows-Security-AuditingDate: 5/22/2018 9:03:11 AMEvent ID: 4663Task Category: File SystemLevel: InformationKeywords: Audit SuccessUser: N/AComputer: IDX-ST-05Description:An attempt was made to access an object.Subject:Security ID: IDX-ST-05\lxyAccount Name: lxyAccount Domain: IDX-ST-05Logon ID: 0x2ed3b8Object:Object Server: SecurityObject Type: FileObject Name: C:\Data\net.txtHandle ID: 0x444Process Information:Process ID: 0x4Process Name: Access Request Information:Accesses: DELETEAccess Mask: 0x10000Event Xml:<Event xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/win/2004/08/events/event"><System><Provider Name="Microsoft-Windows-Security-Auditing" Guid="{54849625-5478-4994-A5BA-3E3B0328C30D}" /><EventID>4663</EventID><Version>0</Version><Level>0</Level><Task>12800</Task><Opcode>0</Opcode><Keywords>0x8020000000000000</Keywords><TimeCreated SystemTime="2018-05-22T01:03:11.876720000Z" /><EventRecordID>1514</EventRecordID><Correlation /><Execution ProcessID="4" ThreadID="72" /><Channel>Security</Channel><Computer>IDX-ST-05</Computer><Security /></System><EventData><Data Name="SubjectUserSid">S-1-5-21-1815651738-4066643265-3072818021-1004</Data><Data Name="SubjectUserName">lxy</Data><Data Name="SubjectDomainName">IDX-ST-05</Data><Data Name="SubjectLogonId">0x2ed3b8</Data><Data Name="ObjectServer">Security</Data><Data Name="ObjectType">File</Data><Data Name="ObjectName">C:\Data\net.txt</Data><Data Name="HandleId">0x444</Data><Data Name="AccessList">%%1537</Data><Data Name="AccessMask">0x10000</Data><Data Name="ProcessId">0x4</Data><Data Name="ProcessName"></Data></EventData></Event> 文件操作码表 File ReadAccesses: ReadData (or ListDirectory)AccessMask: 0x1File WriteAccesses: WriteData (or AddFile)AccessMask: 0x2File DeleteAccesses: DELETEAccessMask: 0x10000File RenameAccesses: DELETEAccessMask: 0x10000File CopyAccesses: ReadData (or ListDirectory)AccessMask: 0x1File Permissions ChangeAccesses: WRITE_DACAccessMask: 0x40000File Ownership ChangeAccesses: WRITE_OWNERAccessMask: 0x80000 转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/linxy/2119150 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_34112900/article/details/92532120。该文由互联网用户投稿提供，文中观点代表作者本人意见，并不代表本站的立场。作为信息平台，本站仅提供文章转载服务，并不拥有其所有权，也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况，请及时联系我们，我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。

2023-11-12 11:51:46

151

转载

Maven

应对Maven构建难题：解析配置文件错误、命令行参数及依赖冲突，利用自动完成功能与在线验证工具

...项目依赖、构建目标、配置等信息。为了开始使用Maven，你需要下载并安装Maven软件，通常可以通过官方网站下载最新版本的Maven，并将其添加到系统的PATH环境变量中，以便通过命令行进行操作。二、项目构建与依赖管理 Maven的构建过程分为多个阶段，包括清理、编译、测试、打包、部署等，通过配置pom.xml文件中的生命周期（profiles），开发者可以定制构建流程以适应不同的开发需求。依赖管理是Maven的一大亮点，通过定义依赖范围（如compile、test、provided、runtime等），Maven能够智能地管理项目间的依赖关系，避免重复依赖和版本冲突。此外，Maven Central仓库提供了丰富的开源组件，通过标签轻松引入所需的库。三、高级用法与最佳实践随着项目规模的增长，合理组织项目结构、高效管理依赖、优化构建性能成为提高开发效率的关键。利用Maven的特性，开发者可以创建自定义的构建脚本、生命周期、插件，实现个性化的构建流程。例如，使用maven-antrun-plugin执行外部脚本，使用maven-source-plugin生成源码文档等。同时，遵循一些最佳实践，如保持pom.xml文件简洁、使用版本控制工具管理项目依赖、定期清理和整理构建记录，可以显著提升开发效率和项目的可维护性。四、未来趋势与展望展望未来，Maven将继续在自动化构建、依赖管理、多模块项目支持等方面进行创新，以满足日益增长的软件开发需求。随着DevOps文化的普及，Maven有望与持续集成/持续部署（CI/CD）工具更紧密地集成，实现自动化测试、构建、部署的无缝衔接。此外，随着微服务架构的兴起，Maven将发挥更大的作用，通过支持多模块项目，促进模块化开发和团队协作。结语从基础概念到高级用法，Maven为开发者提供了全方位的支持，使其在项目构建、依赖管理、自动化测试等方面具备强大的能力。通过不断学习和实践，开发者能够充分利用Maven的优势，提升项目开发效率，应对复杂的软件工程挑战。随着技术的发展，Maven的未来充满无限可能，期待更多开发者在这一领域探索创新，共同推动软件开发的进步。

2024-08-09 16:06:13

初心未变

Java

Spring Boot多模块项目中JSP无效问题排查：Web启动项、视图解析器配置与模块间依赖资源路径映射分析

...ew.suffix 配置解析一、引言作为Java开发者，我们时常需要处理前后端分离的项目架构，其中Spring Boot以其简洁易用性和高度自动化的特点，成为了构建现代Web应用的理想选择。然而，在实际做开发的时候，特别是在捣鼓那些老派的JSP视图渲染，还有跨模块配置这些事儿，咱们有时会遇到一些让人挠头的问题。就比如这次提到的，你设置了spring.mvc.view.suffix这个参数却没见生效的情况，是不是挺让人头疼的？接下来，我们将深入剖析这个现象，并给出针对性的解决方案。二、背景与问题描述假设我们正在使用Spring Boot构建一个多模块的应用，其中一个模块专门负责Web服务提供，使用了Spring MVC作为控制器及其视图层的框架。为了让HTML模板与Java逻辑更加清晰地分隔，我们在项目的布局中采用了如下结构： 1. module-core: 应用的核心业务逻辑和服务模块 2. module-web: 启动项，主要包含Web相关的配置与控制层逻辑，依赖于module-core 3. module-views: 存放JSP视图文件，用于前端展示在此场景下，为确保正确识别并加载JSP视图，我们需要在module-web的配置文件中指定JSP后缀名（spring.mvc.view.suffix），例如： properties spring: mvc: view: prefix: /WEB-INF/views/ suffix: .jsp 然而，当运行程序并尝试访问Controller中带有相关视图名称的方法（如@GetMapping("/home")映射到WEB-INF/views/homePage.jsp）时，浏览器却无法显示出预期的JSP页面内容，且并未抛出任何异常，而是默认返回了空响应或者错误状态码。三、问题分析与排查面对这一看似简单的配置失效问题，我们首先需要进行如下几个方面的排查： 1. 检查视图解析器配置确保视图解析器org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver已被正确注册并设置了prefix与suffix属性。检查Spring Boot启动类（如WebMvcConfig.java或Application.java中的WebMvcConfigurer实现）： java @Configuration public class WebMvcConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer { @Override public void configureViewResolvers(ViewResolverRegistry registry) { InternalResourceViewResolver resolver = new InternalResourceViewResolver(); resolver.setPrefix("/WEB-INF/views/"); resolver.setSuffix(".jsp"); registry.viewResolver(resolver); } } 2. 模块间依赖与资源路径映射确认module-web是否正确引入了module-views的相关JSP文件，并指定了正确的资源路径。查看module-web的pom.xml或build.gradle文件中对视图资源模块的依赖路径： xml com.example module-views 1.0.0 war runtime classes // Gradle dependencies { runtimeOnly 'com.example:module-views:1.0.0' } 以及主启动类（如Application.java)中的静态资源映射配置： java @SpringBootApplication public class Application { @Bean TomcatServletWebServerFactory tomcat() { TomcatServletWebServerFactory factory = new TomcatServletWebServerFactory(); factory.addContextCustomizer((TomcatWebServerContext context) -> { // 将模块视图目录映射到根URL下 context.addWelcomeFile("index.jsp"); WebResourceRoot resourceRoot = new TomcatWebResourceRoot(context, "static", "/"); resourceRoot.addDirectory(new File("src/main/resources/static")); context.setResources(resourceRoot); }); return factory; } public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args); } } 3. 检查JSP引擎配置确保Tomcat服务器配置已启用JSP支持。在module-web对应的application.properties或application.yml文件中配置JSP引擎： properties server.tomcat.jsp-enabled=true server.tomcat.jsp.version=2.3 或者在module-web的pom.xml或build.gradle文件中为Tomcat添加Jasper依赖： xml org.apache.tomcat.embed tomcat-embed-jasper provided // Gradle dependencies { implementation 'org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-jasper:9.0.54' } 4. 控制器与视图名称匹配验证在完成上述配置后，请务必核实Controller中返回的视图名称与其实际路径是否一致。如果存在命名冲突或者拼写错误，将会导致Spring MVC无法找到预期的JSP视图： java @GetMapping("/home") public String home(Model model) { return "homePage"; // 视图名称应更改为"WEB-INF/views/homePage.jsp" } 四、总结与解决办法综上所述，Spring Boot返回JSP无效的问题可能源于多个因素的叠加效应，包括但不限于视图解析器配置不完整、模块间依赖关系未正确处理、JSP引擎支持未开启、或Controller与视图名称之间的不对应等。要解决这个问题，需从以上几个方面进行逐一排查和修正。切记，在面对这类问题时，要保持冷静并耐心地定位问题所在，仔细分析配置文件、源代码和日志输出，才能准确找出症结所在，进而成功解决问题。这不仅让我们实实在在地磨炼了编程功夫，更是让咱们对Spring Boot这家伙的工作内幕有了更深的洞察。这样一来，我们在实际项目中遇到问题时，调试和应对的能力都像坐火箭一样嗖嗖提升啦！

2024-02-17 11:18:11

271

半夏微凉_t

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[转载]websocket服务器无响应,WebSocket服务器因某些原因无法正常工作(WebSocket server not working for some reasons)...

...览器与之建立连接，以实现实时数据通信。 WebSocket服务器 , WebSocket服务器是一种遵循WebSocket协议的应用程序，能够接收来自客户端的WebSocket连接请求，并维持这些连接以实现双向实时通信。在文章中，作者构建了一个运行在localhost:8080端口上的WebSocket服务器，但由于未正确配置客户端连接，导致控制台未能输出预期的连接成功信息。 RxJS Observable , RxJS Observable（可观察对象）是Reactive Extensions for JavaScript (RxJS)库中的核心概念，它代表了可发出多个值的异步数据流。在该文的JavaScript代码片段中，作者使用Rx.Observable.fromEvent方法将WebSocket服务器实例上的 connection 事件转换为可观察对象，然后订阅这个可观察对象以便在客户端连接到WebSocket服务器时触发相应的事件处理函数（即onConnect函数），从而在控制台上打印出连接成功的日志消息。

2023-03-19 12:00:21

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转载文章

[转载]deepin虚拟机安装常用软件

在构建和配置深度操作系统(deepin)的开发与日常使用环境过程中，除了上述详细步骤外，了解相关领域的最新动态和技术趋势也至关重要。例如，在Node.js社区中，Node.js 16.x已成为最新的LTS版本，提供了更多性能优化和新特性支持，开发者可以通过官方文档快速掌握升级方法并充分利用新版本优势（参考来源：Node.js官方网站）。同时，MySQL数据库也在不断迭代更新，MySQL 8.0带来了诸如窗口函数、Caching_sha2_password等安全性和功能性的重大改进，对于提升项目的数据处理效率和安全性具有重要意义（参考来源：MySQL官网博客）。在云服务和镜像源方面，阿里云、腾讯云等国内服务商也推出了针对deepin系统的加速镜像源服务，用户可根据自身网络状况选择合适的镜像源以提高软件安装和更新的速度（参考来源：阿里云、腾讯云官方文档）。此外，随着Web开发技术的发展，Vue.js、React等前端框架持续火爆，配合Webpack、Vite等现代构建工具，可以更高效地搭建和维护前端项目结构（参考来源：Vue.js、React官网及技术社区文章）。在办公领域，WPS Office不仅实现了对Linux系统的全面支持，还不断优化跨平台兼容性，并且积极跟进Microsoft Office的新功能，使得国产办公软件在用户体验上逐渐与国际接轨（参考来源：WPS官方公告及媒体报道）。而在浏览器市场，除了Edge浏览器之外，Firefox、Chromium-based浏览器如Chrome和Opera同样提供Linux版，它们之间的性能对比、隐私保护策略以及对Web新技术的支持情况值得深入研究（参考来源：各大浏览器官网及第三方评测报告）。总之，随着开源生态的繁荣和Linux发行版的普及，关注和掌握deepin系统及其周边软件的最新发展动态，将有助于我们更好地利用这一平台进行高效开发和舒适办公。

2023-11-15 19:14:44

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知识学习

实践的时候请根据实际情况谨慎操作。

随机学习一条linux命令：

unalias alias_name - 删除已定义的别名。