前端技术
HTML
CSS
Javascript
前端框架和UI库
VUE
ReactJS
AngularJS
JQuery
NodeJS
JSON
Element-UI
Bootstrap
Material UI
服务端和客户端
Java
Python
PHP
Golang
Scala
Kotlin
Groovy
Ruby
Lua
.net
c#
c++
后端WEB和工程框架
SpringBoot
SpringCloud
Struts2
MyBatis
Hibernate
Tornado
Beego
Go-Spring
Go Gin
Go Iris
Dubbo
HessianRPC
Maven
Gradle
数据库
MySQL
Oracle
Mongo
中间件与web容器
Redis
MemCache
Etcd
Cassandra
Kafka
RabbitMQ
RocketMQ
ActiveMQ
Nacos
Consul
Tomcat
Nginx
Netty
大数据技术
Hive
Impala
ClickHouse
DorisDB
Greenplum
PostgreSQL
HBase
Kylin
Hadoop
Apache Pig
ZooKeeper
SeaTunnel
Sqoop
Datax
Flink
Spark
Mahout
数据搜索与日志
ElasticSearch
Apache Lucene
Apache Solr
Kibana
Logstash
数据可视化与OLAP
Apache Atlas
Superset
Saiku
Tesseract
系统与容器
Linux
Shell
Docker
Kubernetes
[ __delete__方法]的搜索结果
这里是文章列表。热门标签的颜色随机变换,标签颜色没有特殊含义。
点击某个标签可搜索标签相关的文章。
点击某个标签可搜索标签相关的文章。
转载文章
...lue) def__delete__(self, obj): ifself.fdelisNone: raiseAttributeError("can't delete attribute") self.fdel(obj) defgetter(self, fget): returntype(self)(fget, self.fset, self.fdel, self.__doc__) defsetter(self, fset): returntype(self)(self.fget, fset, self.fdel, self.__doc__) defdeleter(self, fdel): returntype(self)(self.fget, self.fset, fdel, self.__doc__) 看起来是不是很复杂,没事,我们来一步步的看。不过这里我们首先给出一个结论: Descriptors 是一种特殊 的对象,这种对象实现了 __get__ , __set__ , __delete__ 这三个特殊方法。 详解描述符 说说 Property 在上文,我们给出了 Propery 实现代码,现在让我们来详细说说这个classPerson(object): """""" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- def__init__(self, first_name, last_name): """Constructor""" self.first_name = first_name self.last_name = last_name ---------------------------------------------------------------------- @Property deffull_name(self): """ Return the full name """ return"%s %s"% (self.first_name, self.last_name) if__name__=="__main__": person = Person("Mike","Driscoll") print(person.full_name) 'Mike Driscoll' print(person.first_name) 'Mike' 首先,如果你对装饰器不了解的话,你可能要去看看这篇文章,简而言之,在我们正式运行代码之前,我们的解释器就会对我们的代码进行一次扫描,对涉及装饰器的部分进行替换。类装饰器同理。在上文中,这段代码@Property deffull_name(self): """ Return the full name """ return"%s %s"% (self.first_name, self.last_name) 会触发这样一个过程,即 full_name=Property(full_name) 。然后在我们后面所实例化对象之后我们调用 person.full_name 这样一个过程其实等价于 person.full_name.__get__(person) 然后进而触发 __get__() 方法里所写的 return self.fget(obj) 即原本上我们所编写的 def full_name 内的执行代码。 这个时候,同志们可以去思考下 getter() , setter() ,以及 deleter() 的具体运行机制了=。=如果还是有问题,欢迎在评论里进行讨论。 关于描述符 还记得之前我们所提到的一个定义么: Descriptors 是一种特殊的对象,这种对象实现了 __get__ , __set__ , __delete__ 这三个特殊方法 。然后在 Python 官方文档的说明中,为了体现描述符的重要性,有这样一段话:“They are the mechanism behind properties, methods, static methods, class methods, and super(). They are used throughout Python itself to implement the new style classes introduced in version 2.2. ” 简而言之就是 先有描述符后有天,秒天秒地秒空气 。恩,在新式类中,属性,方法调用,静态方法,类方法等都是基于描述符的特定使用。 OK,你可能想问,为什么描述符是这么重要呢?别急,我们接着看 使用描述符 首先请看下一段代码 classA(object):注:在 Python 3.x 版本中,对于 new class 的使用不需要显式的指定从 object 类进行继承,如果在 Python 2.X(x>2)的版本中则需要defa(self): pass if__name__=="__main__": a=A() a.a() 大家都注意到了我们存在着这样一个语句 a.a() ,好的,现在请大家思考下,我们在调用这个方法的时候发生了什么? OK?想出来了么?没有?好的我们继续 首先我们调用一个属性的时候,不管是成员还是方法,我们都会触发这样一个方法用于调用属性 __getattribute__() ,在我们的 __getattribute__() 方法中,如果我们尝试调用的属性实现了我们的描述符协议,那么会产生这样一个调用过程 type(a).__dict__['a'].__get__(b,type(b)) 。好的这里我们又要给出一个结论了:“在这样一个调用过程中,有这样一个优先级顺序,如果我们所尝试调用属性是一个 data descriptors ,那么不管这个属性是否存在我们的实例的 __dict__ 字典中,优先调用我们描述符里的 __get__ 方法,如果我们所尝试调用属性是一个 non data descriptors ,那么我们优先调用我们实例里的 __dict__ 里的存在的属性,如果不存在,则依照相应原则往上查找我们类,父类中的 __dict__ 中所包含的属性,一旦属性存在,则调用 __get__ 方法,如果不存在则调用 __getattr__() 方法”。理解起来有点抽象?没事,我们马上会讲,不过在这里,我们先要解释下 data descriptors 与 non data descriptors ,再来看一个例子。什么是 data descriptors 与 non data descriptors 呢?其实很简单,在描述符中同时实现了 __get__ 与 __set__ 协议的描述符是 data descriptors ,如果只实现了 __get__ 协议的则是 non data descriptors 。好了我们现在来看个例子:importmath classlazyproperty: def__init__(self, func): self.func = func def__get__(self, instance, owner): ifinstanceisNone: returnself else: value = self.func(instance) setattr(instance, self.func.__name__, value) returnvalue classCircle: def__init__(self, radius): self.radius = radius pass @lazyproperty defarea(self): print("Com") returnmath.pi self.radius 2 deftest(self): pass if__name__=='__main__': c=Circle(4) print(c.area) 好的,让我们仔细来看看这段代码,首先类描述符 @lazyproperty 的替换过程,前面已经说了,我们不在重复。接着,在我们第一次调用 c.area 的时候,我们首先查询实例 c 的 __dict__ 中是否存在着 area 描述符,然后发现在 c 中既不存在描述符,也不存在这样一个属性,接着我们向上查询 Circle 中的 __dict__ ,然后查找到名为 area 的属性,同时这是一个 non data descriptors ,由于我们的实例字典内并不存在 area 属性,那么我们便调用类字典中的 area 的 __get__ 方法,并在 __get__ 方法中通过调用 setattr 方法为实例字典注册属性 area 。紧接着,我们在后续调用 c.area 的时候,我们能在实例字典中找到 area 属性的存在,且类字典中的 area 是一个 non data descriptors ,于是我们不会触发代码里所实现的 __get__ 方法,而是直接从实例的字典中直接获取属性值。 描述符的使用 描述符的使用面很广,不过其主要的目的在于让我们的调用过程变得可控。因此我们在一些需要对我们调用过程实行精细控制的时候,使用描述符,比如我们之前提到的这个例子classlazyproperty: def__init__(self, func): self.func = func def__get__(self, instance, owner): ifinstanceisNone: returnself else: value = self.func(instance) setattr(instance, self.func.__name__, value) returnvalue def__set__(self, instance, value=0): pass importmath classCircle: def__init__(self, radius): self.radius = radius pass @lazyproperty defarea(self, value=0): print("Com") ifvalue ==0andself.radius ==0: raiseTypeError("Something went wring") returnmath.pi value 2ifvalue !=0elsemath.pi self.radius 2 deftest(self): pass 利用描述符的特性实现懒加载,再比如,我们可以控制属性赋值的值classProperty(object): "Emulate PyProperty_Type() in Objects/descrobject.c" def__init__(self, fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None): self.fget = fget self.fset = fset self.fdel = fdel ifdocisNoneandfgetisnotNone: doc = fget.__doc__ self.__doc__ = doc def__get__(self, obj, objtype=None): ifobjisNone: returnself ifself.fgetisNone: raiseAttributeError("unreadable attribute") returnself.fget(obj) def__set__(self, obj, value=None): ifvalueisNone: raiseTypeError("You cant to set value as None") ifself.fsetisNone: raiseAttributeError("can't set attribute") self.fset(obj, value) def__delete__(self, obj): ifself.fdelisNone: raiseAttributeError("can't delete attribute") self.fdel(obj) defgetter(self, fget): returntype(self)(fget, self.fset, self.fdel, self.__doc__) defsetter(self, fset): returntype(self)(self.fget, fset, self.fdel, self.__doc__) defdeleter(self, fdel): returntype(self)(self.fget, self.fset, fdel, self.__doc__) classtest(): def__init__(self, value): self.value = value @Property defValue(self): returnself.value @Value.setter deftest(self, x): self.value = x 如上面的例子所描述的一样,我们可以判断所传入的值是否有效等等。 以上就是Python 描述符(Descriptor)入门,更多相关文章请关注PHP中文网(www.gxlcms.com)! 本条技术文章来源于互联网,如果无意侵犯您的权益请点击此处反馈版权投诉 本文系统来源:php中文网 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_39736934/article/details/112888600。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2023-05-07 19:03:49
94
转载
转载文章
...它们灵活地用来对动作方法进行授权访问。最后向你展示ASP.NET Identity很容易通过第三方部件来认证用户,以此结束本章以及本书。将要演示的是使用Google账号认证,但ASP.NET Identity对于Microsoft、Facebook以及Twitter账号,都有内建的支持。表15-1是本章概要。 Table 15-1. Chapter Summary 表15-1. 本章概要 Problem 问题 Solution 解决方案 Listing 清单号 Store additional information about users. 存储用户的附加信息 Define custom user properties. 定义自定义用户属性 1–3, 8–11 Update the database schema without deleting user data. 更新数据库架构而不删除用户数据 Perform a database migration. 执行数据库迁移 4–7 Perform fine-grained authorization. 执行细粒度授权 Use claims. 使用声明(Claims) 12–14 Add claims about a user. 添加用户的声明(Claims) Use the ClaimsIdentity.AddClaims method. 使用ClaimsIdentity.AddClaims方法 15–19 Authorize access based on claim values. 基于声明(Claims)值授权访问 Create a custom authorization filter attribute. 创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性 20–21 Authenticate through a third party. 通过第三方认证 Install the NuGet package for the authentication provider, redirect requests to that provider, and specify a callback URL that creates the user account. 安装认证提供器的NuGet包,将请求重定向到该提供器,并指定一个创建用户账号的回调URL。 22–25 15.1 Preparing the Example Project 15.1 准备示例项目 In this chapter, I am going to continue working on the Users project I created in Chapter 13 and enhanced in Chapter 14. No changes to the application are required, but start the application and make sure that there are users in the database. Figure 15-1 shows the state of my database, which contains the users Admin, Alice, Bob, and Joe from the previous chapter. To check the users, start the application and request the /Admin/Index URL and authenticate as the Admin user. 本章打算继续使用第13章创建并在第14章增强的Users项目。对应用程序无需做什么改变,但需要启动应用程序,并确保数据库中有一些用户。图15-1显示了数据库的状态,它含有上一章的用户Admin、Alice、Bob以及Joe。为了检查用户,请启动应用程序,请求/Admin/Index URL,并以Admin用户进行认证。 Figure 15-1. The initial users in the Identity database 图15-1. Identity数据库中的最初用户 I also need some roles for this chapter. I used the RoleAdmin controller to create roles called Users and Employees and assigned the users to those roles, as described in Table 15-2. 本章还需要一些角色。我用RoleAdmin控制器创建了角色Users和Employees,并为这些角色指定了一些用户,如表15-2所示。 Table 15-2. The Types of Web Forms Code Nuggets 表15-2. 角色及成员(作者将此表的标题写错了——译者注) Role 角色 Members 成员 Users Alice, Joe Employees Alice, Bob Figure 15-2 shows the required role configuration displayed by the RoleAdmin controller. 图15-2显示了由RoleAdmin控制器所显示出来的必要的角色配置。 Figure 15-2. Configuring the roles required for this chapter 图15-2. 配置本章所需的角色 15.2 Adding Custom User Properties 15.2 添加自定义用户属性 When I created the AppUser class to represent users in Chapter 13, I noted that the base class defined a basic set of properties to describe the user, such as e-mail address and telephone number. Most applications need to store more information about users, including persistent application preferences and details such as addresses—in short, any data that is useful to running the application and that should last between sessions. In ASP.NET Membership, this was handled through the user profile system, but ASP.NET Identity takes a different approach. 我在第13章创建AppUser类来表示用户时曾做过说明,基类定义了一组描述用户的基本属性,如E-mail地址、电话号码等。大多数应用程序还需要存储用户的更多信息,包括持久化应用程序爱好以及地址等细节——简言之,需要存储对运行应用程序有用并且在各次会话之间应当保持的任何数据。在ASP.NET Membership中,这是通过用户资料(User Profile)系统来处理的,但ASP.NET Identity采取了一种不同的办法。 Because the ASP.NET Identity system uses Entity Framework to store its data by default, defining additional user information is just a matter of adding properties to the user class and letting the Code First feature create the database schema required to store them. Table 15-3 puts custom user properties in context. 因为ASP.NET Identity默认是使用Entity Framework来存储其数据的,定义附加的用户信息只不过是给用户类添加属性的事情,然后让Code First特性去创建需要存储它们的数据库架构即可。表15-3描述了自定义用户属性的情形。 Table 15-3. Putting Cusotm User Properties in Context 表15-3. 自定义用户属性的情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是自定义用户属性? Custom user properties allow you to store additional information about your users, including their preferences and settings. 自定义用户属性让你能够存储附加的用户信息,包括他们的爱好和设置。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它? A persistent store of settings means that the user doesn’t have to provide the same information each time they log in to the application. 设置的持久化存储意味着,用户不必每次登录到应用程序时都提供同样的信息。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 在MVC框架中如何使用它? This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is available for use in action methods. 此特性不是由MVC框架直接使用的,但它在动作方法中使用是有效的。 15.2.1 Defining Custom Properties 15.2.1 定义自定义属性 Listing 15-1 shows how I added a simple property to the AppUser class to represent the city in which the user lives. 清单15-1演示了如何给AppUser类添加一个简单的属性,用以表示用户生活的城市。 Listing 15-1. Adding a Property in the AppUser.cs File 清单15-1. 在AppUser.cs文件中添加属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;namespace Users.Models { public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; } }} I have defined an enumeration called Cities that defines values for some large cities and added a property called City to the AppUser class. To allow the user to view and edit their City property, I added actions to the Home controller, as shown in Listing 15-2. 这里定义了一个枚举,名称为Cities,它定义了一些大城市的值,另外给AppUser类添加了一个名称为City的属性。为了让用户能够查看和编辑City属性,给Home控制器添加了几个动作方法,如清单15-2所示。 Listing 15-2. Adding Support for Custom User Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-2. 在HomeController.cs文件中添加对自定义属性的支持 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {return View(GetData("Index"));}[Authorize(Roles = "Users")]public ActionResult OtherAction() {return View("Index", GetData("OtherAction"));}private Dictionary<string, object> GetData(string actionName) {Dictionary<string, object> dict= new Dictionary<string, object>();dict.Add("Action", actionName);dict.Add("User", HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);dict.Add("Authenticated", HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated);dict.Add("Auth Type", HttpContext.User.Identity.AuthenticationType);dict.Add("In Users Role", HttpContext.User.IsInRole("Users"));return dict;} [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}private AppUser CurrentUser {get {return UserManager.FindByName(HttpContext.User.Identity.Name);} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } I added a CurrentUser property that uses the AppUserManager class to retrieve an AppUser instance to represent the current user. I pass the AppUser object as the view model object in the GET version of the UserProps action method, and the POST method uses it to update the value of the new City property. Listing 15-3 shows the UserProps.cshtml view, which displays the City property value and contains a form to change it. 我添加了一个CurrentUser属性,它使用AppUserManager类接收了表示当前用户的AppUser实例。在GET版本的UserProps动作方法中,传递了这个AppUser对象作为视图模型。而在POST版的方法中用它更新了City属性的值。清单15-3显示了UserProps.cshtml视图,它显示了City属性的值,并包含一个修改它的表单。 Listing 15-3. The Contents of the UserProps.cshtml File in the Views/Home Folder 清单15-3. Views/Home文件夹中UserProps.cshtml文件的内容 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";}<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr></table></div> @using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Caution Don’t start the application when you have created the view. In the sections that follow, I demonstrate how to preserve the contents of the database, and if you start the application now, the ASP.NET Identity users will be deleted. 警告:创建了视图之后不要启动应用程序。在以下小节中,将演示如何保留数据库的内容,如果现在启动应用程序,将会删除ASP.NET Identity的用户。 15.2.2 Preparing for Database Migration 15.2.2 准备数据库迁移 The default behavior for the Entity Framework Code First feature is to drop the tables in the database and re-create them whenever classes that drive the schema have changed. You saw this in Chapter 14 when I added support for roles: When the application was started, the database was reset, and the user accounts were lost. Entity Framework Code First特性的默认行为是,一旦修改了派生数据库架构的类,便会删除数据库中的数据表,并重新创建它们。在第14章可以看到这种情况,在我添加角色支持时:当重启应用程序后,数据库被重置,用户账号也丢失。 Don’t start the application yet, but if you were to do so, you would see a similar effect. Deleting data during development is usually not a problem, but doing so in a production setting is usually disastrous because it deletes all of the real user accounts and causes a panic while the backups are restored. In this section, I am going to demonstrate how to use the database migration feature, which updates a Code First schema in a less brutal manner and preserves the existing data it contains. 不要启动应用程序,但如果你这么做了,会看到类似的效果。在开发期间删除数据没什么问题,但如果在产品设置中这么做了,通常是灾难性的,因为它会删除所有真实的用户账号,而备份恢复是很痛苦的事。在本小节中,我打算演示如何使用数据库迁移特性,它能以比较温和的方式更新Code First的架构,并保留架构中的已有数据。 The first step is to issue the following command in the Visual Studio Package Manager Console: 第一个步骤是在Visual Studio的“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中发布以下命令: Enable-Migrations –EnableAutomaticMigrations This enables the database migration support and creates a Migrations folder in the Solution Explorer that contains a Configuration.cs class file, the contents of which are shown in Listing 15-4. 它启用了数据库的迁移支持,并在“Solution Explorer(解决方案资源管理器)”创建一个Migrations文件夹,其中含有一个Configuration.cs类文件,内容如清单15-4所示。 Listing 15-4. The Contents of the Configuration.cs File 清单15-4. Configuration.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using System.Linq;internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext context) {// This method will be called after migrating to the latest version.// 此方法将在迁移到最新版本时调用// You can use the DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate() helper extension method// to avoid creating duplicate seed data. E.g.// 例如,你可以使用DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate()辅助器方法来避免创建重复的种子数据//// context.People.AddOrUpdate(// p => p.FullName,// new Person { FullName = "Andrew Peters" },// new Person { FullName = "Brice Lambson" },// new Person { FullName = "Rowan Miller" }// );//} }} Tip You might be wondering why you are entering a database migration command into the console used to manage NuGet packages. The answer is that the Package Manager Console is really PowerShell, which is a general-purpose tool that is mislabeled by Visual Studio. You can use the console to issue a wide range of helpful commands. See http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518 for details. 提示:你可能会觉得奇怪,为什么要在管理NuGet包的控制台中输入数据库迁移的命令?答案是“Package Manager Console(包管理控制台)”是真正的PowerShell,这是Visual studio冒用的一个通用工具。你可以使用此控制台发送大量的有用命令,详见http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=108518。 The class will be used to migrate existing content in the database to the new schema, and the Seed method will be called to provide an opportunity to update the existing database records. In Listing 15-5, you can see how I have used the Seed method to set a default value for the new City property I added to the AppUser class. (I have also updated the class file to reflect my usual coding style.) 这个类将用于把数据库中的现有内容迁移到新的数据库架构,Seed方法的调用为更新现有数据库记录提供了机会。在清单15-5中可以看到,我如何用Seed方法为新的City属性设置默认值,City是添加到AppUser类中自定义属性。(为了体现我一贯的编码风格,我对这个类文件也进行了更新。) Listing 15-5. Managing Existing Content in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-5. 在Configuration.cs文件中管理已有内容 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models;namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);}foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();} }} You will notice that much of the code that I added to the Seed method is taken from the IdentityDbInit class, which I used to seed the database with an administration user in Chapter 14. This is because the new Configuration class added to support database migrations will replace the seeding function of the IdentityDbInit class, which I’ll update shortly. Aside from ensuring that there is an admin user, the statements in the Seed method that are important are the ones that set the initial value for the City property I added to the AppUser class, as follows: 你可能会注意到,添加到Seed方法中的许多代码取自于IdentityDbInit类,在第14章中我用这个类将管理用户植入了数据库。这是因为这个新添加的、用以支持数据库迁移的Configuration类,将代替IdentityDbInit类的种植功能,我很快便会更新这个类。除了要确保有admin用户之外,在Seed方法中的重要语句是那些为AppUser类的City属性设置初值的语句,如下所示: ...foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) { dbUser.City = Cities.PARIS;}context.SaveChanges();... You don’t have to set a default value for new properties—I just wanted to demonstrate that the Seed method in the Configuration class can be used to update the existing user records in the database. 你不一定要为新属性设置默认值——这里只是想演示Configuration类中的Seed方法,可以用它更新数据库中的已有用户记录。 Caution Be careful when setting values for properties in the Seed method for real projects because the values will be applied every time you change the schema, overriding any values that the user has set since the last schema update was performed. I set the value of the City property just to demonstrate that it can be done. 警告:在用于真实项目的Seed方法中为属性设置值时要小心,因为你每一次修改架构时,都会运用这些值,这会将自执行上一次架构更新之后,用户设置的任何数据覆盖掉。这里设置City属性的值只是为了演示它能够这么做。 Changing the Database Context Class 修改数据库上下文类 The reason that I added the seeding code to the Configuration class is that I need to change the IdentityDbInit class. At present, the IdentityDbInit class is derived from the descriptively named DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> class, which, as you might imagine, drops the entire database when the Code First classes change. Listing 15-6 shows the changes I made to the IdentityDbInit class to prevent it from affecting the database. 在Configuration类中添加种植代码的原因是我需要修改IdentityDbInit类。此时,IdentityDbInit类派生于描述性命名的DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<AppIdentityDbContext> 类,和你相像的一样,它会在Code First类改变时删除整个数据库。清单15-6显示了我对IdentityDbInit类所做的修改,以防止它影响数据库。 Listing 15-6. Preventing Database Schema Changes in the AppIdentityDbContext.cs File 清单15-6. 在AppIdentityDbContext.cs文件是阻止数据库架构变化 using System.Data.Entity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppIdentityDbContext : IdentityDbContext<AppUser> {public AppIdentityDbContext() : base("IdentityDb") { }static AppIdentityDbContext() {Database.SetInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext>(new IdentityDbInit());}public static AppIdentityDbContext Create() {return new AppIdentityDbContext();} } public class IdentityDbInit : NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> {} } I have removed the methods defined by the class and changed its base to NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> , which prevents the schema from being altered. 我删除了这个类中所定义的方法,并将它的基类改为NullDatabaseInitializer<AppIdentityDbContext> ,它可以防止架构修改。 15.2.3 Performing the Migration 15.2.3 执行迁移 All that remains is to generate and apply the migration. First, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情只是生成并运用迁移了。首先,在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中执行以下命令: Add-Migration CityProperty This creates a new migration called CityProperty (I like my migration names to reflect the changes I made). A class new file will be added to the Migrations folder, and its name reflects the time at which the command was run and the name of the migration. My file is called 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs, for example. The contents of this file contain the details of how Entity Framework will change the database during the migration, as shown in Listing 15-7. 这创建了一个名称为CityProperty的新迁移(我比较喜欢让迁移的名称反映出我所做的修改)。这会在文件夹中添加一个新的类文件,而且其命名会反映出该命令执行的时间以及迁移名称,例如,我的这个文件名称为201402262244036_CityProperty.cs。该文件的内容含有迁移期间Entity Framework修改数据库的细节,如清单15-7所示。 Listing 15-7. The Contents of the 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs File 清单15-7. 201402262244036_CityProperty.cs文件的内容 namespace Users.Migrations {using System;using System.Data.Entity.Migrations; public partial class Init : DbMigration {public override void Up() {AddColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City", c => c.Int(nullable: false));}public override void Down() {DropColumn("dbo.AspNetUsers", "City");} }} The Up method describes the changes that have to be made to the schema when the database is upgraded, which in this case means adding a City column to the AspNetUsers table, which is the one that is used to store user records in the ASP.NET Identity database. Up方法描述了在数据库升级时,需要对架构所做的修改,在这个例子中,意味着要在AspNetUsers数据表中添加City数据列,该数据表是ASP.NET Identity数据库用来存储用户记录的。 The final step is to perform the migration. Without starting the application, run the following command in the Package Manager Console: 最后一步是执行迁移。无需启动应用程序,只需在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中运行以下命令即可: Update-Database –TargetMigration CityProperty The database schema will be modified, and the code in the Configuration.Seed method will be executed. The existing user accounts will have been preserved and enhanced with a City property (which I set to Paris in the Seed method). 这会修改数据库架构,并执行Configuration.Seed方法中的代码。已有用户账号会被保留,且增强了City属性(我在Seed方法中已将其设置为“Paris”)。 15.2.4 Testing the Migration 15.2.4 测试迁移 To test the effect of the migration, start the application, navigate to the /Home/UserProps URL, and authenticate as one of the Identity users (for example, as Alice with the password MySecret). Once authenticated, you will see the current value of the City property for the user and have the opportunity to change it, as shown in Figure 15-3. 为了测试迁移的效果,启动应用程序,导航到/Home/UserProps URL,并以Identity中的用户(例如Alice,口令MySecret)进行认证。一旦已被认证,便会看到该用户City属性的当前值,并可以对其进行修改,如图15-3所示。 Figure 15-3. Displaying and changing a custom user property 图15-3. 显示和个性自定义用户属性 15.2.5 Defining an Additional Property 15.2.5 定义附加属性 Now that database migrations are set up, I am going to define a further property just to demonstrate how subsequent changes are handled and to show a more useful (and less dangerous) example of using the Configuration.Seed method. Listing 15-8 shows how I added a Country property to the AppUser class. 现在,已经建立了数据库迁移,我打算再定义一个属性,这恰恰演示了如何处理持续不断的修改,也为了演示Configuration.Seed方法更有用(至少无害)的示例。清单15-8显示了我在AppUser类上添加了一个Country属性。 Listing 15-8. Adding Another Property in the AppUserModels.cs File 清单15-8. 在AppUserModels.cs文件中添加另一个属性 using System;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework; namespace Users.Models {public enum Cities {LONDON, PARIS, CHICAGO} public enum Countries {NONE, UK, FRANCE, USA}public class AppUser : IdentityUser {public Cities City { get; set; }public Countries Country { get; set; }public void SetCountryFromCity(Cities city) {switch (city) {case Cities.LONDON:Country = Countries.UK;break;case Cities.PARIS:Country = Countries.FRANCE;break;case Cities.CHICAGO:Country = Countries.USA;break;default:Country = Countries.NONE;break;} }} } I have added an enumeration to define the country names and a helper method that selects a country value based on the City property. Listing 15-9 shows the change I made to the Configuration class so that the Seed method sets the Country property based on the City, but only if the value of Country is NONE (which it will be for all users when the database is migrated because the Entity Framework sets enumeration columns to the first value). 我已经添加了一个枚举,它定义了国家名称。还添加了一个辅助器方法,它可以根据City属性选择一个国家。清单15-9显示了对Configuration类所做的修改,以使Seed方法根据City设置Country属性,但只当Country为NONE时才进行设置(在迁移数据库时,所有用户都是NONE,因为Entity Framework会将枚举列设置为枚举的第一个值)。 Listing 15-9. Modifying the Database Seed in the Configuration.cs File 清单15-9. 在Configuration.cs文件中修改数据库种子 using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Users.Infrastructure;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Migrations {internal sealed class Configuration: DbMigrationsConfiguration<AppIdentityDbContext> {public Configuration() {AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;ContextKey = "Users.Infrastructure.AppIdentityDbContext";}protected override void Seed(AppIdentityDbContext context) {AppUserManager userMgr = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(context));AppRoleManager roleMgr = new AppRoleManager(new RoleStore<AppRole>(context)); string roleName = "Administrators";string userName = "Admin";string password = "MySecret";string email = "admin@example.com";if (!roleMgr.RoleExists(roleName)) {roleMgr.Create(new AppRole(roleName));}AppUser user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);if (user == null) {userMgr.Create(new AppUser { UserName = userName, Email = email },password);user = userMgr.FindByName(userName);}if (!userMgr.IsInRole(user.Id, roleName)) {userMgr.AddToRole(user.Id, roleName);} foreach (AppUser dbUser in userMgr.Users) {if (dbUser.Country == Countries.NONE) {dbUser.SetCountryFromCity(dbUser.City);} }context.SaveChanges();} }} This kind of seeding is more useful in a real project because it will set a value for the Country property only if one has not already been set—subsequent migrations won’t be affected, and user selections won’t be lost. 这种种植在实际项目中会更有用,因为它只会在Country属性未设置时,才会设置Country属性的值——后继的迁移不会受到影响,因此不会失去用户的选择。 1. Adding Application Support 1. 添加应用程序支持 There is no point defining additional user properties if they are not available in the application, so Listing 15-10 shows the change I made to the Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml file to display the value of the Country property. 应用程序中如果没有定义附加属性的地方,则附加属性就无法使用了,因此,清单15-10显示了我对Views/Home/UserProps.cshtml文件的修改,以显示Country属性的值。 Listing 15-10. Displaying an Additional Property in the UserProps.cshtml File 清单15-10. 在UserProps.cshtml文件中显示附加属性 @using Users.Models@model AppUser@{ ViewBag.Title = "UserProps";} <div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Custom User Properties</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>City</th><td>@Model.City</td></tr> <tr><th>Country</th><td>@Model.Country</td></tr></table></div>@using (Html.BeginForm()) {<div class="form-group"><label>City</label>@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.City, new SelectList(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Cities))))</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Save</button>} Listing 15-11 shows the corresponding change I made to the Home controller to update the Country property when the City value changes. 为了在City值变化时能够更新Country属性,清单15-11显示了我对Home控制器所做的相应修改。 Listing 15-11. Setting Custom Properties in the HomeController.cs File 清单15-11. 在HomeController.cs文件中设置自定义属性 using System.Web.Mvc;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web;using System.Security.Principal;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Controllers {public class HomeController : Controller {// ...other action methods omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化,这里忽略了其他动作方法... [Authorize]public ActionResult UserProps() {return View(CurrentUser);}[Authorize][HttpPost]public async Task<ActionResult> UserProps(Cities city) {AppUser user = CurrentUser;user.City = city;user.SetCountryFromCity(city);await UserManager.UpdateAsync(user);return View(user);}// ...properties omitted for brevity...// ...出于简化,这里忽略了一些属性...} } 2. Performing the Migration 2. 准备迁移 All that remains is to create and apply a new migration. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: 剩下的事情就是创建和运用新的迁移了。在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中输入以下命令: Add-Migration CountryProperty This will generate another file in the Migrations folder that contains the instruction to add the Country column. To apply the migration, execute the following command: 这将在Migrations文件夹中生成另一个文件,它含有添加Country数据表列的指令。为了运用迁移,可执行以下命令: Update-Database –TargetMigration CountryProperty The migration will be performed, and the value of the Country property will be set based on the value of the existing City property for each user. You can check the new user property by starting the application and authenticating and navigating to the /Home/UserProps URL, as shown in Figure 15-4. 这将执行迁移,Country属性的值将根据每个用户当前的City属性进行设置。通过启动应用程序,认证并导航到/Home/UserProps URL,便可以查看新的用户属性,如图15-4所示。 Figure 15-4. Creating an additional user property 图15-4. 创建附加用户属性 Tip Although I am focused on the process of upgrading the database, you can also migrate back to a previous version by specifying an earlier migration. Use the –Force argument make changes that cause data loss, such as removing a column. 提示:虽然我们关注了升级数据库的过程,但你也可以回退到以前的版本,只需指定一个早期的迁移即可。使用-Force参数进行修改,会引起数据丢失,例如删除数据表列。 15.3 Working with Claims 15.3 使用声明(Claims) In older user-management systems, such as ASP.NET Membership, the application was assumed to be the authoritative source of all information about the user, essentially treating the application as a closed world and trusting the data that is contained within it. 在旧的用户管理系统中,例如ASP.NET Membership,应用程序被假设成是用户所有信息的权威来源,本质上将应用程序视为是一个封闭的世界,并且只信任其中所包含的数据。 This is such an ingrained approach to software development that it can be hard to recognize that’s what is happening, but you saw an example of the closed-world technique in Chapter 14 when I authenticated users against the credentials stored in the database and granted access based on the roles associated with those credentials. I did the same thing again in this chapter when I added properties to the user class. Every piece of information that I needed to manage user authentication and authorization came from within my application—and that is a perfectly satisfactory approach for many web applications, which is why I demonstrated these techniques in such depth. 这是软件开发的一种根深蒂固的方法,使人很难认识到这到底意味着什么,第14章你已看到了这种封闭世界技术的例子,根据存储在数据库中的凭据来认证用户,并根据与凭据关联在一起的角色来授权访问。本章前述在用户类上添加属性,也做了同样的事情。我管理用户认证与授权所需的每一个数据片段都来自于我的应用程序——而且这是许多Web应用程序都相当满意的一种方法,这也是我如此深入地演示这些技术的原因。 ASP.NET Identity also supports an alternative approach for dealing with users, which works well when the MVC framework application isn’t the sole source of information about users and which can be used to authorize users in more flexible and fluid ways than traditional roles allow. ASP.NET Identity还支持另一种处理用户的办法,当MVC框架的应用程序不是有关用户的唯一信息源时,这种办法会工作得很好,而且能够比传统的角色授权更为灵活且流畅的方式进行授权。 This alternative approach uses claims, and in this section I’ll describe how ASP.NET Identity supports claims-based authorization. Table 15-4 puts claims in context. 这种可选的办法使用了“Claims(声明)”,因此在本小节中,我将描述ASP.NET Identity如何支持“Claims-Based Authorization(基于声明的授权)”。表15-4描述了声明(Claims)的情形。 提示:“Claim”在英文字典中不完全是“声明”的意思,根据本文的描述,感觉把它说成“声明”也不一定合适,所以在之后的译文中基本都写成中英文并用的形式,即“声明(Claims)”。根据表15-4中的声明(Claims)的定义:声明(Claims)是关于用户的一些信息片段。一个用户的信息片段当然有很多,每一个信息片段就是一项声明(Claim),用户的所有信息片段合起来就是该用户的声明(Claims)。请读者注意该单词的单复数形式——译者注 Table 15-4. Putting Claims in Context 表15-4. 声明(Claims)的情形 Question 问题 Answer 答案 What is it? 什么是声明(Claims)? Claims are pieces of information about users that you can use to make authorization decisions. Claims can be obtained from external systems as well as from the local Identity database. 声明(Claims)是关于用户的一些信息片段,可以用它们做出授权决定。声明(Claims)可以从外部系统获取,也可以从本地的Identity数据库获取。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它? Claims can be used to flexibly authorize access to action methods. Unlike conventional roles, claims allow access to be driven by the information that describes the user. 声明(Claims)可以用来对动作方法进行灵活的授权访问。与传统的角色不同,声明(Claims)让访问能够由描述用户的信息进行驱动。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它? This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework, but it is integrated into the standard authorization features, such as the Authorize attribute. 这不是直接由MVC框架使用的特性,但它集成到了标准的授权特性之中,例如Authorize注解属性。 Tip you don’t have to use claims in your applications, and as Chapter 14 showed, ASP.NET Identity is perfectly happy providing an application with the authentication and authorization services without any need to understand claims at all. 提示:你在应用程序中不一定要使用声明(Claims),正如第14章所展示的那样,ASP.NET Identity能够为应用程序提供充分的认证与授权服务,而根本不需要理解声明(Claims)。 15.3.1 Understanding Claims 15.3.1 理解声明(Claims) A claim is a piece of information about the user, along with some information about where the information came from. The easiest way to unpack claims is through some practical demonstrations, without which any discussion becomes too abstract to be truly useful. To get started, I added a Claims controller to the example project, the definition of which you can see in Listing 15-12. 一项声明(Claim)是关于用户的一个信息片段(请注意这个英文单词的单复数形式——译者注),并伴有该片段出自何处的某种信息。揭开声明(Claims)含义最容易的方式是做一些实际演示,任何讨论都会过于抽象根本没有真正的用处。为此,我在示例项目中添加了一个Claims控制器,其定义如清单15-12所示。 Listing 15-12. The Contents of the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-12. ClaimsController.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} }} } Tip You may feel a little lost as I define the code for this example. Don’t worry about the details for the moment—just stick with it until you see the output from the action method and view that I define. More than anything else, that will help put claims into perspective. 提示:你或许会对我为此例定义的代码感到有点失望。此刻对此细节不必着急——只要稍事忍耐,当看到该动作方法和视图的输出便会明白。尤为重要的是,这有助于洞察声明(Claims)。 You can get the claims associated with a user in different ways. One approach is to use the Claims property defined by the user class, but in this example, I have used the HttpContext.User.Identity property to demonstrate the way that ASP.NET Identity is integrated with the rest of the ASP.NET platform. As I explained in Chapter 13, the HttpContext.User.Identity property returns an implementation of the IIdentity interface, which is a ClaimsIdentity object when working using ASP.NET Identity. The ClaimsIdentity class is defined in the System.Security.Claims namespace, and Table 15-5 shows the members it defines that are relevant to this chapter. 可以通过不同的方式获得与用户相关联的声明(Claims)。方法之一就是使用由用户类定义的Claims属性,但在这个例子中,我使用了HttpContext.User.Identity属性,目的是演示ASP.NET Identity与ASP.NET平台集成的方式(请注意这句话所表示的含义:用户类的Claims属性属于ASP.NET Identity,而HttpContext.User.Identity属性则属于ASP.NET平台。由此可见,ASP.NET Identity已经融合到了ASP.NET平台之中——译者注)。正如第13章所解释的那样,HttpContext.User.Identity属性返回IIdentity的接口实现,当使用ASP.NET Identity时,该实现是一个ClaimsIdentity对象。ClaimsIdentity类是在System.Security.Claims命名空间中定义的,表15-5显示了它所定义的与本章有关的成员。 Table 15-5. The Members Defined by the ClaimsIdentity Class 表15-5. ClaimsIdentity类所定义的成员 Name 名称 Description 描述 Claims Returns an enumeration of Claim objects representing the claims for the user. 返回表示用户声明(Claims)的Claim对象枚举 AddClaim(claim) Adds a claim to the user identity. 给用户添加一个声明(Claim) AddClaims(claims) Adds an enumeration of Claim objects to the user identity. 给用户添加Claim对象的枚举。 HasClaim(predicate) Returns true if the user identity contains a claim that matches the specified predicate. See the “Applying Claims” section for an example predicate. 如果用户含有与指定谓词匹配的声明(Claim)时,返回true。参见“运用声明(Claims)”中的示例谓词 RemoveClaim(claim) Removes a claim from the user identity. 删除用户的声明(Claim)。 Other members are available, but the ones in the table are those that are used most often in web applications, for reason that will become obvious as I demonstrate how claims fit into the wider ASP.NET platform. 还有一些可用的其它成员,但表中的这些是在Web应用程序中最常用的,随着我演示如何将声明(Claims)融入更宽泛的ASP.NET平台,它们为什么最常用就很显然了。 In Listing 15-12, I cast the IIdentity implementation to the ClaimsIdentity type and pass the enumeration of Claim objects returned by the ClaimsIdentity.Claims property to the View method. A Claim object represents a single piece of data about the user, and the Claim class defines the properties shown in Table 15-6. 在清单15-12中,我将IIdentity实现转换成了ClaimsIdentity类型,并且给View方法传递了ClaimsIdentity.Claims属性所返回的Claim对象的枚举。Claim对象所示表示的是关于用户的一个单一的数据片段,Claim类定义的属性如表15-6所示。 Table 15-6. The Properties Defined by the Claim Class 表15-6. Claim类定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 Issuer Returns the name of the system that provided the claim 返回提供声明(Claim)的系统名称 Subject Returns the ClaimsIdentity object for the user who the claim refers to 返回声明(Claim)所指用户的ClaimsIdentity对象 Type Returns the type of information that the claim represents 返回声明(Claim)所表示的信息类型 Value Returns the piece of information that the claim represents 返回声明(Claim)所表示的信息片段 Listing 15-13 shows the contents of the Index.cshtml file that I created in the Views/Claims folder and that is rendered by the Index action of the Claims controller. The view adds a row to a table for each claim about the user. 清单15-13显示了我在Views/Claims文件夹中创建的Index.cshtml文件的内容,它由Claims控制器中的Index动作方法进行渲染。该视图为用户的每项声明(Claim)添加了一个表格行。 Listing 15-13. The Contents of the Index.cshtml File in the Views/Claims Folder 清单15-13. Views/Claims文件夹中Index.cshtml文件的内容 @using System.Security.Claims@using Users.Infrastructure@model IEnumerable<Claim>@{ ViewBag.Title = "Claims"; }<div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading">Claims</div><table class="table table-striped"><tr><th>Subject</th><th>Issuer</th><th>Type</th><th>Value</th></tr>@foreach (Claim claim in Model.OrderBy(x => x.Type)) {<tr><td>@claim.Subject.Name</td><td>@claim.Issuer</td><td>@Html.ClaimType(claim.Type)</td><td>@claim.Value</td></tr>}</table></div> The value of the Claim.Type property is a URI for a Microsoft schema, which isn’t especially useful. The popular schemas are used as the values for fields in the System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes class, so to make the output from the Index.cshtml view easier to read, I added an HTML helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs file, as shown in Listing 15-14. It is this helper that I use in the Index.cshtml file to format the value of the Claim.Type property. Claim.Type属性的值是一个微软模式(Microsoft Schema)的URI(统一资源标识符),这是特别有用的。System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes类中字段的值使用的是流行模式(Popular Schema),因此为了使Index.cshtml视图的输出更易于阅读,我在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加了一个HTML辅助器,如清单15-14所示。Index.cshtml文件正是使用这个辅助器格式化了Claim.Type属性的值。 Listing 15-14. Adding a Helper to the IdentityHelpers.cs File 清单15-14. 在IdentityHelpers.cs文件中添加辅助器 using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using System;using System.Linq;using System.Reflection;using System.Security.Claims;namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class IdentityHelpers {public static MvcHtmlString GetUserName(this HtmlHelper html, string id) {AppUserManager mgr= HttpContext.Current.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();return new MvcHtmlString(mgr.FindByIdAsync(id).Result.UserName);} public static MvcHtmlString ClaimType(this HtmlHelper html, string claimType) {FieldInfo[] fields = typeof(ClaimTypes).GetFields();foreach (FieldInfo field in fields) {if (field.GetValue(null).ToString() == claimType) {return new MvcHtmlString(field.Name);} }return new MvcHtmlString(string.Format("{0}",claimType.Split('/', '.').Last()));} }} Note The helper method isn’t at all efficient because it reflects on the fields of the ClaimType class for each claim that is displayed, but it is sufficient for my purposes in this chapter. You won’t often need to display the claim type in real applications. 注:该辅助器并非十分有效,因为它只是针对每个要显示的声明(Claim)映射出ClaimType类的字段,但对我要的目的已经足够了。在实际项目中不会经常需要显示声明(Claim)的类型。 To see why I have created a controller that uses claims without really explaining what they are, start the application, authenticate as the user Alice (with the password MySecret), and request the /Claims/Index URL. Figure 15-5 shows the content that is generated. 为了弄明白我为何要先创建一个使用声明(Claims)的控制器,而没有真正解释声明(Claims)是什么的原因,可以启动应用程序,以用户Alice进行认证(其口令是MySecret),并请求/Claims/Index URL。图15-5显示了生成的内容。 Figure 15-5. The output from the Index action of the Claims controller 图15-5. Claims控制器中Index动作的输出 It can be hard to make out the detail in the figure, so I have reproduced the content in Table 15-7. 这可能还难以认识到此图的细节,为此我在表15-7中重列了其内容。 Table 15-7. The Data Shown in Figure 15-5 表15-7. 图15-5中显示的数据 Subject(科目) Issuer(发行者) Type(类型) Value(值) Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY SecurityStamp Unique ID Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY IdentityProvider ASP.NET Identity Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Employees Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Role Users Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY Name Alice Alice LOCAL AUTHORITY NameIdentifier Alice’s user ID The table shows the most important aspect of claims, which is that I have already been using them when I implemented the traditional authentication and authorization features in Chapter 14. You can see that some of the claims relate to user identity (the Name claim is Alice, and the NameIdentifier claim is Alice’s unique user ID in my ASP.NET Identity database). 此表展示了声明(Claims)最重要的方面,这些是我在第14章中实现传统的认证和授权特性时,一直在使用的信息。可以看出,有些声明(Claims)与用户标识有关(Name声明是Alice,NameIdentifier声明是Alice在ASP.NET Identity数据库中的唯一用户ID号)。 Other claims show membership of roles—there are two Role claims in the table, reflecting the fact that Alice is assigned to both the Users and Employees roles. There is also a claim about how Alice has been authenticated: The IdentityProvider is set to ASP.NET Identity. 其他声明(Claims)显示了角色成员——表中有两个Role声明(Claim),体现出Alice被赋予了Users和Employees两个角色这一事实。还有一个是Alice已被认证的声明(Claim):IdentityProvider被设置到了ASP.NET Identity。 The difference when this information is expressed as a set of claims is that you can determine where the data came from. The Issuer property for all the claims shown in the table is set to LOCAL AUTHORITY, which indicates that the user’s identity has been established by the application. 当这种信息被表示成一组声明(Claims)时的差别是,你能够确定这些数据是从哪里来的。表中所显示的所有声明的Issuer属性(发布者)都被设置到了LOACL AUTHORITY(本地授权),这说明该用户的标识是由应用程序建立的。 So, now that you have seen some example claims, I can more easily describe what a claim is. A claim is any piece of information about a user that is available to the application, including the user’s identity and role memberships. And, as you have seen, the information I have been defining about my users in earlier chapters is automatically made available as claims by ASP.NET Identity. 因此,现在你已经看到了一些声明(Claims)示例,我可以更容易地描述声明(Claim)是什么了。一项声明(Claim)是可用于应用程序中的有关用户的一个信息片段,包括用户的标识以及角色成员等。而且,正如你所看到的,我在前几章定义的关于用户的信息,被ASP.NET Identity自动地作为声明(Claims)了。 15.3.2 Creating and Using Claims 15.3.2 创建和使用声明(Claims) Claims are interesting for two reasons. The first reason is that an application can obtain claims from multiple sources, rather than just relying on a local database for information about the user. You will see a real example of this when I show you how to authenticate users through a third-party system in the “Using Third-Party Authentication” section, but for the moment I am going to add a class to the example project that simulates a system that provides claims information. Listing 15-15 shows the contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure folder. 声明(Claims)比较有意思的原因有两个。第一个原因是应用程序可以从多个来源获取声明(Claims),而不是只能依靠本地数据库关于用户的信息。你将会看到一个实际的示例,在“使用第三方认证”小节中,将演示如何通过第三方系统来认证用户。不过,此刻我只打算在示例项目中添加一个类,用以模拟一个提供声明(Claims)信息的系统。清单15-15显示了我添加到Infrastructure文件夹中LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-15. The Contents of the LocationClaimsProvider.cs File 清单15-15. LocationClaimsProvider.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public static class LocationClaimsProvider {public static IEnumerable<Claim> GetClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.Name.ToLower() == "alice") {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "DC 20500"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "DC"));} else {claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.PostalCode, "NY 10036"));claims.Add(CreateClaim(ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince, "NY"));}return claims;}private static Claim CreateClaim(string type, string value) {return new Claim(type, value, ClaimValueTypes.String, "RemoteClaims");} }} The GetClaims method takes a ClaimsIdentity argument and uses the Name property to create claims about the user’s ZIP code and state. This class allows me to simulate a system such as a central HR database, which would be the authoritative source of location information about staff, for example. GetClaims方法以ClaimsIdentity为参数,并使用Name属性创建了关于用户ZIP码(邮政编码)和州府的声明(Claims)。上述这个类使我能够模拟一个诸如中心化的HR数据库(人力资源数据库)之类的系统,它可能会成为全体职员的地点信息的权威数据源。 Claims are associated with the user’s identity during the authentication process, and Listing 15-16 shows the changes I made to the Login action method of the Account controller to call the LocationClaimsProvider class. 在认证过程期间,声明(Claims)是与用户标识关联在一起的,清单15-16显示了我对Account控制器中Login动作方法所做的修改,以便调用LocationClaimsProvider类。 Listing 15-16. Associating Claims with a User in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-16. AccountController.cs文件中用户用声明的关联 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... You can see the effect of the location claims by starting the application, authenticating as a user, and requesting the /Claim/Index URL. Figure 15-6 shows the claims for Alice. You may have to sign out and sign back in again to see the change. 为了看看这个地点声明(Claims)的效果,可以启动应用程序,以一个用户进行认证,并请求/Claim/Index URL。图15-6显示了Alice的声明(Claims)。你可能需要退出,然后再次登录才会看到发生的变化。 Figure 15-6. Defining additional claims for users 图15-6. 定义用户的附加声明 Obtaining claims from multiple locations means that the application doesn’t have to duplicate data that is held elsewhere and allows integration of data from external parties. The Claim.Issuer property tells you where a claim originated from, which helps you judge how accurate the data is likely to be and how much weight you should give the data in your application. Location data obtained from a central HR database is likely to be more accurate and trustworthy than data obtained from an external mailing list provider, for example. 从多个地点获取声明(Claims)意味着应用程序不必复制其他地方保持的数据,并且能够与外部的数据集成。Claim.Issuer属性(图15-6中的Issuer数据列——译者注)能够告诉你一个声明(Claim)的发源地,这有助于让你判断数据的精确程度,也有助于让你决定这类数据在应用程序中的权重。例如,从中心化的HR数据库获取的地点数据可能要比外部邮件列表提供器获取的数据更为精确和可信。 1. Applying Claims 1. 运用声明(Claims) The second reason that claims are interesting is that you can use them to manage user access to your application more flexibly than with standard roles. The problem with roles is that they are static, and once a user has been assigned to a role, the user remains a member until explicitly removed. This is, for example, how long-term employees of big corporations end up with incredible access to internal systems: They are assigned the roles they require for each new job they get, but the old roles are rarely removed. (The unexpectedly broad systems access sometimes becomes apparent during the investigation into how someone was able to ship the contents of the warehouse to their home address—true story.) 声明(Claims)有意思的第二个原因是,你可以用它们来管理用户对应用程序的访问,这要比标准的角色管理更为灵活。角色的问题在于它们是静态的,而且一旦用户已经被赋予了一个角色,该用户便是一个成员,直到明确地删除为止。例如,这意味着大公司的长期雇员,对内部系统的访问会十分惊人:他们每次在获得新工作时,都会赋予所需的角色,但旧角色很少被删除。(在调查某人为何能够将仓库里的东西发往他的家庭地址过程中发现,有时会出现异常宽泛的系统访问——真实的故事) Claims can be used to authorize users based directly on the information that is known about them, which ensures that the authorization changes when the data changes. The simplest way to do this is to generate Role claims based on user data that are then used by controllers to restrict access to action methods. Listing 15-17 shows the contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs file that I added to the Infrastructure. 声明(Claims)可以直接根据用户已知的信息对用户进行授权,这能够保证当数据发生变化时,授权也随之而变。此事最简单的做法是根据用户数据来生成Role声明(Claim),然后由控制器用来限制对动作方法的访问。清单15-17显示了我添加到Infrastructure中的ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容。 Listing 15-17. The Contents of the ClaimsRoles.cs File 清单15-17. ClaimsRoles.cs文件的内容 using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Security.Claims; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsRoles {public static IEnumerable<Claim> CreateRolesFromClaims(ClaimsIdentity user) {List<Claim> claims = new List<Claim>();if (user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.StateOrProvince&& x.Issuer == "RemoteClaims" && x.Value == "DC")&& user.HasClaim(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.Role&& x.Value == "Employees")) {claims.Add(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, "DCStaff"));}return claims;} }} The gnarly looking CreateRolesFromClaims method uses lambda expressions to determine whether the user has a StateOrProvince claim from the RemoteClaims issuer with a value of DC and a Role claim with a value of Employees. If the user has both claims, then a Role claim is returned for the DCStaff role. Listing 15-18 shows how I call the CreateRolesFromClaims method from the Login action in the Account controller. CreateRolesFromClaims是一个粗糙的考察方法,它使用了Lambda表达式,以检查用户是否具有StateOrProvince声明(Claim),该声明来自于RemoteClaims发行者(Issuer),值为DC。也检查用户是否具有Role声明(Claim),其值为Employees。如果用户这两个声明都有,那么便返回一个DCStaff角色的Role声明。清单15-18显示了如何在Account控制器中的Login动作中调用CreateRolesFromClaims方法。 Listing 15-18. Generating Roles Based on Claims in the AccountController.cs File 清单15-18. 在AccountController.cs中根据声明生成角色 ...[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident)); ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident));AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);}... I can then restrict access to an action method based on membership of the DCStaff role. Listing 15-19 shows a new action method I added to the Claims controller to which I have applied the Authorize attribute. 然后我可以根据DCStaff角色的成员,来限制对一个动作方法的访问。清单15-19显示了在Claims控制器中添加的一个新的动作方法,在该方法上已经运用了Authorize注解属性。 Listing 15-19. Adding a New Action Method to the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-19. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中添加一个新的动作方法 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [Authorize(Roles="DCStaff")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} Users will be able to access OtherAction only if their claims grant them membership to the DCStaff role. Membership of this role is generated dynamically, so a change to the user’s employment status or location information will change their authorization level. 只要用户的声明(Claims)承认他们是DCStaff角色的成员,那么他们便能访问OtherAction动作。该角色的成员是动态生成的,因此,若是用户的雇用状态或地点信息发生变化,也会改变他们的授权等级。 提示:请读者从这个例子中吸取其中的思想精髓。对于读物的理解程度,仁者见仁,智者见智,能领悟多少,全凭各人,译者感觉这里的思想有无数的可能。举例说明:(1)可以根据用户的身份进行授权,比如学生在校时是“学生”,毕业后便是“校友”;(2)可以根据用户所处的部门进行授权,人事部用户属于人事团队,销售部用户属于销售团队,各团队有其自己的应用;(3)下一小节的示例是根据用户的地点授权。简言之:一方面用户的各种声明(Claim)都可以用来进行授权;另一方面用户的声明(Claim)又是可以自定义的。于是可能的运用就无法估计了。总之一句话,这种基于声明的授权(Claims-Based Authorization)有无限可能!要是没有我这里的提示,是否所有读者在此处都会有所体会?——译者注 15.3.3 Authorizing Access Using Claims 15.3.3 使用声明(Claims)授权访问 The previous example is an effective demonstration of how claims can be used to keep authorizations fresh and accurate, but it is a little indirect because I generate roles based on claims data and then enforce my authorization policy based on the membership of that role. A more direct and flexible approach is to enforce authorization directly by creating a custom authorization filter attribute. Listing 15-20 shows the contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs file, which I added to the Infrastructure folder and used to create such a filter. 前面的示例有效地演示了如何用声明(Claims)来保持新鲜和准确的授权,但有点不太直接,因为我要根据声明(Claims)数据来生成了角色,然后强制我的授权策略基于角色成员。一个更直接且灵活的办法是直接强制授权,其做法是创建一个自定义的授权过滤器注解属性。清单15-20演示了ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容,我将它添加在Infrastructure文件夹中,并用它创建了这种过滤器。 Listing 15-20. The Contents of the ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs File 清单15-20. ClaimsAccessAttribute.cs文件的内容 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class ClaimsAccessAttribute : AuthorizeAttribute {public string Issuer { get; set; }public string ClaimType { get; set; }public string Value { get; set; }protected override bool AuthorizeCore(HttpContextBase context) {return context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated&& context.User.Identity is ClaimsIdentity&& ((ClaimsIdentity)context.User.Identity).HasClaim(x =>x.Issuer == Issuer && x.Type == ClaimType && x.Value == Value);} }} The attribute I have defined is derived from the AuthorizeAttribute class, which makes it easy to create custom authorization policies in MVC framework applications by overriding the AuthorizeCore method. My implementation grants access if the user is authenticated, the IIdentity implementation is an instance of ClaimsIdentity, and the user has a claim with the issuer, type, and value matching the class properties. Listing 15-21 shows how I applied the attribute to the Claims controller to authorize access to the OtherAction method based on one of the location claims created by the LocationClaimsProvider class. 我所定义的这个注解属性派生于AuthorizeAttribute类,通过重写AuthorizeCore方法,很容易在MVC框架应用程序中创建自定义的授权策略。在这个实现中,若用户是已认证的、其IIdentity实现是一个ClaimsIdentity实例,而且该用户有一个带有issuer、type以及value的声明(Claim),它们与这个类的属性是匹配的,则该用户便是允许访问的。清单15-21显示了如何将这个注解属性运用于Claims控制器,以便根据LocationClaimsProvider类创建的地点声明(Claim),对OtherAction方法进行授权访问。 Listing 15-21. Performing Authorization on Claims in the ClaimsController.cs File 清单15-21. 在ClaimsController.cs文件中执行基于声明的授权 using System.Security.Claims;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Infrastructure;namespace Users.Controllers {public class ClaimsController : Controller {[Authorize]public ActionResult Index() {ClaimsIdentity ident = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;if (ident == null) {return View("Error", new string[] { "No claims available" });} else {return View(ident.Claims);} } [ClaimsAccess(Issuer="RemoteClaims", ClaimType=ClaimTypes.PostalCode,Value="DC 20500")]public string OtherAction() {return "This is the protected action";} }} My authorization filter ensures that only users whose location claims specify a ZIP code of DC 20500 can invoke the OtherAction method. 这个授权过滤器能够确保只有地点声明(Claim)的邮编为DC 20500的用户才能请求OtherAction方法。 15.4 Using Third-Party Authentication 15.4 使用第三方认证 One of the benefits of a claims-based system such as ASP.NET Identity is that any of the claims can come from an external system, even those that identify the user to the application. This means that other systems can authenticate users on behalf of the application, and ASP.NET Identity builds on this idea to make it simple and easy to add support for authenticating users through third parties such as Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter. 基于声明的系统,如ASP.NET Identity,的好处之一是任何声明都可以来自于外部系统,即使是将用户标识到应用程序的那些声明。这意味着其他系统可以代表应用程序来认证用户,而ASP.NET Identity就建立在这样的思想之上,使之能够简单而方便地添加第三方认证用户的支持,如微软、Google、Facebook、Twitter等。 There are some substantial benefits of using third-party authentication: Many users will already have an account, users can elect to use two-factor authentication, and you don’t have to manage user credentials in the application. In the sections that follow, I’ll show you how to set up and use third-party authentication for Google users, which Table 15-8 puts into context. 使用第三方认证有一些实际的好处:许多用户已经有了账号、用户可以选择使用双因子认证、你不必在应用程序中管理用户凭据等等。在以下小节中,我将演示如何为Google用户建立并使用第三方认证,表15-8描述了事情的情形。 Table 15-8. Putting Third-Party Authentication in Context 表15-8. 第三方认证情形 Question 问题 Answer 回答 What is it? 什么是第三方认证? Authenticating with third parties lets you take advantage of the popularity of companies such as Google and Facebook. 第三方认证使你能够利用流行公司,如Google和Facebook,的优势。 Why should I care? 为何要关心它? Users don’t like having to remember passwords for many different sites. Using a provider with large-scale adoption can make your application more appealing to users of the provider’s services. 用户不喜欢记住许多不同网站的口令。使用大范围适应的提供器可使你的应用程序更吸引有提供器服务的用户。 How is it used by the MVC framework? 如何在MVC框架中使用它? This feature isn’t used directly by the MVC framework. 这不是一个直接由MVC框架使用的特性。 Note The reason I have chosen to demonstrate Google authentication is that it is the only option that doesn’t require me to register my application with the authentication service. You can get details of the registration processes required at http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE. 提示:我选择演示Google认证的原因是,它是唯一不需要在其认证服务中注册我应用程序的公司。有关认证服务注册过程的细节,请参阅http://bit.ly/1cqLTrE。 15.4.1 Enabling Google Authentication 15.4.1 启用Google认证 ASP.NET Identity comes with built-in support for authenticating users through their Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Twitter accounts as well more general support for any authentication service that supports OAuth. The first step is to add the NuGet package that includes the Google-specific additions for ASP.NET Identity. Enter the following command into the Package Manager Console: ASP.NET Identity带有通过Microsoft、Google、Facebook以及Twitter账号认证用户的内建支持,并且对于支持OAuth的认证服务具有更普遍的支持。第一个步骤是添加NuGet包,包中含有用于ASP.NET Identity的Google专用附件。请在“Package Manager Console(包管理器控制台)”中输入以下命令: Install-Package Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google -version 2.0.2 There are NuGet packages for each of the services that ASP.NET Identity supports, as described in Table 15-9. 对于ASP.NET Identity支持的每一种服务都有相应的NuGet包,如表15-9所示。 Table 15-9. The NuGet Authenticaton Packages 表15-9. NuGet认证包 Name 名称 Description 描述 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google Authenticates users with Google accounts 用Google账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Facebook Authenticates users with Facebook accounts 用Facebook账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.Twitter Authenticates users with Twitter accounts 用Twitter账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.MicrosoftAccount Authenticates users with Microsoft accounts 用Microsoft账号认证用户 Microsoft.Owin.Security.OAuth Authenticates users against any OAuth 2.0 service 根据任一OAuth 2.0服务认证用户 Once the package is installed, I enable support for the authentication service in the OWIN startup class, which is defined in the App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs file in the example project. Listing 15-22 shows the change that I have made. 一旦安装了这个包,便可以在OWIN启动类中启用此项认证服务的支持,启动类的定义在示例项目的App_Start/IdentityConfig.cs文件中。清单15-22显示了所做的修改。 Listing 15-22. Enabling Google Authentication in the IdentityConfig.cs File 清单15-22. 在IdentityConfig.cs文件中启用Google认证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Cookies;using Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using Microsoft.Owin.Security.Google;namespace Users {public class IdentityConfig {public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app) {app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppIdentityDbContext>(AppIdentityDbContext.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppUserManager>(AppUserManager.Create);app.CreatePerOwinContext<AppRoleManager>(AppRoleManager.Create); app.UseCookieAuthentication(new CookieAuthenticationOptions {AuthenticationType = DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie,LoginPath = new PathString("/Account/Login"),}); app.UseExternalSignInCookie(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);app.UseGoogleAuthentication();} }} Each of the packages that I listed in Table 15-9 contains an extension method that enables the corresponding service. The extension method for the Google service is called UseGoogleAuthentication, and it is called on the IAppBuilder implementation that is passed to the Configuration method. 表15-9所列的每个包都含有启用相应服务的扩展方法。用于Google服务的扩展方法名称为UseGoogleAuthentication,它通过传递给Configuration方法的IAppBuilder实现进行调用。 Next I added a button to the Views/Account/Login.cshtml file, which allows users to log in via Google. You can see the change in Listing 15-23. 下一步骤是在Views/Account/Login.cshtml文件中添加一个按钮,让用户能够通过Google进行登录。所做的修改如清单15-23所示。 Listing 15-23. Adding a Google Login Button to the Login.cshtml File 清单15-23. 在Login.cshtml文件中添加Google登录按钮 @model Users.Models.LoginModel@{ ViewBag.Title = "Login";}<h2>Log In</h2> @Html.ValidationSummary()@using (Html.BeginForm()) {@Html.AntiForgeryToken();<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><div class="form-group"><label>Name</label>@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><div class="form-group"><label>Password</label>@Html.PasswordFor(x => x.Password, new { @class = "form-control" })</div><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In</button>}@using (Html.BeginForm("GoogleLogin", "Account")) {<input type="hidden" name="returnUrl" value="@ViewBag.returnUrl" /><button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Log In via Google</button>} The new button submits a form that targets the GoogleLogin action on the Account controller. You can see this method—and the other changes I made the controller—in Listing 15-24. 新按钮递交一个表单,目标是Account控制器中的GoogleLogin动作。可从清单15-24中看到该方法,以及在控制器中所做的其他修改。 Listing 15-24. Adding Support for Google Authentication to the AccountController.cs File 清单15-24. 在AccountController.cs文件中添加Google认证支持 using System.Threading.Tasks;using System.Web.Mvc;using Users.Models;using Microsoft.Owin.Security;using System.Security.Claims;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Users.Infrastructure;using System.Web; namespace Users.Controllers {[Authorize]public class AccountController : Controller {[AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult Login(string returnUrl) {if (HttpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated) {return View("Error", new string[] { "Access Denied" });}ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View();}[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginModel details, string returnUrl) {if (ModelState.IsValid) {AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(details.Name,details.Password);if (user == null) {ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid name or password.");} else {ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie); ident.AddClaims(LocationClaimsProvider.GetClaims(ident));ident.AddClaims(ClaimsRoles.CreateRolesFromClaims(ident)); AuthManager.SignOut();AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false}, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl);} }ViewBag.returnUrl = returnUrl;return View(details);} [HttpPost][AllowAnonymous]public ActionResult GoogleLogin(string returnUrl) {var properties = new AuthenticationProperties {RedirectUri = Url.Action("GoogleLoginCallback",new { returnUrl = returnUrl})};HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();}[AllowAnonymous]public async Task<ActionResult> GoogleLoginCallback(string returnUrl) {ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);if (user == null) {user = new AppUser {Email = loginInfo.Email,UserName = loginInfo.DefaultUserName,City = Cities.LONDON, Country = Countries.UK};IdentityResult result = await UserManager.CreateAsync(user);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} else {result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);if (!result.Succeeded) {return View("Error", result.Errors);} }}ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties {IsPersistent = false }, ident);return Redirect(returnUrl ?? "/");}[Authorize]public ActionResult Logout() {AuthManager.SignOut();return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");}private IAuthenticationManager AuthManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication;} }private AppUserManager UserManager {get {return HttpContext.GetOwinContext().GetUserManager<AppUserManager>();} }} } The GoogleLogin method creates an instance of the AuthenticationProperties class and sets the RedirectUri property to a URL that targets the GoogleLoginCallback action in the same controller. The next part is a magic phrase that causes ASP.NET Identity to respond to an unauthorized error by redirecting the user to the Google authentication page, rather than the one defined by the application: GoogleLogin方法创建了AuthenticationProperties类的一个实例,并为RedirectUri属性设置了一个URL,其目标为同一控制器中的GoogleLoginCallback动作。下一个部分是一个神奇阶段,通过将用户重定向到Google认证页面,而不是应用程序所定义的认证页面,让ASP.NET Identity对未授权的错误进行响应: ...HttpContext.GetOwinContext().Authentication.Challenge(properties, "Google");return new HttpUnauthorizedResult();... This means that when the user clicks the Log In via Google button, their browser is redirected to the Google authentication service and then redirected back to the GoogleLoginCallback action method once they are authenticated. 这意味着,当用户通过点击Google按钮进行登录时,浏览器被重定向到Google的认证服务,一旦在那里认证之后,便被重定向回GoogleLoginCallback动作方法。 I get details of the external login by calling the GetExternalLoginInfoAsync of the IAuthenticationManager implementation, like this: 我通过调用IAuthenticationManager实现的GetExternalLoginInfoAsync方法,我获得了外部登录的细节,如下所示: ...ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo = await AuthManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync();... The ExternalLoginInfo class defines the properties shown in Table 15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类定义的属性如表15-10所示: Table 15-10. The Properties Defined by the ExternalLoginInfo Class 表15-10. ExternalLoginInfo类所定义的属性 Name 名称 Description 描述 DefaultUserName Returns the username 返回用户名 Email Returns the e-mail address 返回E-mail地址 ExternalIdentity Returns a ClaimsIdentity that identities the user 返回标识该用户的ClaimsIdentity Login Returns a UserLoginInfo that describes the external login 返回描述外部登录的UserLoginInfo I use the FindAsync method defined by the user manager class to locate the user based on the value of the ExternalLoginInfo.Login property, which returns an AppUser object if the user has been authenticated with the application before: 我使用了由用户管理器类所定义的FindAsync方法,以便根据ExternalLoginInfo.Login属性的值对用户进行定位,如果用户之前在应用程序中已经认证,该属性会返回一个AppUser对象: ...AppUser user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);... If the FindAsync method doesn’t return an AppUser object, then I know that this is the first time that this user has logged into the application, so I create a new AppUser object, populate it with values, and save it to the database. I also save details of how the user logged in so that I can find them next time: 如果FindAsync方法返回的不是AppUser对象,那么我便知道这是用户首次登录应用程序,于是便创建了一个新的AppUser对象,填充该对象的值,并将其保存到数据库。我还保存了用户如何登录的细节,以便下次能够找到他们: ...result = await UserManager.AddLoginAsync(user.Id, loginInfo.Login);... All that remains is to generate an identity the user, copy the claims provided by Google, and create an authentication cookie so that the application knows the user has been authenticated: 剩下的事情只是生成该用户的标识了,拷贝Google提供的声明(Claims),并创建一个认证Cookie,以使应用程序知道此用户已认证: ...ClaimsIdentity ident = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(user,DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);ident.AddClaims(loginInfo.ExternalIdentity.Claims);AuthManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties { IsPersistent = false }, ident);... 15.4.2 Testing Google Authentication 15.4.2 测试Google认证 There is one further change that I need to make before I can test Google authentication: I need to change the account verification I set up in Chapter 13 because it prevents accounts from being created with e-mail addresses that are not within the example.com domain. Listing 15-25 shows how I removed the verification from the AppUserManager class. 在测试Google认证之前还需要一处修改:需要修改第13章所建立的账号验证,因为它不允许example.com域之外的E-mail地址创建账号。清单15-25显示了如何在AppUserManager类中删除这种验证。 Listing 15-25. Disabling Account Validation in the AppUserManager.cs File 清单15-25. 在AppUserManager.cs文件中取消账号验证 using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework;using Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Owin;using Microsoft.Owin;using Users.Models; namespace Users.Infrastructure {public class AppUserManager : UserManager<AppUser> {public AppUserManager(IUserStore<AppUser> store): base(store) {}public static AppUserManager Create(IdentityFactoryOptions<AppUserManager> options,IOwinContext context) {AppIdentityDbContext db = context.Get<AppIdentityDbContext>();AppUserManager manager = new AppUserManager(new UserStore<AppUser>(db)); manager.PasswordValidator = new CustomPasswordValidator {RequiredLength = 6,RequireNonLetterOrDigit = false,RequireDigit = false,RequireLowercase = true,RequireUppercase = true}; //manager.UserValidator = new CustomUserValidator(manager) {// AllowOnlyAlphanumericUserNames = true,// RequireUniqueEmail = true//};return manager;} }} Tip you can use validation for externally authenticated accounts, but I am just going to disable the feature for simplicity. 提示:也可以使用外部已认证账号的验证,但这里出于简化,取消了这一特性。 To test authentication, start the application, click the Log In via Google button, and provide the credentials for a valid Google account. When you have completed the authentication process, your browser will be redirected back to the application. If you navigate to the /Claims/Index URL, you will be able to see how claims from the Google system have been added to the user’s identity, as shown in Figure 15-7. 为了测试认证,启动应用程序,通过点击“Log In via Google(通过Google登录)”按钮,并提供有效的Google账号凭据。当你完成了认证过程时,浏览器将被重定向回应用程序。如果导航到/Claims/Index URL,便能够看到来自Google系统的声明(Claims),已被添加到用户的标识中了,如图15-7所示。 Figure 15-7. Claims from Google 图15-7. 来自Google的声明(Claims) 15.5 Summary 15.5 小结 In this chapter, I showed you some of the advanced features that ASP.NET Identity supports. I demonstrated the use of custom user properties and how to use database migrations to preserve data when you upgrade the schema to support them. I explained how claims work and how they can be used to create more flexible ways of authorizing users. I finished the chapter by showing you how to authenticate users via Google, which builds on the ideas behind the use of claims. 本章向你演示了ASP.NET Identity所支持的一些高级特性。演示了自定义用户属性的使用,还演示了在升级数据架构时,如何使用数据库迁移保护数据。我解释了声明(Claims)的工作机制,以及如何将它们用于创建更灵活的用户授权方式。最后演示了如何通过Google进行认证结束了本章,这是建立在使用声明(Claims)的思想基础之上的。 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/gz19871113/article/details/108591802。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2023-10-28 08:49:21
283
转载
Apache Atlas
...bleName); Delete delete = new Delete(rowKey); for (byte[] family : columnFamilies) { delete.addFamily(family); } table.delete(delete); 2) 数据分片:将元数据数据库分成多个部分,然后分别在不同的服务器上存储。这样一来,每台服务器只需要分担一小部分数据的处理工作,就完全能够巧妙地避开那种因为数据量太大,内存承受不住,像杯子装满水会溢出来一样的尴尬情况啦。 java // 示例代码,使用HBase API创建新的表,并设置表的分片策略 TableName tableName = TableName.valueOf("my_table"); HColumnDescriptor columnDesc = new HColumnDescriptor("info"); HRegionInfo regionInfo = new HRegionInfo(tableName, null, null, false); table = TEST_UTIL.createLocalHTable(regionInfo, columnDesc); table.setSplitPolicy(new MySplitPolicy()); 3) 使用外部缓存:对于那些频繁访问但不经常更新的元数据项,可以将其存储在一个独立的缓存中。这样,即使缓存中的数据量很大,也不会对主服务器的内存产生太大的压力。 java // 示例代码,使用Memcached作为外部缓存 MemcachedClient client = new MemcachedClient( new TCPNonblockingServerSocketFactory(), new InetSocketAddress[] {new InetSocketAddress(host, port)}); client.set(key, expirationTimeInMilliseconds, value); 这些只是一些基本的解决方案,具体的实施方式还需要根据你的实际情况进行调整。总的来说,想要搞定Apache Atlas服务器启动时那个烦人的内存溢出问题,咱们得在设计和运维这两块儿阶段都得提前做好周全的打算和精心的布局。 4. 结语 在使用Apache Atlas进行元数据管理时,我们可能会遇到各种各样的问题。但是,只要我们有足够的知识和经验,总能找到解决问题的方法。希望这篇文章能对你有所帮助。
2023-02-23 21:56:44
521
素颜如水-t
转载文章
...powershell方法进行筛选。 一、需求分析 存在问题 日志量巨大(每天约1G) 日志管理器查询日志不便 主要目标 启用文件系统审核 快捷查询用户的删除操作 解决方案 采用轮替方式归档日志(500MB) 日志存放60天(可用脚本删除超过期限日志档案) 使用Get-WinEvent中的FilterXPath过日志进行筛选,格式打印 删除操作码为0x10000,可对其进行筛选 二、文件审核设置 2.1 开启文件系统审核功能 secpol.msc Advanced Audit Policy Configuration Object Access Audit File System [x] Configure the following audit events: [x] Success [x] Failure 2.2 建立共享文件夹 Folder Properties Sharing Choose people to share with Everyone 2.3 设置文件夹审核的用户组 Folder Properties Security Advanced Auditing Add user 2.4 设置日志路径及大小 Event Viewer Windows Logs Security Log Properties Log Path: E:\FileLog\Security.evtx Maximum log size(KB): 512000 [x] Archive the log when full,do not overwrite events 三、方法 筛选事件ID为4460日志 PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WinEvent -LogName Security -FilterXPath "[System[EventID=4660]]"ProviderName: Microsoft-Windows-Security-AuditingTimeCreated Id LevelDisplayName Message----------- -- ---------------- -------5/22/2018 10:01:37 AM 4660 Information An object was deleted....5/22/2018 9:03:11 AM 4660 Information An object was deleted.... 筛选文件删除日志 PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WinEvent -LogName "Security" -FilterXPath "[EventData[Data[@Name='AccessMask']='0x10000']]"ProviderName: Microsoft-Windows-Security-AuditingTimeCreated Id LevelDisplayName Message----------- -- ---------------- -------5/22/2018 10:01:37 AM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object....5/22/2018 9:03:11 AM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object.... 筛选指定用户文件删除日志 PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WinEvent -LogName "Security" -FilterXPath "[EventData[Data[@Name='AccessMask']='0x10000']] and [EventData[Data[@Name='SubjectUserName']='lxy']]"ProviderName: Microsoft-Windows-Security-AuditingTimeCreated Id LevelDisplayName Message----------- -- ---------------- -------5/22/2018 9:03:11 AM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object.... 以变量方式筛选指定用户文件删除日志 PS C:\Windows\system32> $AccessMask='0x10000'PS C:\Windows\system32> $UserName='lxy'PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WinEvent -LogName "Security" -FilterXPath "[EventData[Data[@Name='AccessMask']='$AccessMask']] and [EventData[Data[@Name='SubjectUserName']='$UserName']]"ProviderName: Microsoft-Windows-Security-AuditingTimeCreated Id LevelDisplayName Message----------- -- ---------------- -------5/22/2018 9:03:11 AM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object.... 从保存的文件筛选文件删除日志 PS C:\Users\F2844290> Get-WinEvent -Path 'C:\Users\F2844290\Desktop\SaveSec.evtx' -FilterXPath "[EventData[Data[@Name='AccessMask']='0x10000']]"PS C:\Windows\system32> $AccessMask='0x10000' 筛选10分钟内发生的安全性日志 XML中时间计算单位为ms,10minute=60 10 1000=600000 PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WinEvent -LogName Security -FilterXPath "[System[TimeCreated[timediff(@SystemTime) < 600000]]]"ProviderName: Microsoft-Windows-Security-AuditingTimeCreated Id LevelDisplayName Message----------- -- ---------------- -------5/22/2018 4:11:30 PM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object....5/22/2018 4:11:30 PM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object....5/22/2018 4:11:30 PM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object....5/22/2018 4:11:30 PM 4663 Information An attempt was made to access an object.... 其它筛选方法 若有语法不明之处,可参考日志管理器中筛选当前日志的XML方法。 删除超过60天的存档日志并记录 Get-ChildItem E:\FileLog\Archive-Security- | Where-Object {if(( (get-date) - $_.CreationTime).TotalDays -gt 60 ){Remove-Item $_.FullName -ForceWrite-Output "$(Get-Date -UFormat "%Y/%m%d")t$_.Name" >>D:\RoMove-Archive-Logs.txt} } 四、其它文件 文件删除日志结构 Log Name: SecuritySource: Microsoft-Windows-Security-AuditingDate: 5/22/2018 9:03:11 AMEvent ID: 4663Task Category: File SystemLevel: InformationKeywords: Audit SuccessUser: N/AComputer: IDX-ST-05Description:An attempt was made to access an object.Subject:Security ID: IDX-ST-05\lxyAccount Name: lxyAccount Domain: IDX-ST-05Logon ID: 0x2ed3b8Object:Object Server: SecurityObject Type: FileObject Name: C:\Data\net.txtHandle ID: 0x444Process Information:Process ID: 0x4Process Name: Access Request Information:Accesses: DELETEAccess Mask: 0x10000Event Xml:<Event xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/win/2004/08/events/event"><System><Provider Name="Microsoft-Windows-Security-Auditing" Guid="{54849625-5478-4994-A5BA-3E3B0328C30D}" /><EventID>4663</EventID><Version>0</Version><Level>0</Level><Task>12800</Task><Opcode>0</Opcode><Keywords>0x8020000000000000</Keywords><TimeCreated SystemTime="2018-05-22T01:03:11.876720000Z" /><EventRecordID>1514</EventRecordID><Correlation /><Execution ProcessID="4" ThreadID="72" /><Channel>Security</Channel><Computer>IDX-ST-05</Computer><Security /></System><EventData><Data Name="SubjectUserSid">S-1-5-21-1815651738-4066643265-3072818021-1004</Data><Data Name="SubjectUserName">lxy</Data><Data Name="SubjectDomainName">IDX-ST-05</Data><Data Name="SubjectLogonId">0x2ed3b8</Data><Data Name="ObjectServer">Security</Data><Data Name="ObjectType">File</Data><Data Name="ObjectName">C:\Data\net.txt</Data><Data Name="HandleId">0x444</Data><Data Name="AccessList">%%1537</Data><Data Name="AccessMask">0x10000</Data><Data Name="ProcessId">0x4</Data><Data Name="ProcessName"></Data></EventData></Event> 文件操作码表 File ReadAccesses: ReadData (or ListDirectory)AccessMask: 0x1File WriteAccesses: WriteData (or AddFile)AccessMask: 0x2File DeleteAccesses: DELETEAccessMask: 0x10000File RenameAccesses: DELETEAccessMask: 0x10000File CopyAccesses: ReadData (or ListDirectory)AccessMask: 0x1File Permissions ChangeAccesses: WRITE_DACAccessMask: 0x40000File Ownership ChangeAccesses: WRITE_OWNERAccessMask: 0x80000 转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/linxy/2119150 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_34112900/article/details/92532120。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2023-11-12 11:51:46
151
转载
Redis
...) else: r.delete(key) 五、总结 通过上述介绍,我们可以看到,使用Redis作为阅读状态数据库是一种非常可行的方法。它可以方便地存储和管理用户的阅读状态,而且因为Redis的特性,它的性能非常高,可以很好地应对高并发的情况。 当然,这只是一个基本的设计方案,实际的应用可能还需要考虑更多的因素,例如安全性、稳定性、可扩展性等等。不管咋说,Redis这款数据库工具真心值得我给你安利一波。它可是能实实在在地帮我们简化开发过程,这样一来,咱就能把更多的心思和精力花在琢磨业务逻辑上,让工作更加高效流畅。
2023-06-24 14:53:48
332
岁月静好_t
Apache Atlas
...浏览器 如果以上两种方法都无法解决问题,我们还可以尝试更换一个浏览器试试。因为不同的浏览器可能会有不同的兼容性问题。 四、代码示例 在这里,我想给大家举几个使用Apache Atlas的代码示例,希望大家能够通过这些示例更好地理解和使用这个工具。 4.1 获取资源 java AtlasResource resource = client.get("/api/resources/" + resourceId); 4.2 创建资源 java Map properties = new HashMap<>(); properties.put("name", "My Resource"); resource.create(properties); 4.3 删除资源 java client.delete("/api/resources/" + resourceId); 五、结论 总的来说,Apache Atlas是一个非常好用的数据治理平台,但是在使用的过程中我们也可能会遇到一些问题。只要我们get到了正确的处理方式和小窍门,就完全能够麻溜地找出问题所在,并且妥妥地把它们解决掉。同时,我也希望大家能够通过这篇文章了解到更多关于Apache Atlas的知识,从而提高自己的工作效率。
2023-09-25 18:20:39
470
红尘漫步-t
Java
... Java中常用类和方法合集:探索实践之旅 在Java编程的世界里,一些基础且常用的类与方法就像构建我们代码帝国的基石。它们不仅简化了我们的开发工作,也赋予了程序强大的功能和灵活性。在这篇文章里,咱们就手拉手,通过一些实实在在的例子,好好唠一唠Java里那些必不可少、缺了它们程序就玩不转的核心类和方法吧! 1. String类及其方法 (1)创建和操作字符串 在Java中,String类是我们经常打交道的对象之一。比如创建一个字符串: java String str = "Hello, World!"; 然后,我们可以使用它的各种方法来操作这个字符串: java // 获取字符串长度 int length = str.length(); // 查找子串 int index = str.indexOf("World"); // 截取子串 String subStr = str.substring(index); (2)字符串拼接 注意,虽然我们不能直接改变String对象的内容(因为它不可变),但可以利用concat()或StringBuilder进行拼接: java String str1 = "Java"; String str2 = "编程"; // 使用concat()方法拼接 String result = str1.concat(str2); // 或者使用StringBuilder效率更高 StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); sb.append(str1).append(str2); String result2 = sb.toString(); 2. ArrayList类及其方法 ArrayList是Java集合框架中非常重要的一个类,用于存储可变大小的数组。 java // 创建ArrayList ArrayList list = new ArrayList<>(); // 添加元素 list.add("Java"); list.add("Python"); list.add("C++"); // 访问元素 String firstElement = list.get(0); // 遍历元素 for (String lang : list) { System.out.println(lang); } // 删除元素 list.remove("C++"); 3. Date和Calendar类处理日期时间 处理日期和时间时,我们会用到Date和Calendar类: java // 创建Date对象表示当前时间 Date now = new Date(); // 使用Calendar类获取特定日期信息 Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance(); cal.setTime(now); int year = cal.get(Calendar.YEAR); int month = cal.get(Calendar.MONTH); int day = cal.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH); System.out.printf("Current date is: %d-%d-%d", year, month + 1, day); 4. File类实现文件操作 File类提供了与文件系统交互的能力: java // 创建File对象 File file = new File("test.txt"); // 判断文件是否存在 boolean exists = file.exists(); // 创建新文件 file.createNewFile(); // 删除文件 file.delete(); 以上仅是Java众多常用类和方法的冰山一角,每个方法背后都蕴含着丰富的设计理念和技术细节。在实际敲代码的时候,咱们得根据实际情况灵活耍弄这些工具,不断动脑筋、动手尝试、一步步改进,才能真正把这些工具的精要吃透。同时,千万要记住,随着科技的日新月异,Java库可是一直在不断丰富和进化,时常有各种新鲜出炉、实用性爆棚的类和方法加入进来。这就是Java语言让人着迷的地方——它始终紧跟时代的步伐,始终保持年轻活力,为开发者们提供最高效、最省心省力的解决办法。
2023-01-06 08:37:30
348
桃李春风一杯酒
HBase
...)) { file.delete(); } 三、HBase服务异常中断解决方案 针对上述的HBase服务异常中断原因,可以采取以下几种解决方案: 1. 提升硬件资源 增加内存、CPU、硬盘等硬件资源,确保HBase能够有足够的资源来运行。 2. 解决网络问题 优化网络环境,提高网络带宽和稳定性,减少丢包和延迟。 3. 强化数据一致性管理 引入事务机制,确保数据的一致性。比如,我们可以利用HBase的MVCC(多版本并发控制)技术,或者请Zookeeper这位大管家帮忙,协调各个节点间的数据同步工作。就像是在一群小伙伴中,有人负责记录不同版本的信息,有人负责确保大家手里的数据都是最新最准确的那样。 4. 检查并修复配置错误 定期检查和维护配置文件,避免因配置错误而导致的服务中断。 以上就是对HBase服务异常中断的一些分析和解决方案。在实际操作的时候,咱们还要看具体情况、瞅准真实需求,像变戏法一样灵活挑拣并运用这些方法。
2023-07-01 22:51:34
558
雪域高原-t
Go Gin
...加一些常见的HTTP方法(GET, POST, PUT, DELETE): go v1.GET("/users", getUserList) v1.POST("/users", createUser) v1.PUT("/users/:id", updateUser) v1.DELETE("/users/:id", deleteUser) 这里,:id是一个动态参数,表示URL中的某个部分可以变化。比如说,当你访问"/api/v1/users/123"这个路径时,它就像个神奇的按钮,直接触发了“updateUser”这个函数的执行。 五、嵌套路由组 有时候,你可能需要更复杂的URL结构,这时可以使用嵌套路由组: go v1 := r.Group("/users") { v1.GET("/:id", getUser) v1.POST("", createUser) // 注意这里的空字符串,表示没有特定的路径部分 } 六、中间件的应用 在路由组上添加中间件可以为一组路由提供通用的功能,如验证、日志记录等。例如,我们可以在所有v1组的请求中添加身份验证中间件: go authMiddleware := func(c gin.Context) { // 这里是你的身份验证逻辑 } v1.Use(authMiddleware) 七、总结与拓展 通过以上步骤,你已经掌握了如何在Go Gin中使用路由组。路由组不仅帮助我们组织代码,还使我们能够更好地复用和扩展代码。当你碰到那些需要动点脑筋的难题,比如权限控制、出错应对的时候,你就把这玩意儿往深里挖,扩展升级,让它变得更聪明更顺溜。 记住,编程就像搭积木,每一块都对应着一个功能。用Go Gin的聪明路由功能,就像给你的代码设计了个贴心的导航系统,让结构井然有序,维护起来就像跟老朋友聊天一样顺溜。祝你在Go Gin的世界里玩得开心,构建出强大的Web应用!
2024-04-12 11:12:32
501
梦幻星空
Etcd
...onerror的排查方法 假设我们在使用Etcd的过程中遭遇了此类错误,可以按照以下步骤进行排查: 步骤一:检查日志 查看Etcd的日志输出,定位错误发生的具体事务以及可能触发异常的数据内容。 步骤二:模拟压缩 通过编写类似上面的代码片段,尝试用Snappy压缩可能出现问题的数据部分,看是否能重现错误。 步骤三:资源监控 确保服务器有足够的内存资源用于Snappy压缩操作。可以通过系统监控工具(如top、htop等)实时查看内存使用情况。 步骤四:版本验证与升级 确认使用的Etcd及Snappy库版本,并查阅相关文档,看看是否有已知的关于数据压缩问题的修复版本,如有必要,请及时升级。 4. 解决Datacompressionerror的方法与实践 针对上述原因,我们可以采取如下措施来解决Datacompressionerror: - 清理无效数据:若发现特定的键值对导致压缩失败,应立即移除或修正这些数据。 - 增加系统资源:确保Etcd运行环境拥有足够的内存资源以支持正常的压缩操作。 - 升级依赖库:如确定是由于Snappy库的问题引起的,应尽快升级至最新稳定版或已知修复该问题的版本。 go // 假设我们需要删除触发压缩错误的某个键值对 import ( "go.etcd.io/etcd/clientv3" ) func deleteKey(client clientv3.Client, key string) error { _, err := client.Delete(context.Background(), key) return err } // 调用示例 err := deleteKey(etcdClient, "problematic-key") if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } 总之,面对Etcd中的"data compression error",我们需要深入了解其背后的压缩机制,理性分析可能的原因,并通过实例代码演示如何排查和解决问题。在这个过程中,我们不光磨炼了搞定技术难题的硬实力,更是亲身感受到了软件开发实战中那份必不可少的探索热情和动手实践的乐趣。就像是亲手烹饪一道复杂的菜肴,既要懂得菜谱上的技术窍门,也要敢于尝试、不断创新,才能最终端出美味佳肴,这感觉倍儿爽!希望这篇文章能帮助你在遇到此类问题时,能够快速找到合适的解决方案。
2023-03-31 21:10:37
440
半夏微凉
MemCache
...我们可以用个很巧妙的方法,就叫“一致性哈希”,这个算法就像一个超级智能的分配器,能帮我们精准地判断每一份数据应该放在哪个小仓库(节点)里头,这样一来,所有的东西都能各归其位,整整齐齐。 python from pymemcache.client.hash import ConsistentHashRing nodes = [('node1', 11211), ('node2', 11211), ('node3', 11211)] ring = ConsistentHashRing(nodes) 使用一致性哈希决定key对应的节点 node, _ = ring.get_node('your_key') 2. 数据的分布式存储 上述的一致性哈希算法能够保证当新增或减少节点时,对已存在的大部分键值对的映射关系影响较小,从而实现数据的均衡分布。此外,咱们得牢牢记住一个大原则:如果有那么些关系紧密的数据兄弟,最好让它们挤在同一台MemCache服务器上,这样可以有效避免因为跨节点访问而产生的网络开销,懂我意思吧? 3. 同步更新问题及其解决思路 MemCache本身不具备数据同步功能,因此在分布式环境下进行数据更新时,需要通过应用层逻辑来保障一致性。常见的一种做法是“先更新数据库,再清除相关缓存”。 python 假设我们有一个更新用户信息的方法 def update_user_info(user_id, new_info): 先更新数据库 db.update_user(user_id, new_info) 清除MemCache中相关的缓存数据 memcached_client.delete(f'user_{user_id}') 另一种策略是引入消息队列,例如使用Redis Pub/Sub或者RabbitMQ等中间件,当数据库发生变更时,发布一条消息通知所有MemCache节点删除对应的缓存项。 4. MemCache节点的维护与监控 为了保证MemCache集群的稳定运行,我们需要定期对各个节点进行健康检查和性能监控,及时发现并处理可能出现的内存溢出、节点失效等问题。可以通过编写运维脚本定期检查,或者接入诸如Prometheus+Grafana这样的监控工具进行可视化管理。 bash 示例:简单的shell脚本检查MemCache节点状态 for node in $(cat memcache_nodes.txt); do echo "Checking ${node}..." telnet $node 11211 <<< stats | grep -q 'STAT bytes 0' if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then echo "${node} is down or not responding." else echo "${node} is up and running." fi done 总的来说,要在分布式环境中有效管理和维护多个MemCache节点,并实现数据的分布式存储与同步更新,不仅需要合理设计数据分布策略,还需要在应用层面对数据一致性进行把控,同时配合完善的节点监控和运维体系,才能确保整个缓存系统的高效稳定运行。在整个探险历程中,咱们得时刻动脑筋、动手尝试、灵活应变、优化咱的计划,这绝对是一个挑战多多、趣味盎然的过程,让人乐在其中。
2023-11-14 17:08:32
69
凌波微步
HBase
...ckTable); Delete delete = new Delete(Bytes.toBytes(lockName)); table.delete(delete); table.close(); } } 5. 分析与讨论 上述代码展示了如何借助HBase实现分布式锁的核心逻辑。当你试着去拿锁的时候,就相当于你要在一张表里插一条新记录。如果发现这条记录竟然已经存在了(这就意味着这把锁已经被别的家伙抢先一步拿走了),系统就会毫不客气地抛出一个异常,然后告诉你“没戏,锁没拿到”,也就是返回个false。而在解锁时,只需删除对应的行即可。 然而,这种简单实现并未考虑超时、锁续期等问题,实际应用中还需要结合Zookeeper进行优化,如借助Zookeeper的临时有序节点特性实现更完善的分布式锁服务。 6. 结语 HBase的分布式锁实现是一种基于数据库事务特性的方法,它简洁且直接。不过呢,每种技术方案都有它能施展拳脚的地方,也有它的局限性。就好比选择分布式锁的实现方式,咱们得看实际情况,比如应用场景的具体需求、对性能的高标准严要求,还有团队掌握的技术工具箱。这就好比选工具干活,得看活儿是什么、要干得多精细,再看看咱手头有什么趁手的家伙事儿,综合考虑才能选对最合适的那个。明白了这个原理之后,咱们就可以动手实操起来,并且不断摸索、优化它,让这玩意儿更好地为我们设计的分布式系统架构服务,让它发挥更大的作用。
2023-11-04 13:27:56
437
晚秋落叶
ZooKeeper
...zookeeper.delete(lockPath + "/" + lockNode.substring(lockPath.length() + 1), -1); } } 这个简单的实现展示了如何使用ZooKeeper来创建临时顺序节点,并通过监听前一个节点的状态变化来实现分布式锁的功能。在这过程中,我们不仅学会了怎么用ZooKeeper的基本功能,还感受到了它在实际操作中到底有多牛掰。 5. 实践案例二 配置中心 接下来,我们来看看另一个常见的应用场景——配置中心。在大型系统中,配置管理往往是一项繁琐而重要的工作。而ZooKeeper正好为我们提供了一个理想的解决方案。 5.1 配置中心的实现 假设我们有一个配置文件,其中包含了一些关键的配置信息,例如数据库连接字符串、日志级别等。我们可以把配置信息存到ZooKeeper里,然后用监听器让各个节点实时更新,这样就省心多了。 java import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent; import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher; import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooKeeper; public class ConfigCenter implements Watcher { private ZooKeeper zookeeper; private String configPath; public ConfigCenter(ZooKeeper zookeeper, String configPath) { this.zookeeper = zookeeper; this.configPath = configPath; } public void start() throws Exception { // 监听配置节点 zookeeper.exists(configPath, this); } @Override public void process(WatchedEvent event) { if (event.getType() == Event.EventType.NodeDataChanged) { try { byte[] data = zookeeper.getData(configPath, this, null); String config = new String(data, "UTF-8"); System.out.println("New configuration: " + config); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } } 这段代码展示了如何创建一个配置中心,通过监听配置节点的变化来实时更新配置信息。这种机制不仅提高了系统的灵活性,也大大简化了配置管理的工作量。 6. 总结与展望 通过上面两个具体的案例,我们看到了ZooKeeper在实际项目中的广泛应用。无论是分布式锁还是配置中心,ZooKeeper都能为我们提供稳定可靠的支持。当然,ZooKeeper还有许多其他强大的功能等待我们去发掘。希望大家在今后的工作中也能多多尝试使用ZooKeeper,相信它一定能给我们的开发带来意想不到的帮助! --- 希望这篇文章能让你对ZooKeeper有更深刻的理解,并激发你进一步探索的兴趣。如果你有任何问题或者想了解更多细节,请随时留言交流!
2025-02-11 15:58:01
39
心灵驿站
转载文章
...me>]][-deleteSnapshot <snapshotDir> <snapshotName>][-df [-h] [<path> ...]][-du [-s] [-h] [-v] [-x] <path> ...] 统计磁盘文件大小[-expunge][-find <path> ... <expression> ...][-get [-f] [-p] [-ignoreCrc] [-crc] <src> ... <localdst>] 下载[-getfacl [-R] <path>][-getfattr [-R] {-n name | -d} [-e en] <path>][-getmerge [-nl] [-skip-empty-file] <src> <localdst>][-head <file>][-help [cmd ...]][-ls [-C] [-d] [-h] [-q] [-R] [-t] [-S] [-r] [-u] [-e] [<path> ...]] 查看列表[-mkdir [-p] <path> ...] 创建[-moveFromLocal <localsrc> ... <dst>] 剪切到hdfs[-moveToLocal <src> <localdst>] 剪切到本地[-mv <src> ... <dst>] 移动[-put [-f] [-p] [-l] [-d] <localsrc> ... <dst>] 上传[-renameSnapshot <snapshotDir> <oldName> <newName>][-rm [-f] [-r|-R] [-skipTrash] [-safely] <src> ...] 删除[-rmdir [--ignore-fail-on-non-empty] <dir> ...][-setfacl [-R] [{-b|-k} {-m|-x <acl_spec>} <path>]|[--set <acl_spec> <path>]][-setfattr {-n name [-v value] | -x name} <path>][-setrep [-R] [-w] <rep> <path> ...] 设置副本数[-stat [format] <path> ...][-tail [-f] <file>][-test -[defsz] <path>][-text [-ignoreCrc] <src> ...][-touch [-a] [-m] [-t TIMESTAMP ] [-c] <path> ...][-touchz <path> ...][-truncate [-w] <length> <path> ...][-usage [cmd ...]]Generic options supported are:-conf <configuration file> specify an application configuration file-D <property=value> define a value for a given property-fs <file:///|hdfs://namenode:port> specify default filesystem URL to use, overrides 'fs.defaultFS' property from configurations.-jt <local|resourcemanager:port> specify a ResourceManager-files <file1,...> specify a comma-separated list of files to be copied to the map reduce cluster-libjars <jar1,...> specify a comma-separated list of jar files to be included in the classpath-archives <archive1,...> specify a comma-separated list of archives to be unarchived on the compute machinesThe general command line syntax is:command [genericOptions] [commandOptions] 查看详细命令 hadoop fs -help 命令(如cat) 更改hdfs的权限 vi core-site.xml <property><name>hadoop.http.staticuser.user</name><value>root</value></property> HDFS客户端API操作 Windows环境配置 将Windows依赖放到文件夹, 配置环境变量,添加HADOOP_HOME ,编辑Path添加%HADOOP_HOME%/bin 拷贝hadoop.dll和winutils.exe到C:\Windows\System32 创建java项目 配置 编辑pom.xml <dependencies><dependency><groupId>junit</groupId><artifactId>junit</artifactId><version>4.12</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId><artifactId>log4j-slf4j-impl</artifactId><version>2.12.0</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.apache.hadoop</groupId><artifactId>hadoop-client</artifactId><version>3.1.3</version></dependency></dependencies> 在src/main/resources中建立log4j2.xml 打印日志到控制台 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Configuration status="WARN"><Appenders><Console name="Console" target="SYSTEM_OUT"><PatternLayout pattern="%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%t] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n"/></Console></Appenders><Loggers><Root level="error"><AppenderRef ref="Console"/></Root></Loggers></Configuration> 编写代码 在/src/main/java/cn.zcx.hdfs创建TestHDFS类 public class TestHDFS {// 创建全局变量private FileSystem fs;private Configuration conf;private URI uri;private String user;// 从本地上传文件@Testpublic void testUpload() throws IOException {fs.copyFromLocalFile(false,true,new Path("F:\\Download\\使用前说明.txt"),new Path("/testhdfs"));}/ @Before 方法在@Test方法执行之前执行 /@Beforepublic void init() throws IOException, InterruptedException {uri = URI.create("hdfs://master:8020");conf = new Configuration();user = "root";fs = FileSystem.get(uri,conf,user);}/ @After方法在@Test方法结束后执行 /@Afterpublic void close() throws IOException {fs.close();}@Testpublic void testHDFS() throws IOException, InterruptedException {//1. 创建文件系统对象/URI uri = URI.create("hdfs://master:8020");Configuration conf = new Configuration();String user = "root";FileSystem fs = FileSystem.get(uri,conf,user);System.out.println("fs: " + fs);/// 2. 创建一个目录boolean b = fs.mkdirs(new Path("/testhdfs"));System.out.println(b);// 3. 关闭fs.close();} } 参数优先级 xxx-default.xml < xxx-site.xml < IDEA中resource中创建xxx-site.xml < 在代码中通过更改Configuration 参数 文件下载 @Testpublic void testDownload() throws IOException {fs.copyToLocalFile(false,new Path("/testhdfs/使用前说明.txt"),new Path("F:\\Download\\"),true);} 文件更改移动 //改名or移动(路径改变就可以)@Testpublic void testRename() throws IOException {boolean b = fs.rename(new Path("/testhdfs/使用前说明.txt"),new Path("/testhdfs/zcx.txt"));System.out.println(b);} 查看文件详细信息 // 查看文件详情@Testpublic void testListFiles() throws IOException {RemoteIterator<LocatedFileStatus> listFiles = fs.listFiles(new Path("/"), true);//迭代操作while (listFiles.hasNext()){LocatedFileStatus fileStatus = listFiles.next();//获取文件详情System.out.println("文件路径:"+fileStatus.getPath());System.out.println("文件权限:"+fileStatus.getPermission());System.out.println("文件主人:"+fileStatus.getOwner());System.out.println("文件组:"+fileStatus.getGroup());System.out.println("文件大小:"+fileStatus.getLen());System.out.println("文件副本数:"+fileStatus.getReplication());System.out.println("文件块位置:"+ Arrays.toString(fileStatus.getBlockLocations()));System.out.println("===============================");} } 文件删除 第二参数,true递归删除 //文件删除@Testpublic void testDelete() throws IOException {boolean b = fs.delete(new Path("/testhdfs/"), true);System.out.println(b);} NN与2NN工作原理 本篇文章为转载内容。原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/Python1One/article/details/108546050。 该文由互联网用户投稿提供,文中观点代表作者本人意见,并不代表本站的立场。 作为信息平台,本站仅提供文章转载服务,并不拥有其所有权,也不对文章内容的真实性、准确性和合法性承担责任。 如发现本文存在侵权、违法、违规或事实不符的情况,请及时联系我们,我们将第一时间进行核实并删除相应内容。
2023-12-05 22:55:20
276
转载
MySQL
...ate_priv, Delete_priv FROM mysql.user; 5. 查看全部全局权限: mysql>SHOW GRANTS FOR root@'%'; 6. 查看全部数据库权限: mysql>SHOW GRANTS FOR 'user'@'localhost'; 以上是查看MySQL中全部采用者的方法,能够根据实际情况选择不同的命令查看不同的信息。
2023-04-12 13:59:00
92
软件工程师
JSON
...及与之对应的HTTP方法(GET、POST、PUT、DELETE等),实现对资源的操作和管理。在文章语境中,JSON作为主流的数据交换格式,在RESTful API设计中扮演重要角色,使得数据传输简洁高效,接口易用性增强。 NoSQL数据库 , Not Only SQL,泛指非关系型数据库,相较于传统的关系型数据库,NoSQL数据库更适合处理大规模分布式环境下的海量数据存储与查询问题。文中提到MongoDB就是一种NoSQL数据库,它可以原生支持JSON格式数据的存储和查询,利用JSON文档模型的优势,简化了数据操作流程,提高了开发效率。
2023-01-19 19:48:00
519
代码侠
转载文章
...确告诉浏览器哪些源、方法、头部等是可以接受的,从而解除同源策略限制。 @CrossOrigin注解 , 在Spring框架中,@CrossOrigin是一个用于处理跨域请求的注解。当将其添加到控制器类或方法上时,它指示Spring MVC在响应中包含必要的CORS头信息,允许来自指定来源或者其他默认设置范围内的跨域请求访问该RESTful API。开发者可以自定义其属性如origins、methods等以满足特定的安全和访问控制需求。 RESTful web服务 , REST(Representational State Transfer)架构风格的web服务简称RESTful web服务,是一种软件架构风格和网络应用程序设计模式。在这种风格下,Web服务通过HTTP协议暴露资源,并使用统一接口(包括GET、POST、PUT、DELETE等HTTP方法)进行资源的创建、读取、更新和删除操作。通过URI(Uniform Resource Identifier)定位资源,并以JSON、XML等形式返回资源的状态。在本文中,通过在RESTful web服务的控制器方法上应用@CrossOrigin注解,实现对这些服务的跨域访问支持。
2023-11-11 12:31:12
330
转载
PHP
...许客户端通过HTTP方法(如GET、POST、PUT、DELETE等)与服务器进行资源交互,每个URL通常代表一个资源,而点号(.)在URL路径中可能具有特殊含义,比如用来表示资源层级关系。本文讨论了如何在遵循RESTful原则设计API时,在URL路径中妥善处理点(.)符号,确保其语义明确且符合路由规范。
2024-01-26 10:56:09
61
追梦人_t
c++
...大型对象的成员变量和方法 ... }; BigObject createBigObject() { BigObject obj = new BigObject(); // ... 初始化或其他操作 ... return obj; // 返回指向新创建对象的指针 } int main() { BigObject objPtr = createBigObject(); // ... 使用objPtr... delete objPtr; // 必须手动管理内存 return 0; } 使用指针作为返回类型提供了很大的灵活性,可以直接返回堆上的动态分配对象,同时允许调用者对返回的对象拥有所有权(需自行管理内存)。但是,这同时也意味着一个重要的责任:程序员老铁们必须得小心翼翼地确保内存被正确释放,不然的话,就可能捅出个“内存泄漏”的篓子来。 3. 引用返回类型 高效且安全 接下来,我们看看引用返回类型的应用场景: cpp BigObject& getExistingObject() { static BigObject obj; // ... 对象初始化 ... return obj; // 返回对象引用 } int main() { BigObject& objRef = getExistingObject(); // ... 使用objRef... return 0; } 当函数返回引用时,它不会创建新的对象副本,而是直接提供对现有对象的访问权限。这种方式可以有效避免不必要的拷贝开销,提高效率。然而,引用返回值通常用于返回静态存储期对象、局部静态对象或者全局对象等已存在的对象,不能返回局部自动变量,因为它们会在函数结束时被销毁。 4. 深入思考 何时选用指针或引用? - 当你需要返回一个动态创建的对象,并希望调用者拥有该对象的所有权时,应选择返回指针。 - 当你需要返回的是一个已存在且生命周期超过函数执行范围的对象时,使用引用返回更合适,它可以避免无谓的复制,提高效率。 然而,在实际应用中,也可以结合智能指针(如std::unique_ptr、std::shared_ptr)来返回动态创建的对象,这样既能保持指针的灵活性,又能通过RAII(Resource Acquisition Is Initialization)原则自动管理资源,减少手动内存管理带来的风险。 5. 结论 审慎权衡,灵活运用 选择指针还是引用作为返回类型,关键在于理解两种方式的优势和限制,并根据具体应用场景做出最佳决策。在追求代码跑得飞快、性能蹭蹭上涨的同时,咱也不能忽视了代码的可读性和安全性。想象一下,你正在C++的世界里畅游探险,既要保证步伐稳健不摔跤,又要确保手里的“地图”(代码)清晰易懂,这样才能让咱们的编程之旅既高效又顺心如意。记住,没有绝对的好坏,只有最适合当前场景的选择。
2023-05-06 23:23:24
482
清风徐来_
Hibernate
...关联的对象。 - delete:在删除主对象时,同时删除与之关联的对象。 - all:包含了save-update和delete,即在所有情况下都进行级联操作。 - persist:在调用persist()方法时,同时执行级联操作。 - merge:在调用merge()方法时,同时执行级联操作。 - remove:在调用remove()方法时,同时执行级联操作。 4. 实战演练 现在,让我们通过几个具体的例子来演示如何使用cascade属性。假设我们有一个简单的用户系统,其中用户可以拥有多个地址信息。 4.1 示例一:一对一关联 首先,我们来看一个一对一关联的例子。这里有一个User类和一个Address类,每个用户只能有一个地址。 java @Entity public class User { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY) private Long id; private String name; @OneToOne(cascade = CascadeType.ALL) private Address address; // Getters and Setters } @Entity public class Address { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY) private Long id; private String street; private String city; private String state; private String zipCode; // Getters and Setters } 在这个例子中,我们设置了cascade = CascadeType.ALL,这意味着当我们保存一个User对象时,Hibernate会自动保存其关联的Address对象。同样地,如果我们删除一个User对象,Hibernate也会自动删除其关联的Address对象。 4.2 示例二:一对多关联 接下来,我们再来看一个一对多关联的例子。这次,我们假设一个用户可以有多个地址。 java @Entity public class User { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY) private Long id; private String name; @OneToMany(mappedBy = "user", cascade = CascadeType.ALL, orphanRemoval = true) private List addresses = new ArrayList<>(); // Getters and Setters } @Entity public class Address { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY) private Long id; private String street; private String city; private String state; private String zipCode; @ManyToOne @JoinColumn(name = "user_id") private User user; // Getters and Setters } 在这个例子中,我们设置了cascade = CascadeType.ALL,这意味着当我们保存一个User对象时,Hibernate会自动保存其关联的所有Address对象。如果我们想删掉一个地址,只需要从User对象的addresses列表里把它去掉就行了,Hibernate会自动搞定删除的事儿。 5. 总结与反思 通过上述两个例子,我们可以看到,级联操作极大地简化了我们在处理复杂对象关系时的工作量。不过呢,用级联操作的时候得小心点儿,因为它有时候会搞出些意外的麻烦,比如说让数据重复出现,或者不小心删掉不该删的东西。所以,在用级联操作的时候,咱们得好好琢磨每个对象之间的关系,然后根据实际情况挑个合适的级联策略。 总的来说,级联操作是一个非常强大的工具,可以帮助我们更好地管理和维护数据库中的对象关系。希望大家在实际开发中能够灵活运用这一功能,提高代码的质量和效率。
2025-01-27 15:51:56
80
幽谷听泉
MyBatis
...在Mapper接口的方法定义以及对应的XML映射文件中编写。默认情况下,MyBatis并不会保证多个SQL语句的执行顺序,因为它们通常是根据业务逻辑独立调用的。但实际应用中,有时我们需要确保一组SQL按照预设的顺序执行,例如先插入数据再更新相关统计信息。 示例代码: java public interface UserMapper { // 插入用户信息 int insertUser(User user); // 更新用户总数 int updateUserCount(); } 在Service层我们可以显式控制其执行顺序: java @Transactional public void processUser(User user) { userMapper.insertUser(user); userMapper.updateUserCount(); } 利用Spring的@Transactional注解可以确保这两个操作在一个事务内按序执行。 3. SQL语句间的依赖关系处理 在某些情况下,一个SQL的执行结果可能会影响到其他SQL的执行条件或内容,这时就需要处理好SQL之间的依赖关系。MyBatis提供了一种灵活的方式来处理这种依赖,即通过动态SQL标签(如、、等)在运行时决定SQL的具体内容。 示例代码: 假设有这样一个场景:根据已存在的订单状态删除某个用户的订单,只有当该用户有未完成的订单时才更新用户的积分。 xml DELETE FROM orders WHERE user_id = {userId} AND status != 'COMPLETED' UPDATE users SET points = points + 100 WHERE id = {userId} 在对应的Java方法中,可以通过resultHandler获取到DELETE操作影响的行数,从而决定是否更新用户的积分。 java public interface OrderMapper { void deleteOrdersAndUpdatePoints(@Param("userId") String userId, @ResultHandler(DeleteResultHandler.class) Integer result); } class DeleteResultHandler implements ResultHandler { private boolean ordersDeleted; @Override public void handleResult(ResultContext context) { ordersDeleted = context.getResultCount() > 0; } } 4. 总结与思考 在MyBatis中处理SQL语句的执行顺序和依赖关系时,我们可以借助事务管理机制来确保SQL执行的先后顺序,并利用MyBatis强大的动态SQL功能来灵活应对SQL间的依赖关系。在实际操作中,咱们得瞅准具体的业务需求,把那些特性真正理解透彻,并且灵活机智地用起来,这样才能确保数据操作不仅高效,还超级准确,达到我们的目标。这就是MyBatis框架的魔力所在,它可不只是让数据库操作变得简单轻松,更是让我们在面对复杂业务场景时,也能像老司机一样稳稳把握,游刃有余。每一次面对问题,都是一次探索与成长的过程,希望这次对MyBatis处理SQL执行顺序和依赖关系的探讨能帮助你更好地理解和掌握这一重要技能。
2023-07-04 14:47:40
149
凌波微步
Beego
...本原理是通过HTTP方法(GET, POST, PUT, DELETE)来对资源进行操作。这种设计风格使得API更易理解和使用。 三、Beego支持的特性 Beego不仅支持RESTful API的基本功能,还提供了一些额外的特性。比如,它有一个超级给力的路由机制,能妥妥地应对各种曲折复杂的URL路径;而且人家还特别贴心地支持数据库操作,让你轻轻松松就能把数据存到MySQL或者MongoDB这些数据库里去。 四、设计原则 以下是使用Beego开发RESTful API的一些设计原则: 1. 保持简单 RESTful API应该是简单的,易于理解和使用的。这意味着应该尽可能减少API的复杂性,并遵循RESTful API的设计原则。 2. 明确的状态 每一个HTTP请求都应该返回一个明确的状态。比如,假设你请求一个东西,如果这个请求一切顺利,就相当于你得到了一个“YES”,这时候,服务器会给你回个HTTP状态码200,表示“妥了,兄弟,你的请求我成功处理了”。而要是请求出岔子了,那就等于收到了一个“NO”,这时候,服务器可能会甩给你一个400或者500的HTTP状态码,意思是:“哎呀,老铁,你的请求有点问题,不是格式不对(400),就是服务器这边内部出了状况(500)。” 3. 使用标准的HTTP方法 HTTP定义了8种方法,包括GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, HEAD, OPTIONS, CONNECT和TRACE。应该始终使用这些方法,而不是自定义的方法。 4. 使用URI来表示资源 URI是统一资源标识符,它是唯一标识资源的方式。应该使用URI来表示资源,而不是使用ID或其他非唯一的标识符。 5. 使用HTTP头部信息 HTTP头部信息可以提供关于请求或响应的附加信息。应该尽可能使用HTTP头部信息来提高API的功能性。 6. 返回适当的格式 应该根据客户端的需求返回适当的数据格式,例如JSON或XML。 五、示例代码 以下是一个使用Beego创建RESTful API的简单示例: go package main import ( "github.com/astaxie/beego" ) type User struct { Id int json:"id" Name string json:"name" Email string json:"email" } func main() { beego.Router("/users/:id", &UserController{}) beego.Run() } type UserController struct{} func (u UserController) Get(ctx beego.Controller) { id := ctx.Params.Int(":id") user := &User{Id: id, Name: "John Doe", Email: "john.doe@example.com"} ctx.JSON(200, user) } 在这个示例中,我们首先导入了beego包,然后定义了一个User结构体。然后我们在main函数中设置了路由,当收到GET /users/:id请求时,调用UserController的Get方法。 在Get方法中,我们从URL参数中获取用户ID,然后创建一个新的User对象,并将其转换为JSON格式,最后返回给客户端。 这就是使用Beego创建RESTful API的一个简单示例。当然,这只是一个基础的例子,实际的API可能会更复杂。不过呢,只要你按照上面提到的设计原则来,就能轻轻松松地设计出既高效又超级好用的RESTful API,保证让你省心省力。
2023-08-12 16:38:17
511
风轻云淡-t
站内搜索
用于搜索本网站内部文章,支持栏目切换。
知识学习
实践的时候请根据实际情况谨慎操作。
随机学习一条linux命令:
netstat -tulpn
- 查看网络连接状态、监听的TCP/UDP端口及其对应进程信息。
推荐内容
推荐本栏目内的其它文章,看看还有哪些文章让你感兴趣。
2023-04-28
2023-08-09
2023-06-18
2023-04-14
2023-02-18
2023-04-17
2024-01-11
2023-10-03
2023-09-09
2023-06-13
2023-08-07
2023-03-11
历史内容
快速导航到对应月份的历史文章列表。
随便看看
拉到页底了吧,随便看看还有哪些文章你可能感兴趣。
时光飞逝
"流光容易把人抛,红了樱桃,绿了芭蕉。"